The main noble families of the Byzantine Empire which did not achieve imperial status are set out in this document. It does not provide an exhaustive analysis of all such families but highlights those which married into the imperial family or into royal and noble families in neighbouring countries. Extracts from many Byzantine sources have been incorporated into this document, as discussed in the Introductions to the three documents which set out the Byzantine imperial families. The on-line Prosopography of the Byzantine World database (2006.02) produced by King's College, London[1] has also been consulted, especially for Skylitzes and Skylitzes Continuatus (the original texts of which have not been seen) and seals. References in western primary sources to the Byzantine emperors and their families have been incorporated where identified. General historical information has been extracted and incorporated from secondary sources. However, relatively little is known about the lives and careers of the Byzantine nobility. The genealogies are in many cases fragmentary as documentary proof of relationships is sparse. The practice of adopting family names of relatives who did not belong to the paternal line creates other difficulties in tracing these family lines. By the 14th and 15th centuries, this led to the accumulation of four or even five family names making it extremely hard to recognise the agnatic line.

I am grateful to Morris Bierbrier for reviewing an earlier version of this document and adding comments where indicated.

Chapter 1. SOME EARLY BYZANTINE NOBILITY

A. EIGHTH CENTURY

Two brothers, parents not known:

1. KONSTANTINOS "Podopaguros" (-executed Constantinople 766). Theophanes names "primus Constantinus patricius et publici cursus quondam logotheta, quem Podopagurum cognominavit, secundus eius frater Stategius patricius et excubitorum domesticus…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, adding that "fratres quidem duos Constantinum…et Strategium" were beheaded "in Cynegio"[2]. m ---. The name of Konstantinos´s wife is not known. Konstantinos & his wife had one child:

a) STRATEGIOS . Theophanes records that "Strategium Podopaguri filium…insanientem…adolescentum" was held in "monasterium…Dalmatarum"[3].

2. STATEGIOS (-executed Constantinople 766). Theophanes names "primus Constantinus patricius et publici cursus quondam logotheta, quem Podopagurum cognominavit, secundus eius frater Stategius patricius et excubitorum domesticus…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, adding that "fratres quidem duos Constantinum…et Strategium" were beheaded "in Cynegio"[4].

3. ANTIOCHOS (-after 766). Theophanes names "…tertius Antiochus…logothetæ et Siciliæ ducis…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, and may have been one of those blinded and exiled[5].

4. DAVID (-after 766). Theophanes names "…quartus David spatharius..et Opsicii comes…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, and may have been one of those blinded and exiled[6].

5. THEOPHILAKTOS (-after 766). Theophanes names "…quintus Theophylactus Iconiensis protospatharius et Thraciæ dux…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, among those condemned to death but blinded and exiled[7].

6. CHRISTOFOROS (-after 766). Theophanes names "…sextus Christophorus Himerio patricio spatharius assignatus…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, and may have been one of those blinded and exiled[8].

7. THEOPHILAKTOS (-after 766). Theophanes names "…octavus Theophylactus candidatus Marianaci deputatus…" among the leading nobles involved in a rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos V, and may have been one of those blinded and exiled[9].

B. TENTH CENTURY

1. KONSTANTINOS "Libos" (-killed in battle Achelous river 20 Aug 917). Protospatharios. The De Administrando Imperio of Konstantinos Porphyrogenetos names "protospatharius Constantinus, Libis filius, nunc proconsul, patricius et magnus hetæriarcha" when recording his daughter´s marriage and that he appointed his son-in-law as governor of Taron[10]. Theophanes Continuatus records that Emperor Leon VI invited "Κωνσταντίνου του Λιβός" to assist at the inauguration of "his monastery", the ceremony being interrupted by a strong wind called "λέψ"[11]. Symeon Magister records that the "λέψ" storm occurred in June in the twenty-second year of the emperor´s reign, although he does not mention either Konstantinos or the inauguration[12]. Adontz proposes that Konstantinos derived his nickname from this event[13]. Although different Greek consonants are used in the two words "Λιβός" and "λέψ" in this passage, a later extract names him "Κωνσταντίνος ο Λίψ" (see below). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Κωνσταντίνου του Λιβός" participated in the rebellion of Konstantinos Doukas (in 913) but escaped[14]. Theophanes Continuatus names "Κωνσταντίνος ο Λίψ" among those killed in battle against the Bulgarians at "Acheloum flumen" dated to 20 Aug "indictione quinta"[15]. m ---. The name of Konstantinos´s wife is not known. Konstantinos & his wife had two children:

a) daughter . The De Administrando Imperio of Konstantinos Porphyrogenetos records that "Apoganem Cricoricii Taronis principis fratrem" married "protospatharius Constantinus, Libis filius, nunc proconsul, patricius et magnus hetæriarcha…filiam", his father-in-law having been appointed governor of Taron[16]. m ([900]) as his second wife, APOGANEM, son of --- of Taron & his wife --- (-[900]).

b) BARDAS (-after [961/62]). Cedrenus records that "Basilios Volucris magister" led a revolt against Emperor Romanos II in the second year of his reign ([961/62]), with "patricium Paschalium, patricium Bardam Libis filium [Βάρδαν τόν του Λιβός] et Nicolaum Chalcutzam"[17]. The chronology suggests that Bardas must have been younger than his sister, whose marriage is dated to [900] (although it is possible that she was still a child at that date).

C. ELEVENTH CENTURY

1. ANDRONIKOS . Doux of Lydia. m ---. The name of Andronikos´s wife is not known. Andronikos & his wife had one child:

a) MONGOS . Cedrenus records that, after returning to Constantinople in Jan 1024, Emperor Basileios II sent forces "in Chatzariam" commanded by "duce Mongo Andronici duce Lydi filio" who, with the help of "Sphengo fratre Bladimeri, eius qui Basilii imperatoris sororem in matrimonio habebat" (not yet identified), subjugated the region and captured "principe eius Georgio Szulo" (also not yet identified)[18].

2. NIKOLAOS (-after 1025). Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), appointed "Nicolaum" as "famulorum cubiculi principem, scholarum domesticum et accubitorem"[19].

3. NIKEPHOROS (-after 1025). Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), appointed "Nicephorum" as "protovestiarium"[20].

Four brothers:

1. NIKETAS (-[1034]). Doux of Antioch. Cedrenus records that "frater Constantinus" succeeded on the death of "Niceta Antiochiæ in Syria præfecto", dated to [1034] from the context[21].

2. KONSTANTINOS . Doux of Antioch. Cedrenus records that "frater Constantinus" succeeded on the death of "Niceta Antiochiæ in Syria præfecto", dated to [1034] from the context[22].

3. GEORGIOS . Cedrenus records that "fratrum reliquus Georgius fit protovestiarius, Simeone…monasticam vitam ingresso" when "frater Constantinus" succeeded "Niceta Antiochiæ in Syria præfecto", dated to [1034] from the context[23].

4. SIMEON (-after [1032]). Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), appointed "Simeonem" as "drungarium vigiliæ"[24]. Cedrenus records that "fratrum reliquus Georgius fit protovestiarius, Simeone…monasticam vitam ingresso" when "frater Constantinus" succeeded "Niceta Antiochiæ in Syria præfecto", dated to [1034] from the context[25]. m ---, daughter of KONSTANTINOS & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Cedrenus who names "Simeonem…scholarum domesticum" and "Constantini soceri sui", dated to [1032][26].

5. EUSTATHIOS (-after [1029/32]). Cedrenus records that Emperor Basileios appointed "Eustathium patricium Daphnomelum" as governor of "Ionium…apud Eilisson castellum…caput…totius Bulgariæ", dated to 1017[27]. Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), appointed "Eustathius" as "magnæ soliditatis ducem"[28]. Cedrenus records that "Eustathius patricius ac dux Daphnomelus" was exiled on suspicion of involvement in the conspiracy allegedly led by Konstantinos Diogenes, dated to [1029/32][29].

6. SPONDYLIS (-after [1032]). Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), appointed "Spondylen quemdam eunuchum" as "Antiochiæ ducem"[30]. Cedrenus records that "Potho Argyro" captured an Arab prisoner who was taken in chains to Antioch but released by "Spondyles Antiochiæ dux", dated to [1032][31].

7. NIKETAS (-after 1025). Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), appointed "Nicetam e Pisidia oriundum" as "ducem…Iberiæ"[32].

8. MIKHAEL Burtzes . Magister. m ---. The name of Mikhael´s wife is not known. Mikhael & his wife had three children:

a) KONSTANTINOS Burtzes (-[1025 or after]). Patrikios. Cedrenus records that Emperor Konstantinos VIII, after his accession (in 1025), blinded "Constantinum patricium, magistri Michaeli Burtzæ filium"[33].

b) MIKHAEL THEOGNOSTOS Burtzes (-after [1029/32]). Cedrenus records that "Michaelus Theognostus et Samuelus, magistri Michaeli Burtzæ filii" were exiled on suspicion of involvement in the conspiracy allegedly led by Konstantinos Diogenes, dated to [1029/32][34].

c) SAMOUIL Burtzes (-after [1057]). Cedrenus records that "Michaelus Theognostus et Samuelus, magistri Michaeli Burtzæ filii" were exiled on suspicion of involvement in the conspiracy allegedly led by Konstantinos Diogenes, dated to [1029/32][35]. Cedrenus names "Samuel patricius Burtzes" on campaign in Adrianople against the Pechenegs, dated to [1050][36]. Cedrenus names "Romanus Sclerus, Burtza, Botaneiates, Basilii Argyrii filii" among the supporters of Isaakios Komnenos, in 1057[37]. m ---. The name of Samouil´s wife is not known. Samouil & his wife had [one possible child]:

i) [THEOGNOSTOS Burtzes (-after [1073/75]). Skylitzes names "proconsul Theognostus Burtzes" at the time of the Bulgarian revolt of Konstantin Bodin of Duklja, dated to [1073/75][38]. His parentage has not been confirmed but from a chronological point of view he may have been the son of Samouil, named after his paternal uncle.]

9. KONSTANTINOS Khages (-after [1034]). Cedrenus records that "Cibyrræotarum dux Constantinus Chages" commanded a fleet against "Saraceni Afri et Siculi", dated to [1034] from the context[39]. Cedrenus records that "Constantinus Chages patricius" conquered "Cypriis" which had been lost by "Theophilus Eroticus Cypri prætor" for Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachus, dated to after [1042] from the context[40]. same person as…? KONSTANTINOS Kaballarios (-killed in battle [1043]). Cedrenus records that "Constantinus Caballarius Cibyrræotarum dux" was killed in battle, dated to [1043] from the context[41].

10. ANASTASIOS . Logotheta. m ---. The name of Anastasios´s wife is not known. Anastasios & his wife had one child:

a) MIKHAEL (-after 1059). Cedrenus records that "Stephanus qui et Boisthlabus" occupied "Illyricos…montes" and defeated "Michaele patricio Anastasii logothetæ filio, tum Dyrrachii præfecto" who was sent by Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachus, dated to after [1042] from the context[42]. Cedrenus records that "magister Michaelus Anastasii filius, patricius Theodorus Chryselius, patricius Christophorus Pyrrhus, omnes sodalitatum duces" supported Patriarch Kirularios in his dispute with Emperor Isaakios Komnenos, dated to [1058][43].

11. EUTHYMIOS . m ---. The name of Euthymios´s wife is not known. Euthymios & his wife had two children:

a) NIKEPHOROS . Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus et Michael, Euthymii filii" were accused of rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos X Monomachos and that Nikephoros was exiled, dated to [1050][44].

b) MIKHAEL . Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus et Michael, Euthymii filii" were accused of rebellion against Emperor Konstantinos X Monomachos, dated to [1050][45].

Chapter 2. ANEMAS

1. KONSTANTINOS Anemas (-after [1000]). A seal dated to [1100] names "Konstantinos Anemas spatharios and episkeptites of Armeniakon"[46].

Brother [and sister], whose parents are not known:

2. --- Anemas . m ---. --- Anemas & his wife had four children:

a) MIKHAEL Anemas . The Alexeiad records the revolt against Emperor Alexios I by "the four…Anemas (Mikhael, Leo, --- and ---)…brothers", recording in a later passage that Mikhael was released from imprisonment after the intercession of the empress[47]. In another passage, "Ioannes, the emperor's nephew, son of his eldest sister" is referred to as "a cousin on the paternal side of the rebel [Mikhael Anemas]"[48].

b) LEON Anemas . The Alexeiad records the revolt against Emperor Alexios I by "the four…Anemas (Mikhael, Leo, --- and ---)…brothers"[49].

c) --- Anemas . The Alexeiad records the revolt against Emperor Alexios I by "the four…Anemas (Mikhael, Leo, --- and ---)…brothers"[50].

d) --- Anemas . The Alexeiad records the revolt against Emperor Alexios I by "the four…Anemas (Mikhael, Leo, --- and ---)…brothers"[51].

3. [daughter . The Alexeiad names "Ioannes, the emperor's nephew, son of his eldest sister" as "a cousin on the paternal side of the rebel [Mikhael Anemas]"[52], which suggests that the paternal grandmother of Ioannes Taronites must have been a paternal aunt of the Anemas brothers. m --- Taronites, son of ---.]

4. IOANNES Anemas (-after [1100]). Three seals dated to [1100] name "Ioannes Anemas"[53].

5. NIKOLAOS Anemas . Theophylact of Ohrid sent a letter addressed to Nikolaos Anemas, official in Bulgaria[54].

6. PANKRATIOS Anemas . Two documents at Lavra names Pankratios Anemas, in Thessaloniki, dated to the late 11th century[55].

7. MANUEL Anemas, son of --- (-[1146/47]). It is not known how Manuel Anemos was related to the previous family group, if at all. From a chronological point of view, it is likely that there were two intervening generations between the four brothers Anemos shown above and Manuel. Panhyperprotosebastypértatos. m THEODORA Komnene, daughter of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary ([1116]-12 May 1157[56]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She became a nun after her husband died. Manuel Anemas & his wife had at least four children:

a) ALEXIOS Komnenos Anemas. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m ANNA Dukoblastos, daughter of ---. Her name Anna is recorded in a poem by Proedros, in which she is called Dukoblastos without giving any parentage. According to Sturdza[57], she was Anna Komnene Doukaina, daughter of Andronikos Komnenos & his wife Evdokia Doukaina. The primary source on which this is based is not known. Alexios and his wife are not named in the documentation of the church of St Mary Pammakaristos (which names other members of the family of Andronikos Komnenos), suggesting that the hypothesis may not be correct. It is assumed that the parentage suggested by Sturdza is no more than a guess[58]. According to Sturdza[59], this couple were the ancestors of the Komnenoi-Anemoi family.

b) --- Komnene Anema. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m IOANNES Angelos , son of MIKHAEL Angelos & his wife ---. Pansébastos and sébastos. 1157/66.

c) [--- Komnene Anema. m ---. The name of her husband is not known. One possible child:]

i) [THEODORA Komnene] . Stiernon suggests that Theodora was the granddaughter of Theodora, daughter of Emperor Ioannes II[60], but this seems to be based on no more than guesswork. According to Kerbl, her betrothal to King Béla must have taken place after the murder of Emperor Andronikos I, with whom King Béla III did not enjoy close relations[61]. It was presumably arranged by Andronikos's successor Emperor Isaakios II Angelos. Theodora became a nun in 1186. m ANDRONIKOS Lapardas, son of --- (-[before 1185]). Sébastos. He was blinded by Emperor Andronikos I, and entered the monastery of Pantepopte. Betrothed (after Sep 1185) to BÉLA III King of Hungary, son of GÉZA II King of Hungary & his wife Ievfrosina Mstislavna of Kiev (1149-23 Apr 1196, bur Székesfehérvár, transferred to Coronation Church Budapest).

Chapter 3. APOKAVKOS

Three brothers, parents not known:

1. ALEXIOS Apokavkos (-murdered Constantinople 11 Jun 1345). Befriended by Ioannes Kantakouzenos, he was one of the followers of the young co-Emperor Andronikos and supported the latter's rebellion against his grandfather Emperor Andronikos II in [1321][62]. After the accession of Emperor Andronikos III in 1328, Alexios Apokavkos was appointed controller of the imperial secretariat, treasury and the revenue[63]. Mezason 1320-1341. Megas dux 1341-1345. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Apocauchus" was declared "magnus dux" following the coronation of Emperor Ioannes V in 1341[64]. After the death of Emperor Andronikos III in 1341, and during the temporary absence of Ioannes Kantakouzenos on campaign in Thrace, Alexios Apokavkos plotted to seize power by convincing the emperor's widow that Kantakouzenos was her enemy and engineering his own appointment as prefect of Constantinople[65]. During the civil war which followed the latter's declaration as Emperor Ioannes VI in 1341, the Zealots at first succeeded in breaking the power of the aristocrats whom they evicted from Thessaloniki. However, with Turkish military help Kantakouzenos succeeded in taking control in Thrace by end-1343. The assassination of Alexios Apokavkos hastened the fall of the dowager empress's party[66]. m firstly ---, daughter of --- Disypatos & his wife ---. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Apochaucus" married firstly "Disypati ministri S. Sophiæ filia"[67]. m secondly ([1341]) ---, cousin of Georgios Khumnos, daughter of ---. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Apochaucus" married secondly "Chumnum magnum stratopedarcham…consobrinam", in a passage dated to 1341[68]. Alexios Apokavkos & his first wife had three children:

a) IOANNES Apokavkos (-murdered Thessaloniki [Jul] 1345). Nicephoras Gregoras refers to "Apocauci ex prima uxore filius", when recording that he was appointed governor of Thessaloniki [in 1344/45][69]. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "magni ducis filius Ioannes Apocauchus…magnus primicerius et præfectus Thessalonicæ" proposed to surrender Thessaloniki after hearing of the death of his father but was killed, in a passage dated to [1346][70]. m --- Batatzaina, daughter of IOANNES Batatzes megas stratopedarchos, epitrope of Thessaloniki & his wife ---. Nicephoras Gregoras refers to "Ioanne Batatze…filia" as the wife of "Apocauco filium suum" who had been governor of Thessaloniki[71].

b) MANUEL Apokavkos . Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Manuel Apocauchus, magni ducis filius…urbis præfectus" recording that he fled the city for "Bucellum", in a passage dated to [1344][72]. His father appointed him governor of Adrianople in 1342, but he defected to Ioannes Kantakouzenos in 1344[73].

c) daughter. Nicephoras Gregoras names "Andronico Paleologo, qui Apocauci gener erat"[74]. Nicephoras Gregoras records the second marriage of "Alexii Apocauci filiam…Andronico Palaeologo antehac nuptam" and "Irenem imperatricis [frater]…Ioannes"[75]. m firstly ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos, son of KONSTANTINOS Palaiologos [Angelos-Epirus] & his wife --- (-drowned 1344). Protostrator. Megas stratopedarchos 1342. m secondly (1347) IOANNES Asanes, son of ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos Komnenos Asanes & his wife --- Tarchanaiotissa (-1355 or after). Sébastokrator 1345/55. Governor of Constantinople 1350. Despot and Governor of Peritherion 1355.

d) daughter . Ioannes Kantakouzenos records the marriage of "Apochaucum…una filiaram" and "filio…patriarcha", dated to 1341[76]. m ([1341]) --- Kalekas, son of --- IOANNES Kalekas Patriarch & his wife ---.

e) daughter . Ioannes Kantakouzenos records the marriage of "Apochaucum…filiam" and "filium Zampeæ…e Sabaudia…Artotum", dated to 1341[77]. It is assumed that "Zampea" came to Constantinople in the suite of Empress Anna, formerly Jeanne de Savoie, at the time of her marriage to Emperor Andronikos III in 1326, although it is unlikely that this was her original name. m ([1341]) ARTAUD, son of --- & his wife [Zampea] ---.

2. IOANNES Apokaukos . Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Ioannes et Nicephorus magni ducis fratres", in a passage dated to [1362][78].

3. NIKEPHOROS Apokaukos . Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Ioannes et Nicephorus magni ducis fratres", in a passage dated to [1362][79].

Chapter 4. ASANES

IVAN ASEN Mytzes of Bulgaria, son of IVAN Mico [Mytzes] Tsar of the Bulgarians & his wife [Tamara] Asenina of Bulgaria (-before 1302). Pachymeres names "Mytzæ primogenitor Ioanni" when recording his betrothal[80]. He was installed in 1278 by Emperor Mikhael VIII, who was concerned with the deteriorating stability in Bulgaria, as IVAN ASEN III Mytzes Tsar of the Bulgarians. With a Byzantine army he besieged Trnovo in Autumn 1278. The city opened its gates to him in Feb 1279, during Ivajlo's absence fighting the Tatars, and he was recognised as Tsar[81]. His forces pursued Ivajlo, besieging him in the fortress of Silistria. To increase his power base, he married his sister to a leading Trnovo boyar[82]. He was expelled in 1280 by Ivajlo, and fled to the Tatars and then to Constantinople. Pachymeres records that "Asani" was awarded the title "despot" in Byzantium [in 1284][83]. Pachymeres names "propriam germanam Irenen, Asanis viduam" when recording that Emperor Andronikos II sent her by fast ship to "Cyzicum", a passage is probably dateable to [1302] which sets Ivan Asen's date of death[84].

m (Betrothed [1263], 1278) EIRENE Palaiologina, daughter of Emperor MIKHAEL VIII & his wife Theodora Doukaina Komnene Palaiologina Batatzaina of Nikaia ([1255/58]-). Pachymeres records the betrothal of "Mytzæ primogenitor Ioanni" and "primogenita…imperatoris filia…Irenæ", dated from the context to the early part of her father's reign, a later passage recording the couple's marriage[85]. Pachymeres names "propriam germanam Irenen, Asanis viduam" when recording that Emperor Andronikos II sent her by fast ship to "Cyzicum"[86]. Her marriage was agreed as part of the 1263 agreement between Ivan's father and Emperor Mikhael VIII under which the former surrended Mesembria to Byzantium[87].

Tsar Ivan Asen III & his wife had ten children, who adopted the surname Asanes/Asanina in Byzantium.

1. [--- Asanina . Pachymeres records the betrothal of "Michaeli Ioannis Ducæ Occiduorum…sebastocratoris filio" to "filiam ex Asane natam"[88]. The dating of this betrothal is unclear from the text, but it presumably predated Mikhael's capture and imprisonment in Constantinople. The identity of the daughter of Tsar Ivan Asen is not known, but she was probably either Maria or Theodora, daughters of the Tsar known from other sources. Betrothed ([1283, contract broken 1283/84]) to MIKHAEL Doukas Angelos of Neopatras, son of IOANNES Doukas Komnenos Angelos Lord of Thessaly & his wife --- (-murdered Constantinople 1307).]

2. MARIA Asanina . Pachymeres records the marriage of "Rontzerius" and "Mariæ Asnais filiæ"[89]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the marriage of "le frère Roger" and "la nièce de l´empereur de Lantzaura"[90]. Her first marriage was arranged by her maternal uncle Emperor Andronikos II when he requested help from the Catalan Company to defend Asia Minor from the Turks[91]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that she gave birth to a son at Constantinople "qui vivait encore quand j´ai commencé ce livre" (the chronicle is dated to shortly after 1328)[92]. The primary source which confirms her possible second marriage has not yet been identified. m [firstly] ([Sep] 1303) ROGER de Flor [von Blum], son of RICHARD [von] Blum & his wife --- [of Brindisi] (Brindisi[93] --- -murdered near Adrianople 5 Apr 1305). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Richard de Flor", falconer of Emperor Friedrich II who arranged his marriage to "une fille d´un honourable homme de la cité de Brindes", their sons "l´aîné Jacques de Flor, et le plus jeune…Roger de Flor", his death in battle at Tagliacozzo in support of Conradin King of Sicily, when his older son was four years old and his younger son one, and Roger´s departure aboard a Templar vessel when still a child[94]. He was appointed Vice-Admiral of Sicily by Federigo I King of Sicily [Aragon] and became leader of the Catalan Grand Company. As his services were no longer required in Sicily after the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, he turned his attention eastwards[95]. Emperor Andronikos II requested the Catalan Company for military help against the Turks. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that "le frère Roger" was appointed "mégaduc de l´empereur", and later cæsar[96]. Roger de Flor was the last person to bear this title[97]. The support soon turned to disaster when, after relieving the siege of Philadelphia in 1304, the Catalan Company pillaged the whole region killing Byzantines and Turks without distinction. Roger de Flor was killed by an Alan commander while visiting the camp of co-Emperor Mikhael IX, after which the Catalan Company plundered Thrace and defeated the Byzantines at Apros[98]. [m secondly --- Arenos .]

3. THEODORA Palaiologina Asanina. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Manuelem Tagarin magnum stratopedarcham…vili et obscuro genere ortum" married "Theodoram Asaninem, imperatoris consobrinam"[99]. m (before 1321) MANUEL Tagaris megas stratopedarchos (-after 1329).

4. MIKHAEL Palaiologos Komnenos Asanes. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. A supporter of Emperor Andronikos II. Byzantine military leader in Macedonia 1327/28. He defected 1328 to Stefan Uroš III Tsar of Serbia, handing him Prosek. Megas konstavlos. m ---, maybe a Serb. 1342.

5. ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos Komnenos Asanes (-after 1355). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. In 1316, Emperor Andronikos II appointed him governor of Mistra, styled "captain of the land and castles in the Peloponnesos", and succeeded in taking the castles of Akova and Karytaina from the Franks and captured the grand constable Bartolomeo Ghisi[100]. Military leader [1316]-[1342]. Governor of Thrace 1341/43. He was imprisoned by Alexios Apokavkos in 1343/44, taken to Constantinople before 1347, but released by Ioannes Kantakouzenos. m --- Tarchanaiotissa, daughter of MIKHAEL Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes & his wife Maria Palaiologina Branaina. Andronikos Asanes & his wife had four children:

a) MANUEL Komnenos Raoul Asanes. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Manueli Asani, Andronici filio cognate suo", referring to Emperor Andronikos III[101]. Nicephoras Gregoras refers to "imperatrice Irene Cantacuzena" and "de duobus illius fratribus", in a later passage naming "eius fratri Manueli Asani" and recording that he was granted "Didymotichi præfecturam"[102]. Military leader in Thrace 1329/30 and 1341/55. Arrested for treason [1335/41], he was freed by Ioannes Kantakouzenos. Strategos of Didymoteichos 1342. Governor of Bizye, Thrace 1344. Megas primikerios before 1345. Sébastokrator 1345/[1354]. Despot [1354]/1355. m ([1321]) ANNA Komnene Doukaina Palaiologina Synadene, daughter of THEODOROS Synadenos & his wife ---. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Manuele Asane, fratre uxoris magni domestici" married "protostrator…Annam filiam", dated to [1321] from the context[103]. She was arrested in Constantinople in 1342. Manuel & his wife had one child:

i) ANDRONIKOS Asanes ([1327/34]-). Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Andronico Asane, ex fratre uxoris genitor…Manuele Asane" ("uxoris" referring to the wife of Emperor Ioannes VI) stating that he was "adolescentulum", in a passage dated to [1342][104]. Panhypersébastos 1352. He took part in the synod of Palamos. Sébastokrator and military leader of the Kantakuzenoi in Bizye, Thrace.

b) IOANNES Asanes. Nicephoras Gregoras names "imperatricis Irenes fratrem Ioannem" and recording that he was granted "Melinici…præpositum"[105]. Arrested in Thrace 1335/41. Governor of Melenikon 1342. Governor of Morrha, Thrace 1343. Military leader 1345. Sébastokrator 1345/55. Governor of Constantinople 1350. Despot and Governor of Peritherion 1355. m (1347) as her second husband, --- Apokavke, widow of ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos Angelos, daughter of ALEXIOS Apokavkos & his wife ---. Nicephoras Gregoras records the second marriage of "Alexii Apocauci filiam…Andronico Palaeologo antehac nuptam" and "Irenem imperatricis [frater]…Ioannes"[106]. Ioannes & his wife had [one possible child]:

i) [ANNA Asanina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was named in 1374 as cousin of Empress Helena. m IOANNES Palaiologos Kontostephanos, son of --- (-before May 1386). Megas primikerios 1369/73.]

c) EIRENE Asanina (-[1363/79]). Nicephoras Gregoras refers to "imperatrice Irene Cantacuzena" and "de duobus illius fratribus"[107]. She became a nun as EVGENIA in 1354 in the convent of St Martha. m (before 1320) IOANNES Palaiologos Angelos Komnenos Kantakouzenos, son of --- Kantakouzenos & his wife Theodora Angelina Palaiologina ([1294/95]-Mistra 15 Jun 1383). He was declared co-Emperor IOANNES VI in 1341, crowned Emperor in 1346.

d) HELENE Asanina (-young). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

6. ISAAKIOS Palaiologos Asanes (-before Oct 1351). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megas dux. Panhypersébastos 1341/51. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Isaacius…Asanes" was declared "panhypersebastus" following the coronation of Emperor Ioannes V in 1342[108]. Leader of State Commerce in Constantinople 1345. He opposed Ioannes Kantakouzenos. m firstly (before 1320) ARACHANTLAN, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her origin and marriage has not yet been identified. She was probably a Mongol. She adopted the name THEODORA in Byzantium. m secondly ---. The name of Isaakios's second wife is not known. Isaakios Asanes & his second wife had four children:

a) ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos Asanes. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megas primerkerios 1351/1383. m ---. The name of Andronikos's wife is not known. Andronikos Asanes & his wife had [one possible child]:

i) [daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. It is possible that she was the daughter of Manuel Asanes (see above)[109]. 1383. m --- Raoul, son of ---.]

b) MIKHAEL Asanes (-Morea before 1383). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He was arrested with his father in 1342. He took part in the Synod of Palamas in 1351. His cousin Emperor Ioannes V appointed him and his brother Andreas as joint Governors of Morea in late 1355, but was obliged to withdraw their appointments due to local opposition and confirm Manuel Kantakouzenos in their place[110]. m ---. The name of Mikhael's wife is not known.

c) EIRENE Asanina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1346/51]) --- Philanthropenos, son of ---.

d) ANDREAS Asanes. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His cousin Emperor Ioannes V appointed him and his brother Mikhael as joint Governors of Morea in late 1355, but was obliged to withdraw their appointments due to local opposition and confirm Manuel Kantakouzenos in their place[111]. He was probably in Constantinople in 1373/74.

7. KONSTANTINOS Palaiologos Asanes. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Military leader 1328. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "duce Constantino Asano" as one of the supporters of Emperor Andronikos II in his conflicts with his grandson[112]. He opposed Ioannes Kantakouzenos, and was placed under house arrest by Apokavkos in 1342. m ---. The name of Konstantinos's wife is not known. Konstantinos Asanes & his wife had one child:

a) MIKHAEL Komnenos Tornikes Palaiologos Asanes (-[1355]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Governor of Lesbos 1342/55. m (before 1330) EIRENE Komnene Kantakouzene Palaiologina Synadene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos Doukas Synadenos & his wife Theodora Palaiologina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1342. Mikhael Asanes & his wife had [one possible child]:

i) [IOANNES Doukas Angelos Palaiologos Raoul Laskaris Tornitzes Philanthropenos Asanes. In Morea during the first half of the 15th century.] m [--- Tsamplakonissa, daughter of DEMETRIOS Tsamplako s megas stratopedarchos & his wife Evdokia Palaiologina]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

8. MANUEL Asanes. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. In Serrhia 1345. A supporter of the Serbs.

9. Three other children . The primary source which confirms their parentage has not yet been identified.

Three brothers and one sister, parents not known. According to Trapp[113], they were cousins of Emperor Manuel II.

1. IOANNES Asanes (-Eubœa 20 Jun 1386). Archon at Constantinople 1371. Arrested. He became a teacher on Eubœa. m ---, sister of --- Laskaris Palaiologos, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Ioannes Asanes & his wife had two children:

a) HELENE Asanina Palaiologina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. [1400]. m MANUEL Raoul Melikes. In Morea 1439/40.

b) daughter.

2. KONSTANTINOS Asanes (-[1415]). In Italy 1369/1370. Melograph 1385/1415. Senator 1409.

3. son.

4. THEODORA Asanina (-1/21 May 1398). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m BARTOLOMEO [III] Ghisi Lord of ¹/₃ Negroponte, Eubœa, Tinos and Mykonos, son of GIORGIO [II] Ghisi & his wife Simona d'Aragón (-[18 Sep 1383/24 Jul 1390]). Marshall of the Principality of Achaia. He was appointed member of the High Council of the Republic of Venice in 1383, in compensation for Venice having bought the suzerainty over Eubœa from Jacques des Baux titular Emperor of Constantinople[114].

The relationship between the following family groups and the other members of this family is unknown:

1. ISAAKIOS Asanes . 1400. m ---. The name of Isaakios's wife is not known. Isaakios & his wife had one child:

a) --- Asanina . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m GEORGIOS Doukas Philanthropenos, son of --- (-1452).

2. DEMETRIOS Asanes. Governor of Corinth 1444. Governor of Muchlion in the Peloponese 1456/58, which he surrendered to the Turks. Georgios Phrantzes records that "Demetrius Asanes" surrendered "Mochlium" to the Ottomans in 1458[115]. m ---. The name of Demetrios's wife is not known. Demetrios Asanes & his wife had six children:

a) son.

b) daughter.

c) IOANNES Asanes . On Rhodos.

d) THOMAS Asanes (bur Naples).

e) ALEXIOS Asanes (-killed in battle against the Turks).

f) MARIA Asanina (-after 1460). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. After the death of her husband, she was taken to Constantinople where she was courted by Georgios Amiroutzes, former minister of David Komnenos Emperor in Trebizond whom he had betrayed, who "dropped down dead, a dice-box in his hand"[116]. m firstly FRANCO Acciaiuoli, son of ANTONIO [II] Acciaiuoli & his wife Maria Giorgi (-murdered 1460). m secondly (bigamously 1463) GEORGIOS Amiroutzes (-Constantinople after 1469). Philosopher and Theologist. Protobestiarios in Trebizond [1458]/61, megas logothetes. He took part in the council of Florence. He was the teacher of Sultan Mohammed II in 1461.

3. MANUEL Laskaris Palaiologos Asanes. Governor of Imbros [1438/39]-1444.

4. MARIA Palaiologina Tsamplakinissa Asanina (-in Trebizond after 1447). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1440/46]) IOANNES Gabras Prince of Gothia, son of ALEXIOS Gabras Prince of Gothia & his wife --- (-in Trebizond after 1447).

5. ALEXANDROS Asanes. The Pope promised him help to retake Imbros in 1458/59.

6. PAULOS Asanes. Ambassador to Sultan Murad II 1437. Governor of Constantinople 1438/40. He fled with his daughters to the Peloponese 1441. m ---. The name of Paulos's wife is not known. Paulos Asanes & his wife had three children:

a) MATTHAIOS Palaiologos Asanes (-29 Mar 1467). On Lemnos and in Morea 1449. He defeated the Turks at Leontarion in 1452. Governor of Corinth 1454/58, which he surrendered to the Turks. Georgios Phrantzes records that "duces fortissimo, Matthaeus Asanes, frater uxoris Demetrii despotæ, filius Pauli Asanis…et Nicephorus Lucanes" surrendered to the Ottomans in 1458[117]. He was in the service of the Turks in 1458, holding the salt monopoly. He was banished to Didymoteichon for fraud. m --- Eudaimonoioanne, daughter of GEORGIOS Eudaimonoioannes, mesaxon in Morea & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Matthaios & his wife had one child:

i) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

b) THEODORA Asanina (-[1470/71]). Her origin is confirmed by Georgios Phrantzes who names "Matthaeus Asanes, frater uxoris Demetrii despotæ, filius Pauli Asanis"[118]. Georgios Phrantzes records the death in autumn "anni 6979" of "Demetrius despota Adrianopoli…monachus David appellatus" and "eiusdem uxor, regina, non multo post"[119]. m (Jun 1441) as his second wife, DEMETRIOS Palaiologos, despot, Governor of Selymbria, son of Emperor MANUEL II & his wife Jelena Dragaš of Serbia ([1407/08]-Adrianople 1470).

c) SIMONIS Palaiologina Asanina. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. She was a nun as SYMPHROSYNE in 1452/62.

Chapter 5. AXUCHES

1. IOANNES Axuches. He was a Turk, taken prisoner in 1097[120]. Sébastos 1118. Megas domestikos. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes Axuches & his wife had five children:

a) EIRENE Axuchina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and betrothal has not yet been identified. Betrothed ([1148/51]) to ALEXIOS Komnenos sébastos, son of IOANNES Komnenos dux of Dyrrachium & his wife Anna Doukaina.

b) EVDOKIA Axuchina. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1147/51]) STEPHANOS Komnenos, son of KONSTANTINOS Komnenos & his wife [Antiochena Euphorbena] (-after 1156). Pansébastos. Megas drongarios. Member of the Synod 26 Jan 1156.

c) ALEXIOS Axuches (-after 1170). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Dux of Cilicia. Protostrator, Pansébastos. He became a monk after the death of his wife. m MARIA Komnene, daughter of co-Emperor ALEXIOS Komnenos & his [first wife Dobrodjeja [Evpraxia] of Kiev] (-1167). Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that the first two died before their father and that Alexios left one daughter who married "magni domestici Alexius"[121]. She died insane[122]. A seal dated to [1157/67] names "Maria porphyrogennetos…daughter of Alexius Komnenos the pious porphyrogennetos basileus and wife of Alexios the protostrator"[123]. She died insane[124]. Alexios Axuches & his wife had [four] children:

i) IOANNES Komnenos Axuches (-1201). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Pansébastos. He conspired against Emperor Alexios III and was proclaimed emperor at Santa Sophia 31 Jul 1200. He was killed by his soldiers. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes Axuches & his wife had [one possible child]:

(a) [--- Axuchina. The name of Emperor Alexios's wife is not known. It has been suggested that she was the daughter of Ioannes Komnenos Axuches, mainly because of the name Axuches being included in the names of the couple's first son. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[125], her name was Theodora. There appears to be no basis for this except that Emperor Alexios's wife had a granddaughter of this name, although it is not certain that she was the couple's eldest granddaughter[126]. m ALEXIOS I Megas Komnenos Emperor in Trebizond, son of MANUEL Komnenos sébastokrator & his wife --- of Georgia (Constantinople 1182-Trebizond 1 Feb 1222).]

ii) three other children . The primary source which confirms their parentage has not yet been identified.

Chapter 6. CHRYSELIOS

1. IOANNES Chryselios . Cedrenus records that Byzantium installed "Chryselio" as governor of Durazzo after "Asotæ Taronitæ filio" delivered the city and that he and "duobus suis filiis" were installed as patrikios, dated to [1005][127]. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes Chryselios & his wife had [two] children:

a) [THEODOROS Chryselios. Archon of Durazzo.] m --- of Bulgaria, daughter of NIKOLAOS [Kumet] & his wife Ripsime ---. Theodoros Chryselios & his wife had [two possible children]:

i) [KOSARA] Chryselie . According to Europäische Stammtafeln[128], Kosara was the daughter of Theodoros Chryselios Archon of Durazzo, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. It appears likely that the name "Kosara" is merely a deformation of "Chryselie" and that the name of Ivan Vladimir´s wife is in fact unknown. According to the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, she was the daughter of Samuil Tsar of the Bulgarians[129], but this source appears to confuse her with Samuil´s daughter Miroslava. m ([998]) IVAN VLADIMIR Knez of Duklja, son of PETRISLAV Knez of Duklja [Montenegro] & his wife --- (-murdered Prespa 22 May 1016, bur Krajina).]

ii) [--- Chryselie . The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja records the rebellion of "a certain Toparch named Cursilius" and his defeat by Voislav Knez of Duklja, and his escape to the "plain by the city of Skodra" where he died[130]. This event can be dated from the context of the Chronicle to [1020/40], which is probably too late for it to refer to Theodoros Chryselios.]

b) AGATHA Chryselie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Her marriage date is estimated by Adontz on the assumption that her son Gavriil Radomir was adult in 986[131]. m ([970]) SAMUIL Kometopulos, son of NIKOLA Kumet & his wife Ripsimia [Hripseme] of Armenia (-Prilep 6 Oct 1014). He was crowned SAMUIL Tsar of the Bulgarians in 997.

2. NIKOLAOS Chryselios (-after [1033]). Cedrenus records that "patricius Nicolaus Bulgarus, cognomento Chryselius" held "castellum…Percrin" against "Alimus Saracenus…et eius filium", dated to [1033][132].

3. THEODOROS Chryselios (-after 1058). Cedrenus records that "magister Michaelus Anastasii filius, patricius Theodorus Chryselius, patricius Christophorus Pyrrhus, omnes sodalitatum duces" supported Patriarch Kirularios in his dispute with Emperor Isaakios Komnenos, dated to [1058][133].

Chapter 7. DALASSENOS

The main source for this family is Cheynet and Vannier[134].

1. IOANNES Dalassenos (-after [1005]). A seal dated to [1005] names "Ioannes Dalassenos, protospatharios and strategos"[135].

1. DAMIANOS Dalassenos (-killed near Apamea 19 Jul 998). Dux of Antioch 995. m ---. The name of Damianos´s wife is not known. Damianos & his wife had [six] children:

a) KONSTANTINOS Dalassenos (-after 1042). Zonaras records that Emperor Konstantinos VII decided to summon "patricium Constantinum Dalassenum…ex Armeniaca provincia" to marry one of his daughters and declare him his heir, but changed his mind before he arrived[136]. Cedrenus records the same event[137]. Zonaras records that "Dalassenus" was exiled to "insulam Platem" by Emperor Mikhael IV, dated to [1035/38][138]. Cedrenus records that "Joannes" (brother of Emperor Mikhael IV) imprisoned "Dalassenum…Theophanem quoque patricium fratrem eius et alterum eius fratrem patricium Romanum, et patruelem Adrianum" in "anno mundi 6547, indictione 7"[139]. He was released in 1042. m ---. The name of Konstantinos's wife is not known. Konstantinos Dalassenos & his wife had one child:

i) --- Dalassene (-after [1035/38]). Psellus records that Konstantinos Doukas's first wife was "the daughter of the great Constantine Dalassenus"[140]. Zonaras names "Dalassenus" and "Constantinus Ducas eius gener" when recording that the latter was imprisoned by Emperor Mikhael IV[141]. m as his first wife, KONSTANTINOS Doukas, son of ANDRONIKOS Doukas & his wife --- ([1006/07]-22 May 1067). He succeeded in 1059 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS X. No children.

ii) --- Dalassene. She and her husband are shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[142], but the primary source on which this is based is not known. They are not referred to by Cheynet and Vannier[143]. m SAMOEL Alusianos., son of ALUSIAN of Bulgaria & his wife ---. Bestarches, proedros, dux.

b) THEOPHYLAKTOS Dalassenos (-after 1039). Cedrenus records that Emperor Basileios II appointed "Theophylactum Damiani Dalasseni filium" as army commander in Abkhazia after Nikephoros Phokas was killed[144]. Skylitzes names Theophylaktos as brother of Konstantinos Dalassenos[145]. Prospatharios 1022. A seal dated to [1025] names "Theophylaktos Dalassenos, katepano of Vaspurakan"[146]. A seal dated to [1025] names "Theophylaktos Dalassenos anthypatos patrikios vestes and doux of Antioch"[147]. Cedrenus records that "Joannes" (brother of Emperor Mikhael IV) imprisoned "Dalassenum…Theophanem quoque patricium fratrem eius et alterum eius fratrem patricium Romanum, et patruelem Adrianum" in "anno mundi 6547, indictione 7"[148].

c) ROMANOS Dalassenos (-after 1039). Cedrenus records that "Joannes" (brother of Emperor Mikhael IV) imprisoned "Dalassenum…Theophanem quoque patricium fratrem eius et alterum eius fratrem patricium Romanum, et patruelem Adrianum" in "anno mundi 6547, indictione 7"[149]. Katepan of Iberia.

d) [--- . m ---.]

i) ADRIANOS Dalassenos . A seal dated to [1120] names "Adrianos Dalassenos"[150]. Cedrenus records that "Joannes" (brother of Emperor Mikhael IV) imprisoned "Dalassenum…Theophanem quoque patricium fratrem eius et alterum eius fratrem patricium Romanum, et patruelem Adrianum" in "anno mundi 6547, indictione 7"[151]. This text suggests that Adrianos was the son of another unnamed brother who is unrecorded elsewhere.

e) [--- . m ---.]

i) DAMIANOS Dalassenos (-killed [1030/39]). He was the nephew of Konstantinos Dalassenos, so presumably the son of either Theophylaktos, Romanos Dalassenos or their other unnamed brother[152].

f) daughter . m ---. One child:

i) daughter . m --- (-[1029/30] or after). Zonaras records that Emperor Romanos Argyros imprisoned "Constantinum Diogenem neptis ex sorore maritum" on suspicion of treachery but does not name him[153].

1. --- Dalassena . Her parental family is confirmed by Nikephoros Bryennios who records the marriage of "Ioanni" and "filia Charonis Alexii…Anna", stating that her mother was "genus a Dalassenis"[154]. m ALEXIOS Kharon. Prefect of Italy. Alexios & his wife had one child:

a) ANNA Dalassena (-[1100/01]). Nikephoros Bryennios records the marriage of "Ioanni" and "filia Charonis Alexii…Anna", stating that her mother was "genus a Dalassenis"[155]. The Alexeiad names "Anna Dalassena, the mother of the Komneni" when recording that she arranged the marriage of "the grandson of Botaneiates and the daughter of Manuel her eldest son"[156]. Despoina 1048/57. Regent of Byzantium 1081 and 1094-1095. She became a nun at Pantopopte convent which she founded. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "1 Nov, Anna, mother of the Emperor"[157]. m ([1042]) IOANNES Komnenos, son of MANUEL Erotikos Komnenos & his second wife --- ([1015]-12 Jul 1067).

2. THEODOROS Dalassenos (-after [1080]). A seal dated to [1061] names "Theodoros Dalassenos, magistros"[158]. A seal dated to [1058] names "Theodoros Dalassenos, vestarches and strategos of Opsikion"[159]. Two seals dated to [1062/63] name "Theodoros Dalassenos, proedros et dux"[160]. A seal dated to [1080] names "Theodoros Dalassenos, magistros"[161].

3. DAMIANOS Dalassenos . Doux of Skopje. Skylitzes records that Emperor Mikhael VII Doukas appointed "Damianus Dalassenus" as "Scopiis ducis" in succession to "Nicephorus Carantenus", dated to [1073][162].

4. KONSTANTINOS Dalassenos (-[after 1100]). A seal dated to [1050] names "Konstantinos Dalassenos, protospatharios"[163]. A seal dated to [1075] names "Konstantinos Dalassenos, proedros et doux"[164]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Konstantinos Dalassenos Doukas"[165].

5. THEOPHYLAKTOS Dalassenos (-after [1100]). A seal dated to [1100] names "Theophylaktos Dalassenos"[166].

6. NIKEPHOROS Dalassenos (-after [1112]). A seal dated to [1112] names "Nikephoros Dalasseno s"[167].

7. THEODOROS Dalassenos (-after [1200]). Three seals dated to [1199] name "Theodoros Dalassenos, sebastos and eparchos"[168]. A seal dated to [1200] names "Theodoros Dalassenos, sebastos"[169].

Chapter 8. DASIOTES

1. THEODOROS Dasiotes (-Iconium [1143/44]). He died in prison. m (1139) as her first husband, MARIA Komnene, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos sébastokrator & his wife Eirene [Aineiadissa] ([1126]-). Niketas Choniates names "Maria…Andronici sebastacrator…filia" as wife of "Dasiotes"[170]. Theodoros Dasiotes & his wife had one child:

a) EIRENE Komnene Dasiotissa. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ALEXIOS Palaiologos Doukas, son of ---. The connection between this individual and either the Palaiologos or Doukas families has not been found.

Chapter 9. DOKEIANOS

1. ROMANOS Dokeianos . A seal dated to [1035] names "Romanos Dokeianos, spatharokandidatos and tourmaches"[171].

2. NIKEPHOROS Dokeianos (-9 Jan [1040]). Lupus Protospatarius records that "Nichiforus catepani, qui et Dulchiano" arrived in Feb 1039, but that "prædictus Dulchianus" expelled rebels in 1040[172]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Dulchianus" fought the Normans in 1041 and fled to Bari[173]. The Annales Barensis record that "Nichiforus qui et Dulchiano, catepanus in civitate Ascolo" died 9 Jan 1040[174]. m ---. The name of Nikephoros's wife is not known. Nikephoros & his wife had one child:

a) [MIKHAEL Dokeianos (-killed in battle Adrianople [1050]). The Annales Barensis record that "Michael protospatarius et catepanus, qui et Dulkiano iunior" came "a Sicilia in Lombardia" in 1041[175]. This suggests that Mihael was the son of Nikephoros, whose death is recorded in the previous paragraph in the same source, but this is not without doubt. Patrikios protospatharios. Bestiarios. Prefect [Katepan] of Italy. Cedrenus records that "Michaelus protospatharius Doccanus, homo ineptus" was appointed by Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachos to succeed "Georgius Maniaces magister" as commander in Italy, dated to after [1042] from the context[176]. Cedrenus records that "Michael patricius Doceianus" was killed in battle in Adrianople fighting the Pechenegs, dated to [1050][177]. He died in battle fighting the Pechenegs.] m ([1031]) --- Komnene, daughter MANUEL Erotikos Komnenos & his second wife --- ([1012]-). Her origin is deduced from the Alexeiad naming "Dokeianos, nephew of the former emperor Isaakios Komnenos and cousin of Alexios" when recording his approval of the humane treatment accorded to Roussel after his rebellion was crushed, dated to 1073[178]. Mikhael Dokeianos & his wife had one child:

i) son (-after 1073). The Alexeiad records that "Dokeianos, nephew of the former emperor Isaakios Komnenos and cousin of Alexios" approved of the humane treatment accorded to Roussel after his rebellion was crushed, dated to 1073[179].

3. EUSTATHIOS Dokeianos . A seal dated to [1060] names "Eustathios Dokeianos, spatharokandidatos epi tou Chrysotriklinou and komes of the arithmos"[180].

4. STEPHANOS Dokeianos . A seal dated to [1073] names "Stephanos Dokeianos, protospatharios tagmatophylax and vestiarites"[181].

5. THEODOROS Dokeianos . A seal dated to [1050] names "Theodoros Dokeianos, patrikios"[182]. Nikephoros Bryennios names "per Paphlagoniam…Doceani Theodori vir nobilis…sanguineque Alexio coniuncti" (referring to Emperor Alexios I), explaining that "hic filius erat sororis patris illius"[183].

6. NIKOLAOS Dokeianos, son of ---. Sébastos. m SOPHIA Komnene, daughter of ISAAKIOS Komnenos sébastokrator & his wife Irena of Georgia. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1108. She became a nun as SUSANE. Nikolaos Dokeianos & his wife had two children:

a) ISAAKIOS Dokeianos . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) EIRENE Dokeiana . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

Chapter 10. EUPHORBENOS

1. ALEXANDROS Euphorbenos . The Alexeiad names "Alexander Euphorbenus" among those who fought in Illyricum for Emperor Alexios I[184].

2. GEORGIOS Euphorbenos . The Alexeiad records that "George Euphorbenus" was appointed as a general by Emperor Alexios I and "sent by sea to Distra" to fight "the Scyths"[185].

3. --- Antiochena Euphorbena . The primary source which confirms her family origin and marriage has not yet been identified. m KONSTANTINOS Komnenos, son of ISAAKIOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Irena of Georgia (-after [1147]). Pansébastos. Duke of Berrhoia 1108. Megas drongarios [1136/43]-[1147].

4. KONSTANTINOS Euphorbenos. m ---. The name of Konstantinos's wife is not known. Konstantinos Euphorbenos & his wife had one child:

a) NIKEPHOROS Katakalon Euphorbenos (-[1118/30]). The Alexeiad names Nikephoros as son of Konstantinos Euphorbenos[186]. Panhypersébastos, sébastokrator. m (annulled) as her second husband, MARIA Komnene, daughter of ALEXIOS I Emperor of Byzantium & his first wife Eirene Doukaina (19 Sep 1085-after 1136). Zonaras names "Maria, Eudocia, Theodora" as the three other daughters, stating that Maria married "Gabræ…Theodori sebasti et martyris filio", the marriage being annulled for consanguinity, and afterwards married "Phorbeni Catacalonis filium Nicephorum"[187]. The Alexeiad records that Nikephoros, son of Konstantinos Euphorbenos, "afterwards became my brother-in-law when he married my younger sister Maria Porphyrogenita"[188]. Nikephoros Euphorbenos & his wife had three children:

i) ALEXIOS Komnenos Euphorbenos . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

ii) ANDRONIKOS Komnenos Euphorbenos . Governor of Cilicia 1162. Ioannes Kinnamos names "Andronico Euphorbeno principis cognato" as Governor of Cilicia[189].

iii) IOANNES Euphorbenos (-10 Dec ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "10 Dec, John son of Porphyrogenita Maria"[190].

Chapter 11. GABRAS

The main source for this family is Bryer[191].

1. KONSTANTINOS Gabras (-979).

2. MIKHAEL Gabras (-1040 or after). Cedrenus records that "Michael Gabras, Theodosius Mesanietes" were blinded, accused of rebelling against Emperor Mikhael IV, dated to [1041] from the context[192].

3. LEON Gabras . A seal dated to [1050] names "Leon Gabras, imperial spatharokandidatos and ship's captain"[193].

4. THEODOROS Gabras (-after 2 Oct 1098). dux of Trebizond. The Alexeiad records that "Theodore Gabras…from Chaldea, an aristocrat" was made "duke of Trapezus"[194]. m firstly ---. m secondly ([1091]) --- [of Georgia], daughter of --- [of Georgia] & his wife ---. The Alexeiad records the second marriage of Theodoros Gabras to "an Alan of noble blood", commenting that "she and the sebastocrator's wife were daughters of two brothers", which resulted in the termination of the betrothal of Theodoros's son Gregorios as his projected marriage was thereby prohibited under ecclesiastical law[195]. The precise identity and parentage of Theodoros's second wife is not known. Theodoros Gabras & his first wife had one child:

a) GREGORIOS Gabras . Zonaras names "Gabræ…Theodori sebasti et martyris filio", when recording his marriage[196]. Betrothed ([1091]) [MARIA] Komnene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Irena of Georgia (-after 1091). Zonaras names "Maria, Eudocia, Theodora" as the three other daughters, stating that Maria married "Gabræ…Theodori sebasti et martyris filio", the marriage being annulled for consanguinity, and afterwards married "Phorbeni Catacalonis filium Nicephorum"[197]. The Alexeiad records the betrothal of "Gabras's son Gregory" to one of the (unnamed) daughters of "the sebastocrator Isaakios Komnenos" and states that the betrothal was terminated after the second marriage of Theodoros Gabras to the cousin of Isaakios's wife, which meant that the marriage was thereby prohibited under ecclesiastical law[198]. Sturdza identifies the daughter as Maria[199], but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. m (annulled) as her first husband, MARIA Komnene, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his first wife Eirene Doukaina (19 Sep 1085-after 1136). The Alexeiad records the birth of a second daughter before a son was born to Emperor Alexios, but does not name her[200]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. She married secondly (before 1120) Nikephoros Euphorbenos. In a later passage, the Alexeiad records that Nikephoros, son of Konstantinos Euphorbenos, "afterwards became my brother-in-law when he married my younger sister Maria Porphyrogenita"[201].

5. [--- Gabras . m ---.]

a) KONSTANTINOS Gabras . He may alternatively have been the son or brother of Theodoros Gabras[202]. Protosébastos. Dux of Trebizond.

1. --- Gabras (-after 1121). The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Balak petit-fils d'Ortok" defeated and captured "Gafras le Grec" in A.H. 514 (1120/21)[203]. He may be the same person as Theodoros Gabras, see above.

2. KONSTANTINOS Gabras . A seal dated to [1135] names "Konstantinos Gabras, protonobelissimos"[204]. A seal dated to [1150] names "Konstantinos Gabras"[205].

3. MIKHAEL Gabras (-after 1170). Sébastos. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Michael cognomento Gabras" was granted "sebasti honore cum Chaluphe"[206]. m ([1152/53]) as her second husband, EVDOKIA Komnene, widow of ---, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Komnenos, sébastokrator & his wife Eirene [Aideiadissa]. Niketas Choniates names "Alexius, Andronicus et…Isaacius" as the three brothers of Emperor Manuel, stating that Andronikos left daughters "Mariam, Theodoram et Eudociam", adding that Evdokia became the mistress of her cousin Andronikos Komnenos (later Emperor Andronikos I) after the death of her husband[207]. This must refer to a first marriage which is unrecorded elsewhere, as her marriage to Mikhael Gabras is recorded subsequent to her affair with Andronikos Komnenos. In a later passage, Niketas Choniates records the marriage of "Eudocia Comnenia Andronici amica" and "Michæle…Gabra"[208]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Michael cognomento Gabras" married "ex fratre Manuelis neptim"[209].

4. KATAKALON Gabras . A seal dated to [1175] names "Katakalon Gabras"[210].

5. IOANNES Gabras . A seal dated to [1200] names "Ioannes Gabras sebastos"[211].

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

1. BASILEIOS Gabras . m ---. The name of Basileios's wife is not known. Basileios & his wife had one child:

a) STEPHANOS Gabras . Prince of Crimea-Gothia. He went to Moscow in 1391/1403. He became a monk as SIMON. m ---. The name of Stephanos's wife is not known. Stephanos & his wife had two children:

i) ALEXIOS Gabras (-killed in battle Balaklava [1444/47]). Prince of Gothia. m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios Gabras & his wife had [three possible children]:

(a) MARIA of Gothia. The Masarelli Vatican manuscript records that David married the daughter of the ruler of Gothia[212]. [According to the 16th century historian Theodore Spandounes, writing in 1538, Emperor David married Helena, a sister of Eirene, whom he once calls Helena, of Serbia and Georgios Kantakouzenos. He does not specify her parents[213], but logic would dictate that she would have been Helene Kantakouzene, daughter of Theodoros Palaiologos Kantakouzenos & his wife ---. He recounts that, after the death of her husband and sons, she was condemned to pay a fine of 15,000 ducats or face the same fate[214]. The money was paid, but Helena put on sackcloth, built a hovel from straw beside the corpses outside the city walls, and secretly dug their graves with her own hands, dying a few days after completing the task. The earlier Masarelli Vatican manuscript does not mention her because it specifies that the empress of Trebizond who was Eirene's sister was Theodora, David's mother[215]. Since David could not have married his aunt, it follows that Spandounes has confused the emperors in Trebizond. Spandounes's stories relating to Helene therefore must relate to Emperor David's known wife Maria, if indeed there is any truth in them at all.] m ([Nov/Dec] 1429) DAVID Megas Komnenos, son of ALEXIOS IV Emperor in Trebizond & his wife Theodora Kantakouzene (-beheaded Constantinople 1 Nov 1463). He succeeded in [1458/59] as DAVID Emperor in Trebizond.

(b) IOANNES Gabras (-in Trebizond after 1447). Prince of Gothia. m ([1440/46]) MARIA Palaiologina Tsamplakinissa Asanina, daughter of --- (-in Trebizond after 1447). Ioannes & his wife had one child:

(1) ALEXIOS Gabras (-young).

- PRINCES of THEODORO and GOTHIA[216].

ii) GREGORIOS Gabras . He went to Moscow with his father. Ancestor of the families Chovrin and Golovin[217].

Chapter 12. IASITES

1. LEON Iasites . A seal dated to [1050] names "Leon Iasites, magistros vestes and strategos of Boukellarion"[218]. A seal dated to [1075] names "Leon Iasites, anthypatos patrikios vestes and komes of the stable"[219].

2. THEODOROS Iasites . A seal dated to [1050] names "Theodoros Iasites"[220].

3. MIKHAEL Iasites (-after [1050]). Mikhael Glykas records that "Iasita dux" captured the rebel Leon Tornikios (in 1047)[221]. A seal dated to [1048] names "Michael Iasites magistros and doux of Antioch"[222]. A seal dated to [1050] names "Michael Iasites magistros vestes and doux of all the West"[223].

4. KONSTANTINOS Iasites . A seal dated to [1072] names "Konstantinos Iasites protoproedros and epi ton deeseon"[224]. A seal dated to [1090] names "Konstantinos Iasites"[225]. m ---. The name of Konstantinos's wife is not known, but she was a great-niece of Patriarch Mikhael Keroularios[226]. Konstantinos Iasites & his wife had one child:

a) MIKHAEL Iasites ([-1117]). He became a monk as ATHANASIUS. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "15 Mar, monk Athanasius Iasites"[227]. m ([1116]) EVDOKIA Komnene, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his second wife Eirene Doukaina (14 Jan 1094-[1130/31]). The Alexeiad names "Porphyrogenita Eudocia" as the third daughter of Emperor Alexios[228]. Zonaras names "Maria, Eudocia, Theodora" as the three other daughters, stating that Evdokia married "Iasitæ Constantini filium"[229]. Nun at the convent of Kocharitomenes. Mikhael Iasites & his wife had one child:

i) ALEXIOS Iasetes (-17 Mar ----). The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "17 Mar, Alexius son of Porphyrogenita Eudokia"[230].

5. ADRALESTOS Iasites (-after [1100]). A seal dated to [1095] names "Adralestos Iasites"[231]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Adralestos Iasites"[232].

6. NIKEPHOROS Iasites . A seal dated to [1117] names "Nikephoros Iasites, protospatharios and strategos"[233].

Chapter 13. KALAMANOS

1. KÁLMÁN, son of [BORIS KONRAD of Hungary & his wife Anna Doukaina] ([1137/1145]-after 1173). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He is assumed to have been born when his father was living in Constantinople. He adopted the name KONSTANTINOS Doukas Kalamános in Byzantium[234], where he settled. Ioannes Kinnamos names "Constantino Ciliciæ duce, quem Calamanum iuvenem vocabant"[235]. He became a General in the Byzantine army and was awarded the title sébastos by Emperor Manuel I. In 1163, Constance Pss of Antioch appealed to Konstantinos Kalamános, Byzantine Governor of Cilicia, for military support to maintain her position in Antioch[236]. General Kalamános joined forces with Bohémond III Prince of Antioch, Raymond III Count of Tripoli and Hugues de Lusignan to relieve the siege of the castle of Krak by Nur ed-Din in 1163[237]. He joined the same group in Aug 1164 to relieve another attack on Harenc, but was captured in an ambush at Artah, together with the other leaders, and taken bound to Aleppo, although Kalamános was released almost immediately in return for 150 silken robes[238]. He was appointed Governor of Cilicia in 1167, and also charged with the mission of ending the relationship between Andronikos Komnenos (his predecessor as Governor of Cilicia) and Philippa, sister of Bohémond III Prince of Antioch, although Philippa refused his proposal of marriage[239]. He suppressed the revolt of Thoros II Lord of the Mountains [Armenia-Rupen] who had attacked Byzantine garrisons after accusing Andronikos Komnenos, while Governor, of complicity in the murder in 1165 of his brother Stephané[240]. He was captured in Armenia in 1172/73, after which he was probably succeeded as Governor of Cilicia by Isaakios Doukas (later emperor in Cyprus)[241]. It is not clear whether General Kalamános was captured on two separate occasions, or whether the two occasions described above were two versions of the same event which, if the latter is correct, would have to be re-dated. A seal dated to [1175] names "Kalamanos"[242]. His descendants were the Kalomanoi family in Byzantium.

Chapter 14. KAMATEROS

1. EPIPHANIOS Kamateros (-after [1100]). A seal dated to [1080] names "Epiphanios Kamateros , eparchos"[243]. A seal dated to [1080] names "Epiphanios Kamateros"[244]. A seal dated to [1090] names "Epiphanios Kamateros"[245]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Epiphanios Kamateros"[246].

2. THEODOROS Kamateros . m MARIA, daughter of ---. Theodoros Kamateros is named as husband of Maria, dated to late 11th/early 12th century[247].

3. BASILEIOS Kamateros . A seal dated to [1050] names "Basileios Kamateros, ktematinos"[248]. 1088. Basileios Kamateros magistros and krites signed on behalf of his son Gregorios a copy of an administrative document regarding the registration of a grant to Patmos[249]. m ---. The name of Basileios's wife is not known. Basileios & his wife had one child:

a) GREGORIOS Kamateros. Basileios Kamateros magistros and krites signed on behalf of his son Gregorios a copy of an administrative document regarding the registration of a grant to Patmos[250]. m EIRENE Doukaina, daughter of [MIKHAEL] Doukas & his wife ---. Gregorios Kamateros & his wife had four children:

i) ANDRONIKOS Doukas Kamateros (-executed 1185). Drongarios of the fleet. Pansébastos sébastos. Megas drongarios tes bigles. He was executed on the orders of Emperor Andronikos I. m --- Kantakouzene, daughter of ---. The name of Andronikos's wife is not known. Her family origin is confirmed by a seal dated to [1175] names "Basileios sebastos, Kamateros on his father's side and Kantakouzenos on his mother's"[251]. Andronikos & his wife had four children:

(a) EUPHROSYNE Doukaina Kamaterina (-1211). Niketas Choniates names "Euphrosyna" as wife of Emperor Alexios[252]. Her parentage is confirmed by Niketas Choniates naming "fratri eius Camatero Basilio", referring to Euphrosyne, in a later passage[253]. She escaped to Arta in Epirus and found refuge at the court of Mikhael Angelos[254]. Ephræmius records the death of "Euphrosyne regina" and her burial at Arta[255]. m ([1170/80]) ALEXIOS Komnenos Angelos, son of ANDRONIKOS Doukas Angelos & his wife Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa (-imprisoned in Nikaia after 1211). He deposed his younger brother 8 Apr 1195 at Kypsela while on campaign against Bulgaria, succeeding as Emperor ALEXIOS III.

(b) IOANNES Kamateros .

(c) BASILEIOS Kamateros (-after 1182). A seal dated to [1165] names "protonobelissimos Basileios of the family of Kamateros"[256]. A seal dated to [1175] names "Basileios sebastos, Kamateros on his father's side and Kantakouzenos on his mother's"[257]. A seal dated to [1175] names "Basileios Kamateros, protonobelissimos and eparchos"[258]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Basilium quondam, cognomento Camaterum" was sent by Emperor Manuel I to negotiate a marriage with "Raimundo Antiochiæ principi filiæ…Maria"[259]. Niketas Choniates names "fratri eius Camatero Basilio"[260], referring to Euphrosyne (Doukaina Kamaterina), wife of Emperor Alexios III. Logothete. He was blinded in 1182 and banished to Russia. A seal dated to [1199] names "Basileios born from the glorious family of the Doukai and the Kamateroi, brother-in-law of the emperor of the Ausonians"[261].

(d) THEODORA Kamaterina . m MIKHAEL Stryphnos . Megas dux.

ii) MIKHAEL Kamateros .

iii) THEODOROS Kamateros .

iv) IOANNES Kamateros . Logothete.

2. [--- Kamateros . The identity of the father of Isaakios Doukas Emperor in Cyprus is not known. According to Sturdza[262], he was Andronikos Doukas Kamateros (see above), although, if this is correct, his absence from the other records which name Andronikos's known children would be surprising. Rüdt-Collenberg[263] excludes his belonging to the Kamateros family, which Niketas Choniates described as "neither elegant nor well-off"[264] while the family of Isaakios was "excellent" according to the same source, although it is not clear whether he was referring to Isaakios's paternal or maternal ancestors. Rüdt-Collenberg also highlights[265] the speculation of R. P. L. Stiernon of Paris that Isaakios may have been the illegitimate son of Emperor Manuel I by Eirene Komnene, but this is pure conjecture. m [--- Komnene, daughter of ISAAKIOS Komnenos & his first wife Theodora Kamaterina. Niketas Choniates[266] describes Isaakios, Emperor in Cyprus, as the nephew of Theodora Komnene, wife of Baudouin III King of Jerusalem, therefore presumably the son of an otherwise unknown sister or half-sister of Theodora assuming that "nephew" is used is in its strict meaning. She is named Eirene in Europäische Stammtafeln[267], but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.]

1. IOANNES Kamateros (-after 1208). Georgios Akropolites names "Ioannes…Camaterus" as Patriarch of Constantinople at the time the city was captured by the Latins in 1204, recording that he retired to Didymoteichos (in Thrace) and refused to crown Theodoros Laskaris as emperor, but resigned as patriarch to give way for "Michael Auctorianus"[268].

2. BASILEIOS Kamateros (-1186 or after). Greek patriarch 1182-1186.

Chapter 15. KAMYTZES

1. EUSTATHIOS Kamytzes (-after 1113). A seal dated to [1100] names "Eustathios Kamytzes, sebastos"[269]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Eustathios Kamytzes, protonobelissimos"[270]. The Alexeiad records that "Gregorios Gabras" confided in "George Dekanos, Eustathius Kamytzes and Michael the cup-bearer usually called pincerna" that he planned to escape to join his father[271]. The Alexeiad records that "Eustathius Kamytzes" was made military commander of Lampe, dated to 1098 from the context[272]. The Alexeiad records that "Eustathius Kamytzes" was governor of Nikaia, dated to 1113 from the context[273]. Sébastos. Zonaras names "Camytze Eustathio duce"[274].

2. KONSTANTINOS Kamytzes (-after [1167]). Two seals dated to [1140] name "Konstantinos Kamytzes, sebastos"[275]. A seal dated to [1167] names "Konstantinos sebastos…from the Kamytzes family"[276].

3. LEON Kamytzes . 1166.

4. --- Kamytzes . m ---. A seal dated to [1200] names "Manuel protostrator, Kamytzes on his father's side, and on his mother's side cousin of Komnenodoukas who is ruler of the Ausonians"[277]. The exact relationship between the mother of Manuel Kamytzes and the imperial family has not yet been identified. One child:

a) MANUEL Kamytzes . 1201. Prostrator. A seal dated to [1200] names "Manuel protostrator, Kamytzes on his father's side, and on his mother's side cousin of Komnenodoukas who is ruler of the Ausonians"[278].

5. KONSTANTINOS Kamytzes, son of --- (-after [1201/02]). Protostratos. He commanded Emperor Alexios's campaign in Bulgaria against Ivanko, was captured, and sent to Kalojan Tsar of the Bulgarians as a gift. Georgios Akropolites records that "protostrator Camytzes" was captured in battle "Philippopolim Beroemque"[279]. Ransomed by his son-in-law, together they sought revenge against Emperor Alexios who had refused to reimburse the ransom. They seized Prilep and raided Thessaly, establishing a semi-independent principality, but Chrysos abandoned Kamytzes and expelled him after being offered a new bride by the emperor[280]. m ([1160]) MARIA Angelina , daughter of KONSTANTINOS Angelos, Sébastohypertatos & his wife Theodora Komnene. Konstantinos Kamytzes & his wife had one child:

a) daughter. m ([1197], repudiated [1201]) as his second wife, DOBROMIR Hrs [Chrysos], son of --- (-murdered [1209/11]). A Vlach fighting for Bulgaria, he occupied the fortress of Prosek overlooking the Vardar river in 1197. After Emperor Alexios was unable to dislodge him, he was offered General Kamytzes's daughter as a bride[281]. After helping his father-in-law to escape from Bulgarian captivity in [1201], he repudiated his wife after the emperor offered him his granddaughter as a new bride[282].

Chapter 16. KARANTENOS

1. KONSTANTINOS Karantenos (-after [1032]). Cedrenus records that Emperor Romanos appointed "Constantinum Carantenum, sororis suæ maritum" as doux of Antioch in succession to "Spondyles Antiochiæ dux", dated to [1032][283]. m --- Argyre, daughter of --- Argyros & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Cedrenus who records that Emperor Romanos sent "sororis suæ maritum Constantinum patricium Carantenum" with an army to Syria, dated to [1029/32][284]. Konstantinos & his wife had one child:

a) NIKEPHOROS Karantenos (-[1071/72]). Cedrenus names "Nicephoro patricii Nauplii præfecto, Caranteni filio" when recording his military victory against "Saraceni", dated to [1032][285]. Patrikios. Strategos of Nauplion. Skylitzes records "Nicephorus Carantenus" as "Scopiis ducis", dated to [1071/72][286]. The same passage refers to Nikephoros´s successor "Damianus Dalassenus", suggesting that Nikephoros died around this time.

Chapter 17. KASTAMONITES

1. NIKETAS Kastamonites . A seal dated to [1050] names "Niketas Kastamonites"[287]. A seal dated to [1084] names "Niketas Kastamonites kouropalates"[288]. A seal dated to [1084] names "Niketas Kastamonites kouropalates and doux"[289]. The Alexeiad names "Nicetas Castamonites" as leader of an expeditionary force[290]. The Alexeiad names "Nicetas Castamonites" among those who joined the rebellion led by the Anemas brothers against Emperor Alexios I[291].

2. KONSTANTINOS Kastamonites (-after [1075]). A seal dated to [1075] names "Konstantinos Kastamonites, vestes"[292].

3. MIKHAEL [Kastamonites] (-after [1084]). A seal dated to [1084] names "Michael Ka---, patrikios krites of the hippodrome and chartoularios of the charitable foundations"[293].

4. NIKEPHOROS Kastamonites (-after [1110]). A seal dated to [1075] names "Nikephoros Kastamonites, proedros and honorary droungarios of the fleet"[294]. A seal dated to [1110] names "Nikephoros Kastamonites, kouropalates"[295]. A seal dated to [1125] names "Nikephoros Kastamonites"[296].

Two brothers, parents not known.

5. THEODOROS Kastamonites, megas logothetis.

6. ---. m ---.

a) EUPHROSYNE Kastamonitissa (-killed in battle against Dyrrhacchion [1185/95]). Niketas Choniates names "matrem Isaacii Angeli Euphrosynam"[297]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. m (before 1155) ANDRONIKOS Doukas Angelos, son of KONSTANTINOS Angelos & his wife Theodora Komnene (-after 1185). A military leader in Asia Minor 1176/83.

7. DEMETRIOS Kastamonites (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Demetrios Kastamonites"[298].

8. LEON Kastamonites (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Leon Kastamonites"[299].

9. NIKEPHOROS Kastamonites (-after [1175]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Nikephoros Kastamonites"[300]. A seal dated to [1150] names "Nikephoros Kastamonites patrikios"[301]. A seal dated to [1175] names "Nikephoros Kastamonites, protokouropalates"[302].

10. EUSTATHIOS Kastamonites . Eustathios Kastamonites is among those who signed the document of the sekreton of the sea handing over a new ship to the monastery of Patmos, dated to the late 12th/early 13th centuries[303].

11. IOANNES Kastamonites (-after [1200]). A seal dated to [1200] names "Ioannes, sebastos and eparchos, descended from the family of Kastamonites"[304].

12. KONSTANTINOS Kastamonites (-after [1180]). A seal dated to [1180] names "Konstantinos Kastamonites"[305].

Chapter 18. KEROULARIOS

1. MIKHAEL Keroularios (-after 1058). Cedrenus records that "Michaele Cerulario et Joanne Macrempolita" rebelled against Emperor Mikhael IV, dated to [1040/41] from the context[306]. Cedrenus records that "Michaelus Cerularius" who had been exiled as a monk by "orphanotrophus" was appointed patriarch "indictione 11…die Annuntiationis festo"[307]. Cedrenus records that "magister Michaelus Anastasii filius, patricius Theodorus Chryselius, patricius Christophorus Pyrrhus, omnes sodalitatum duces" supported Patriarch Kirularios in his dispute with Emperor Isaakios Komnenos, dated to [1058][308].

2. --- . m ---. Two children:

a) NIKEPHOROS . Cedrenus names "Patriarcha" and "Nicephorum…et Constantinum fratres, patrueles suos" at the time of Patriarch Keroularios´s dispute with Emperor Isaakios Komnenos, adding that they were seized to persuade the patriarch to surrender, dated to [1058][309].

b) KONSTANTINOS . Cedrenus names "Patriarcha" and "Nicephorum…et Constantinum fratres, patrueles suos" at the time of Patriarch Keroularios´s dispute with Emperor Isaakios Komnenos, adding that they were seized to persuade the patriarch to surrender, dated to [1058][310].

3. daughter . Her family origin is confirmed by the Historia of Mikhael Attaliota which records that "vestiarius Constantinus Ducas" married "neptis patriarchæ [Kerularii]"[311]. m IOANNES Makremobilites, son of --- (-after 1040).

Chapter 19. KONTOSTEPHANOS

This family is dealt with by Henri Grégoire and J. Darrouzes[312].

1. KONSTANTINOS Kontostephanos (-after [1050]). A seal dated to [1050] names "Konstantinos Kontostephanos patrikios and strategos"[313].

2. MIKHAEL Kontostephanos (-after [1056]). A seal dated to [1055] names "Michael Kontostephanos, magistros and doux of Antioch"[314]. A seal dated to [1056] names "Michael Kontostephanos, magistros and doux of Antioch"[315].

Two brothers, parents not known:

1. ISAAKIOS Kontostephanos . The Alexeiad names "Isaakios Kontostephanos, the thalassocrator…his brother Stephanos" who were guarding "the Lombardy strait" against possible attack by Bohémond I Prince of Antioch[316].

2. STEPHANOS Kontostephanos . The Alexeiad names "Isaakios Kontostephanos, the thalassocrator…his brother Stephanos" who were guarding "the Lombardy strait" against possible attack by Bohémond I Prince of Antioch[317].

3. STEPHANOS Kontostephanos (-killed in battle Corfu 1149). A seal dated to [1090] names "Stephanos Kontostephanos"[318]. A seal dated to [1090] names "Stephanos Kontostephanos, nobelissimos and doux"[319]. Panhypersébastos. Megas dux. A seal dated to [1139] names "Stephanos Kontostephanos, despotes"[320]. Ioannes Kinnamos names "sororium [γαμβρόν]…Stephanum… Contostephanum" (referring to Emperor Manuel I) as commander of the fleet which was delayed in the Italian expedition, but was mortally wounded at Kerkyra and told "Andronicum…qui filiorum erat ultimus" to proceed[321]. m ([1125]) ANNA Komnene, daughter of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary ([1110]-). Her parentage is confirmed by Niketas Choniates who names "Stephano Contostephano sororio" of Emperor Manuel I[322]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Stephanos Kontostephanos & his wife had four children:

a) IOANNES Kontostephanos . Ioannes Kinnamos names "Ioannes et Andronicus ex Contostaphanorum gente", in a passage dealing with the early years of the reign of Emperor Manuel I[323]. Sébastos. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Ioannem Contostephanum" was sent to Palestine to "Balduinum regem" (Baudouin III King of Jerusalem, so dated to before 1163)[324]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Ioannem Contostephanum sebastum et Theophylactum virum Italum" were sent by Emperor Manuel I to negotiate a marriage with "puella Tripoli in Phoenicia, gente quidem Latina"[325]. A seal dated to [1165] names "Ioannes, Kontostephanos from his father but Komnenos from his mother"[326]. A seal dated to [1165] names "Ioannes, Kontostephanos whose mother was a Komnene"[327]. m THEODORA, daughter of IOANNES Rogerios Dalassenos & his wife Maria Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Ioannes & his wife had [one possible child]:

i) [ANDRONIKOS Kontostephanos (-Elegmi monastery 23 Feb 1209). His epitaph describes him as a grandson of a megas dux, presumably a grandson of Stephanos Kontostephanos. He became a monk as ANTONIOS.]

b) ALEXIOS Kontostephanos (-1176). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Alexium Contostephani filium ex sorore nepotem" was sent by Emperor Manuel I to Hungary[328]. Strategos in Hungary. A seal dated to [1150] names "Alexios Kontostephanos"[329]. A seal dated to [1165] names "Alexios Kontostephanos, Komnenos on his mother's side"[330]. He became a monk as ANTONIOS. m ---. She is described as the daughter of a logothete. The couple died childless.

c) ANDRONIKOS Kontostephanos (-after 1182). Ioannes Kinnamos names "Ioannes et Andronicus ex Contostaphanorum gente", in a passage dealing with the early years of the reign of Emperor Manuel I[331]. Megas dux 1144/56. Ioannes Kinnamos names "sororium [γαμβρόν]…Stephanum… Contostephanum" (referring to Emperor Manuel I) as commander of the fleet which was delayed in the Italian expedition, but was mortally wounded at Kerkyra and told "Andronicum…qui filiorum erat ultimus" to proceed[332]. Niketas Choniates names "magnus…dux Andronicus Contostephanus"[333]. A seal dated to [1165] names "Andronikos Kontostephanos, who on his mother's side descends from the family of the Komnenoi"[334]. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Andronico Contostephani filio" was invested with "magni ducis dignitatem" and sent on a mission to Hungary[335]. Grand drongarios of the fleet. His fleet helped Amaury I King of Jerusalem at the unsuccessful siege of Damietta in late 1169[336]. He was blinded with his four sons in 1182 by Emperor Andronikos I. m --- [Doukaina], daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Andronikos & his wife had four children:

i) four sons, blinded in 1182. The primary source which confirms their parentage has not yet been identified.

d) EIRENE Komnene. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Nicephorum ex Bryenniorum familia" married "ex fratre vel sorore Manuelis neptim"[337]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m NIKEPHOROS Bryennios, son of ---.

4. ANDRONIKOS Kontostephanos (-1156 or after). m THEODORA Komnene, daughter of ADRIANOS Komnenos & his wife --- ([1110]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Andronikos Kontostephanos & his wife had [four or more] children:

a) IOANNES Kontostephanos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Sébastos.

b) ALEXIOS Kontostephanos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m [MARIA Doukaina, daughter of ---]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.

c) --- Kontostephanina . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

5. EVDOKIA Kontostephanina (-after [1175]). A seal dated to [1175] names "Eudokia Kontostephananina, sebaste and megale drougaraia"[338].

6. ISAAKIOS Kontostephanos (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Isaakios Kontostephanos"[339].

7. NIKEPHOROS Kontostephanos . Nikephoros Kontostephanos established a praktikon at the orders of Emperor Alexios I in order to settle a dispute[340]. Nikephoros Kontostephanos doux of Crete and gambros of the emperor (Alexios I) was requested to exempt a ship from taxes for the monastery of Patmos[341].

1. ANDRONIKOS Kontostephanos (-[1196/97]). Niketas Choniates names "imperatricis cognatis Andronico Contostephano"[342], presumably referring to his family relationship with Euphrosyne (Doukaina Kamaterina), wife of Emperor Alexios III, although the precise connection has not yet been identified. He became a monk as AKAKIOS. m as her first husband, EIRENE Komnene Angelina, daughter of Emperor ALEXIOS III & his wife Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina (-after 1203). Niketas Choniates names "Contostephanus Andronicus et Isaacius Comenus" as "duo generi" of Emperor Alexios[343]. Ephræmius records that "filiarum…Irene natu maior" married "Andronico…de Contostephanis"[344]. Niketas Choniates records the second marriage of "imperator…filias…Irenem" and "Alexio Paleologo"[345]. She married secondly Alexios Komnenos Palaiologos, and went into exile in 1203.

2. ANNA Kontostephanina. She is named as wife of Adrianos in a tomb inscription at the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii[346]. m ADRIANOS Komnenos, son of ALEXIOS Komnenos sébastos & his wife Eirene Synadene.

3. THEODOROS Kontostephanos (-killed in battle Antioch 1152). Sébastos. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Theodorus Contostephanus…sebastorum dignitatem" was killed in battle in Antioch[347].

1. THEODOROS Kontostephanos (-after [1248]). Protosébastos. Georgios Akropolites names "…Contostephanus protosebastus…" among the important nobles at the court of Emperor Ioannes Batatzes[348]. Georgios Akropolites records that "Theodorum Contostephanum" was invested with "protosebasti dignitate", in [1248] from the context of the passage[349].

1. IOANNES Palaiologos Kontostephanos (-before May 1386). Megas primikerios 1369/73. m ANNA Asanina, daughter of [IOANNES Asanes sébastokrator & his wife --- Apokavke] (after [1347]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was named in 1374 as cousin of Empress Helena.

Chapter 20. MAKREMBOLITES

1. GEORGIOS Makrembolites (-after [1040]). A seal dated to [1040] names "Georgios Makrembolites, spatharokandidatos and krites of Chaldia"[350].

2. THEODOROS Makrembolites (-after [1050]). A seal dated to [1050] names "Theodoros Makrembolites, protospatharios and domestikos of Optimaton"[351].

3. IOANNES Makrembolites (-after 1040). Cedrenus records that "Michaele Cerulario et Joanne Macrempolita" rebelled against Emperor Mikhael IV, dated to [1040/41] from the context[352]. m --- Keroularie, daughter of ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Her family origin is confirmed by the Historia of Mikhael Attaliota which records that "vestiarius Constantinus Ducas" married "neptis patriarchæ [Kerularii]"[353]. Ioannes Makrembolites & his wife had one child:

a) EVDOKIA Makrembolitissa (-1096). Psellus names "Eudocia" as wife of Emperor Konstantinos[354]. The Historia of Mikhael Attaliota records that "vestiarius Constantinus Ducas" married "neptis patriarchæ [Kerularii]"[355]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Nikephoros Bryennios names "eius coniuge Eudocia, cum Michaele, Andronico et Constantino filiis" as survivors of "Ducas"[356]. Regent of Byzantium for her son Emperor Mikhael VII 1067. Although her husband on his deathbed made her swear she would never remarry[357], she married secondly his successor. Psellus records the second marriage of "Eudocia" and "Romanus, the son of Diogenes"[358]. On the overthrow of Emperor Romanos IV, she ruled jointly with her son, but was soon overthrown and confined to a convent. m firstly (before 1050) as his second wife, KONSTANTINOS Doukas, son of ANDRONIKOS Doukas & his wife --- ([1006/07]-22 May 1067). He succeeded in 1059 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS X. m secondly (1 Jan 1068) as his second wife, ROMANOS Diogenes, son of --- Diogenes & his wife --- Argyre (-Prote Monastery Summer 1072). On his marriage, he immediately succeeded as Emperor ROMANOS IV.

4. DEMETRIOS Makrembolites (-after [1097]). Ioannes Kinnamos records that "Demetrium quondam Macrembolitem" went as ambassador to the crusader leaders, in [1097][359].

5. MARIA Makrembolitissa (-after [1075]). A seal dated to [1075] names "Maria Makrembolitissa kouropalatissa"[360]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Maria Makrembolitissa kouropalatissa"[361].

6. THEODOROS Makrembolites (-after [1085]). A seal dated to [1073] names "Theodoros Makrembolites, protovestes and krites of Opsikion"[362]. A seal dated to [1085] names "Theodoros Makrembolites, magistros"[363]. Two seal dated to [1100] name "Theodoros Makrembolites"[364].

7. IOANNES Makrembolites (-after [1100]). A seal dated to [1090] names "Ioannes Makrembolites"[365]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Ioannes Makrembolites"[366].

8. SYMEON Makrembolites (-after [1107]). A seal dated to [1107] names "Symeon Makrembolites, kouropalates"[367]. A seal dated to [1115] names "Symeon Makrembolites"[368].

9. THOMAS Makrembolites (-after [1115]). A seal dated to [1115] names "Thomas Makrembolites"[369].

10. LEON Makrembolites (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Leon Makrembolites"[370].

11. MIKHAEL Makrembolites (-after [1150]). Two seals dated to [1150] name "Michael Makrembolites"[371].

12. THEODOROS Makrembolites (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Theodoros Makrembolites, metropolitan of Methymna"[372].

13. IOANNES Makrembolites (-after [1150]). Two seals dated to [1125] name "Ioannes Makrembolites"[373]. A seal dated to [1150] names "Ioannes Makrembolites, droungarious of the vigla"[374]. A seal dated to [1150] names "Ioannes Makrembolites"[375].

14. EUMATHIOS Makrembolites (-after [1175]). Two seals dated to [1175] name "Eumathios Makrembolites"[376].

15. MIKHAEL Makrembolites (-after [1275]). A seal dated to [1275] names "Michael Makrembolites…wife Eirene"[377]. m EIRENE, daughter of ---. A seal dated to [1275] names "Michael Makrembolites…wife Eirene"[378].

Chapter 21. MAVROZOMES

1. IOANNES Mavrozomes (-after ([1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Ioannes Maurozomes"[379].

2. PAULOS Mavrozomes (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1150] names "Paulos Maurozomes"[380].

3. MIKHAEL Mavrozomes . A seal dated to [1175] names "Michael…Maurozomes"[381].

4. THEODOROS Mavrozomes. Strategos. m ---. The name of Theodoros's wife is not known. Theodoros Mavrozomes & his wife had one child:

a) MANUEL Mavrozomes Komnenos . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He resisted the establishment of the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1204, briefly founding an independent lordship in the Meander valley[382]. m ---. The name of Manuel's wife is not known. Manuel Mavrozomes & his wife had two children:

i) --- Komnenos Mavrozomes . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He converted to Islam and became Emir KOMNENOS Beglebeg 1220-1228.

ii) daughter. Her marriage is confirmed by Niketas Choniates who names "Iconii Sultano Caichoaroe" and "Manueli Maurozomæ illius socero"[383]. m (1203) KAI KHUSRAW I Seljuk Sultan of Rum, son of KILIC ARSLAN II Seljuk Sultan of Rum.

Chapter 22. METOCHITES

1. THEODOROS Metochites (-Mar 1332[384]). He was appointed megas logothetis by Emperor Andronikos II. He remained loyal to Andronikos II during the rebellion of the latter's grandson co-Emperor Andronikos, but his assets were confiscated and he was sent into exile after the young emperor entered Constantinople in 1328. He was allowed to return and lived as a monk in the monastery of the Chora[385]. m ---. The name of Theodoros's wife is not known. Theodoros Metochites & his wife had five children:

a) EIRENE Metochitissa. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records the marriage of "Ioannem" and "Metochites magnus logotheta Irenen filiam"[386]. m (soon after 1305/06) IOANNES Komnenos Palaiologos, panhypersébastos, Governor of Thessaloniki, son of KONSTANTINOS Doukas Palaiologos & his wife Eirene Raoulaina ([1291]-Skopje 1327).

b) DEMETRIOS Angelos Metochites . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Governor of Strumitza 1326. Megas stratopedarches 1355.

c) NIKEPHOROS Metochites . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megas logothetes 1355-57.

d) MIKHAEL Metochites . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Governor of Melenikon 1326.

e) ALEXIOS Metochites . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megas domestikos 1355-1369.

Chapter 23. MOUSELE

Two brothers, parents not known:

1. ALEXIOS Mousele (-842 or after, bur Chrysopolis, Bythinia, Monastery of Anthemios). The emperor installed him as stratelates and dux of Sicily but he was accused of betraying the Christian cause to the Arabs and of plotting to take the throne. He was brought back to Constantinople, beaten and imprisoned[387]. Theophanes Continuatus records that he retired to Chrysopolis and founded the monastery of Anthemios[388]. Betrothed ([836/37]) to MARIA, daughter of Emperor THEOPHILOS & his wife Theodora --- ([837/38]-before 842, bur Constantinople, Church of the Holy Apostles). Theophanes Continuatus names (in order) "Thecla et Anna Anastasiaque et Pulcheria et Maria" as the five daughters of Emperor Theophilus and his wife[389]. Theophanes Continuatus records that "quinque filias…ex illis natu minimam…Mariam" married "ex Crenitarum gente, Armenius patria, Alexius cognomento Moseles", who was invested as "patricii primum ac proconsulis…tum…etiam magister, ac demum cæsar" by his father-in-law[390]. As Maria must have been a young child at the time of this recorded marriage, it is possible that the ceremony was one of betrothal only. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Maria, filia Theophili" was buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[391].

2. THEODOSIOS Mousele (----, bur Chrysopolis, Bythinia, Monastery of Anthemios). Theophanes Continuatus names "eius germanus Theodosius", referring to Alexios Mousele, and that he was installed as patrikios and buried in the monastery founded by his brother[392]. Betrothed to

3. --- Mousele . m --- Lekapene, daughter of Emperor ROMANOS I Lekapenos & his [first] wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Cedrenus who names "magistri Romani Moselis, prognati a Romano sene", dated to [962] from the context[393]. One child:

a) ROMANOS Mousele . Cedrenus names "magistri Romani Moselis, prognati a Romano sene", dated to [962] from the context[394].

Chapter 24. MOUZALON

1. LEON Mouzalon (-after [1050]). A seal dated to [1050] names "Leon Mouzalon spatharios and imperial notarios"[395].

2. EUGENIOS Mouzalon (-after [1075]). A seal dated to [1075] names "Eugenios Mouzalon, krites"[396].

3. MIKHAEL Mouzalon (-[after 1090]). Two seals dated to [1085] name "Michael Mouzalon"[397].

4. THEOPHANO Mouzalon (-after [1088]). A seal dated to [1088] names "Theophano Mouzalonissa archontissa of Russia"[398].

5. NIKOLAOS Mouzalon (-1152). Patriarch of Constantinople. Ioannes Kinnamos records the appointment of "Nicolaum…cognomine Muzalonem" as patriarch, despite opposition after resigning the priesthood in Cyprus, and his resignation after Emperor Manuel I did not support him[399].

Three brothers, parents not known:

1. GEORGIOS Mouzalon (-murdered Sosandra Sep 1258). He was the personal friend and favourite of Theodoros II Emperor at Nikaia who appointed him megas domestikos, megas stratopedarchos, and protobestiarios, as well as regent for his infant son. Georgios Akropolites records that "Bulgarorum Georgios Muzalo" was appointed "magni domestici", and in a later passage "protosebasti et protovestiarii magnique stratopedarchæ"[400]. Emperor Theodoros was much influenced by his personal friend Georgios Muzalon whom he created mega domestikos and appointed as regent for his infant son[401]. He was murdered during the uprising led by Mikhail Palaiologos, which followed his appointment as regent. m (1256) as her first husband, THEODORA Palaiologina Komnene Kantakouzene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos Angelos Kantakouzenos & his wife Eirene Komnene Palaiologina ([1240]-6 Dec 1300). Pachymeres records the marriage of "Theodoram e Cantacuzanorum gente, Palaeologi neptam ex sorore" and "Georgium Muzalonem Atramyttinum"[402]. She married secondly (1261) Ioannes Raul Komnenos Doukas Angelos Petraliphas. Pachymeres records that "Ioannem…Raulem, protovestiarii Raulis filium" married "vidua protovestiarii Muzalonis…Theodora, neptis…imperatoris Palaeologi, eius sororis Eulogiæ ex Cantacuzeno filia" (in [1261/62])[403]. She became a nun as KYRIAKE.

2. ANDRONIKOS Mouzalon . Georgios Akropolites records that "Georgium Muzalonem…fratrem illius Andronicum" was appointed "protovestiaritem magni domestici" by Emperor Theodoros II[404]. Pachymeres records that "Georgium Muzalonem Atramyttinum…fratrem minorem Andronicum" was created "magnum domesticum"[405]. m as her first husband, --- Raulaina, daughter of ALEXIOS Raul & his [first] wife ---. Pachymeres records that "Georgium Muzalonem Atramyttinum…fratrem minorem Andronicum" married "Cloista Raulis filia"[406]. She married secondly Andronikos Palaiologos. Pachymeres records that "Andronicum alium Palaeologum ex Occidente" married "vidua Andronici Muzalonis…magnum domesticum…protostratorem"[407].

3. --- Muzalon . Pachymeres records that "Georgium Muzalonem Atramyttinum…tertium…horum fratrem" was "prothieracarium sive summum accipitrariæ venationis" and was appointed "regii aucupii præfectum"[408].

4. THEODOROS Mouzalon (-1294). Protobestiarios, logothetis. He became a monk. m (after 1282) --- Kantakouzene, daughter of ---. Pachymeres records that "Theodorus Muzalo" married "filiam Cantacuzeni"[409]. Theodoros & his wife had one child:

a) EUDOKIA . Pachymeres records the betrothal of "[filiam] magnum logothetam Muzalonem" and "fratri suo Theodoro", that the marriage did not proceed on grounds of consanguinity, but that "filiam…protovestiarii" married "Constantino proprio filio…despotæ"[410]. Betrothed (contract broken before 28 Jun 1293) to THEODOROS Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos, son of Emperor MIKHAEL VIII & his wife Theodora Doukaina Komnene Palaiologina Batatzaina (-after 1310). m (22 May 1295) as his first wife, KONSTANTINOS Palaiologos, son of Emperor ANDRONIKOS II & his first wife Anna of Hungary ([1278/81]-[1334/35]).

Chapter 25. PEGONITES

1. NIKETAS Pegonites (-after [1033]). A seal dated to [1018] names "Niketas Pegonites patrikios and strategos of Dyrrachion"[411]. Cedrenus records that "patricius Niceta Pegonites" captured "castellum…Percrin" and killed its commander "Alimus Saracenus…et eius filium", dated to [1033][412]. same person as…? NIKEPHOROS Pegonites (-after 1018). Cedrenus records that Emperor Basileios II appointed "Nicephoro patricio Pegonita" as governor of Durazzo after Ivan Vladislav Tsar of the Bulgarians was killed (in 1018)[413].

2. LEON Pegonites (-after [1025]). A seal dated to [1025] names "Leon Pegonites, protospatharios and strategos of Presthlavitza"[414]. same person as…? LEON Pegonites . General . Psellos names Leon Pegonites as father of Eirene, wife of Ioannes Doukas[415]. m ---. The name of Nikolaos's wife is not known. Nikolaos Pegonites & his wife had one child:

a) EIRENE Pegonitissa (-8 Sep [1060/66]). Psellos names Leon Pegonites as father of Eirene, wife of Ioannes Doukas[416]. The list of obituaries of Empress Eirene Doukas's family records the death "8 Sep Irene, grandmother of the Empress"[417]. m ([1045]) IOANNES Doukas caesar, son of ANDRONIKOS Doukas protospatharios and strategos & his wife --- (-[1088]).

3. THEODOROS Pegonites (-after [1067]). A seal dated to [1050] names "Theodoros Pegonites, patrikios and strategos"[418]. A seal dated to [1060] names "Theodoros Pegonites, patrikios anthypatos vestes and katepano of Paradounavon"[419]. A seal dated to [1067] names "Theodoros Pegonites magistros and doux of Edessa"[420].

4. LEON Pegonites (-after [1075]). A seal dated to [1075] names "Leon Pegonites"[421]. A seal dated to [1100] names "Leon Pegonites"[422].

Chapter 26. PETRALOIPHAS

This family descended from a Norman, Peter of Alife[423]. This origin is confirmed by Niketas Choniates who refers to "quatuor fratres Petraliphæ, ex Francica gente oriundi"[424].

1. ALEXIOS Petraloiphas. Ioannes Kinnamos records that Emperor Manuel I sent "Alexium Petraloepham" to Asia with troops and money at the request of "Clitziesthlan" (Sultan Kilij Arslan), but the latter used him to force the surrender of cities then refused to hand them over to him[425]. m ANNA Komnene, daughter of IOANNES Dalassenos Rogerios [Jean Roger] & his wife Maria Komnene. A seal dated to [1125] names "Anna Komnene, daughter of the kaisarissa and of the…despotes kaisar"[426]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Alexios Petraliphas & his wife had one child:

a) --- Petraphoilas-Komnenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m HELENA of Bohemia, daughter of FRIEDRICH Duke of Bohemia & his wife Elisabeth of Hungary. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She adopted the name EIRENE in Byzantium.

2. NIKEPHOROS Petraloiphas . Ioannes Kinnamos names "Andronicus Lampardas et Nicephorus Petralipha" in a campaign in Hungary[427]. Panteleemon names Nikephoros Komnenos Petraloiphas sebastocrator as grandson of Maria, dated to the late 12th/early 13th century[428].

1. THEODOROS Petraloiphas. m ---. The name of Theodoros's wife is not known. Theodoros Petraliphos & his wife had two children:

a) [THEODOROS] Petraloiphas. m ---. The name of [Theodoros]'s wife is not known. [Theodoros] Petraliphos & his wife had one child:

i) --- Petraloiphaina. Georgios Akropolites records that "Sthlavus Asani regis affinis" married "Petraliphæ Theodori Comneni uxoris fratris filia" after the death of his first wife[429]. m ([1216]) as his second wife, ALEXII SLAV, son of --- & his wife [--- of Bulgaria] (-after 1230). Voivode of Melnik.

b) MARIA Doukaina Komnene Petraloiphaina. Her parentage is indicated by Georgios Akropolites who records that "Sthlavus Asani regis affinis" married "Petraliphæ Theodori Comneni uxoris fratris filia"[430]. m (before 1210) THEODOROS Komnenos Doukas Angelos, Lord of Corinth, Navplion and Argos, son of IOANNES Konstantinos Doukas Angelos & his [first/second] wife Zoe --- (-in prison in Nikaia shortly after 1253). He succeeded his half-brother in 1215 as Lord of Epirus. He declared himself Despot and autokrator in the Kingdom of Thessaloniki in 1224. He was crowned as THEODOROS I Emperor of the Romans in [1225].

2. THEODORA Antiochitissa Petraloiphaina . A seal dated to [1200] names "Theodora Antiochitissa Petraliphena"[431].

1. IOANNES Petraloiphas. Georgios Akropolites names "…Petraliphas magnus chartularius…" among the important nobles at the court of Emperor Ioannes Batatzes[432]. m HELENA, daughter of ---. Ioannes Petraliphos & his wife had three children:

a) THEODORA Doukaina Petraloiphaina Basilissa (bur Arta). Her parentage is indicated by Georgios Akropolites who names "Petraliphas…uxoris Michaelis frater"[433]. Ephræmius names "Theodora Michaelis coniux" when recording that she attended the marriage of her son Nikephoros[434]. Her husband banished her in favour of his mistress but restored her to favour[435]. After attending her son's marriage to the daughter of Theodoros II Emperor in Nikaia in 1256, she was kept a hostage and only released after her husband surrendered Durazzo to Nikaia[436]. She became a nun, known as Holy Theodora of Arta, and was the subject of a hagiography by the 13th century monk Job (Melias Iasites)[437]. m ([1230], divorced Easter [1252/56]) MIKHAEL [II] Komnenos Doukas Angelos Lord of Epirus, despot, illegitimate son of MIKHAEL Komnenos Doukas Lord of Epirus & his mistress --- ([1205]-[1267/68]).

b) THEODOROS Petraloiphas . Georgios Akropolites names "Petraliphas…uxoris Michaelis frater" in a passage after the text recording his marriage[438]. Georgios Akropolites records that "Theodorus…Petraliphas, uxoris Michaelis defectoris frater" escaped from Emperor Mikhael VIII[439]. m ([1250/55]) --- Tornikaine, daughter of DEMETRIOS Tornikes & his second wife ---. Georgios Akropolites records the marriage of "Theodorus Petraliphas" and "filiam Demetrii Tornicii Comneni", dated to the early 1250s from the context[440].

c) MARIA Petraloiphaina. After arriving at Corfu, she murdered her husband[441]. m (1266) as his [second][442] wife, PHILIPPE Chinard (-murdered 1266). A Frank from Cyprus. Admiral of Sicily. He was named Governor of Corfu by Manfred King of Sicily after the latter captured the island in [1258]. After King Manfred was killed at Benevento in 1266, Mikhael [II] Lord of Epirus permitted Philippe Chinard to remain as ruler of Corfu and arranged his marriage to his sister-in-law[443].

Chapter 27. PHILANTHROPENOS

1. ALEXIOS Philanthropenos. Georgios Akropolites names "Philantropeno Alexio Duca" recording that he was "in custodiam Achridanæ regionis ab imperatore relicto" under Emperor Theodoros II[444]. Pachymeres names "Alexius Philanthropenus protostrator", stating that he was designated "dux magnus" but did not use the title as "frater germanus Lascaris senioris Augusti" was still alive, in a passage dated to [1263][445]. Admiral of the Fleet (megas dux) 1273. Protostrator 1259-1273. m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios Philanthropenos & his wife had one child:

a) --- Philanthropene. Pachymeres records that "Alexius Philanthropenus protostrator…filia" married "Michaelem Martha imperatoris sorore natum", in a passage dated to [1263][446]. Her origin and marriage are confirmed by Pachymeres who names "protovestiarii Tarchaniotæ secundus natu filius, Alexius Philanthropenus dictus ex avo materno"[447]. m MIKHAEL Tarchaneiotes, son of NIKEPHOROS Tarchaneiotes & his wife Maria Palaiologina (-1284). Megas domestikos.

1. GEORGIOS Philanthropenos. Archon of Lemnos, megas hetairiarches.

2. --- Philanthropenos (-after 1333). Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "pincerna Philanthropeno", in a passage dated to 1333[448].

3. --- Philanthropene . Pachymeres records that "Michael cognomento Malum, primum a secretia antea creatum" married "nobili virgini…ex Philanthropenorum stirpe" in [1261/62][449]. m ([1261/62]) MIKHAEL Malos, son of ---.

4. --- Philanthropenos . m ([1346/51]) EIRENE Asanina, daughter of ISAAKIOS Palaiologos Asanes & his second wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

5. ALEXIOS Angelos Philanthropenos (-[1389/93]). Governor of Thessaly 1378-79. Cæsar 1382-1389. m MARIA Radoslava, daughter of RADOSLAV Chlapen & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Alexios & his wife had [one possible child]:

a) [MANUEL Angelos Philanthropenos (-1394 or after). Governor of Thessaly 1392-1393. Rival emperor 1392-1394.] m ---. The name of Manuel's wife is not known. Manuel & his wife had one child:

i) MIKHAEL Philanthropenos (-[1427]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

6. ALEXIOS Philanthropenos Lascaris . Georgios Phrantzes records that "Alexius Philanthropenus Lascaris" was present at the coronation of Emperor Konstantinos XI at Mistra in Jan 1449[450].

7. GEORGIOS Doukas Philanthropenos (-[1452]). Mesazon 1430-1439. m --- Asanaina, daughter of ISAAKIOS Asan & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Georgios & his wife had one child:

a) MANUEL Philanthropenos (-killed Constantinople 29 May 1453). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

Chapter 28. PHOTIOS

1. ZACHARIAS Photios . Symeon Magister names "Zacharias" as father of "Sergii spatharii"[451]. m ---. The name of Zacharias's wife is not known. Zacharias & his wife had two children:

a) SERGIOS Photios (-before 855). Symeon Magister names "Zacharias" as father of "Sergii spatharii"[452]. m EIRENE, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by Theophanes Continuatus names "Kalomaria…et Sophia ac Irene" as the three sisters of Empress Theodora, recording that Eirene married "Irenes matris Photii (eius qui postea patriarcha fuit) fratri"[453]. Sergios & his wife had five children:

i) --- Photios (-886). Symeon Magister names "Sergii spatharii" as father of "Photius" the patriarch[454]. Patriarch of Constantinople 858.

ii) TARASIOS . Patrikios. Tarasios is named as brother of Patriarch Photios in several of the letters of the latter[455]. m ---. The name of Tarasios's wife is not known. Tarasios & his wife had --- children:

(a) daughter . One of the letters of Patriarch Photios was written to his brother Tarasios when the latter's daughter died[456].

(b) sons and daughters . A letter of Patriarch Photios record that his brother Tarasios had surviving sons and daughters[457].

iii) KONSTANTINOS . Konstantinos protospatharius is named as brother of Patriarch Photios in three of the letters of the latter[458].

iv) THEODOROS . Theodoros is named as brother of Patriarch Photios in three of the letters of the latter[459].

v) SERGIOS . Sergios protospatharius is named as brother of Patriarch Photios in six of the letters of the latter[460].

vi) [son/daughter] . [m ---.]

(a) SERGIOS . Symeon Magister names "Sergium…frater magistri Thomæ, Photii patriarchæ nepos", dated to after the appointment of Theophylaktus as Patriarch (933)[461]. Although Sergios and his brother Thomas are recorded as nephews of Patriarch Photios, the identity of their parents is not known.

(b) THOMAS . Magister. Symeon Magister names "Sergium…frater magistri Thomæ, Photii patriarchæ nepos", dated to after the appointment of Theophylaktus as Patriarch (933)[462]. Although Sergios and his brother Thomas are recorded as nephews of Patriarch Photios, the identity of their parents is not known.

b) [LEON] Photios . Symeon Magister, in an uncompleted sentence, records that "Zacharias…rursus Leonem βασι…habuit filium…"[463]. It is not clear whether the word "" was the start of another clause which recounted the contacts which Zacharias's son Leon had with an unnamed emperor or whether Zacharias's son himself was the emperor named Leon. The latter sounds unlikely as, if correct, it is surprising that the fact does not seem to be mentioned in any other source. It also appears chronologically difficult to sustain with any known Emperor Leon: if it is correct, as shown above, that Zacharias's other son's wife was the sister of the husband of one of the sisters of Empress Theodora, the brothers must have been born in the late 8th or early 9th century.]

Chapter 29. RALLIS [RAOUL]

The main source for this family is Fassoulakis[464].

1. RAOUL "Peau-de-Loup", son of [DAGOBERT & his wife ---] . A Norman by origin, the Alexeiad records that Robert Guiscard Duke of Calabria and Apulia sent him as ambassador to Constantinople in 1080, with the mission of objecting to the termination of the betrothal of the Duke's daughter to Konstantinos Doukas, son of Emperor Mikhael VII[465]. He remained in Constantinople in the service of the Emperor[466]. Ancestor of the Raoul family. m ---. The name of Raoul's wife is not known. Raoul & his wife had one child:

a) HUMBERTOS .

2. ROGER . The Alexeiad records "Raoul's brother Roger deserted to the Romans" and informed them of the war plans of Robert "Guiscard"[467]. m --- [Dalassene], daughter of ---. Roger & his wife had one child:

a) JEAN Roger. He was known as IOANNES Rogerios Dalassenos in Byzantium. Pretender to the imperial throne in 1143. Caesar. Ioannes Kinnamos records that his brother-in-law Emperor Manuel I proposed "Ioannes…Cæsar…Rogerium Cæsarem" as a husband for the recently widowed Constance Pss of Antioch in 1150, but Constance rejected him[468]. Governor of Strumitsa 1152. He became a monk after the death of his wife. m MARIA Komnene, daughter of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary (Feb 1106-[1144/51]). The Alexeiad records the birth at Balabista of "the first of the sons of the Basileus Iohannes the porphyrogenitus with a twin sister"[469]. Twin with her brother Alexios. Ioannes Kinnamos records that "filiam natu maximum Ioannis imperatoris" married "Rogerius Cæsar", when recording her serious illness[470]. Ioannes Rogerios & his wife had four children:

i) ANDRONIKOS (-1191). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m EIRENE Doukaina, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

ii) ALEXIOS Komnenos. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

iii) ANNA Komnene. A seal dated to [1125] names "Anna Komnene, daughter of the kaisarissa and of the…despotes kaisar"[471]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m ALEXIOS Petraloiphas, son of ---. .

iv) THEODORA . daughter of IOANNES Rogerios Dalassenos & his wife Maria Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m IOANNES Kontostephanos, son of ---.

1. NIKETAS Raoul (-after [1125]). A seal dated to [1125] names "Niketas Raoul, nobelissimos"[472].

2. KONSTANTINOS Raoul . 1191/95. Sébastos.

3. MANUEL Raoul (-after [1200]). A seal dated to [1200] names "Manuel Raoul"[473].

1. ALEXIOS Raoul (-[1258]). Protobestiarios 1242/1256. Georgios Akropolites names "…Raulus Alexius protovestiarius…" among the important nobles at the court of Emperor Ioannes Batatzes[474]. Hegemon in Thessaloniki 1253, deposed 1256 by Emperor Theodoros II. m [firstly] ---. The name of Alexios's presumed first wife is not known. The reasons for supposing there was a first marriage are described below under his second marriage. m [secondly] --- Batatzaina, daughter of --- Batatzes & his wife --- ([1230/40]-). Her origin and marriage are referred to by Pachymeres who records that the "avia paterna […coniux protovestiarii Raulis Alexii]" of "coniux Porphyrogeniti" was "Strategopulinæ neptis ex fratre…ex ipsius altero germano"[475]. Georgios Akropolites names "protovestiario Alexio, Raulo neptis marito", referring to Emperor Ioannes III[476]. As shown in the document NIKAIA, Pachymeres indicates that the wife of Konstantinos Strategopulos ("Strategopulina") was the daughter of Isaakios Doukas Batatzes. The text appears to indicate that the wife of Alexios Raoul was descended from a second brother of Emperor Ioannes III, although use of the words "neptis ex fratre" confuse the issue. In any case, the latter phrase suggests that the wife of Alexios Raoul belonged to a subsequent generation to the wife of Konstantinos Strategopolous. It is therefore proposed that the former was the great-niece, rather than niece, of Emperor Ioannes III. If this is correct, it is likely that the "Batatzaina" was Alexios's second wife, at least not the mother of his son Ioannes Raoul who must have been adult in 1261. It should be emphasised that the passages in Pachymeres are complex and it is uncertain that the interpretation set out here is the only possible one. Alexios Raoul & his [first] wife had [four] children:

a) --- Raoulaina . Pachymeres records that "Georgium Muzalonem Atramyttinum…fratrem minorem Andronicum" married "Cloista Raulis filia"[477]. Pachymeres records that "Andronicum alium Palaeologum ex Occidente" married "vidua Andronici Muzalonis…magnum domesticum…protostratorem"[478]. m firstly ANDRONIKOS Mouzalon, son of ---. m secondly ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos, son of MIKHAEL Palaiologos & his wife --- (-1279).

b) IOANNES Komnenos Doukas Angelos Petraliphas Raoul (-[1273/74]). Georgios Akropolites names "Ioannem Raulum, primum protovestiarii Raulis filium" as one of the supporters of Emperor Mikhael VIII[479]. Pachymeres records that "Ioannem…Raulem, protovestiarii Raulis filium" was created "protovestiarium" by Emperor Mikhael VIII (in [1261/62])[480]. He served the emperor in his campaigns to reincorporate Epirus and Thessaly into the empire[481]. m ([1261/62]) as her second husband, THEODORA Palaiologina Komnene Kantakouzene, widow of GEORGIOS Mouzalon, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos Angelos Kantakouzenos & his wife Eirene Komnene Palaiologina ([1240]-6 Dec 1300). Pachymeres records that "Ioannem…Raulem, protovestiarii Raulis filium" married "vidua protovestiarii Muzalonis…Theodora, neptis…imperatoris Palaeologi, eius sororis Eulogiæ ex Cantacuzeno filia" (in [1261/62])[482]. She became a nun as KYRIAKE. Ioannes Raoul & his wife had [three possible children]:

i) ALEXIOS Raoul (-1303). Megas Stratopedarchos. Megas domestikos. m firstly --- Tarchaneiotissa, daughter of MIKHAEL Tarchaneiotes & his wife ---. Pachymeres names "Tarchaniotæ gener Alexius Raul"[483]. m secondly --- [Angelina], daughter of [MIKHAEL Komnenos Angelos "Kutrules" Despot & his [first] wife [Anna Komnene Palaiologina]. Alexios Raoul's wife is recorded as the daughter of "Despot Mikhael Angelos". It appears more likely from a chronological point of view that she was the daughter of Mikhael "Kutrules", although she would presumably have been very young at the time of the marriage. It is improbable that she was the daughter of Mikhael [II] Lord of Epirus, whose children would have been born in the range [1235/45]. Alexios & his [first/second] wife had [one possible child]:

(a) --- Raoul (-1345 or after). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Megas stratopedarchos. 1294-1345. m HELENA, daughter of IOANNES Doukas Angelos & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. He & his wife had one child:

(1) EIRENE . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

ii) [ANNA Raoulaina . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1302. She became a nun as ANTONIA. m --- Strategopoulos .

c) ISAAKIOS Raoul (-[1303] or after). Pachymeres records that "protostrator Palaeologus Andronicus, pincerna Raul Manuel, frater huius Isaacius, et quartus protostratoris ex fratre nepos Palaeologus Ioannes" opposed Emperor Mikhael VIII's policy of pursuing the reunion of the Orthodox and Roman churches, were imprisoned (in [1278]), in a later passage recording that "fratres duos Raulis filios Manuelem et Isaacium" were blinded[484].

d) MANUEL Raoul (-[1280] or after). Pinkernes. Pachymeres records that "protostrator Palaeologus Andronicus, pincerna Raul Manuel, frater huius Isaacius, et quartus protostratoris ex fratre nepos Palaeologus Ioannes" opposed Emperor Mikhael VIII's policy of pursuing the reunion of the Orthodox and Roman churches, were imprisoned (in [1278]), in a later passage recording that "fratres duos Raulis filios Manuelem et Isaacium" were blinded[485].

e) --- Raoul . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 1258.

Alexios Raoul & his [second] wife had [one] child:

f) [son ([1245/55]-). The name of the father of Konstantinos's wife is not known, although as noted below he must have been the son of Alexios Raoul and his wife --- Batatzaina. His birth date range is estimated on the assumption that his mother was born in [1230/40], which is consistent with the relationships described by Pachymeres. m ---.]

i) [EIRENE ([1270/80]-). Pachymeres records the marriage of "Porphyrogenito" to "[uxorem] ex Raulis stirpe"[486]. In a later passage, Pachymeres clarifies her parentage when he records that the "avia paterna" of "coniux Porphyrogeniti" was "Strategopulinæ neptis ex fratre"[487]. Her estimated birth date range is consistent with the estimated date of her marriage, and also consistent with the birth date ranges assigned to her father and paternal grandmother in order to be in line with the various relationships described in the later passage in Pachymeres quoted above. m ([1291]) KONSTANTINOS Doukas Palaiologos, son of Emperor MIKHAEL VIII & his wife Theodora Doukaina Komnene Palaiologina Batatzaina (after 1260-5 Mar 1306). He became a monk as ATHANASIOS.]

1. ALEXIOS Raoul (-1345 or after). Megas archon. 1296-1345. m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES Raoul . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

2. ISAAKIOS Raoul (-1328 or after). Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Raulem Isaacium" during the conflict between Emperor Andronikos II and his grandson, recording that he was among those at Edessa with their wives and children[488]. [m ---. The name of Isaakios's wife is not known.]

3. MANUEL Raoul (-1338).

4. ALEXIOS Raoul (-1366 or after). Megas domestikos. 1345-1366. m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios & his wife had

a) --- Raoulaina . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m --- Angelos, son of STEPHANOS Kalothetos & his wife ---.

5. MANUEL Raoul (-1391 or after). 1354-1391.

6. --- Raoul. m --- Asanina, daughter of [ANDRONIKOS] Palaiologos Asanes & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1383.

Three brothers, parents not known.

1. KONSTANTINOS Palaiologos Rallis. 1406/1409.

2. DEMETRIOS Rallis. He took refuge in Rome in 1487[489]. m TOMASA Boccali, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Demetrios Rallis & his wife had one child:

a) MANUEL Rallis. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

3. IOANNIS Rallis. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m --- Dragaš, daughter of KONSTANTIN Dragaš [Serbia], authentes of Serbia, Gospodin of Vardar and Serrhes & his first wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Ioannis Rallis & his wife had three children:

a) THOMAS Rallis. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He was one of the leaders, with his brother, of the revolt in Peloponnesus against the Turks in 1458/60, and the defence of the fortress of Modon[490].

b) GEORGIOS Rallis. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. In Corfu 1460. Georgios Phrantzes names "Georgios Raul avunculus" of "Nicolai Melisseni qui gener meus futurus erat"[491]. m PHILIPPA Kantakouzene, daughter of GEORGIOS Palaiologos Kantakouzenos & his wife --- Palaiologina. The Masarelli Vatican names (in order) Euphrosyne, Maria, Philippa, Eirene, Cherana, Theodora, Philippa and Zoia as the eight surviving daughters of Georgios & his wife, stating that the first named Philippa married Georgios Ralli[492]. Georgios Phrantzes names "Georgios Raulus…gener eius", referring to "Giorgios Palaiologos"[493]. Georgios Rallis & his wife had two children:

i) MARIA Rallina. The Masarelli Vatican names (in order) Maria and Angelina as the two daughters of Georgios Rallis & his wife, stating that Maria married Ioannes[494]. m IOANNES Rallis.

ii) --- Angelina . The Masarelli Vatican names (in order) Maria and Angelina as the two daughters of Georgios Rallis & his wife, stating that Angelina married Nikolaos Ralli[495]. m NIKOLAOS Rallis .

c) MARIA Rallina . Her parentage is indicated by Georgios Phrantzes who names "Georgios Raul avunculus" of "Nicolai Melisseni qui gener meus futurus erat"[496]. m NIKEPHOROS Melissenos.

Chapter 30. STRATEGOPOULOS

1. IOANNES Strategopoulos (-after [1216]). A seal dated 24 May 1216 or 1217 names "Ioannes Strategopoulos…sebastos"[497].

2. ALEXIOS Strategopoulos (-after 1259). Georgios Akropolites names "duces militum Alexium Strategopulum, Michaelem Palaeologum magni domestici filium, Ioannem Macrenum, Gudelum Tyrannum" among those who negotiated with "Michaelem despotam", dated to the early 1250s from the context[498]. A seal dated to [1255] names "Alexios Strategopoulos from the Komnenos family"[499]. His family relationship with the Komnenoi has not yet been identified. Georgios Akropolites records that "Strategopulum Alexium et Constantinum Tornicem" were "magni primicerii" under Emperor Ioannes III[500]. Georgios Akropolites records that Emperor Mikhael VIII invested "Strategopulum Alexium" as "magnum domesticum"[501]. m ---. The name of Alexios's wife is not known. Alexios & his wife had one child:

a) KONSTANTINOS Strategopoulos . Georgios Akropolites names "Strategopulos Alexius…filium Constantinum", recording that he was blinded[502]. Pachymeres records that "Constantino Strategopulo" was blinded by "Ioannis Ducæ olim imperatoris fratre…filio"[503]. m --- Batatzaina, daughter of ISAAKIOS Doukas Batatzes sébastokrator & his wife ---. Pachymeres records that "Strategopulina", wife of "Constantino Strategopulo", was "ex Ioannis Ducæ olim imperatoris fratre nata", a later passage clarifying that her father was "fratre imperatoris dignitate sebastocratore" which appears to indicate Isaakios Batatzes[504].

3. MIKHAEL Strategopoulos . Pachymeres names "Michael Strategopulus", specifying that he was later granted the dignity protostrator[505].

Chapter 31. SYNADENOS

A major study of the family was undertaken by Christian Hannick and Gudrun Schmalzbauer in the Jahrbuch der Oesterreichischen Byzantinistik[506].

1. PHILETOS Synadenos . 1000-1006.

2. NIKEPHOROS Synadenos . A seal dated to [1038] names "Nikephoros Synadenos, patrikios anthypatos and strategos of Cappadocia"[507].

3. BASILEIOS Synadenos . Strategos of Durazzo. Cedrenus records that "Basilius Synadenus Dyrrachii præfectus" was accused of plotting with "Petrus quidam Bulgarus, cognomento Deleanus" and imprisoned, dated to [1040] from the context[508]. A seal dated [1050] names "Basileios protospatharios and strategos of Dyrrachion tou Synadenou"[509]. m ---. The name of Basileios's wife is not known. Basileios & his wife had two children:

a) --- Synadene . Eustathios records the betrothal of the grandson of Maria Kastorissa, by his grandmother, and the daughter of Basileios Synadenos, and that he annulled it on the application of the groom who said he had not signed the agreement and was only 20 years old, dated to [1033][510]. Betrothed ([1033]) to ---, grandson of Maria Kastorissa, son of --- ([1012/13]-).

4. THEODOULOS Synadenos. A seal dated to [1065] names "Theodoulos Synadenos, vestarches"[511]. m --- Botaneiatissa, sister of Emperor NIKEPHOROS III, daughter of --- Botaneiates & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Skylitzes who records that Nikephoros Botaneiates married "sororis suæ filiam Synadenen, Theodulo Synadeno genitam" to "crali Ungariæ"[512]. Theodulos Synadenos & his wife had [two] children:

a) --- Synadene. Skylitzes records that Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates married "sororis suæ filiam Synadenen, Theodulo Synadeno genitam" ("τήν αεψιάν αυτου ο βασιλευς") the daughter of Theodoulos Synadenos ("την Συναδηνην, θυγατέρα ουσαν Θεοδουλου του Συναδηνου") to "crali Ungariæ" ("τω κράλη Ουγγρίας είς γυναικα") and that she returned to Byzantium after her husband died[513]. The passage does not name the Hungarian king in question. Kerbl says that Horvát suggested that her husband was Lambert, son of Béla I King of Hungary[514], although it is unclear how Lambert could have been described as "krali" of Hungary as no other record has been identified that he ever reigned as king. Kerbl also cites Wertner as the first source which proposed that her husband was Géza of Hungary[515]. The narrative of Skylitzes Continuatus ends during the reign of Emperor Nikephoros (who reigned from 1078 until his forced abdication in 1081). This suggests that the husband of --- Synadene must have died before that date, which supports his identification as King Géza. However, it is not impossible that the text was written some years later, and that her return to Constantinople was mentioned because it was of recent date at the time of writing. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that her husband was King László I (who appears to be the only other realistic candidate) as his marriage to Adelheid von Rheinfelden appears to be certain as discussed above. The remaining potential difficulty is with the date of the marriage. Wertner suggested that the marriage took place in [Oct 1073/Oct 1074][516]. Nikephoros Botaneiates (later Emperor Nikephoros III) was Byzantine military commander along the Danube, adjacent to Hungarian territory, from 1064 to before 1067 when he was reassigned as governor of Antioch[517]. Kerbl therefore assesses this as the more likely period during which the marriage took place[518]. However, the fact that --- Synadene returned to Constantinople after her husband's death suggests that she had no surviving children. If she had children, it is reasonable to expect that she would have remained with them to protect their interests, especially as the chronology suggests that King Géza's son Kálmán could not in any case have been her son and would therefore have had a superior claim to the throne than any half-brothers. If this is correct, all of King Géza's children must have been born from his first marriage, which would date his second marriage to --- Synadene to the early 1070s at the earliest. m ([1066/75]) as his second wife, GÉZA of Hungary, son of BÉLA I King of Hungary & his wife Ryksa of Poland ([1044/45]-25 Apr 1077). He succeeded his cousin in 1074 as GÉZA I King of Hungary.

b) [NIKEPHOROS Synadenos (-killed in battle Durazzo 18 Oct 1081). The Alexeiad names "a certain Synadenos of Levantine origin…a family relative of Nikephoros" when recording that Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates planned to name him as his successor, but does not specify the precise relationship[519]. If, as indicated above, the wife of Theodoulos Synadenos was the sister of Emperor Nikephoros, it is likely that he was the father of Nikephoros Synadenos, although this is not without all doubt. The Alexeiad records the death of "Nikephoros surnamed Synadenos" fighting Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia in Durazzo in 1081[520]. Betrothed to ZOE porphyrogeneta Doukaina, daughter of Emperor KONSTANTINOS X & his second wife Evdokia Makrembolitissa (1062-before 1136).]

Two possible brothers:

2. [ALEXANDROS Synadenos (-after [1074]). Skylitzes names "Alexander et Cabasilas Synadeni" among "principes in Oriente", dated to [1074][521].]

3. [KABASILAS Synadenos (-after [1074]). Skylitzes names "Alexander et Cabasilas Synadeni" among "principes in Oriente", dated to [1074][522].]

4. IOANNES Synadenos (-after 1094). The synod of 1094 names Ioannes Synadenos, kouropalates[523].

5. MIKHAEL Synadenos (-after [1100]). A seal dated to [1100] names "Michael Synadenos"[524].

1. EIRENE Diplosynadene, daughter of --- Synadenos & his wife --- Synadene . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (1146] as his second wife, ISAAKIOS Komnenos, son of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary ([1115]-[1154/74]).

2. ANDRONIKOS Synadenos (-1180). Dux of Cyprus 1165-1167. Military governor/strategos of Durazzo and Naissos 1172. Strategos of Trebizond. He became a monk on Mount Athos[525]. m ZOE Angelina, daughter of KONSTANTINOS Angelos & his wife Theodora Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

3. EIRENE Synadene. She is named as wife of Alexios in a tomb inscription at the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii,[526]. m (after 1151) ALEXIOS Komnenos sébastos, son of IOANNES Komnenos dux of Dyrrachium & his wife Anna Doukaina.

4. THEODOROS Synadenos. m (after 1184) MARIA Komnene, daughter of Emperor ANDRONIKOS I & his first wife [--- Palaiologina] (before 1160-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

1. --- Synadenos . Georgios Akropolites names "Synadenus Tarchaniota sororis illius maritus" among those who helped "Nestongus Andronicus imperatoris consobrinus" in his rebellion against "imperator Ioannes", soon after his accession from the context of the passage[527]. m --- Tarchanaiotissa, daughter of --- Tarchaneiotes & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

2. IOANNES Komnenos Doukas Angelos Synadenos (-6 Feb before [1310/28]). Pachymeres names "magnus stratopedarcha Synadenus Ioannes" as one of the leaders of the army, dated from the context to the middle part of the reign of Emperor Mikhael III[528]. Megas Stratopedarchos 1276/83. He was one of the generals sent to relieve the siege of Berat in 1280[529]. He became a monk as IOAKEIM. m THEODORA Palaiologina, daughter of KONSTANTINOS Angelos Komnenos Doukas Palaiologos, sébastokrator & his wife Eirene Komnene Laskarina Kantakouzene Branaina (after 1268-). Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that the mother of "Theodoros Synadenus protostrator" was the daughter of "fratre Michaelis primi imperatoris Palaeologi"[530]. She founded the convent of the bebaias elpidos. In the foundation document, Theodora states that she was a widow with one daughter and two young sons. She became a nun as THEODULE. Ioannes Synadenos & his wife had three children:

a) THEODOROS Komnenos Doukas Synadenos Palaiologos (-after 1342). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Protostrator. He held a command in Thrace until 1320 when Emperor Andronikos II posted him to the Serbian frontier. He was one of the followers of the young co-Emperor Andronikos and supported the latter's rebellion against his grandfather Emperor Andronikos II in [1321][531]. After the accession of Emperor Andronikos III in 1328, he was appointed prefect of Constantinople[532]. In 1338 he was arrested in Arta by rebel supporters of Nikephoros Orsini of Epirus and, after the rebellion was crushed by Emperor Andronikos III, appointed governor of Thessaloniki in 1340[533]. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "protostrator Synadenus Thessalonicæ præfectus", in a passage dated to [1341][534]. He at first supported Ioannes Kantakouzenos during the civil war which followed the death of Emperor Andronikos, but was driven out of Thessaloniki by the Zealot rebellion against the aristocracy in 1342[535]. m EUDOKIA Muzakiaina, daughter of THEODOROS Doukas Muzakios & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Theodoros & his wife had two children:

i) THEODORA Synadene . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She became a nun as THEODOSIA. m [GEORGIOS Synadenos Astras].

ii) ANNA Komnene Doukaina Palaiologine Synadene (-after 1342). Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Manuele Asane, fratre uxoris magni domestici" married "protostrator…Annam filiam", dated to [1321] from the context[536]. She was arrested in Constantinople 1342. m ([1321]) MANUEL Komnenos Raoul Asanes, son of ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos Komnenos Asanes [Bulgaria] & his wife --- Tarchaneiotissa.

b) EUPHROSYNE . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Nun.

c) IOANNES Synadenos Komnenos Doukas Palaiologos. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Ioannem Palaeologum magnum contostaulum, protostratoris fratrem"[537]. His name suggests that he must have born posthumously, sons never normally being named after their fathers in Byzantine nobility. Megas kontostavlos 1321/22. m firstly THOMAIS Komnene Doukaina Laskarina Kantakouzene, daughter of [MIKHAEL] Kantakouzene & his wife --- (-11 Feb ----). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She became a nun as XENE. m secondly EIRENE Laskarina Komnene Doukaina Palaiologina, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Ioannes & his first wife had [three possible children]:

i) [ANNA Synadene Kantakouzene . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m MIKHAEL Komnenos Laskaris Bryennios Philanthropenos .]

ii) [EIRENE Komnene Kantakouzene Palaiologina Synadene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1342. m (before 1330) MIKHAEL Komnenos Tornikes Palaiologos Asanes [Bulgaria], son of KONSTANTINOS Palaiologos Asanes & his wife --- Tornikine (-[1355]). Governor of Lesbos 1342/55.]

iii) [EUPHROSYNE Doukaina Palaiologina . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m KONSTANTINOS Komnenos Raoul Palaiologos .

2. [KONSTANTINOS Doukas Synadenos .] m ---. The name of Konstantinos's wife is not known. Konstantinos & his wife had one child:

a) MARTHA Synadene . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m --- Thrakesinos .

Chapter 32. SYRGIANNES

1. --- Syrgiannes (-before 1321). Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "barbaro Sytzigan…Syrgiannes nuncupatus", stating that he was baptised and that "pater…apud Comanos" had been made "nobilissimus" by Emperor Ioannes Batatzes and that "maternum genus e sanguine imperatoris"[538]. Nicol suggests that the Syrgiannes family may have been of Mongol descent[539]. The connection, through his mother, with any of the imperial families has not yet been identified. However, if it is assumed that he was born before his wife, it is likely that his mother would not have been born later than 1240 at the latest, at any rate during the time when the Mongols were still marauding in Europe and before any recorded matrimonial alliance between the Mongol rulers and Christian families. Megas domestikos. Megas stratopedarchos. m EVGENIA Palaiologina Kantakouzene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos Angelos Kantakouzenos & his wife Eirene Komnene Palaiologina ([1255]-after 1329). Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Eugenia Palaeologina monacha, e sorore Michaelis primi Palaeologi imperatoris progenita"[540]. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "mater eius…consobrina mea", "eius" apparently refers to "Syrgiannes", while "mea" appears to refer to "magnus domesticus" who is the speaker in this section of the text and is identified with the author, the future Emperor Ioannes VI Kantakouzenos[541]. She became a nun. --- Syrgiannes & his wife had two children:

a) --- Syrgiannes Palaiologos Philanthropenos ([1290]-murdered 23 Aug 1334). Ioannes Kantakouzenos refers to "Syrgiannem iunior"[542]. He was one of the followers of the young co-Emperor Andronikos and supported the latter's rebellion against his grandfather Emperor Andronikos II in [1321], but in [1324] was accused of plotting to murder the old emperor and imprisoned[543]. After the accession of Emperor Andronikos III in 1328, he was released and appointed governor of Thessaloniki where he intrigued with the Emperor's mother, Empress Maria [Rita], who adopted him. Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Syrgiannes" was imprisoned by Emperor Andronikos II but released by "iunior [Andronico]"[544]. In 1333, he was captured and taken to Constantinople, but escaped and fled to Serbia from where he attacked Kastoria with Serbian troops. He was murdered by Sphrantzes Palaiologos whom the Emperor had sent to quell the rebellion[545]. m MARIA Doukaina Palaiologina, daughter of ---.

b) THEODORA Syrgiannaina (-[30 Jun 1347/1349]). Nicephoras Gregoras records the second marriage of "defuncti imperatoris consobrinus Guido Armenius" and "Syrgiannis filiam", after the death of his first wife, and that the couple had children[546]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. She was adopted by Empress Maria [Rita][547]. m ([1330/32]) as his second wife, GUY de Lusignan, son of AMAURY of Cyprus Lord of Tyre & his wife Zabel of Armenia (-murdered 17 Apr 1344, bur Adana, transferred to Tarsus[548]). He succeeded in 1342 as CONSTANTINE II King of Armenia.

2. --- . Megas stratopedarchos. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "uno enim magistro avunculo nostro Angelo magno stratopedarcha", "nostro" apparently referring both to "magnus domesticus" who is the speaker in this section of the text and is identified with the author, the future Emperor Ioannes VI Kantakouzenos [549]. This person has not yet been identified, and the precise relationships are not known.

Chapter 33. TARCHANEIOTES

This family probably came from Tarchanaion in Thrace and is known from the 11th century[550]. Giovanni Stefanelli reports that it was a tradition in the Tarcagnota family, residents of Mondragone (Caserta) in southern Italy from the 18th century until the end of the 19th century, that they were descended from the Tarchaneiotes family of Byzantium[551]. The suggestion was that the family descended from Paulos Tarchaneiotes who reportedly fled to Italy after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and whose son Giovanni, born in Gaeta, was the author of Delle Storie del Mondo fino all'anno 1513, first published in Venice in 1562 or 1598. Giovanni Stefanelli also reports that the first known member of the family was Georgios Tarchaneiotes, catepan in Italy in 999. This information has not been confirmed by primary sources.

1. IOSEPH Tarchaneiotes (-Antioch 1074). A seal dated to [1038] names "Joseph Tarchaneiotes, anthypatos and strategos"[552]. Skylitzes names "Josepho magistro Tarchaniotæ" during his account of the Asia Minor campaign of Emperor Romanos Diogenes, dated to [1071/72][553]. Nikephoros Bryennios records that the death of Ioseph Tarchaneiotes doux of Antioch was followed by troubles in the city, and Katakalon his son was unable to check the situation[554]. m ---. The name of Ioseph's wife is not known. Ioseph & his wife had one child:

a) KATAKALON Tarchaneiotes . Nikephoros Bryennios records that the death of Ioseph Tarchaneiotes doux of Antioch was followed by troubles in the city, and Katakalon his son was unable to check the situation[555]. Three seals dated to [1085] name "Katalon Trachaneiotes"[556]. A seal dated to [1085] names "Katalon Trachaneiotes, kouropalates"[557]. The Alexeiad records that "Tarchaniotis Catacalon" commanded "Macedonians and Thracians" in a military expedition, dated to [1078][558].

2. MIKHAEL Tarchaneiotes (-after [1083]). Two seals dated to [1075] name "Michael Tarchaneiotes, patrikios and protanthypatos"[559]. A seal dated to [1083] names "Michael Tarchaneiotes, patrikios"[560].

3. BASILEIOS Tarchaneiotes . A seal dated to [1040] names "Basileios Tarchaneiotes, anthypatos patrikios and strategos"[561]. A seal dated to [1045] names "Basileios Tarchaneiotes, vestarches and katepano"[562]. A seal dated to [1050] names "Basileios Tarchaneiotes, magistros and doux"[563]. A seal dated to [1050] names "Basileios Tarchaneiotes, magistros"[564]. Skylitzes names Basileios Tarchaneiotes, strategos of the west, in connection with a campaign dated to 1057[565].

4. GREGORIOS Tarchaneiotes (-after [1120]). A seal dated to [1083] names "Gregorios Tarchaneiotes, protoproedros"[566]. A seal dated to [1120] names "Gregorios Tarchaneiotes"[567]. A seal dated to [1120] names "Gregorios Tarchaneiotes, nobelissimos"[568].

5. ALEXIOS Tarchaneiotes. m EVDOKIA Komnene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos, dux of Dyrrachium & his wife Anna Doukaina. She is named as wife of Alexios in a tomb inscription at the Church of St Mary Pammakaristos, now Fethiye Camii,[569]. Alexios Tarchaneiotes & his wife had two children:

a) IOANNES Komnenos Tarchaneiotes. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) ANNA Komnene. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m NIKEPHOROS Artabasdos.

6. MIKHAEL Tarchanaiotes (-after [1133]). A seal dated to [1133] names "Michael Tarchaneiotes, (proto)nobelissimos"[570].

7. KONSTANTINOS Tarchaneiotes (-after [1150]). A seal dated to [1200] names "Konstantinos Trachaneiotes"[571].

8. IOANNES Tarchaneiotes (-after [1165]). A seal dated to [1165] names "Ioannes Tarchaneiotes, sebastos"[572].

9. MAKARIOS Tarchaneiotes (-after [1185]). A seal dated to [1185] names "Makarios Tarchaneiotes, [layman/lawyer]"[573].

10. KONSTANTINOS Tarchaneiotes . A seal dated to [1200] names "Konstantinos Trachaneiotes, stratelates"[574].

11. IOANNES Tarchaneiotes (-after [1208]). A seal dated to [1208] names "Ioannes Tarchaneiotes"[575].

1. HELENA Tarchaneiotissa . Nikephoros Bryennios records that "suam sororem Helenam" (referring to "Tarchaneiotes") was betrothed to "fratris Nicephori filio" at the instigation of "matrem Bryenniorum curopalatissam Annam"[576]. m --- Bryennios, son of --- Bryennios & his wife ---.

2. IOANNES Tarchaneiotes . A seal dated to [1250] names "Ioannes Tarchaneiotes"[577]. Three seals dated to [1267] name "Ioannes Tarchaneiotes"[578]. Two seals dated to [1275] name "Ioannes…lord Tarchaneiotes"[579].

Two possible siblings, parents not known:

2. MIKHAEL Tarchaneiotes . m --- Philanthropene, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Mikhael & his wife had one child:

a) NIKEPHOROS Tarchaneiotes . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Georgios Akropolites names "…Nicephorus Tarchaniota…" among the important nobles at the court of Emperor Ioannes Batatzes[580]. Megas domestikos 1260.

- see below.

3. [--- Tarchaneiotissa . Georgios Akropolites names "Synadenus Tarchaniota sororis illius maritus" among those who helped "Nestongus Andronicus imperatoris consobrinus" in his rebellion against "imperator Ioannes", soon after his accession from the context of the passage[581]. Her parentage is not known. However, from a chronological point of view, it would be consistent for her to have belonged to the generation before Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes. m --- Synadenos, son of --- Synadenos & his wife ---.

NIKEPHOROS Tarchaneiotes, son of MIKHAEL Tarchaneiotes & his wife --- . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Georgios Akropolites names "…Nicephorus Tarchaniota…" among the important nobles at the court of Emperor Ioannes Batatzes[582]. Megas domestikos 1260.

m firstly ---, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Doukas Aprenos & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

m secondly ([1237]) MARIA Palaiologina, daughter of ANDRONIKOS Doukas Komnenos Palaiologos, megas domestikos & his wife Theodora Palaiologina ([1216]-). Georgios Akropolites records the marriage of "Tzuruli custodia…Nicephore Tarchaniotæ…postmodum magnus domesticus" and "magni domestici Palaeologi…primum illius filiam Maria"[583]. Ephræmius records that "dux…Nicephorus…Tarchanaiotarum genitus familia…domestici magni" married "Andronici genete Palaeologi…maiorem filiam Mariam"[584]. Her parentage and marriage are indicated by the Codinus Curopalates which records that Emperor Mikhael VIII awarded the title protovestiarius to "Michaelem Tarchaniotam sororis suæ filium"[585]. She became a nun before 1266 as MARTHA. Pachymeres names "Marthæ, sororis Michælis" as mother of "Ioannes Tarchaniota consobrinus imperatoris…trium filiorum natu minimus"[586].

Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes & his first wife had one child:

1. --- Tarchaneiotissa . Pachymeres names "Theodosia et Nostongissa" as the two sisters of "Ioannes Tarchaniota consobrinus imperatoris"[587]. In another passage, the same source clarifies that "Nestongonissa" was "Theodosia…sorore…ex alio parente"[588]. As Pachymeres states elsewhere that Theodora/Theodosia was the daughter of Maria Palaiologina, "Nestongonissa" must have been the daughter of Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes by his first marriage (unless she was illegitimate). This is further clarified in yet another passage in the same source which states explicity that "Nostongonissa" was "ex priori coniuge a Tarchaniota genita"[589]. m --- Nestongos .

Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes & his second wife had four children:

2. THEODORA Tarchaneiotissa. Pachymeres records that "Theodoram Marthæ filiam sororis Palaeologi, e magno domestico Tarchaniota genitam" married "Balanidiotæ", having previously married "viro nobili Basilio Caballarii filio"[590]. Pachymeres names "Theodosia et Nostongissa" as the two sisters of "Ioannes Tarchaniota consobrinus imperatoris"[591]. She became a nun as THEODOSIA. m firstly BASILEIOS Kaballarios. m secondly (before 1266) --- Baladionites megas stratopedarchos.

3. MIKHAEL Tarchaneiotes (-1284). Pachymeres names "adolescentulos…Michael Andronicus et Ioannes" as the brothers of "Theodoram ex alteram sorore sua Martha genitam", wife of "Basilius Caballarius…"[592]. [Pachymeres names "Cantacuzenos Michael" among those who fought in Monemvasia in the early years of the reign of Emperor Mikhael VIII, stating that he was later made "magnus conostaulus", the same passage naming "illiusque patrueles Tarchaniotas" as another who fought in the same campaign[593]. It is not known to which of the Tarchaneiotes brothers this refers. His precise relationship with Mikhael Kantakouzenos is also unknown.] The Codinus Curopalates records that Emperor Mikhael VIII awarded the title protovestiarius to "Michaelem Tarchaniotam sororis suæ filium"[594]. Megas domestikos. He was one of the generals sent to relieve the siege of Berat in 1280[595]. In 1283, he led another expedition into Thessaly in the course of which he died of malaria[596]. m --- Philanthropene, daughter of ALEXIOS Philanthropenos & his wife ---. Pachymeres records that "Alexius Philanthropenus protostrator…filia" married "Michaelem Martha imperatoris sorore natum", in a passage dated to [1263][597]. Her origin and marriage are confirmed by Pachymeres who names "protovestiarii Tarchaniotæ secundus natu filius, Alexius Philanthropenus dictus ex avo materno"[598]. Mikhael Tarchaneiotes & his wife had three children:

a) --- Tarchaneiotes . Pachymeres refers to "protosebasti (frater…Philanthropeni)"[599]. Protosébastos.

b) --- Tarchaneiotissa . Pachymeres names "Tarchaniotæ gener Alexius Raul"[600]. m (1284) as his first wife, ALEXIOS Raoul, son of [IOANNES Komnenos Doukas Angelos Petraliphas Raul & his wife Theodora Palaiologina Komnene Kantakouzene] (-1303). Megas domestikos.

c) ALEXIOS Philanthropenos Tarchaneiotes ([1270]-[1336]). Pachymeres names "protovestiarii Tarchaniotæ secundus natu filius, Alexius Philanthropenus dictus ex avo materno" when recording that Emperor Andronikos II appointed him commander in Nymphaion and Lydia during his Turkish campaign [in the early 1290s][601]. He advanced into the emirate of Menteshe and recaptured Melanoudion. He rebelled in 1295 and was proclaimed emperor by his troops. He was arrested by Cretan troops and blinded about Christmas 1295[602]. He was pardoned in 1324 by Emperor Andronikos II and sent to relieve the Turkish blockade of Philadelphia[603]. m --- Akropolitissa, daughter of KONSTANTINOS Akropolites & his wife ---. Her family origin is confirmed by Pachymeres who names "Acropolita Melchisedech" as "patruus" of the wife of "Philanthropeno"[604]. Alexios & his wife had one child:

i) MIKHAEL Philanthropenos Tarchaneiotes (1296-). Pachymeres refers to "Philanthropenus" and "uxorem cum filio"[605].

4. ANDRONIKOS Tarchaneiotes (-1283). Pachymeres names "adolescentulos…Michael Andronicus et Ioannes" as the brothers of "Theodoram ex alteram sorore sua Martha genitam", wife of "Basilius Caballarius…"[606]. Megas kontostavlos. He allied himself with his father-in-law to challenge Emperor Mikhael VIII. He died of the plague. m --- [Angelina], daughter of IOANNES Doukas Komnenos [Angelos] Lord of Thessaly & his wife ---. Pachymeres records that "Nicephoro…fratri…eius notho Ioanni…filia" married "Tarchanaiotæ Andronico August nepote e sorore Martha"[607]. Her marriage was arranged by her future husband's uncle, Emperor Mikhael VIII, as part of his policy of establishing close relations with her father[608], although this backfired after the marriage when her husband supported her father against the emperor.

5. IOANNES Tarchaneiotes. Pachymeres names "adolescentulos…Michael Andronicus et Ioannes" as the brothers of "Theodoram ex alteram sorore sua Martha genitam", wife of "Basilius Caballarius…"[609]. Pachymeres names "Marthæ, sororis Michælis" as mother of "Ioannes Tarchaniota consobrinus imperatoris…trium filiorum natu minimus"[610]. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had [one possible child]:

a) MANUEL Tarchaneiotes (-killed in battle Pelekamon 10 Jun 1329). Ioannes Kantakouzenos records that "Manuel Tarchaniota et Nicephorus Cantacuzenus, ambo cognate magni domestici", referring to the future Emperor Ioannes VI, were killed, in a passage dated to [1329][611]. The precise relationship between Manuel Tarchaneiotes and the emperor is not known.

1. MIKHAEL Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes (-before 1315). Kuropalates megas papias pinkernes [1273]. Megas konostaulos. Protostrator [1292]. Strategos of the theme of Thrace 1292. Pachymeres records that "Michaele…Glabam, e familia Tarchaniotarum, protostratorum" led the imperial army against the Bulgarians, dated to [1306/08] from the context[612]. He became a monk. His exploits were celebrated in verse by Manuel Philes, court poet at Constantinople[613]. m MARIA Doukaina Komnene Palaiologina Branaina, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Mikhael Tarchaneiotes & his wife had two children:

a) [ANNA] Tarchaneiotissa. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ANDRONIKOS Komnenos Branas Doukas Angelos Palaiologos sébastos, son of KONSTANTINOS Angelos Komnenos Doukas Palaiologos sébastokrator & his wife Eirene Komnene Laskarina Kantakouzene Branaina (-[28 Jan 1310/46]).

a) --- Tarchaneiotissa. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ANDRONIKOS Palaiologos Komnenos Asanes, son of IVAN ASEN III Mytzes Tsar of the Bulgarians & his wife Eirene Palaiologina (-after 1355).

2. MANUEL Tarchaneiotes (-after 1342). Nicephoras Gregoras names "[dux]…Manuel…Tarchaneiotes, qui cognatione iunctus erat imperatori" (referring to Emperor Ioannes VI Kantakouzenos)[614]. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Manuelem Tarchanaiotam qui et Curtizes appellebatur", in a passage dated to [1341][615].

3. KONSTANTINOS Tarchaneiotes . Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "protostratorem…Tarchanaiotam, imperatoriis triremibus præfectum" as one of the "Didymotichi præfecti", in a passage dated to [1351][616]. Ioannes Kantakouzenos names "Constantinus Tarchaniota