As early as the reign of Alfonso II "el Casto" King of Asturias (791-842), the construction of a series of fortified villages and castles was started in the mountains above the upper Ebro to guard against Muslim invasions, from which the name "Castilla" (later given to the area) was derived. In 804, a separate bishopric was established at Valpuesta to administer religious affairs in the area, and King Alfonso II appointed regional judges who were the first rulers of the province. These judges were gradually replaced by regional counts administering local districts. The county of Castile was originally only one of these districts, but the name was gradually extended to the entire area.

Until about 930, power in Castile was shared by five different families, the relationship between whom, if any, cannot be traced with certainty. There was no true central authority, and it is probably more accurate to describe these different counts as "in Castile" rather than "of Castile" at that time. This shared authority is illustrated by the Cronica de Sampiro which names "Nunius Fredenandi, Abolmondar Albus et suus filius Didacus, et Fredenandi Ansuri filius" (see below, Chapter 1, parts D, A and C, respectively) as those counts who governed "Burgos" and who were captured by King Ordoño II "in riuo…Carrion, loco…Tebulare", dateable to [922/23] from the context of the passage[1]. In 930, Gonzalo Fernández, known as "de Lara" from the castle which he built, succeeded his father after nine years in exile. From that date until 1029, the county prospered, especially under the rule of the strong count Fernando González, son of Gonzalo Fernández. The succession became hereditary in the same family, and the counts established full political autonomy from the neighbouring kingdoms of León and Navarre. They also strengthened the county's frontiers against Muslim incursions, although in the later 10th and early 11th centuries the ruling counts benefited from strategic alliances with certain Muslim rulers.

In the early 11th century, the county of Castile was to some extent eclipsed by the powerful Sancho III King of Navarre, who had succeeded as king in 999 and already controlled the county of Aragon in addition to Navarre itself. King Sancho married the eldest daughter of Sancho García Count of Castile in 1010, which was to prove a judicious move for his own further territorial expansion. In 1029, the last independent Count of Castile, García II Sánchez, was murdered. Although his sister, the queen of Navarre, nominally succeeded as countess in her own right, the county was claimed in her name by her husband King Sancho, who installed their second son Fernando as count in her place. After extending his influence to the kingdom of León through another judicious marriage, King Sancho became the focus of all political power in the various Christian states in Spain. This centralised state of affairs was short-lived. The king divided his territories between his sons on his death in 1035. His youngest son Fernando retained Castile, which was raised to the status of a kingdom. His succession as Fernando I King of Castile marked the revival of Castile as a powerful force in Iberian politics.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the families of the counts and kings of Castille have not yet been identified, unless otherwise indicated below.

Chapter 1. CONDES de CASTILLA

A. CONDES de CASTILLA [852]-1035, descendants of Conde RODRIGO

RODRIGO [852]-873, DIEGO Rodríguez 873-885

RODRIGO, son of --- (-4 Oct 873[2]). The origin of Rodrigo is unknown. He is referred to as Rodrigo, son of Ramiro I King of Asturias by Béthencourt[3], presumably premised on Ramiro's second wife being Urraca de Castilla. This is chronologically impossible as Rodrigo is documented in 852 as conde, only ten years after the date of King Ramiro's second marriage. According to Pérez de Urbel, Rodrigo's appointment as conde in Castilla suggests some relationship with the royal family, maybe through Paterna, second wife of King Ramiro I[4]. King Ordoño I appointed him to defend the eastern frontier of Asturias, replacing the previously appointed judges who ruled the country, although it appears that his rule as Conde de Castilla was limited to the area north of the Santander mountains[5]. He is named as Conde de Castilla in the 852 foundation charter of San Martín de Ferrán, and in the [866/73] foundation charter of San Martín de Escalada[6]. The Chronicon Burgense records that “Rodericus comes” populated Amaya in 860 “per mandatum Regis Ordonii”[7]. He confirmed a charter of the monastery of San Millán de Salcedo dated 18 Apr 873[8].

m ---. The name of Rodrigo's wife is not known.

Conde Rodrigo & his wife had [two] children:

1. daughter. m NUÑO Muñoz "él de Castrojeriz" Conde de Castilla, son of MUNIO Núñez "él de Branosera" & his wife Argilo --- (-after 900).

2. DIEGO Rodríguez "Porcelos" (-885). "Didaco comite" donated property to the monastery of San Felices de Oca, by charter dated 15 Mar 863, witnessed by "Gomaze, Gogenellu, Sarrazino…"[9]. "Didaco comite" donated property to the monastery of San Felices de Oca, by charter dated 864, witnessed by "Gomaze, Gonellu, Sarrazino…"[10]. He succeeded his father as Conde de Castilla. "Comite Didaco" donated property to the monastery of San Felices de Oca, by charter dated 869 "regnante Adefonso in Oveto et Didaco comite in Castella", witnessed by "Gomaze, Flagino"[11]. The Chronicon Albeldense records that “Didacus filius Ruderici erat comes in Castella” during the reign of Alfonso III King of Asturias[12]. He expanded the county to the south towards the source of the River Ebro, restoring the town of Oca[13]. The Chronicon Burgense records that “Didacus comes” populated Burgos in 884[14]. m ---. The name of Diego's wife is not known. Conde Diego & his wife had [eight] children:

a) RODRIGO Díaz "el Abolmondar" (-after 930). He confirmed the donation of his brother Gonzalo in Feb 921[15]. The Cronica de Sampiro names "Nunius Fredenandi, Abolmondar Albus et suus filius Didacus, et Fredenandi Ansuri filius" as those counts who governed "Burgos" and who were captured by King Ordoño II "in riuo…Carrion, loco…Tebulare", dateable to [922/23] from the context of the passage[16]. He made a donation dated 29 Dec 924 to the monastery of San Juan de Tabladillo, near Silos, in which he names his wife and three children [17]. He confirmed the 930 document of conde Fernando González and his mother relating to land at Lara[18]. m JUSTA, daughter of --- (-after 29 Dec 924). She is named in her husband's 924 donation[19]. Rodrigo & his wife had three children:

i) DIEGO Rodríguez . The Cronica de Sampiro names "Nunius Fredenandi, Abolmondar Albus et suus filius Didacus, et Fredenandi Ansuri filius" as those counts who governed "Burgos" and who were captured by King Ordoño II "in riuo…Carrion, loco…Tebulare", dateable to [922/23] from the context of the passage[20]. He is named in his father's 924 donation[21].

ii) MUNIO Rodríguez . He is named in his father's 924 donation[22].

iii) FELES Rodríguez . He is named in his father's 924 donation[23]. He, his wife and children are named in a charter of Cardeña dated 939 [24]. m ELDUARA, daughter of ---. She is named in her husband's 939 charter24. Feles & his wife had two children:

(a) RODRIGO . He is named in his father's 939 charter[25].

(b) ABOLMONDAR . He is named in his father's 939 charter[26].

b) GONZALO Díaz . “Gundisalvus Didaci comite filius et uxor mea Domna Maria” donated property to San Pedro de Cardenas by charter dated 3 Feb 921, the dating clause of which names "…comite Nunu Fernandiz in Castella"[27]. m MARÍA, daughter of ---. “Gundisalvus Didaci comite filius et uxor mea Domna Maria” donated property to San Pedro de Cardenas by charter dated 3 Feb 921, the dating clause of which names "…comite Nunu Fernandiz in Castella"[28].

c) MARELLO Díaz .

d) DIEGO Díaz (-[945]).

e) FERNANDO Díaz (-after 1 May 932). Conde de Lantarón y Castilla in [913][29]. He is named in donations to the monastery of Santiago de León dated 1 Jun 918 and to the church of Oviedo dated 8 Aug 921[30]. A charter dated 1 May 932 records the judgment in a dispute involving the monastery of Cardeñas, in the presence of “Comite Fredinando Gundisalviz et suo Alfieriz Gomiz Didac et Nunu Fernandez et Munio Gundisalviz et Fredinando Diaz et Alvaro Munnioz”, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella"[31].

f) [GUTINA Díaz. Pérez de Urbel emphasises that there is no proof of the parentage of Gutina Díaz, wife of Fernando Muñoz. However, her grandson, conde Fernando González, confirming donations to San Félix made by conde Diego Rodríguez de Castilla, which suggests a close family connection[32]. m FERNANDO Muñoz "Niger/él de Castroserio", son of MUNIO Núñez "Rasura/él de Branosera" & his wife Argilo ---.]

g) [ASURA. m NUÑO Ordóñez de Asturias, son of ORDOÑO I King of Asturias & his wife Munia (-after 870).]

h) [GÓMEZ Díaz . Rodríguez Marquina[33] suggests that Gómez Díaz was the son of Diego Rodríguez. A charter dated 1 May 932 records the judgment in a dispute involving the monastery of Cardeñas, in the presence of “Comite Fredinando Gundisalviz et suo Alfieriz Gomiz Didac et Nunu Fernandez et Munio Gundisalviz et Fredinando Diaz et Alvaro Munnioz”, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella"[34].] m ALDUARA, daughter of --- (-before 29 Jun 959). Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 21 Jun 959 under which her son-in-law and daughter “Gundisalvo Fredinandiz et uxor mea Fronildi” donated water rights to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domna Alduara…mater nostra"[35]. Gómez & his wife had four children:

i) FERNANDO Gómez (-before 10 Dec 959). Property inherited from Fernando is mentioned by his sister Fronilde in her [960] donation to Cigüenza[36].

ii) GUTIERRE Gómez . Alférez of Fernando Gómez Conde de Castilla[37].

iii) FRONILDE Gómez (-3 Nov 1009). “Gundisalvo Fredinandiz et uxor mea Fronildi” donated water rights to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domna Alduara…mater nostra", by charter dated 21 Jun 959[38]. “Fronilde” donated property "in Alfoze de Burgos" to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Jul 963[39]. She became a nun at Sigüenza. m (before 29 Jun 959) GONZALO Fernández, son of FERNANDO González Conde de Castilla & his first wife Sancha Sánchez de Navarra (-after 29 Jun 959).

iv) AURO Gómez . Abbess of Santa Dorotea de Cigüenza. Her sister Fronilde made a donation dated 10 Dec 959 of property which came to her from her brother Fernando in favour of the convent [40].

B. CONDES de CASTILLA [903]-before 915, family of GONZALO Téllez

GONZALO Téllez 903

ARRONCIO ---. He founded the monastery of San Vicente de Acosta in [870/80][41].

m ---. The name of Arroncio's wife is not known.

Arroncio & his wife had one child:

1. TELLO . He is named in his father's document founded the monastery of San Vicente de Acosta in [870/80][42]. m ---. The name of Tello's wife is not known. Tello & his wife had [two] children:

a) GONZALO Téllez (-before 24 Nov 929). Conde in Lantarón 18 Nov 897. He is referred to as Conde de Castilla, ruling in the eastern part of the county on the border with Rioja around Valpuesta[43]. The Annales Complutense record that “Gunzalvo Teliz” populated “Osma” in 912[44]. “Gundissalbo Telliz” and his wife “Lambra” donated “una serna en Pedernales” to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 24 Sep 902, confirmed by “Flamula, Gutterre, Assuri, Beila Nuniz…”[45]. “Gundisalvo Telliz et uxor mea Flamula” donated property by charter dated 25 Oct 913, the dating clause of which names "…comite Gundisavlo Telliz in Cerasio", witnessed by “Assur Gundesalvo, Munio Assuri, Gomiz, Uuistemiro, Garsea rez”[46]. “Gundisalbo Telliz et uxor mea Flambla” donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 25 Feb 915, witnessed by “Gundisalbo, Assuri, Albaro”[47]. m FLÁMULA, daughter of [FERNANDO Muñoz & his wife Gutina Díaz] (-after 24 Nov 929). “Gundissalbo Telliz” and his wife “Lambra” donated “una serna en Pedernales” to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 24 Sep 902, confirmed by “Flamula, Gutterre, Assuri, Beila Nuniz…”[48]. “Gundisalvo Telliz et uxor mea Flamula” donated property by charter dated 25 Oct 913, the dating clause of which names "…comite Gundisavlo Telliz in Cerasio", witnessed by “Assur Gundesalvo, Munio Assuri, Gomiz, Uuistemiro, Garsea rez”[49]. “Gundisalbo Telliz et uxor mea Flambla” donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 25 Feb 915, witnessed by “Gundisalbo, Assuri, Albaro”[50]. “Flamula” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domno meo Gundisalvo Telliz", by charter dated 24 Nov 929, the dating clause of which names "Regnante…Comite Fredinando Assuriz in Castella", witnessed by "Munio Obecoz, Sangio Ennecoz, Munio Obecoz, Didaco Obecoz…"[51]. Her parentage is suggested because her supposed sister-in-law Muniadomna and supposed nephew, Fernando González, confirmed documents of Flámula after the death of her husband[52]. Gonzalo & his wife had [three] children:

i) [GUTIERRE [González] (-[24 Sep 902/25 Oct 913]). “Gundissalbo Telliz” and his wife “Lambra” donated “una serna en Pedernales” to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña by charter dated 24 Sep 902, confirmed by “Flamula, Gutterre, Assuri, Beila Nuniz…”[53]. The position of Gutierre and Ansur in the list of subscribers, following Flámula, suggests that they may have been the donors´ children. This impression is reinforced by the inclusion of Gutierre´s supposed brother Ansur with the patronymic González in the charter dated 25 Oct 913 (see below). Gutierre´s absence from the same charter suggests that he may have died before that date.]

ii) [ANSUR González (-after 23 May 932). “Gundissalbo Telliz” and his wife “Lambra” donated “una serna en Pedernales” to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña by charter dated 24 Sep 902, confirmed by “Flamula, Gutterre, Assuri, Beila Nuniz…”[54]. The position of Gutierre and Ansur in the list of subscribers, following Flámula, suggests that they may have been the donors´ children. This impression is reinforced by the inclusion of Ansur´s patronymic in the charter dated 25 Oct 913 under which “Gundisalo Telliz et uxor mea Flamula” donated property, witnessed by “Assur Gundesalbo, Munio Assuri, Gomez, Uuistremiro, Garsea rez”[55]. “Gundisalbo Telliz et uxor mea Flambla” donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 25 Feb 915, witnessed by “Gundisalbo, Assuri, Albaro”[56]. “Assuri Gundisalviz…cum filiis meis Gundisalvo et Munio” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 23 May 932, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella", witnessed by "…Garsea, Didaco Rodriz, Lope, Endura, Flaginus Zitis…"[57]. m ---. The name of Ansur´s wife is not known. Ansur & his wife had two children:

(a) GONZALO Ansúrez (-after 23 May 932). “Assuri Gundisalviz…cum filiis meis Gundisalvo et Munio” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 23 May 932, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella", witnessed by "…Garsea, Didaco Rodriz, Lope, Endura, Flaginus Zitis…"[58].

(b) MUNIO Ansúrez (-after 23 May 932). “Assuri Gundisalviz…cum filiis meis Gundisalvo et Munio” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 23 May 932, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella", witnessed by "…Garsea, Didaco Rodriz, Lope, Endura, Flaginus Zitis…"[59]. He may have been one of the witnesses of the 25 Oct 913 charter under which “Gundisalo Telliz et uxor mea Flamula” donated property, witnessed by “Assur Gundesalbo, Munio Assuri, Gomez, Uuistremiro, Garsea rez”, his name following that of his supposed father[60].

iii) [MUNIO González . A charter dated 1 May 932 records the judgment in a dispute involving the monastery of Cardeñas, in the presence of “Comite Fredinando Gundisalviz et suo Alfieriz Gomiz Didac et Nunu Fernandez et Munio Gundisalviz et Fredinando Diaz et Alvaro Munnioz”, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella"[61].]

b) [OVECO Téllez (-after 930). He confirmed the 930 document of conde Fernando González and his mother relating to land at Lara[62].] m ---. The name of Oveco's wife is not known. Oveco & his wife had [three possible children]:

i) [TELLO Ovecoz (-after 932). He witnessed a 932 document selling property in Salinas de Añana[63].]

ii) [MUNIO Ovecoz (.after 24 Nov 929). “Flamula” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domno meo Gundisalvo Telliz", by charter dated 24 Nov 929, the dating clause of which names "Regnante…Comite Fredinando Assuriz in Castella", witnessed by "Munio Obecoz, Sangio Ennecoz, Munio Obecoz, Didaco Obecoz…"[64].]

iii) [DIEGO Ovecoz (.after 24 Nov 929). “Flamula” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domno meo Gundisalvo Telliz", by charter dated 24 Nov 929, the dating clause of which names "Regnante…Comite Fredinando Assuriz in Castella", witnessed by "Munio Obecoz, Sangio Ennecoz, Munio Obecoz, Didaco Obecoz…"[65].]

C. CONDES de CASTILLA [917]-930, family of FERNANDO Ansúrez

FERNANDO Ansúrez 927-930

ANSUR ---.

m ---. The name of Ansur's wife is not known.

Ansur & his wife had two children:

1. FERNANDO Ansúrez (-930 or after). He is named Conde de Castilla in a charter of Cardeña dated Nov 917[66]. “Fredinando Assuriz et uxor mea Momadonna et filio nostro Assur Fernandiz” donated property to San Pedro de Cardenas by charter dated 4 Mar 921[67]. “Regnante…Comite Fredinando Assuriz in Castella” is named in the dating clause of a charter dated 25 Feb 926, under which "Gomiz et uxor mea Maria" sold property to "Zaid"[68]. He is also named Conde de Castilla in charters of Cardeña 1 Oct 929 and 24 Nov 929[69]. The Cronica de Sampiro names "Nunius Fredenandi, Abolmondar Albus et suus filius Didacus, et Fredenandi Ansuri filius" as those counts who governed "Burgos" and who were captured by King Ordoño II "in riuo…Carrion, loco…Tebulare", dateable to [922/23] from the context of the passage[70]. Conde de Campos. m ([after Jan 914]) MUNIADOMNA, daughter of ---. “Fredinando Assuriz et uxor mea Momadonna et filio nostro Assur Fernandiz” donated property to San Pedro de Cardenas by charter dated 4 Mar 921[71]. 929. She may have been Muniadomna, widow of García I King of Asturias and León, daughter of Nuño Muñoz "el de Castrogeriz" Conde de Castilla & his wife [--- Rodríguez de Castilla]. Conde Fernando & his wife had one child:

a) ANSUR Fernández (-after 3 Apr 945). “Fredinando Assuriz et uxor mea Momadonna et filio nostro Assur Fernandiz” donated property to San Pedro de Cardenas by charter dated 4 Mar 921[72]. He confirmed the 28 Jan 929 donation of Conde Fernando González and his mother to the monastery of Santa María de Lara[73]. “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[74]. "Comite Assuri Fredenandiz…in Castella" donated property to San Salvador de Oña by charter dated 22 Nov 944[75], although presumably this is a later fabrication as the monastery was only founded in the early 11th century. "Ranimirus rex" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 29 Mar 945, subscribed by "…Assur Fernandiz, Aurelius Baroncelli"[76]. "Ranimiro rex" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 3 Apr 945, witnessed by "…Assuri Fredenandiz…"[77]. m GONTRODA, daughter of ---. “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[78]. Salazar Acha suggests that she may have been Gontroda Núñez, daughter of [Nuño Vélaz & his wife ---], for onomastics reasons only, the names of her children recalling those of her supposed brothers[79]. Ansur & his wife had seven children:

i) FERNANDO Ansúrez (-after 23 Apr 978). “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[80]. "Fernandus Ansurez comite in Montesson" donated "Villagutierrez Alvarez…inter Montem del Rey et Villaximenam" to the monastery of Santa María de Husillos by charter dated 26 Apr 950[81]. "Alfonsus…Hispaniæ Rex…cum conjuge mea regina Domina Berengaria", by undated charter, confirmed the different territories contributed by "Anrricus et Nunio Ansurez…suo germano Ferdinando Ansurez qui erat comite in Monteson…Gundisalus Ansurez…sua germana Domina Tarasia Regina et Rex Ramiro qui erat in Legione…" towards the foundation of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos dated 17 Sep 950[82]. "Fernandus et Gundisalvus Anxurez comites" defined the territory of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos founded by them by charter dated 17 Sep 950[83]. "Fernandus Ansurez comite in Monteson" donated "mea villa de Pallares…sita inter Grijota er riuum de Carrione" to the monastery of Santa María de Husillos by charter dated 24 Apr 955[84]. He played an important role at the court of Ordoño III and Sancho I Kings of León. "Sanctius rex" donated property to the monastery of Sahagún by charter dated 26 Apr 960, confirmed by "Tarasia, Gilvira Ranimiri prolis", signed by "…Fredinando Ansuriz…"[85]. "Fredenando Assuriz et uxor Tota" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 25 Aug 976"[86]. He also confirmed donations to the monastery of Sahagún 17 Jun 950, 11 May 976, 16 Jun 977 and 23 Apr 978[87]. Conde de Monzón. He is named in a charter of Ramiro III King of León dated 976[88]. m TOTA, daughter of ---. "Fredenando Assuriz et uxor Tota" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 25 Aug 976[89]. Fernando & his wife had one child:

(a) ANSUR Fernández (-after 24 Nov 978). He confirmed documents in 970 and 972[90]. "…Asur Fernandez…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[91].

ii) OVECO Ansúrez (-after 28 Jan 945). “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[92]. He confirmed the 28 Jan 945 donation of Fernando García Conde de Castilla to the monastery of San Millán[93].

iii) ENRIQUE Ansúrez (-[after 17 Sep 950]). "Alfonsus…Hispaniæ Rex…cum conjuge mea regina Domina Berengaria", by undated charter, confirmed the different territories contributed by "Anrricus et Nunio Ansurez…suo germano Ferdinando Ansurez qui erat comite in Monteson…Gundisalus Ansurez…sua germana Domina Tarasia Regina et Rex Ramiro qui erat in Legione…" towards the foundation of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos dated 17 Sep 950[94].

iv) MUNIO Ansúrez (-[after 17 Sep 950]). “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[95]. He confirmed the 945 donation of Fernando García Conde de Castilla to the monastery of San Miguel de Pedroso[96]. "Alfonsus…Hispaniæ Rex…cum conjuge mea regina Domina Berengaria", by undated charter, confirmed the different territories contributed by "Anrricus et Nunio Ansurez…suo germano Ferdinando Ansurez qui erat comite in Monteson…Gundisalus Ansurez…sua germana Domina Tarasia Regina et Rex Ramiro qui erat in Legione…" towards the foundation of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos dated 17 Sep 950[97]. "Nunius Ansurez" to the monastery of Santa María de Husillos dated 18 Sep 957[98].

v) NUÑO Ansúrez (-after 7 Dec 943). “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[99].

vi) GUTIERRE Ansúrez . “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[100]. m ---. The name of Gutierre's wife is not known. Gutierre & his wife had one child:

(a) FERNANDO Gutiérrez (-after 1029).

vii) GONZALO Ansúrez (-after 15 May 984). “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[101]. "Gundisalvus Ansurez comite in Montesson" donated Sahagún to the monastery of Santa María de Husillos by charter dated 26 Apr 947[102]. "Alfonsus…Hispaniæ Rex…cum conjuge mea regina Domina Berengaria", by undated charter, confirmed the different territories contributed by "Anrricus et Nunio Ansurez…suo germano Ferdinando Ansurez qui erat comite in Monteson…Gundisalus Ansurez…sua germana Domina Tarasia Regina et Rex Ramiro qui erat in Legione…" towards the foundation of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos dated 17 Sep 950[103]. "Fernandus et Gundisalvus Anxurez comites" defined the territory of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos founded by them by charter dated 17 Sep 950[104]. He confirmed the 7 Sep 972 document relating to property arrangements at Covarrubias for the monastery of San Cosme y San Damián, and the 15 May 984 donation of Calzadilla de Cueza[105].

viii) TERESA Ansúrez (-after 997). “Assur Fernandez comes et uxor mea Guntroda cum filiis nostris” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 7 Dec 943, witnessed by "Ramirus Rex, Domna Toda, Fernandus Assuriz filius comitis, Oveco Assuriz, Munio Assuriz, Nuno Assuriz, Guter Assuriz, Gonzalo Assuriz, Domna Taresa filia comitis…"[106]. The Historia Silense names "Teresa regina" as mother of King Ramiro III[107]. "Alfonsus…Hispaniæ Rex…cum conjuge mea regina Domina Berengaria", by undated charter, confirmed the different territories contributed by "Anrricus et Nunio Ansurez…suo germano Ferdinando Ansurez qui erat comite in Monteson…Gundisalus Ansurez…sua germana Domina Tarasia Regina et Rex Ramiro qui erat in Legione…" towards the foundation of the monastery of Santa María de Husillos dated 17 Sep 950[108]. "Sanctius rex" donated property to the monastery of Sahagún by charter dated 26 Apr 960, confirmed by "Tarasia, Gilvira Ranimiri prolis"[109]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Teresa" as the wife of "King Sancho", when reporting their reburial in light of the threatened invasion of the kingdom of León and Asturias by Al-Mansur[110]. After her son's defeat, she took refuge in Oviedo where she arranged her grandson's marriage with the son of Queen Velasquita, also exiled in Oviedo[111]. m (before 26 Apr 960) SANCHO I “el Craso” King of León, son of RAMIRO II King of León & his first wife Adosinda Gutiérrez (-murdered Dec 966).

2. RODANIO Ansúrez . Abbot.

D. CONDES de CASTILLA [899]-1035, descendants of MUNIO Núñez

MUNIO Núñez 899-900, NUÑO Muñoz 900-915, NUÑO Fernández 921-926, FERNANDO Ansúrez 927-930, GONZALO Fernández 930-932

NUÑO Núñez "Rasura", son of --- . He is named in the 12th century Crónica Najerense as one of the original judges appointed by Alfonso II King of Asturias to govern Castile[112]. The Chronicon de Cardeña records the appointment by “los Castellanos [de] dos Alcaydes Nuño Rasuera è Lain Calvo” during the reign of King Fruela, adding that “el Conde Ferran Gonzalez” descended from the former[113].

same person as …? MUNIO Núñez "él de Brañosera" (-after 860). This possible co-identity is mentioned by Pérez de Urbel[114], although the names "Nuño" and "Munio" are generally taken to be different. “Monnio Nunnez et uxor mea Argilo” granted rights to Brañosera by charter dated 13 Oct 824, confirmed by “Gundisalvo Fernandiz comite” who names them as “avi mei”, further confirmed by “Fernando Gundisalviz comite et uxor mea Urraca”, and further confirmed by “Sancio Garcianez comes” who names “meos avos Gundisalvo Fernandiz et Fernando Gundisalvez”[115]. Brañosera is within the jurisdiction of Aguilar de Campoo, west of the source of the river Ebro in the lower mountains of Burgos[116].

m ARGILO, daughter of --- . “Monnio Nunnez et uxor mea Argilo” granted rights to Brañosera by charter dated 13 Oct 824, confirmed by “Gundisalvo Fernandiz comite” who names them as “avi mei”[117]. She is named as wife of Munio Núñez, paternal grandmother of Gonzalo Fernández, in the latter's confirmation of the rights of Brañosera in 912[118].

Munio & his wife had two children:

1. NUÑO Muñoz "él de Castrojeriz" (-after 910). He is referred to as Conde de Castilla 1 Mar 899, 1 Feb 909 and 23 Jul 909, although he was probably not in control of the whole county[119]. He is referred to as father-in-law of García de Asturias in Ximénez de Rada, suspected of preparing a rebellion against King Alfonso III in 910 and placing his son-in-law on the throne[120]. Maybe m --- Rodríguez de Castilla, daughter of RODRIGO Conde de Castilla. This marriage is not referred to in Pérez de Urbel. It may be speculative in an attempt to explain the nomination of Nuño as Conde de Castilla, although it is not certain that his appointment was due to family connections. Nuño & his wife had two children:

a) NUÑO Núñez "él de Roa" (-after [914/15]). Conde de Castilla 914/15. The Annales Complutense record that “Munio Nunniz” populated “Roda” in 912[121].

b) MUNIADOMNA. Her parentage is indicated by the Cronica de Sampiro which names "socer…eius [Garsea] Nunio" when recording his rebellion, implying from the context of the passage that the marriage took place before her husband's accession[122]. "Garsea princeps et Mumma domna regina" donated certain churches to Eslonza monastery by charter dated 30 Aug 912[123]. "Garseas Rex…cum uxore mea Munia domina" donated certain towns to Eslonza monastery by charter dated 13 Oct 913[124]. "Garseani…rex…cum congugie mea Muma doma regina" donated certain the town of Mutarraf to Eslonza monastery by charter dated 13 May 923 (presumably misdated), confirmed by "Ranimirus, Urraca regina…Gutierre Memendiz, Sesebutus Petri…"[125]. Pérez de Urbel says that her second marriage is not certain but "suspected"[126]. m [firstly] (before 910) GARCÍA de Asturias, son of ALFONSO III "el Magno" King of Asturias & his wife Jimena Garcés de Pamplona ([871]-Zamora 19 Jan 914). He succeeded his father in 910 as GARCÍA I King of Asturias and León. [m secondly FERNANDO Ansúrez, son of ANSUR --- (-930 or after). Conde de Castilla 927-930.

2. FERNANDO Muñoz "Niger/él de Castrosiero" (-after 870). His parentage is deduced from the letter dated 912 to the town of Brañosera written by his son Gonzalo which confirmed the rights granted by the latter's paternal grandparents, whom he names[127]. m GUTINA Díaz, daughter of [DIEGO Rodríguez "Porcelos" Conde de Castilla & his [first/second] wife ---]. Pérez de Urbel emphasises that there is no proof of Gutina's parentage. However, it is suggested by her grandson conde Fernando González confirming donations to San Félix made by conde Diego Rodríguez[128]. Fernando & his wife had [four] children:

a) GONZALO Fernández de Lara (-after [932], bur Cereso de Río Tirón). His letter dated 912 to the town of Brañosera confirmed the rights granted by his paternal grandparents whom he names[129]. Referred to as "comes in Burgos" in 899[130]. He built the castle of Lara in 902[131]. The Annales Complutense record that “Gunzalvo Fernandez” populated “Cozca et Clunia et S. Stephanum” in 912[132]. He is last mentioned in Castile in 916[133]. He may have been banished to Navarre from 920 to 930, a "Gundisalvus comes" witnessing royal Navarrese documents during this period[134], although if this is correct it is surprising that his wife did not accompany him, established as she was in the castle of Lara during that time. A "Gundisalvus Fredinandiz comes" witnessed a 932 donation, signing immediately after King Ramiro II and before "Fredenandus comes" (presumed to be Fernando González), Pérez de Urbel suggesting that this is the same person as Gonzalo Fernández de Lara[135]. m (before 912) MUNIADOMNA, daughter of --- (-after 5 Aug [935/38], bur Santa María de Lara). "Momadonna cometessa" donated property to the monastery of Santa María de Lara, confirmed by her sons "Fredinando Gundisalviz, Ramiro Gundisalviz", by charter dated 28 Jan 929[136]. The origin of Muniadomna is unknown. Pérez de Urbel suggests that she was Muniadomna, daughter of Ramiro de Asturias titular King of León & his wife Urraca ---, based on her supposed mother being present in the castle of Lara, which belonged to Muniadomna, when she witnessed two charters in 927. He also points out the apparent corroboration from the naming of her second son after his supposed maternal grandfather. Muniadomna is referred to as "comitissima", and her descendants referred to in Arab sources as the "Banu Muma" as a tribute to her exceptional character, which may also suggest an illustrious ancestry[137]. “Muma Domna cometissa…cum filio meo Fredinando Gundisalviz…comes et uxor sua Domna Sanctia seu neptis meis Gundisalvo Frenandiz vel Sanctio Frenandiz” donated property in Valzalamio to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Aug 935[138]. Gonzalo & his wife had two children:

i) FERNANDO González de Castilla ([910]-Jun 970, bur Monastery of Arlanza). "Momadonna cometessa" donated property to the monastery of Santa María de Lara, confirmed by her sons "Fredinando Gundisalviz, Ramiro Gundisalviz", by charter dated 28 Jan 929[139]. His parentage is confirmed by the charter of his grandson Sancho García Conde de Castilla in which the latter names his paternal ancestors as far back as Munio Núñez & his wife Argila[140]. Conde de Lara in 929. He was installed in 932 as Conde de Castilla.

- see below.

ii) RAMIRO González de Castilla (-after 28 Jan [929]). "Momadonna cometessa" donated property to the monastery of Santa María de Lara, confirmed by her sons "Fredinando Gundisalviz, Ramiro Gundisalviz", by charter dated 28 Jan 929[141]. He has not been identified in later documents, which suggests that he may have died soon after.

b) [RODRIGO Fernández (-after 25 Feb 926). Conde. “Roderico Fredinandiz comite, Nunu Fredinandiz comite…Ruderico Munnioz…” subscribed the charter dated 25 Feb 926, which records the union of the monasteries of Santa María del Campo, San Martín del Rio, Santa Cruz and Santa Coloma, the dating clause of which names "…Comite Nunu Fredinandiz in Castella"[142].]

c) NUÑO Fernández de Amaya (-after 932). Conde de Castilla 921/926. The dating clause of a charter dated 922, under which “Domna Ositia” sold property to San Pedro de Cardenas, names "…Comite Domno Nunu in Burgos"[143]. The Cronica de Sampiro names "Nunius Fredenandi, Abolmondar Albus et suus filius Didacus, et Fredenandi Ansuri filius" as those counts who governed "Burgos" and who were captured by King Ordoño II "in riuo…Carrion, loco…Tebulare", dateable to [922/23] from the context of the passage[144]. “Roderico Fredinandiz comite, Nunu Fredinandiz comite…Ruderico Munnioz…” subscribed the charter dated 25 Feb 926, which records the union of the monasteries of Santa María del Campo, San Martín del Rio, Santa Cruz and Santa Coloma, the dating clause of which names "…Comite Nunu Fredinandiz in Castella"[145]. A charter dated 1 May 932 records the judgment in a dispute involving the monastery of Cardeñas, in the presence of “Comite Fredinando Gundisalviz et suo Alfieriz Gomiz Didac et Nunu Fernandez et Munio Gundisalviz et Fredinando Diaz et Alvaro Munnioz”, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella"[146]. m ---. The name of Nuño's wife is not known. Nuño & his wife had one child:

i) [147]DIEGO Núñez . m ---. The name of Diego's wife is not known. Diego & his wife had one child:

(a) [148]FRONILDE Díaz .

d) [FLÁMULA (-after 24 Nov 929). “Gundissalbo Telliz” and his wife “Lambra” donated “una serna en Pedernales” to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 24 Sep 902, confirmed by “Flamula, Gutterre, Assuri, Beila Nuniz…”[149]. “Gundisalvo Telliz et uxor mea Flamula” donated property by charter dated 25 Oct 913, the dating clause of which names "…comite Gundisavlo Telliz in Cerasio", witnessed by “Assur Gundesalvo, Munio Assuri, Gomiz, Uuistemiro, Garsea rez”[150]. “Gundisalbo Telliz et uxor mea Flambla” donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 25 Feb 915, witnessed by “Gundisalbo, Assuri, Albaro”[151]. “Flamula” donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domno meo Gundisalvo Telliz", by charter dated 24 Nov 929, the dating clause of which names "Regnante…Comite Fredinando Assuriz in Castella", witnessed by "Munio Obecoz, Sangio Ennecoz, Munio Obecoz, Didaco Obecoz…"[152]. Her parentage is suggested because her supposed sister-in-law Muniadomna and supposed nephew, Fernando González, confirmed documents of Flámula after the death of her husband[153]. m GONZALO Téllez, son of TELLO --- (-before 24 Nov 929). Conde in Lantarón 18 Nov 897. He is referred to as Conde de Castilla, ruling in the eastern part of the county on the border with Rioja around Valpuesta[154].]

1. GUTIERRE Núñez (-after 1 Mar 931). Conde de Castilla. “…Comite Guttier Nuniz in Burgos” is named in the dating clause of a charter dated 1 Mar 931, under which "Barbellas…cum uxor mea et filiis meis" donated property to San Pedro de Cardeñas[155].

FERNANDO González 932-970

FERNANDO González de Castilla, son of GONZALO Fernández Conde de Castilla & his wife Muniadomna de Castilla ([910]-Jun 970, bur Monastery of Arlanza[156]). "Momadonna cometessa" donated property to the monastery of Santa María de Lara, confirmed by her sons "Fredinando Gundisalviz, Ramiro Gundisalviz", by charter dated 28 Jan 929[157]. His parentage is confirmed by the charter of his grandson Sancho García Conde de Castilla in which the latter names his paternal ancestors as far back as Munio Núñez & his wife Argila[158]. A legend of his kidnap as a young child is commemorated in the 13th century "Poema de Fernán González"[159]. He was installed in 932 as Conde de Castilla. A charter dated 1 May 932 records the judgment in a dispute involving the monastery of Cardeñas, in the presence of “Comite Fredinando Gundisalviz et suo Alfieriz Gomiz Didac et Nunu Fernandez et Munio Gundisalviz et Fredinando Diaz et Alvaro Munnioz”, the dating clause of which names "…comite Fredinando Gundisalviz in Castella"[160]. “Muma Domna cometissa…cum filio meo Fredinando Gundisalviz…comes et uxor sua Domna Sanctia seu neptis meis Gundisalvo Frenandiz vel Sanctio Frenandiz” donated property in Valzalamio to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Aug 935[161]. During his rule, he united the territory of Castile into a single county, incorporating in particular Lantarón in 935, Cerezo and Grañón in 936[162]. Following the humiliating peace imposed on the kingdom of Navarre by Abd al-Rahman III Caliph of Córdoba in 934, the Caliph invaded Castile, sacking Burgos and destroying the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña before moving into the territory of León[163]. However, Conde Fernando allied himself with Ramiro II King of León and Queen Toda regent of Navarre, their combined forces defeating the Caliph's troops at Alhandega/al-Khandaq, near Simancas in 939. "Fredinando Gondissalvez tocius Castelle comes" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 938, confirmed by "Gondissalvo Fredinandez, Sancio Fredinandez…"[164]. Conde Fernando exploited this victory by recapturing Sepúlveda in 940[165]. “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[166]. The Cronica de Sampiro records that "Fredenandus Gundissalui et Didacus Munionis" rebelled against King Ramiro II, who captured them and imprisoned them "unum in Legione, alterum in Gordone"[167], dated to [943/44] by Torres[168], although their imprisonment was short-lived. "Fredinando comes…cum uxore mea…Sancia cometissa" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 944, confirmed by "…Gundissalvo Fernandez, Sancio Fernandez, Garcia Fernandez…"[169]. "Ranimiro rex" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 3 Apr 945, witnessed by "Fredenandus Gundesalviz…"[170]. "Ranimiro rex" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 3 Apr 945, witnessed by "…Fernando Gudisalviz, Gundisalvo Fredenandi…"[171]. The Cronica de Sampiro records that "avunculo suo…Garsiano rege Pampilonensium, necnon Fredenandus Gundissalui Burgensium comes" helped Sancho in his rebellion against Ordoño III King of León[172]. Caliph Abd al-Rahman's troops launched further raids against Galicia and Castile between 953 and 955, but were defeated by Conde Fernando near San Esteban de Gormaz in 955[173]. Conde Fernando became embroiled in the civil war in León, supporting in turn King Sancho I and later his son-in-law King Ordoño IV, but was captured by troops from Navarre at Nájera in 960[174]. After being released by Urraca de Navarra, whom he married, he formed an alliance with Navarre and Barcelona against Caliph Al-Hakam II. The alliance was unsuccessful and Conde Fernando lost San Esteban de Gormaz and Atienza to the Caliph's troops[175]. Although Castile was considerably weakened by Muslim attacks during the last years of his rule, Conde Fernando had been a dynamic leader who established the full autonomy of the county of Castile, and competently defended it against Muslim incursions. His exploits are commemorated in vernacular Castilian romances[176]. "Fredinando Gundissalviz comite…cum filio eius Munio Fredinandiz" confirmed a donation of property at Montorio to the monastery of San Adrian y San Miguel Arcangel by charter dated 6 May 968[177]. The Chronicon Burgense records the death in 970 of “comes Fernandus Gundisalvi”[178].

m firstly ([932]) as her third husband, SANCHA Sánchez de Navarra, widow firstly of ORDOÑO II King of León and secondly of ÁLVARO Herrameliz Conde de Álava, daughter of SANCHO I Garces King of Navarre & his second wife Toda Aznárez de Larraún (after 900-[9 Jun 952/29 Nov 955]). The Codex de Roda names "Garsea rex et domna Onneca et domna Sanzia et domna Urraca…domna Belasquita, necnon et domna Orbita" as the children of "Sanzio Garseanis" and his wife "Tota Asnari", stating that Sancha married "Ordonii imperatoris, postea…Albaro Harramelliz de Alaba, demumque…Fredenando comitis"[179]. "Fredenando Gundisalviz et uxor mea Sancia" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 3 Jun 919 (although this must be misdated), confirmed by "Munio Didace, Sarracine Scemonoz, Garcie Bençemaloçe, Frande Arguisso, Garcie Alvarez"[180]. “Muma Domna cometissa…cum filio meo Fredinando Gundisalviz…comes et uxor sua Domna Sanctia seu neptis meis Gundisalvo Frenandiz vel Sanctio Frenandiz” donated property in Valzalamio to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Aug 935[181]. “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[182]. "Fredinando comes…cum uxore mea…Sancia cometissa" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 944, confirmed by "…Gundissalvo Fernandez, Sancio Fernandez, Garcia Fernandez…"[183].

m secondly (before 29 Nov [955]) as her first husband, URRACA, daughter of --- (-12 Jul 1041). "Comite Fredinando Gondessalvez et cometessa domna Urraca" are named as present in a charter dated 29 Nov [955] which relates a dispute about exemptions and fines[184]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[185], she was Urraca de Navarra, daughter of García III Sánchez King of Navarre & [his second wife Teresa ---], but the primary source which confirms that this is right has not yet been identified. Del Pino assumes that this parentage is correct when he records that Urraca took the initiative to free Fernando González Conde de Castilla, captured by the forces of King García III in 960, married him and escaped to Burgos[186]. She is not named in any of the documents in the compilation relating to the county of Castile[187]. "Willelmus Sancius comes et dominus totius Vasconie, cum Urraca sua muliere" donated the church of Sainte-Susanne to the abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde by undated charter[188]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[189], she married secondly (after 14 Jul 972) Guillaume Sánchez Comte de Gascogne. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified either, although the charter dated 992 under which Sancho King of Navarre donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla is signed, among others, by "…Sancio filius Gogelmi comitis…" (apparently Urraca's son by this second marriage)[190], King Sancho being the brother of Urraca de Navarra. "Willelmus Sancius comes et dominus totius Vasconie, cum Urraca sua muliere" donated the church of Sainte-Susanne to the abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde by undated charter[191]. "Willelmus Sancius comes et dominus totius Vasconie, cum Urraca sua muliere" donated the church of Sainte-Susanne to the abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde by undated charter[192]. The Historia Abbatiæ Condomensis quotes a charter dated 29 Jul 1011 under which "Ugo…Præsul, secundum lineam carnis eidem Duci propinquis et affinis" donated property to the convent of Condom, for the souls of "meorumque parentum, item Garsiæ-Sanctii Comitis et filii sui Sanctii-Garsiæ Comitis, et Guillermi-Sanctii Comitis et Gimbaldi Episcopi, et Guillelmi Comitis, et Garsiæ Comitis, et Bernardi-Guillelmi Comitis, et Urachæ Comitissæ"[193]. She died before 3 Apr [1009], the date of the charter under which her son "Bernardus Willelmus comes…cum germano meo Sancio" confirmed, "annuente beatæ memoriæ matre mea Urraca", the foundation of Saint-Sever by "genitor meus Willelmus Sancio comes", this wording suggesting that Urraca died only shortly before the confirmation especially as the document is purportedly signed by "Urracæ comitissæ"[194]. The necrology of Saint-Sever records the death "IV Id Jul…1041" of "Urraca comitissa"[195]. However, either the year is incorrect or this entry refers to another "Urraca comitissa". Even without the evidence of the 3 Apr [1009] charter, Urraca would have been well over 90 years in 1041 if this entry refers to the wife of Guillaume Sancho.

Conde Fernando & his first wife had seven children:

1. GONZALO Fernández de Castilla (before 1 Aug [935/38]-after 10 Dec 959). “Muma Domna cometissa…cum filio meo Fredinando Gundisalviz…comes et uxor sua Domna Sanctia seu neptis meis Gundisalvo Frenandiz vel Sanctio Frenandiz” donated property in Valzalamio to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Aug 935[196]. "Fredinando Gondissalvez tocius Castelle comes" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 938, confirmed by "Gondissalvo Fredinandez, Sancio Fredinandez…"[197]. “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[198]. "Fredinando comes, Sancia comitisa" and their sons "Gundesalvus, Sancius, Munnio" confirmed a charter dated 23 Dec 941 relating to a dispute concerning property of the monastery of Cardeñas[199]. "Fredinando comes…cum uxore mea…Sancia cometissa" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 944, confirmed by "…Gundissalvo Fernandez, Sancio Fernandez, Garcia Fernandez…"[200]. "Ranimiro rex" donated property to Sahagún by charter dated 3 Apr 945, witnessed by "…Fernando Gudisalviz, Gundisalvo Fredenandi…"[201]. Conde de Castilla, during the lifetime of his father whom he predeceased. “Gundisalvo Fredinandiz et uxor mea Fronildi” donated water rights to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domna Alduara…mater nostra", by charter dated 21 Jun 959[202]. m (before 29 Jun 959) FRONILDE Gómez, daughter of conde GÓMEZ Díaz & his wife Elduara --- (-3 Nov 1009). “Gundisalvo Fredinandiz et uxor mea Fronildi” donated water rights to San Pedro de Cardeñas, for the soul of "Domna Alduara…mater nostra", by charter dated 21 Jun 959[203]. “Fronilde” donated property "in Alfoze de Burgos" to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Jul 963[204]. She refers to her late husband and son in a 984 donation to Cardeña for their souls [205]. She became a nun at Sigüenza. Gonzalo & his wife had one child:

a) SANCHO González (-before 984). He is named in his mother's 984 donation for his soul[206].

2. SANCHO Fernández de Castilla (before 1 Aug [935/38]-after Aug 956). “Muma Domna cometissa…cum filio meo Fredinando Gundisalviz…comes et uxor sua Domna Sanctia seu neptis meis Gundisalvo Frenandiz vel Sanctio Frenandiz” donated property in Valzalamio to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 5 Aug 935[207]. "Fredinando Gondissalvez tocius Castelle comes" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 938, confirmed by "Gondissalvo Fredinandez, Sancio Fredinandez…"[208]. “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[209]. "Fredinando comes, Sancia comitisa" and their sons "Gundesalvus, Sancius, Munnio" confirmed a charter dated 23 Dec 941 relating to a dispute concerning property of the monastery of Cardeñas[210]. "Fredinando comes…cum uxore mea…Sancia cometissa" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 944, confirmed by "…Gundissalvo Fernandez, Sancio Fernandez, Garcia Fernandez…"[211]. Conde de Álava. He is named with his sister Queen Urraca in Aug 956 at the court of León[212].

3. MUNIO Fernández de Castilla (before 23 Dec 941-after 6 May 968). “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[213]. "Fredinando comes, Sancia comitisa" and their sons "Gundesalvus, Sancius, Munnio" confirmed a charter dated 23 Dec 941 relating to a dispute concerning property of the monastery of Cardeñas[214]. A monk at Cardeña from 945[215]. "Fredinando Gundissalviz comite…cum filio eius Munio Fredinandiz" confirmed a donation of property at Montorio to the monastery of San Adrian y San Miguel Arcangel by charter dated 6 May 968[216].

4. GARCÍA Fernández de Castilla (-[Córdoba] 1 Aug or [29/30] Dec 995, bur Tres Santos, Córdoba, later moved to San Pedro de Cerdaña). "Fredinando comes…cum uxore mea…Sancia cometissa" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 944, confirmed by "…Gundissalvo Fernandez, Sancio Fernandez, Garcia Fernandez…"[217]. He succeeded his father in 970 as Conde de Castilla.

- see below.

5. FRONILDE Fernández de Castilla (-after 1014). “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[218]. "Garcia Fredinandiz, Aua comitisa" donated property to the monastery of Cardeñas by charter dated 11 Jul 972, subscribed by "Sancius prolis illorum, Domna Fronilde…"[219]. "…Tota comitissa, Frolinda comitissa…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[220]. "Garcia Fernandiz comes, Aba cometissa" donated property to the church of Santa Juliana by charter dated 5 May 987, confirmed by "Domna Fronildi, Domna Otrocia…"[221]. "Sancius comes, mea tia domina Fronilde" confirmed property rights by charter dated 1014[222]. m RODANO [223][Díaz, son of DIEGO Rodaniz & his wife ---]. Conde in Asturias de Santillana[224].

6. MUNIADOMNA Fernández de Castilla (-before 1015). A charter of Sahagún dated 1036 records that, after the death of "Comes Fredenandus Gundisalviz Duc Kastelle", "filia sua…Domna Mumadona comitissa" married "virum…comite Gomez Didaz"[225]. m (after Jun 970) GÓMEZ Díaz, son of DIEGO Muñoz Conde de Saldaña & his wife Tegridia --- (-after 986). Conde de Saldaña from [959].

7. URRACA Fernández de Castilla (-after 1007). The Cronica de Sampiro records the marriage of "Ordonius filius regis" and "filiam Fredenandi…Urracam", from the context dated to the reconciliation of King Ramiro II and Conde Fernando after the latter's rebellion[226], which is dated to [943/44] by Torres[227]. The Cronica de Sampiro records the marriage of "Ordonium…Adefonsy regis filium" and "Ferdinando Burgensium comitte…filiam suam…relictam ab Ordonio Ramiri filio"[228]. The Codex de Roda records the marriage of "regem Sanctium" and "Urracam, filiam comitis Sanctii de Castella"[229], although it is chronologically more acceptable that Urraca was the daughter of Conde Fernando, which is confirmed by the charter dated 29 Jun 971 under which "Endregoto Galindonis et prole eius Sancio Garseanis rex et uxor eius Urraca Fredenandizi" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa[230]. The Chronicon Burgense also states incorrectly that King Sancho was “gener comitis Sancii”[231]. "Hordonius…cum coniuge mea Urracha" donated property to Santiago by charter dated 18 Nov 958, subscribed by "Froila confesor et filius Adephonsi regis…"[232]. "Sancius rex et Urraka regina…cum germanis nostris Ranimiro et Eximino" confirmed a prior donation to San Pedro de Siresa by "genitor noster Garsea rex" by charter dated 15 Feb 979, confirmed by "Eximino Sancionis, Garsea Furtunionis, Belasco Lihoriz"[233]. "…Santius rex, Urraca regina…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[234]. "Garsea rex et uxor mea Eximina, cum domna Urracha regina" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated to [995/1004][235]. She became a nun after the death of her third husband. m firstly ([944 or after]) ORDOÑO de León, son of RAMIRO II King of León & his first wife Adosinda Gutiérrez ([926]-[30 Aug/13 Nov] 956). He succeeded his father in 951 as ORDOÑO III King of León. m secondly (before 18 Nov 958) ORDOÑO IV "el Malo" King of León, son of ALFONSO IV "el Monje" King of León & his wife Oneca Sánchez de Navarra ([926]-962). m thirdly ([962]) SANCHO Abarca de Navarra, son of GARCÍA III Sánchez King of Navarre & his first wife Andregota Galíndez (after 935-Dec 994). He succeeded his father in 970 as SANCHO II Garcés Abarca King of Navarre.

Conde Fernando & his second wife had two children:

8. TODA Fernández de Castilla. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

9. PEDRO Fernández de Castilla. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m ---. The name of Pedro's wife is not known. Pedro & his wife had four children:

a) FERNANDO Pérez de Castilla. He confirmed the [1017/4 Apr 1027] document of Conde García García to the monastery of San Juliano[236].

b) SALVADOR Pérez de Castilla. Conde.

c) GONZALO Pérez de Castilla.

d) RODRIGO Pérez de Castilla.

GARCÍA I 970-995

GARCÍA Fernández de Castilla, son of FERNANDO González Conde de Castilla & his first wife Sancha Sánchez de Navarra (-[Córdoba] 1 Aug or [29/30] Dec 995, bur Tres Santos, Córdoba, later moved to San Pedro de Cerdaña). “Comes Fredinandus Gundisalviz cum uxore mea Sancia comitisa et cum filiis meis Gundisalvus Fredinandi et Garsea Fredinandi et Sancio Fredinandi et Munio Fredinandi et Domna Fronilde” donated the monastery of San Miguel de Xavilla to San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 941, witnessed by "Sarracenus, Bermudo Fannez, Gundisalvo de Aza"[237]. "Fredinando comes…cum uxore mea…Sancia cometissa" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 944, confirmed by "…Gundissalvo Fernandez, Sancio Fernandez, Garcia Fernandez…"[238]. He succeeded his father in 970 as Conde de Castilla. He inherited a county considerably weakened by Muslim attacks during the last years of his father's rule, and on his accession accepted the suzerainty of Caliph al-Hakam II. In 974, Conde García captured Deza. "Garssia Ferdinandi…comes et imperator Castelle…cum uxore mea Abba comitisse" granted fuero to Castrojeriz by charter dated 8 Mar 974, subscribed by "Sanctio filio nostra, Urraca filia nostra…"[239]. His success was short-lived as he unsuccessfully besieged Gormaz in Apr 975 and was defeated at Langa on the banks of the River Duero[240]. Conde García allied himself with Ghalib bin Abd al-Rahman, who had been Caliph al-Hakam II's trusted general, and opposed the rise to power of Muhammad bin Abi Amir "al-Mansur/the Victorious" after the accession of al-Hakam's son Caliph Hisham in 976. However, al-Mansur led several successful campaigns against Castile which was further weakened during the last years of the rule of Conde García, whose son eventually rebelled against him[241]. "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there, by charter dated 25 Dec 978[242]. The Annales Complutense record that “Sancius Garsia” rebelled against “patrem suum comitem Garsia Fernandez” in 990[243]. "Garcia…comes" confirmed a donation to the monastery of San Miguel de Pedroso by charter dated 979, confirmed by "…Gundessalvo Fredinandez, Gundissalvo Arderiz…Hani Godestioz, Didaco Fredinandez, Alvaro Sarrazinez, Didaco Scemenoz, Gotier Gomiz"[244]. The Chronicon Burgense records that “comes Garsea Ferdinandi” was captured and wounded “VIII Kal Jan” in 995 “in ripa de Dorio”, died five days later while being taken to Córdoba, and was buried “ad Caradignam”[245]. The Annales Complutense record the death “Kal Aug” in 995 of “Conde Garci Fernandez” after being captured by the Moors[246].

m ([958/61]) ABA de Ribagorza, daughter of RAIMUNDO [II] Conde de Ribagorza & his wife Gersende de Fezensac (-after 995, bur San Pedro de Cerdaña). The Codex de Roda names "Regemundo ac domno Galindo seu domna Aba" as the children of "Uernardus" and his wife[247]. A Fragmentum historicum in the cartulary of Alaon records that “Ova filia Regimundi” married “comitis Sanctii de Castella” (error for García)[248]. "Garcia comes" and his wife "Ava" donated property to the monastery of Arlanza by charter dated 12 Jul 970[249]. "Garsea Ferrandiz comite…cum coniuge mea Ava comitissa" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 26 Apr 971[250]. "Garssia Ferdinandi…comes et imperator Castelle…cum uxore mea Abba comitisse" granted fuero to Castrojeriz by charter dated 8 Mar 974, subscribed by "Sanctio filio nostra, Urraca filia nostra…"[251]. "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there, by charter dated 25 Dec 978[252]. According to popular legend, she fomented revolt against her husband and even offered her hand in marriage to a Muslim in exchange for killing Count García, but the historical accuracy of this is doubtful[253].

Conde García & his wife had [seven] children:

1. [MAYOR (-after [early 1035]). A charter of Santa Maria de Gerri dated Apr 18 names "Raimundi Suniarii comtis et uxor mea comitissa…Maior"[254]. Her parentage is stated in a Fragmentum historicum in the cartulary of Alaon which names “Major comitissa, soror comitis Sancii de Castella” as wife of “comitis Palliarensis Raymundi Sumarii“[255]. However, this appears doubtful. If she was Conde García's daughter, it is surprising that she did not witness the 8 Mar 974 agreement under which her supposed sister Urraca was consecrated to the monastery of Covarrubias. In addition, the considerable age difference between her and her supposed husband (if, as stated in Europäische Stammtafeln[256], his mother's first husband died before 994) seems unlikely. A more likely possibility is that Mayor was the daughter, not sister, of Sancho Conde de Castilla. After her repudiation, she returned to Castile where she is recorded in 1028 as abbess of the monastery of San Miguel de Pedroso and in early 1035 with Sancho III King of Navarre[257]. m (repudiated [1026/27]) as his first wife, RAIMUNDO [III] de Pallars, son of SUNYER [I] Conde de Paillars & his first wife Ermengarde [de Rouergue] ([995/1000]-after 1047). He succeeded his father in 1010 as Conde de Pallars.]

2. SANCHO García ([965]-5 Feb 1017, bur San Salvador de Oña). "Garcia Fredinandiz, Aua comitisa" donated property to the monastery of Cardeñas by charter dated 11 Jul 972, subscribed by "Sancius prolis illorum, Domna Fronilde…"[258]. "Sanctio Garsia, Gundisalbo Garsia…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[259]. He succeeded his father in 995 as Conde de Castilla.

- see below.

3. URRACA García (-after 1 Jan 1038). "Garssia Ferdinandi…comes et imperator Castelle…cum uxore mea Abba comitisse" granted fuero to Castrojeriz by charter dated 8 Mar 974, subscribed by "Sanctio filio nostra, Urraca filia nostra…"[260]. "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there, by charter dated 25 Dec 978[261]. "Sancio comite et Urraca cometissa soror mea" granted rights to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 1003[262].

4. GONZALO García (-after [27 Feb 1011]). "Sanctio Garsia, Gundisalbo Garsia…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[263]. "Gonzalo García" also witnessed the 12 Feb 1011 document founding the monastery of San Salvador de Oña and the 27 Feb 1011 sale of the Villa of Oca[264], but it is not known whether this was the same person.

- SPANISH NOBILITY.

5. ELVIRA García (-Dec 1017). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Elvira" as the second legitimate wife of King Vermudo[265]. Her parentage is confirmed by Ibn-Khaldun who records King Alfonso V as "petit-fils par sa mère du seigneur d´Alava Garcia Fernandez"[266]. Regent of León 999-1007. "Geluira Regina…cum filio meo Adefonso Rex" donated property "ad villam de Paramo" to the church of León by charter dated 12 Nov 1000 which she signed "Gelvira Regina prolis Garseani et Avæ"[267]. "Giloira regina" confirmed the donation of serfs "in valle Castelle" made by "vir meus domnus Veremudus rex", for the soul of "filii mei regis dni Adefonsi", by charter dated 8 Jul 1001[268]. She became a nun in 1007. "Geloira regina" donated property to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 18 Aug 1017, subscribed by "Adefonsus princeps, Sancia proles Ueremudi, Tarasia proles Ueremudi, Geloira proles Ueremudi…"[269]. m ([26/30] Nov 991) as his second wife, VERMUDO II "el Gotoso" King of León, illegitimate son of ORDOÑO III King of León & his mistress [Aragonta or Gontrada Peláez] ([953]-Sep 999).

6. TODA García (-after 1031). "…Tota comitissa, Frolinda comitissa…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[270]. "Domna Toda comitissa…filia quondam genitoris mei Garsea Fredenandiz et matris mea Domna Ava" donated the monastery of San Pelayo de Nabeda to Sahagún by charter dated 1031, subscribed by "Gundisalbo Petriz, Gundisalbo Monniuz"[271]. m SANCHO Gómez de Saldaña, son of GÓMEZ Díaz de Saldaña & his wife Muniadomna Fernández de Castilla (-1008).

7. ONECA García . Her marriage was arranged by her brother Conde Sancho to placate al-Mansur[272]. Abbess of San Salvador de Oña 1045. m (995) polygamously, MUHAMMAD bin Abi Amir "al-Mansur/the Victorious" Regent of Córdoba (-10 Aug 1002).

SANCHO 995-1017, GARCÍA II 1017-1029, MUNIADOMNA 1029, FERNANDO 1029-1035

SANCHO García de Castilla, son of GARCÍA I Fernández Conde de Castilla & his wife Ava --- ([965]-5 Feb 1017, bur San Salvador de Oña). "Garcia Fredinandiz, Aua comitisa" donated property to the monastery of Cardeñas by charter dated 11 Jul 972, subscribed by "Sancius prolis illorum, Domna Fronilde…"[273]. "Garssia Ferdinandi…comes et imperator Castelle…cum uxore mea Abba comitisse" granted fuero to Castrojeriz by charter dated 8 Mar 974, subscribed by "Sanctio filio nostra, Urraca filia nostra…"[274]. "Sanctio Garsia, Gundisalbo Garsia…" subscribed the charter dated 25 Dec 978 under which "Garsias Ferdinandez…cum coniuge mea Ava comitisa" founded the monastery of San Cosme y San Damian de Covarrubias, offering "filiam…nostram Urracam" as a nun there[275]. He rebelled against his father in 990, supported by Ibn Abu Amir[276], effectively dividing Castile into two parts. The Annales Complutense record that “Sancius Garsia” rebelled against “patrem suum comitem Garsia Fernandez” in 990[277]. He succeeded in 995 as Conde de Castilla. Ibn-Khaldun states that Alfonso V King of León succeeded under the regency of "le comte de Galice Menendo Gonzalez" but that this was disputed by "Sancho fils de Garcia, l´oncle maternel d´Alphonse", the dispute being arbitrated by "Abdalmelic fils d´Almanzor" who ordered "au juge des chrétiens [de Cordoue] Açbagh ibn --- de décider…[et il] prononça en faveur de Menendo Gonzalez"[278]. "Sancio comite et Urraca cometissa soror mea" granted rights to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 1003, signed by "…Fernando Beilaz, Oveco Alvarez, Beila Alvaroz, senior Assur Nunniz dominate Ponticurbo, Alvaro Gomiz, Tellu Didaz, Beila Gutier"[279]. He allied himself with the Berbers in 1009 to fight and depose Caliph Muhammad. The Chronicon Burgense records that “comes Sancius” destroyed Córdoba in 1009[280]. He was given a formal reception in Córdoba by the new Caliph Sulayman, and received strategic castles as his reward. Ibn-Khaldun records that "le seigneur d´Alava Sancho, fils de Garcia" was killed "par le roi des Basques" in [21 Jun 1015/9 Jun 1016][281]. The Chronicon Burgense records the death in 1017 of “comes Sancius”[282].

m ([985/95]) URRACA, daughter of (-[murdered Covarrubias] after 21 Dec 1037). "Sancius comes cum coniuge mea Urracha" offered "filiam nostram Tegridiam" to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña by charter dated 12 Feb 1011[283]. Her parentage is not known. Salazar y Acha suggests that she was Urraca Gómez, daughter of conde Gómez Díaz de Saldaña & his wife Muniadomna Fernández de Castilla[284]. He bases this especially on the introduction of the name Tegridia into the family of the condes de Castilla, the name of the mother of conde Gómez Díaz. Regent of the county of Castile during the minority of her son. The Annales Complutense record that “comitissam Urracam” was killed (by Muslims) “in Covas Rubias” in “Era 978 (940)”[285]. The date is clearly incorrect if this entry refers to the widow of Conde Sancho but it is possible that it is misplaced by a century. The Anales Toledanos record that “la Condesa Doña Urraca” was killed “en Cuevarrubias” in 1038[286].

Conde Sancho & his wife had five children:

1. MUNIA Mayor de Castilla ([990/95]-after 13 Jul 1066). The Crónica Latina records that “la huerfana doña Mayor, hija del…conde Sancho” married “al rey de Navarra y Nájera Sancho, nieto de Sancho Abarca”[287]. She and her husband confirmed the rights of the Abbey of San Millán 24 Jun 1011[288]. "Sancius…rex" recommended the rule of St Benedict to the monastery of Leire by charter dated 21 Oct 1022, subscribed by "Eximina regina mater regis, Regina domna Muma, Garsia et Ranimirus, Gundesalbus et Fernandus"[289]. "Sancius rex et uxor mea Muma dompna regina" donated property to the monastery of Yarte y Anoz by charter dated 17 May 1024[290]. She succeeded her brother in 1029 as Condesa de Castilla. "Domna Major regina" confirmed a charter of "Sancius Hispaniarum rex" dated 26 Jun 1033 which related to concessions to the monastery of Oriense[291]. "Sancius…rex…cum coniuge mea regina domina Maiora" donated the monastery of San Sebastian to the monastery of Leire by charter dated 17 Apr 1014, redated to [1030][292]. She became a nun after her the death of her husband. She founded the monastery of San Martín de Fromista 13 Jul 1066, the document naming her father but not her husband[293]. The testament of "Maior regina Christi ancilla", in which she requests burial in the monastery of San Martín de Frómista, is dated 13 Jun 1066[294]. m (before 27 Jun 1011) SANCHO III “el Mayor” King of Navarre, son of GARCÍA IV Sánchez "el Tremulo" King of Navarre & his wife Jimena Fernández ([990/92]-murdered 18 Oct 1035). He claimed the county of Castile in his wife's name after the murder of her brother conde García Sánchez in 1029, incorporated the whole of Castile into his kingdom, and installed his second son Fernando as Conde de Castilla. Children:

a) FERNANDO de Navarra ([1016/18]-27 Dec 1065). His father installed him as Conde de Castilla in 1029 in succession to his maternal uncle. Under the division of territories organised by his father prior to his death, he received Castile, succeeding in 1035 as FERNANDO I "el Magno" King of Castile.

- see Chapter 2. KINGS of CASTILE and LEON 1035-1217.

b) other children: see NAVARRE.

2. FERNANDO Sánchez ([995/97]-before 2 Mar 999). His parents made a donation for his soul 2 Mar 999[295].

3. TIGRIDIA Sánchez de Castilla ([998]-after 1029). "Sancius comes cum coniuge mea Urracha" offered "filiam nostram Tegridiam" to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña by charter dated 12 Feb 1011[296]. Abbess of San Salvador de Oña 1011-1029, founded by her parents[297].

4. SANCHA Sánchez de Castilla ([1006/07][298]-26 June 1026, bur Santa Maria de Ripoll). She is named "Sancha daughter of the deceased Conde Sancho", assumed to be Sancho García Conde de Castilla, in her husband's 1025 charter[299]. m (betrothed 1016, Zaragoza 1021[300]) as his first wife, BERENGUER RAMÓN [I] Conde de Barcelona, “el Curvo” son of RAMÓN BORRELL [I] Conde de Barcelona & his wife Ermesinde de Carcassonne (-26 May 1035, bur Santa Maria de Ripoll).

5. GARCÍA Sánchez de Castilla ([Nov] 1009-murdered León 13 May 1029, bur San Salvador de Oña). The Chronicon Burgense records the birth in 1009 of “Infans Garsea”[301]. The Annales Complutense record the birth in Nov 1013 of “Infans eius [Sancii Garsia] filius…Garsia Sanchez”[302], although many of the dates in this source are inaccurate. He succeeded his father in 1017 as Conde de Castilla, under the regency of his mother until 1025. “El conde García” donated property “en el territorio de Campo, junto al río Ebro” to Santillana del Mar, for the souls of “sus padres los condes Sancho y Urraca”, by charter dated to [1017/29][303]. "Garsea comes" donated property "in Villa" to the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 23 Oct 1024[304]. The Chronicon Burgense records that “Infans Garsea” was killed in León in 1028[305]. The Annales Complutense record the death in 1026 of “Comes Garsia”[306], although many of the dates in this source are inaccurate. Salazar Acha recounts[307] the legend that a "conde Vela" was expelled by Fernán González Conde de Castilla, took refuge in León, and that his three sons were the murderers of Conde García II on the latter's arrival in León for his marriage, but emphasises that the story is first related in the 13th century Chronicon Mundi of Lucas de Tuy and the subsequent work of Archbishop don Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada[308]. On the death of conde García, his sister succeeded as de iure Condesa de Castilla, but her husband claimed the county in her name and installed their son Fernando as Conde de Castilla. Betrothed ([Jan/May] 1029) to SANCHA de León, daughter of don ALFONSO V King of León & his first wife doña Elvira Menéndez (1013-7 Nov 1067, bur León). She later married the nephew of her betrothed, Fernando de Navarra Conde de Castilla, who succeeded as Fernando I "el Magno" King of Castile in 1035.

Chapter 2. KINGS of CASTILE & LEON 1035-1217

A. KINGS of CASTILE and LEON 1035-1217 (JIMENA DYNASTY of NAVARRE)

FERNANDO I 1035-1065, SANCHO II 1065-1072

Don FERNANDO de Navarra, son of SANCHO III “el Mayor” King of Navarre & his wife Munia Mayor Ctss de Castilla ([1016/18]-27 Dec 1065, bur León). “Ranimirus proles regis, Garseanes frater eius, Gundisaluus frater eius, Ferdinandus frater eius” confirmed the charter dated 17 Apr 1014 under which “Sancius…rex…cum coniuge mea regina domina Maiora” donated property to the monastery of Leire, although the absence of the brother Bernardo suggests that this charter should be redated to approximately ten years later[309]. "Sancius…rex" recommended the rule of St Benedict to the monastery of Leire by charter dated 21 Oct 1022, subscribed by "Eximina regina mater regis, Regina domna Muma, Garsia et Ranimirus, Gundesalbus et Fernandus"[310]. The charter of "Sancius Hispaniarum rex" dated 26 Jun 1033 relating to concessions to the monastery of Oriense was confirmed by his sons (in order) "Ranimirus…Garsea…Fredinandus"[311]. His father installed him as Conde de Castilla in 1029, in succession to his maternal uncle. The Historia Silense records that King Sancho granted "Castella" to "Fernandum"[312]. Under the division of territories organised by his father prior to his death, he received Castile, succeeding in 1035 as FERNANDO I "el Magno" King of Castile. With the help of his brother García V King of Navarre, he defeated and killed his brother-in-law Vermudo III King of León[313], proclaiming himself King of León and Galicia 4 Sep 1037. Crowned at Santa María de León 22 Jun 1038[314], after which he used the title "imperatur". Ferdinand I King of Castile confirmed the union of the monastery of San Martín del Río with San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 31 Aug 1050, subscribed by "Sanctius prolis regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filio regis, Urraca filia regis, Tegridia filia regis…"[315]. King Fernando's reign was a period of rapid Castilian expansion. He defeated and killed his brother García Sánchez III King of Navarre at Atapuerca Sep 1054, requiring the cession of the Bureba district on the west bank of the upper Ebro River[316]. The close ties between Burgundy and Spain started during the reign of Fernando I King of Castile, who established an annual rent of 120 ounces of gold in favour of the Abbey of Cluny some time after 1055[317]. He allied himself with Ibn-Hud to attack the Taifa Kingdom of Toledo, from whom he forced the payment of a large tribute or paria, which became the established way of raising revenues for the Christian kingdoms[318]. In 1057, he invaded the territory of the Aftasids of Badajoz, capturing Lamego 29 Nov 1057 and Viseu 25 Jul 1058. He also attacked Santarem, forcing its ruler to pay 5,000 dinars a year to maintain a truce. He exacted annual parias from Zaragoza from 1060. King Fernando donated property "in Compostella…[qui] fuit…de Odrozia comitssa…cum filia sua Gyloira et…nepus suum comitem Monninum Ruderici" to Celanova by charter dated 19 Aug 1061[319]. He conquered Coimbra after a 6 month siege ending 25 Jul 1064. He also reclaimed much of the traditional Castilian territory held by Sancho IV García King of Navarre, but this was apparently a political and diplomatic rather than a military process[320]. A great council meeting in 1064 agreed a division of King Fernando's territories (as well as the rights to annual parias from the Taifa kingdoms) between his sons[321], the agreement being implemented after his death. The precise geographical details of the split are set out by Reilly and in the Chronicon Regum Legionensium[322]. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[323]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium records the death of Fernando I King of Castile "in the era 1103 (1065)" after reigning for 18 years and his burial with his wife Sancha "in the city of León"[324]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the death of “Rex Domnus Fernandus” in 1103 (adjusted to 1065) and his burial “VII Kal Jan…in Legionensi civitate”[325]. The Chronicon Burgense records the death “in die S. Eugeniæ” in 1065 of “Fernandus Rex”[326]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium records the death of Fernando I King of Castile "in the era 1103 (1065)" after reigning for 18 years and his burial with his wife Sancha "in the city of León"[327].

m ([Nov/Dec] 1032) doña SANCHA de León, daughter of don ALFONSO V King of León & his first wife doña Elvira Menéndez (1013-7 Nov 1067, bur León). The Historia Silense records the marriage of "Fernandus" to "Sanciam filiam Adefonsi Galiciensis regis"[328]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Vermudo and Sancha" as the children of King Alfonso and his wife Elvira, specifying that Sancha married "King Fernando, the son of King Sancho the Fat"[329]. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[330]. The Annales Complutense record the death in 1067 of “Regina Sancia”[331].

King Fernando I & his wife had [six] children:

1. doña URRACA de Castilla y León ([1033/34]-early 1101). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names (in order) "Urraca, Sancho, Alfonso, García and Elvira" and the children of King Fernando and Queen Sancha[332]. The Historia Silense names her as oldest child of King Fernando, born before he succeeded as king[333]. Ferdinand I King of Castile confirmed the union of the monastery of San Martín del Río with San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 31 Aug 1050, subscribed by "Sanctius prolis regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filio regis, Urraca filia regis, Tegridia filia regis…"[334]. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[335]. "Urraca Fredenandi principis filia" donated property "in valle de vice territorio Portugale" to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 25 Jun 1066[336]. "Burgensis dominans, tocius Castelle rex…Sancius" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 18 Jan [1070], subscribed by "domna Urraca soror regis, domna Elvira soror regis…"[337]. "Adefonsus rex" donated "hereditates quos ganabit pater meus de comite Flagino Fredenandiz…secus flubio Estola, territorio Aquilare" and "uilla…Cento Fontes qui fuit de abio meo comes Fredenando Ueremudiz…in ripa de Estola…et monasterio de Cisterna" and "alias hereditates que fuerunt de comitisssa domina Geluira filia comes Faffila Fernandiz…in ripa de Estola et in illa terra de Sumontia" to "soror mea domina Urracca prolis Fredenandiz" by charter dated 15 Oct 1071[338]. “Urraca et Elvira Ferdinandi Imperatoris magni filiæ” transferred the church of Auca to “ecclesiam S. Maride Campo de Gamonare” by charter dated 1074[339]. "Urraka [et]…Gelvira sorores mihi" consented to a donation to Cluny by "Adefonsus…princeps" dated 22 May 1077[340]. Under the terms of the agreement of 1064 which divided her father's territories between her brothers, she and her sister were granted "all the monasteries of [the] kingdom in which they might live to their lives' end without the bond of a husband"[341], the resulting lordship being known later as the "Infantado"[342]. Titular Queen of Zamora. She rebelled against her brother Sancho II King of Castile in 1072. "Urraca soror regis, Gelvira soror regis…" subscribed the charter dated 17 Aug 1077 which records an agreement between Bishop Diego Peláez and the abbot of Antealtares, San Fagundo[343]. "…Urraka Fredinandi regis et Santie regine filia…" subscribed the charter dated 14 Mar 1099 under which Alfonso VI King of Castile donated the monastery of Santa María de Algadefe to the monastery of Eslonza[344]. "Urraka Fredenandi regis et Sanciæ regine filia" donated various monasteries to the monastery of Eslonza by charter dated 14 May 1099[345]. "Geloira Fredenandi principis", on her deathbed, confirmed her donation of the monastery of Piloño to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 13 Nov 1100, subscribed by "Urraca soror eius"[346]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in 1101 of “la Reyna Doña Urraca, parienta del Rey Ferrando è de la Reyna Doña Sancha”[347].

2. don SANCHO de Castilla y León ([1036]-murdered Zamora 7 Oct 1072, bur Monastery of Oña[348]). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names (in order) "Urraca, Sancho, Alfonso, García and Elvira" and the children of King Fernando and Queen Sancha[349]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines, in a curious mixture of information about the contemporary kings of Castile and Aragon, names "Sanctium qui aliam matrem habuit, Petrum cognomento Alfunsem sive Hildefonsum et Fernandum" as the three sons of "rex…in Galicia Sanctus sive Fernandus"[350]. Ferdinand I King of Castile confirmed the union of the monastery of San Martín del Río with San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 31 Aug 1050, subscribed by "Sanctius prolis regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filio regis, Urraca filia regis, Tegridia filia regis…"[351]. He took part in the defence of Graus against the Moors 8 May 1063, in the course of which his uncle Ramiro I King of Aragon was killed. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[352]. Under the partition of lands in his father’s will, he received Castile and the parias from the Taifa state of Zaragoza, succeeding in 1065 as SANCHO II King of Castile. He invaded Navarre in 1067 to recover certain frontier areas, triggering the "war of the three Sanchos". Although defeated by Sancho Ramírez King of Aragon, he negotiated an advantageous peace, acquiring Pancorbo and Oña. He also attempted to conquer León, fighting his brother Alfonso VI at Llantada 19 Jul 1068, but then joined forces with him to deprive their brother García of Galicia. The alliance with Alfonso was, however, short-lived: King Sancho defeated his brother at Golpejera in Jan 1072, and was crowned king of León at León 12 Jan 1072[353]. "Burgensis dominans, tocius Castelle rex…Sancius" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 18 Jan [1070], subscribed by "domna Urraca soror regis, domna Elvira soror regis…"[354]. At first imprisoned by King Sancho, their sister Urraca persuaded Sancho to exile Alfonso to Toledo. Urraca then rebelled against Sancho at Zamora, during the siege of which King Sancho was murdered. The Chronicon Burgense records that “Sancius Rex” was killed “in Zamora” in 1072[355]. The Annales Complutense record that “Regem Sancium” was killed “Non Oct…in Zamora” in 1072[356]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium records that Sancho II King of Castile "was killed by treachery by a soldier named Vellito Ariulfo outside the walls of Zamora which he had besieged" and was buried "in Castile in the monastery of San Salvador de Oña"[357]. The "Corónicas" Navarras name "Belid Alfóns" as the murderer of Sancho King of Castile[358]. [Betrothed to CONSTANZA, daughter of --- & his wife [Stephanie de Foix] (-after 29 Nov 1074). Salazar y Acha discusses this possible betrothal and the identity of the betrothed[359]. The Crónica Najerense records that “infans domnus Sancius, quem rex Garsias Pampilonensium ex concubina habuerat” abducted “filiam regine Stephanie”, who was betrothed to “Santius rex”, and took her to the court of the Moorish king of Zaragoza and later to Ramiro I King of Aragon, triggering the war between Castille and Aragon during the course of which the Aragonese king was killed in 1064[360]. Salazar y Acha hypothesises that this alleged daughter of Stephanie de Foix, wife of García V King of Navarre, was Constanza, born from an otherwise unrecorded earlier marriage with a noble at the court of Barcelona[361]. He cites the charter dated 29 Nov 1074 under which Sancho IV King of Navarre granted “unas casas en la ciudad de Calahorra” to “germano meo domno Sancio et uxori vestra vel germana mea domna Constanza”[362], suggesting that it would be unusual for King Sancho to refer to his brother´s wife as “germana” unless there was also a blood relationship between them. However, this hypothesis, although appealing, appears unlikely to be correct because Queen Estefania does not include Constanza in her testament dated to [1066] which names all her other known children[363].] m ([late 1070/before 26 Mar 1071]) ALBERTA, daughter of ---. Florez cites two charters dated 26 Mar 1071 and 10 May 1071 which name "Alberta" as the wife of King Sancho but does not cite the primary sources[364]. "Sancius Rex Castellæ…cum uxore mea Alberta Regina" granted the señorío of the monastery of Rezmondo to "Veremundo Sandinez" by charter dated 26 Mar 1071[365]. Nothing is known about her except her name. Reilly speculates that she was from outside Spain, her name being virtually unknown in the country at the time[366]. The name "Alberta" suggests a connection with "Audebert", used among the family of the Counts of Périgord and La Marche.

3. [doña TEGRIDIA de Castilla y León (-after 31 Aug 1050). Ferdinand I King of Castile confirmed the union of the monastery of San Martín del Río with San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 31 Aug 1050, subscribed by "Sanctius prolis regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filio regis, Urraca filia regis, Tegridia filia regis…"[367]. It is possible that Tegridia in this document represents an error for Elvira, who is not named as a subscriber.]

4. doña ELVIRA de Castilla y León ([1037/39]-15 Nov 1101[368]). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names (in order) "Urraca, Sancho, Alfonso, García and Elvira" and the children of King Fernando and Queen Sancha[369]. She was her parents' third child, according to the Historia Silense[370]. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[371]. Under the terms of the agreement of 1064 which divided her father's territories between her brothers, she and her sister were granted "all the monasteries of [the] kingdom in which they might live to their lives' end without the bond of a husband"341, the resulting lordship being known later as the "Infantado"342. Titular Queen of Toro. The bishops of Pamplona, Calahorra, Burgos and Castilla la Vieja confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 1067, in the presence of "regis Sancii, filii Fredinandi regis, domna Elvira germana regis…"[372]. "Geluira regina" donated property "in Lemabus villam…in Triacastella…et…in Valle Carcere" to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Dec 1068, subscribed by "Veremudus proles Hordonii com…"[373]. "Burgensis dominans, tocius Castelle rex…Sancius" donated property to the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla by charter dated 18 Jan [1070], subscribed by "domna Urraca soror regis, domna Elvira soror regis…"[374]. “Urraca et Elvira Ferdinandi Imperatoris magni filiæ” transferred the church of Auca to “ecclesiam S. Maride Campo de Gamonare” by charter dated 1074[375]. "Urraka [et]…Gelvira sorores mihi" consented to a donation to Cluny by "Adefonsus…princeps" dated 22 May 1077[376]. "Urraca soror regis, Gelvira soror regis…" subscribed the charter dated 17 Aug 1077 which records an agreement between Bishop Diego Peláez and the abbot of Antealtares, San Fagundo[377]. "Geloira Fredinandi principis filia" donated the monastery of Piloño to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 25 Apr 1087[378]. "…Urraka Giluira Ferdinandi regis et Santie regine filia…" subscribed the charter dated 14 Mar 1099 under which Alfonso VI King of Castile donated the monastery of Santa María de Algadefe to the monastery of Eslonza[379]. "Geloira Fredenandi principis", on her deathbed, confirmed her donation of the monastery of Piloño to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 13 Nov 1100, subscribed by "Urraca soror eius"[380]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in 1099 of “la Ifant Geloira”[381].

5. don ALFONSO de Castilla y León (Compostela [1038/40]-Toledo 1 Jul 1109, bur Sahagún, León, San Mancio chapel in the royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names (in order) "Urraca, Sancho, Alfonso, García and Elvira" and the children of King Fernando and Queen Sancha[382]. His parentage is confirmed by "Adefonsus rex Leonum" naming "Fridenandi patris mei Regis [et] Sanctie matris mee regine" in a charter dated 10 Jul 1077[383]. Under the partition of lands in his father’s will, he received León and the parias from the Taifa state of Toledo, succeeding in 1065 as ALFONSO VI King of León. He succeeded after the death of his brother in 1072 as ALFONSO VI King of Castile.

- see below.

6. don GARCÍA de Castilla y León ([1042]-castle of Luna 22 Mar 1090, bur León[384]). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names (in order) "Urraca, Sancho, Alfonso, García and Elvira" and the children of King Fernando and Queen Sancha[385]. Ferdinand I King of Castile confirmed the union of the monastery of San Martín del Río with San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 31 Aug 1050, subscribed by "Sanctius prolis regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filio regis, Urraca filia regis, Tegridia filia regis…"[386]. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[387]. Under the partition of lands in his father’s will, he received Galicia and the parias from the Taifa states of Seville and Badajoz, succeeding 1065 as GARCIA King of Galicia. He consolidated his power in Portugal by forcibly requiring García Múñoz, a powerful Portuguese noble, to donate his territories in 1066[388] but by 1069 King García was having difficulty maintaining his authority in Galicia. He defeated and killed conde Muño Menéndez at Pedrosa Fen in 1071, but by Jun 1071 he had been captured by his brothers who divided his territories between them. He was exiled to the taifa of Seville. He returned after the murder of his brother Sancho. His brother King Alfonso VI invited him to meet 13 Feb 1073, but took him prisoner. He remained in prison for life in the castle of Luna in northern León[389]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium records that King Alfonso captured "his brother García…by a cunning trick" and kept him in chains "twenty years and more", and that García bled himself to death and was buried in León[390]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “XI Kal Apr” in 1090 of “Garsias Rex”[391]. The Chronicon Compostellani records the death “XI Kal Apr” in 1090 of “Garsea” after being held in prison since 1073[392]. The Annales Complutense record the death in 1082 of “Garsia Rex”[393], although many of the dates in this source are inaccurate. [Mistress:---. The name of García's possible mistress is not known. One possible illegitimate child:]

a) [don FERNANDO García. Reilly[394] suggests that don Fernando García [de Castro], Señor de Hita y Uceda may have been the illegitimate son of García King of Galicia, son of Fernando I King of Castile and León, born during his father's period of imprisonment, therefore after 1073. The chronology of this suggestion would be in doubt if don Fernando's son, don Gutierre, was a young adult in 1105 but, as explained in the document ASTURIAS, GALICIA, LEON NOBILITY, this is difficult to sustain. No confirmation has yet been found in contemporary documentation that King García had an illegitimate child, so this theory must remain an interesting speculation.]

ALFONSO VI 1072-1109

Don ALFONSO de Castilla y León, son of don FERNANDO I "el Magno" King of Castile and León & his wife doña Sancha de León (Compostela [1038/40]-Toledo 30 Jun 1109, bur Sahagún, León, San Mancio chapel in the royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names (in order) "Urraca, Sancho, Alfonso, García and Elvira" and the children of King Fernando and Queen Sancha[395]. According to the Chronicle of Sahagún, Alfonso was 72 years old when he died[396], but this must be overstated if he was his parents' fourth child as stated in Historia Silense[397]. It is more likely that he was born in [1038/40]. Ferdinand I King of Castile confirmed the union of the monastery of San Martín del Río with San Pedro de Cardeñas by charter dated 31 Aug 1050, subscribed by "Sanctius prolis regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filio regis, Urraca filia regis, Tegridia filia regis…"[398]. "Fredernandus…Legionensis rex…cum coniuge mea regina dna Sancia et filiis meis" confirmed the privileges of Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 10 Mar 1065, subscribed by "Sancius filius regis, Adefonsus filius regis, Garsea filius regis, Urraca filia regis, Geloira filia regis…"[399]. Under the partition of lands in his father’s will, he received León and the parias from the Taifa state of Toledo, succeeding in 1065 as ALFONSO VI King of León. Relations between Alfonso and his two brothers were tense. Although Alfonso and Sancho cooperated to deprive their brother García of Galicia, Sancho turned against Alfonso soon afterwards and defeated him at Golpejera Jan 1072. He was exiled to Toledo, seeking refuge with the Dhul-Nunid King[400]. He returned to León after the murder of his brother, arriving [10] Nov 1072, and was accepted before 8 Dec 1072 as ALFONSO VI King of Castile. Pursuing his father's close connections with the monastery of Cluny, he granted the order its first monastic house in Castile at San Isidro de Dueñas 29 May 1073, as well as doubling the annual census payment to Cluny in 1077[401]. The Roman liturgy was adopted in Castile and León in 1076. Pope Gregory VII asserted papal suzerainty over Spain 28 Jun 1077, although King Alfonso's response appears to have been to declare himself "imperator totius hispaniae", the first known use of this title being 17 Oct 1077[402]. King Alfonso VI took advantage of the assassination of Sancho IV King of Navarre in 1076 to invade Navarre, annexing La Rioja, Álava, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa to Castile. Turning his attention to the reconquest of Moorish territories, Alfonso recaptured Toledo 25 May 1085, besieged Zaragoza in 1086, and also imposed his Government on the kingdom of Valencia, where he installed as ruler the deposed al-Qadir ex-taifa King of Toledo. His ambitions were, however, thwarted by al-Mu'tamid King of Seville who, with the help of Yusuf bin Tashfin Emir of the Almoravids, defeated King Alfonso at Sagrajas near Badajoz 23 Oct 1086. The Almoravids rapidly consolidated their position, absorbing the taifa kingdoms of Granada and Seville and subduing Jén, Almería, Denia and Murcia. Undeterred, Alfonso recaptured Córdoba in 1091, and persuade Al-Mutawakkil of Badajoz to cede him Lisbon, Santarem and Sintra between 30 Apr and 8 May 1093, although Badajoz itself was captured by the Almoravids in early 1094. Meanwhile Rodrigo Díaz "el Cid" recaptured Valencia, establishing himself there as an autonomous prince. Previously his bitter enemy, Alfonso eventually united with him to fight the Moors. He also spread the call overseas, especially in France, for a general crusade to fight 'the infidel'. "Adefonsus rex Legionis et totius Hispanie imperator atque Fredenandi filius regis" granted privileges to Santiago de Compostela, with the advice of "generis mei comitis domini Raimundi", by charter dated 28 Jan 1090[403]. The end of his reign was marred by a crushing defeat at Uclés 29 May 1108, where his son was killed. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium records that King Alfonso lived for 79 years and reigned for 43 years and six months, died in Toledo 1 Jul "in the era 1147 (1109)" and was buried "in the church of saints Facundus and Primitivus"[404]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the death “III Kal Jul” in 1147 (1109) of “Rex D. Alfonsus Regis D. Fernandi filius”[405].

Betrothed (by proxy Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity before [1069]) to AGATHE de Normandie, daughter of WILLIAM I King of England Duc de Normandie & his wife Mathilde de Flandres ([1064]-before 1074, bur Bayeux Cathedral). According to William of Malmesbury, an unnamed daughter of King William was "affianced by messengers" to King Alfonso[406]. Orderic Vitalis names her Agatha, identifying her as the daughter who had been betrothed to Harold Godwinson (see above), and says that she was betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ"[407]. Matthew of Paris places her as the fifth daughter (unnamed) betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi" but different from the daughter betrothed to Harold[408]. Orderic says that she died en route to Spain, her body being brought back to Bayeux for burial[409]. The betrothal to Alfonso must have been a short-lived arrangement as he married his first wife in 1069[410].

m firstly (betrothed 1069, [late 1073/early 1074], repudiated after 22 May 1077) as her first husband, AGNES d’Aquitaine, daughter of GUILLAUME VIII Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VI Comte de Poitou] & his second wife Mathilde --- ([1059]-[1077/93] or after 1099, bur Sahagún, León, royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo [411]). The Chronicle of Saint-Maxence records that the only daughter of "Goffredus" & his second wife was the wife of "Hildefonsi regis, filii Freelandi et nepotis Garsii", in a later passage recording their marriage in 1069[412]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Ines" ("Agnetam") as the first of the "five legitimate wives" of King Alfonso[413]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Agnes" as first wife of "rex Aldefonsus"[414]. "Agnes regina" confirmed the donation to Cluny by "Adefonsus…princeps" dated 22 May 1077[415]. Reilly[416] quotes no other Spanish source which gives any indication of her origin. Orderic Vitalis refers to the second marriage of "Agnetem filiam Guillelmi Pictavorum ducis relictam Hildefonsi senioris Galiciae regis"[417]. According to Kerrebrouck[418], Agnès d'Aquitaine never existed. He says that the first wife of King Alfonso VI was Inés de Guzmán, although he does not name her parents or precise origin. She was known as INÉS in Castile. Reilly[419] says that Queen Constanza was buried next to Queen Inés, implying that the latter had predeceased her successor. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified, although if it is correct it does seem surprising that the repudiated queen should have remained in Castile until she died and that she was buried in the royal monastery. She married secondly (after 1099) as his second wife, Hélie Comte du Maine.

m secondly (Dec 1079) as her second husband, CONSTANCE de Bourgogne, widow of HUGUES [II] Comte de Chalon-sur-Saône, daughter of ROBERT I Duke of Burgundy [Capet] & his first wife Hélie de Semur ([1045]-[25 Jul/25 Oct] 1093, bur Sahagún, León, royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). The Chronicon Trenorciensi records that "Constantiæ…filia Roberti Ducis" married firstly "Hugonis Cabilonensis Comitis" and secondly "Hispaniæ Rex Adefonsus "[420]. A charter dated 1087 of "Ducem Burgundiæ Oddonem" recalls a donation to Tournus abbey by "comitissa Cabillonensis filia Rotberti ducis", after the death of "mariti sui Hugonis comitis", adding that she subsequently became "Regina Galliciæ et Hispaniarum"[421]. "Infanta donna Urraka Regis domni Adefonsi filia" names her mother "Constantie regina" in her donation to Cluny dated 22 Feb 1117 "Spanish Era"[422], although the date was presumably AD as 1117 Spanish Era was equivalent to 1079 AD. An early 12th century document at Fleury records that "filiam Roberti ducis Bugundionem…Constantiam" married Alfonso VI King of Castile and was mother of a daughter who married "Raymundo comiti"[423]. The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Queen Constance" as the second of the "five legitimate wives" of King Alfonso[424]. Her second marriage date is estimated based on the likely estimated death date of her first husband in [Nov/early Dec] 1079 and her subscribing a document dated 25 Dec 1079 at Dueñas with her second husband[425]. Queen Constance was instrumental in having the Roman rite replace the Visigothic rite in the churches of Castile. "Adefonsus…Hispaniarum rex…cum coniuge mea Constantia regina" donated property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña by charter dated 1 May 1092[426]. The date of her death is fixed by her last known mention in a charter dated 25 Jul 1093 and a donation by King Alfonso to the monastery of Sahagún dated 25 Oct 1093, which does not include Queen Constanza's name in the subscription list[427]. The 13th century history of Sahagún monastery records that "la Reyna Doña Constanza" was buried in the monastery[428]. Pérez´s history of Sahagún monastery, published in 1782, states that "Doña Berta…Reyna…está enterrada no lejos de Doña Constanza en la Capilla" of the monastery, but does not quote the inscription which confirms this statement[429].

m thirdly ([Dec] 1094) BERTA, daughter of --- (-early Jan 1100, bur Sahagún, León, royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Berta, who was of Tuscan descent" as the third of the "five legitimate wives" of King Alfonso[430]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Berta ex Tusca oriunda" as third wife of "rex Aldefonsus"[431]. Las crónicas anónimas de Sahagún refer to her as "otra mugger de la nacion de Lombardia llamada Berta". The precise origin of Berta is not known. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[432], she was Berta de Bourgogne [Comté], daughter of Guillaume I Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Comte de Vienne et de Macon, which is inconsistent with the "Tuscan descent" reported in the Chronicon Regum Legionensium. Szabolcs de Vajay suggests that she was the daughter of Guillaume Comte de Bourgogne[433]. Reilly does not mention this possible Burgundian origin of Berthe, implying that the Castilian king chose his third wife from outside the Burgundian circle in order to diminish the influence of the Burgundians at court. As Berthe de Bourgogne would have been the sister of Raymond de Bourgogne who married Infanta doña Urraca, oldest legitimate daughter of King Alfonso, around the same time that King Alfonso married Queen Berta, it is surprising that the chronicles do not refer to this relationship if it is correct. The references to "Tuscia" and "Lombardia" in the chronicles could be consistent with the family of Bourgogne [Comté] having originated in northern Italy, their ancestors being Marchesi of Ivrea until 968, although this was nearly 130 years before the date of Queen Berta's marriage. Reilly dates this marriage to "during the Christmas season of 1094", but does not state his source[434]. In a later passage, Reilly states that the first reference to Berta as queen is dated 28 Apr 1095[435]. "Adefonsus…Ispanie imperator" permitted the abbey of Silos to establish outposts near the abbey, with the consent of "uxoris mee Berte regine", by charter dated 20 Jan [1096/98], confirmed by "Garcia Ordoniz et comes…Gomiz Gonçalviz armiger regis, Fernando Munoz maiordomus regis, Didago Albariz, Fernando Ansuriz, Gutier Munoz, Ruderico Gonçalviz, Monio Roderiquiz, Didago Bermudez, Petro Gonçalviz…"[436]. "Adefonsus…totius Hispanie imperator" granted rights to the abbey of Silos, with the consent of "uxoris mee Berte regine", by charter dated 19 May 1097[437]. "Adefonsus…tocius Ispanie imperator" donated property to the abbey of Silos, with the consent of "uxoris mee Berte regine", by charter dated 30 Sep 1098, confirmed by the same persons as in the earlier charter dated 20 Jan [1096/98][438]. "…Berta…regina…" subscribed the charter dated 14 Mar 1099 under which Alfonso VI King of Castile donated the monastery of Santa María de Algadefe to the monastery of Eslonza[439]. According to Reilly, Queen Berta died shortly after the new year 1100, probably before 16 Jan[440]. In another passage, he notes that the last notice of her is dated 17 Nov 1099[441]. She was dead in 25 Jan 1100, the date of the charter under which "Adefonsus…Toletani imperii rex" donated the churches of "Sancti Facundi et Sancti Primitivi…cum sua villa…Villaverde", ceded by "comitis Monini Fernandis…in vita sua dederam uxori mee Berte regine", to Cluny, confirmed by "Raimundus totius Gallecie comes et gener regis, Urraca soror regis, Urraca regis filia et Raimundi comitis uxor, Enricus Portugalensis comes, uxor ipsius Tarasia filia regis…"[442]. The 13th century history of Sahagún monastery records that "la Reyna Doña Berta" died "apenas cumplidos seis años en el matrimonio" and was buried in the monastery[443]. Pérez´s history of Sahagún monastery, published in 1782, states that "Doña Berta…Reyna…está enterrada no lejos de Doña Constanza en la Capilla" of the monastery, but does not quote the inscription which confirms this statement[444].

[m fourthly ([Burgos] 1100 before 14 May) ISABEL [Elisabeth], daughter of --- (-[1107 after 14 May], bur Royal Pantheon of San Isidor de León). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Elizabeth" as the fourth of the "five legitimate wives" of King Alfonso, stating that she was the mother of "Sancha the wife of count Rodrigo and Elvira who married Duke Roger of Sicily"[445]. According to Reilly, her first documentary mention is dated 14 May 1100, but he does not cite the reference[446]. "Adefonsus…totius Hispanie imperator" donated property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña with the consent of "uxoris mee Helisabeth regine" by charter dated 12 Dec 1075[447], although this date is clearly incorrect. "Aldefonsus rex Yspaniarum…cum…coniuge mee Helisabeth regine" donated property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña by charter dated 1086[448], also clearly misdated. "Adefonsus Rex Imperator Ispanie et Regina Elisabeth" protected the grazing rights of Valladolid Santa María by charter dated 1100[449]. "Adefonsus totius Ispanie imperator" donated property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña with the consent of "uxoris mee Helisabet regine" by charter dated 23 Mar 1103[450]. Her origin is not known. Reilly assumes a French origin, speculating that she belonged to a younger branch of the house of Burgundy, but quotes no documentary evidence for this or any other French origin[451]. It used to be widely accepted that she was the daughter of Louis VI King of France, based on a funerary inscription, but this is chronologically impossible. Her existence is questionable and it is possible that she was in fact the same person as Isabel née Zaïda, shown below as King Alfonso's fifth wife. The question of the separate existence of King Alfonso VI's fourth wife would be resolved if we knew there had been two different memorials to "Queen Elisabeth" in the Royal Pantheon, but it appears that a record of these memorials no longer exists. According to Reilly, she is last named in a charter dated 14 May 1107[452], but it is more likely that this document refers to Queen Isabel/Elisabeth née Zaïda (see below).]

m fifthly (Mar 1106) as her second husband, ZAÏDA, widow of ABU NASIR al Fatah al Ma'Mun Emir of Córdoba, daughter of --- (-13 Sep 1107, bur Royal Pantheon of San Isidor at León). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Zaida, the daughter of King Abenabeth of Seville, who was baptised…Elisabeth" as the second of two concubines of King Alfonso, and their son "Sancho who died at the battle of Ucles"[453]. The Chronicon de Cardeña records that King Alfonso married “Mora, que decien la Cayda, sobrina de Abenafanle” who was mother of his son Sancho[454]. The primary source which confirms that she was the widow of Abus Nasir has not yet been identified. She was King Alfonso's mistress for some time before they married. Reilly[455] dates the start of her relationship with King Alfonso to late 1091 or 1092, suggesting its diplomatic importance would have been greatest after the fall of Córdoba in Mar 1091 but before the fall of Badajoz in early 1094. This seems supported by the likelihood that their son Sancho was at least 15 years old when he was killed at the battle of Uclés in May 1108. Zaïda was christened ISABEL[456], date not known. Reilly cites a document of Galician origin dated 27 Mar 1106 which indicates that King Alfonso had married "Helisabet" shortly before[457]. Reilly[458] quotes a charter granted at Oviedo 19 Mar 1106 which lists members of the royal family, naming "Elisabeth" directly before "Sancho", which presumably refer to Zaïda and her son. "…Helisabet Regina, Reimundus comes, Urraca regis filia, Sancius filius regis…" subscribed the charter dated 14 May 1107 under which "Adefonsus…Toletani imperii rex…cum…uxore mea Helisabet regina" approved the mint of Santiago de Compostela[459]. Reilly assumes that the reference is to King Alfonso´s presumed fourth wife Isabel (Elizabeth)[460], but it appears more likely that the document refers to Zaïda. Reilly says that her sepulchral inscription (presumably now lost) reportedly stated that she had died in childbirth on 13 Sep, without giving the year, and in a later passage that the inscription stated that this was the "second ferial day", which he interprets as meaning a Monday or Thursday[461]. If the charters dated 1106 and 1107 correctly refer to Zaida, the year must have been 1107 assuming that King Alfonso married his sixth wife in 1108. Pérez´s history of Sahagún monastery, published in 1782, states that Queen Isabel was buried "en la Capilla mayor" of the monastery, but does not quote the inscription which confirms this statement[462].

m sixthly ([Apr] 1108) BEATRIX, daughter of [GUILLAUME VIII Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VI Comte de Poitou] & his third wife Hildegarde de Bourgogne [Capet] (-1110). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Beatrice" as the fifth of the "five legitimate wives" of King Alfonso[463]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Beatrix ex partibus Gallicanis" as fifth wife of "rex Aldefonsus"[464]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. According to the Chronicon Regum Legionensium, she "returned to her own country" after the king died[465].

[466]Mistress (1): ([1081/82]) doña JIMENA Muñoz, daughter of [don MUNIO Muñoz & his wife Velasquita ---] (-Espinareda del Bierzo 1128, bur San Andres de Espinareda). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Jimena Muñoz" as the first of two concubines of King Alfonso, and their daughters "Elvira the wife of count Raymond of Toulouse…and Teresa the wife of Count Henry"[467]. The Chronicon de Cardeña names “Ximena Nuñez” as mother of the king´s daughters “la Infant Doña Elvira è la Infant Doña Teresa”[468]. The precise parentage of Jimena Muñoz has been the subject of considerable debate over recent years. The common connection with Ulver, where she was recorded, appears conclusive in determining that she was closely related to Munio Muñoz who was also recorded in the same castle (see the document ASTURIAS, GALICIA, LEON NOBILITY). Her birth date, estimated from her having given birth to two children in the early 1080s, suggests that she was his daughter rather than his sister (assuming that Munio´s parents are correctly identified as Munio Rodríguez and Jimena Ordóñez). Kerrebrouck states that Jimena Múñoz was King Alfonso VI's second wife, married before the end of 1078 (marriage annulled), but this is chronologically difficult to maintain. King Alfonso's relationship with doña Jimena lasted long enough to produce two children. As noted above, the last documentary reference to Queen Inés was dated 22 May 1077 while King Alfonso's marriage to Queen Constance took place in late 1079. This leaves insufficient time for the king to have married and had two legitimate children by Jimena. The reference in Kerrebrouck to the annulment of King Alfonso's alleged marriage to doña Jimena is presumably based on Pope Gregory VII's letter of 27 Jun 1080 which, among other things, objected to King Alfonso's "marriage" on the grounds of consanguinity. The letter does not name the wife whose marriage was objected to, but Reilly appears correct in concluding that "it can be no other than Queen Constance herself", given the likely date of her marriage and the likely date of birth of her daughter doña Urraca[469]. Reilly suggests that King Alfonso VI's relationship with doña Jimena started in [1081/82][470]. "Monnio Moniz, uxor sua Velasquita, Xemena Moniz, Petro Velaz, Sol Sancxiz…" subscribed the charter dated 1 Oct 1085 under which "Gelvira Petriz…cum viro meo…Godino Citiz" donated property in Priaranza to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes[471]. The dating clause of a charter dated 7 Feb 1093, under which "Petro Quizaz" sold property in Salas de los Barrios to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, names "Scemena Monniz in Ulver"[472]. ["Garcia Monnuiz…cum uxor mea Fronille Annalaz cognomento Sol et Pelayo Monniuz et Auro Villito et Monniuz" donated property in Jagoaza to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, and "Xemeno Monniuz" sold "mea porcione quam habui inter fratres meos" of the same property, by charter dated 26 Sep [1095][473]. It is possible that "Xemeno Monniuz" in this document is an error for "Xemena Monniuz". However, the dating clause which names "Comes Froyla Didaz imperante in ipsa terra de Iorres" suggests that the property was in a different area from "Ulver" and therefore that the two families were unrelated.] The dating clause of a charter dated 17 Dec 1096, under which "Vellite Ferrudiz et uxor mea Falella" sold property in Salas de los Barrios to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, names "…Xemena Munniz in Ulver"[474]. The dating clause of a charter dated 21 Mar 1097, under which "Maria" donated property in Rimor to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, names "Donna Xemena Monniz imperante ipsa terra de Ulver"[475]. "Xemena Munniz" donated property in Salas de los Barrios to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes by charter dated 26 Apr 1101[476]. "Potestas in illa terra donna Xemena" and "Xemena Monnuz imperante terra de Ulver" is named in dating clauses of other charters which record donations to San Pedro de Montes, dated 1099, 29 Jun 1100, 26 Aug [1103], 19 Apr [1104], 19 Jan [1107][477]. The dating clause of charters dated between [1115] and 15 May 1118 name "Johanne Petriz potestate in Ulver", and from 6 Mar 1126 "Ramiro Froilaz"[478], suggesting that the Muñoz family moved from the castle in [1107/15]. "Ximena Munniz" donated property in "Trebalio et Turres" to "nepotis mei…Garcie Fernandiz" by charter dated 18 Apr 1127[479]. Jimena Muñoz donated property in "la villa de Torres, discurrente rivulo Orbico, territorio Astoricensis" to the Order of St John by charter dated 18 Sep 1127[480]. Doña Jimena retired to the Benedictine convent of Esinareda del Bierzo, where she died. Sandoval records that "Ximena Nuñez" was buried in "San Andres de Espinareda"[481]. An inscription in the monastery of Espinareda records the death in 1128 of "Semena Alphonsi vidui regis amica", although Rodríguez González highlights the opinion that the monument is a later forgery[482].

King Alfonso VI & his second wife had one child:

1. Infanta[483] doña URRACA de Castilla y León (late 1080[484]-Saldaña 8 Mar 1126, bur León, Monastery of San Isidoro). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Waracta filia imperatoris Fernandi"[485]. She succeeded her father in 1109 as URRACA I Queen of Castile and León.

- see below.

King Alfonso VI & his fifth wife had three children:

2. Infante don SANCHO de Castilla y León (Sep 1093[486]-killed in battle Uclés 29 May 1108). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Zaida, the daughter of King Abenabeth of Seville, who was baptised…Elisabeth" as the second of two concubines of King Alfonso, and their son "Sancho who died at the battle of Ucles"[487]. Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents. Ruling in Medinaceli 1107[488]. "…Sancius infans Toletani imperatoris filius" subscribed the charter dated 23 Mar 1103 under which "Adefonsus totius Ispanie imperator" donated property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña with the consent of "uxoris mee Helisabet regine"[489]. "…Helisabet Regina, Reimundus comes, Urraca regis filia, Sancius filius regis…" subscribed the charter dated 14 May 1107 under which "Adefonsus…Toletani imperii rex…cum…uxore mea Helisabet regina" approved the mint of Santiago de Compostela[490]. He was formally recognised as heir to the throne at the council of León [May] 1107[491]. The Anales Toledanos record that “Infant D. Sancho è al Conde D. Garcia” were killed “cerca de Uclés III Kal Jun” in 1108[492].

3. Infanta doña SANCHA de Castilla y León ([1100/16 Mar 1104]-after 10 May 1125). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Sancha the wife of count Rodrigo and Elvira who married Duke Roger of Sicily" as the daughters of King Alfonso and his fourth "legitimate wife…Elisabeth"[493]. Both daughters are named in a charter dated 16 Mar 1104[494]. In view of the dates of their marriages, it is unlikely that they were born much before this date. This suggests that their mother may have been King Alfonso's fifth wife, formerly known by her Muslim name Zaïda, although if their estimated birth dates are correct there would have been an interval of several years between their births and the birth of their older brother Sancho, which seems surprising. m (1120 or 1122) as his first wife, don RODRIGO González de Lara Señor de Lara y Liébana, son of don GONZALO Núñez & his wife doña Goto --- (-after 1143).

4. Infanta doña ELVIRA de Castilla y León ([1100/16 Mar 1104]-8 Feb 1135). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Sancha the wife of count Rodrigo and Elvira who married Duke Roger of Sicily" as the daughters of King Alfonso and his fourth "legitimate wife…Elisabeth"[495]. Both daughters are named in a charter dated 16 Mar 1104[496]. In view of the dates of their marriages, it is unlikely that they were born much before this date. This suggests that their mother may have been King Alfonso's fifth wife, formerly known by her Muslim name Zaïda, although if their estimated birth dates are correct there would have been an interval of several years between their births and the birth of their older brother Sancho, which seems surprising. In the case of Elvira, there is another factor which suggests that Zaïda may have been her mother, which is discussed below. The Annals of Romoald name "Albiriam filiam regis Yspanie" as wife of "rex Rogerius…cum esset comes et iuvenis"[497]. According to Reilly, Elvira daughter of King Alfonso by "Elisabeth" married Fernando Fernández[498]. If this was correct, it would mean that King Roger's wife was King Alfonso's daughter by Jimena Muñoz (see below), which seems unlikely given the estimated birth date of the older Elvira. It would also mean that King Roger's wife was the widow of Raymond de Saint-Gilles Comte de Toulouse. However, if that was the case, it would be surprising that the fact was not mentioned in contemporary chronicles, considering how widely Raymond's crusading exploits were recorded. Assuming that Zaïda was the mother of King Roger's wife, her half-Muslim extraction may have been a factor which favoured the marriage, as King Roger's good relations with the largely Muslim population of Sicily was fundamental to the success of his dynasty in the island. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records the death of "Alberia regina", dated to [1134/35] from the context[499]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the deaths of "Albyria…regina…et filia eius…Tarentinus princeps et Anfusus Capuanorum princeps et Henricus", recorded in a section dealing with 1145 although the text appears to be recapitalitive of earlier events[500]. m ([1117]) as his first wife, ROGER II Count of Sicily, son of ROGER I Count of Sicily & his third wife Adelaida di Savona [Monferrato] (22 Dec 1095-Palermo 26 Feb 1154, bur Palermo Cathedral). He was crowned in 1130 as ROGER II King of Sicily.

King Alfonso VI had two illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

5. doña ELVIRA Alfonso ([1081/82]-after 19 Jun [1156]). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Jimena Muñoz" as the first of two concubines of King Alfonso, and their daughters "Elvira the wife of count Raymond of Toulouse…and Teresa the wife of Count Henry"[501]. Her birth date is estimated from the birth of her first child "before 1097". "Raimundus…comes et Provincie marchio" donated property to Saint-Victor, Marseille by charter dated 28 Jul 1094, also confirming donations by "Dulcis comitissa", signed by "Alvira comitissa"[502]. The bull of Pope Urban II dated 18 Feb 1095 announces that "Raimundus Tolosanus comes…cum uxore sua Hervira et filio Bertranno" abandoned his rights to altar offerings at the monastery of Saint-Gilles[503]. According to Guibert, Comte Raymond left on the First Crusade with his wife and son (both unnamed) "Qui quidem, naturali cuidam filio suo comitatu quem regebat relicto, propriam conjugem cum filio, quem ab ea exegerat, unico secum duxit"[504]. She left Palestine after her husband's death, arriving back in Toulouse with her infant son in 1108[505]. Her second marriage is deduced from the charter dated 8 Jul 1117 under which "Fernanz Fernanniz…et uxor mea infanta donna Gelvira filia regis Alfonsi" donated "quartem partem de monasterio de Ferreries…in Gallicia in terra de Lemes juxta Pantonem" to Cluny[506]. It is also indicated by the charter dated 18 Apr 1127 under which her mother "Ximena Munniz" donated property in "Trebalio et Turres" to "nepotis mei…Garcie Fernandiz"[507], and also by the charter dated 1201 under which her great grand-daughter "Domna Xemena Osoriz" donated her property in Valdejunco, Valdunquillo, Villa Velasco, Fontamian, Villa Sanz, Carvajal, Villela, Otero, Mozos, Valdescapa, Barriales, Valle Vaniego, Ranero and in tierra de Cea to Sahagún monastery, naming "aviam tuam Infantem Gelviram"[508], although the document does not clarify which of the two "Infantas Elvira" is referred to. On the other hand, Reilly[509] says that doña Elvira, wife of Raymond IV Comte de Toulouse, did not return to Castile until after the death of Queen Urraca. As mentioned above, he maintains that the wife of don Fernando Fernández was Elvira who was the daughter of King Alfonso VI by "Elisabeth". As discussed above, it is more likely that the younger Elvira was the wife of Roger King of Sicily. Canal Sánchez-Pangín[510] concludes that the wife of don Fernando Fernández was indeed the widow of Raymond IV Comte de Toulouse. One difficulty is that Alphonse I Comte de Toulouse, son of Comte Raymond IV and doña Elvira, was declared of age only in 1121, although it is not known whether his mother acted as regent in Toulouse throughout his minority. The dating clauses of charters dated 24 Oct 1137, 1 Nov 1137, 20 Nov 1137, 6 Nov 1139, 1 Oct 1143, 1 Nov 1149, 6 Jun [1153], and 19 Jun [1156], which record donations to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, name "…Imperante Ribera donna Gelvira Infante"[511]. "Infante dompna Gelvira…domini Adefonsi regis filia" donated "in territorio de Ripeira…villa de Nozeta" to the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, confirmed by "Didacus Fernandiz…quod…mater mea prefata infante domina Gelvira facit" and by "Adefonsus…Yspanie imperator…mater tere mee et filiorum eius…infans domina Sancia soror ipsius imperatoris", by charter dated 29 Apr 1150, subscribed by "Poncius comes…Osorius Martiniz comes…Nunno Petriz armiger regis…Vela Guterriz dominante Capreyra, Petro Roderiquiz, Roderico Roderiquiz, Petro Didaz…"[512]. m firstly (1094) as his third wife, RAYMOND IV Comte de Toulouse, son of PONS Comte de Toulouse & his second wife Almodis de la Marche (-Mount Pèlerin near Tripoli, Palestine 28 Feb 1105). m secondly (before 8 Jul 1117, separated before 1121) as his first wife, don FERNANDO Fernández, son of don FERNANDO --- & his wife --- (-after 1124).

6. doña TERESA Alfonso ([1083/85]-1 Nov 1130). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Jimena Muñoz" as the first of two concubines of King Alfonso, and their daughters "Elvira the wife of count Raymond of Toulouse…and Teresa the wife of Count Henry"[513]. Her birth date is estimated based on her having given birth to a child by her relationship with don Fernando Pérez de Traba which started in 1124. Her parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 23 Mar 1143 under which her daughter Sancha Enríquez property in Trobajo del Cerecedo, which she inherited from "avia mea dompna Hensemena Muñiz…et de mater mea eius filia regina dompna Teresa", to the parents of Juan Albertino Bishop of León[514]. The 13th century history of Sahagún monastery records that "el Rey D. Alonso…una hija…Teresa" married "un Conde…Enrique que venia de sangre Real de Francia"[515]. An early 12th century document at Fleury records that "Ainrico uni filiorum, filio…ducis Roberti" married "alteram filiam…non ex coniugali" of Alfonso VI King of Castile[516]. "…Taraxia Adefonsi regis filia…Henrik comes…" subscribed the charter dated 14 Mar 1099 under which Alfonso VI King of Castile donated the monastery of Santa María de Algadefe to the monastery of Eslonza[517]. Regent of Portugal 1112-1123. Queen of Portugal 1113. The Historia Compostelana records that “Fernando Perride, Petris Comitis filio” left his lawful wife and lived in adultery with “Regina Tarasia”[518]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records that Alfonso VII King of Castile met "Teresa queen of the Portuguese and with Count Fernando" at Ricobayo and made peace with them after his accession in 1126[519]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the death “Kal Nov” in 1168 (1130) of “Regina Donna Tarasia mater Donni Alfonsi…anno secundo regni”[520]. m (before 24 Aug 1092[521]) HENRI de Bourgogne, son of HENRI “le damoiseau” de Bourgogne [Capet] & his wife [Sibylla] [de Barcelona] ([1069/72]-killed in battle Astorga, León 22 May 1112, bur Braga Cathedral). He may have arrived in Spain with the expedition of the Eudes I Duke of Burgundy in 1086/87, following a call from the abbey of Cluny to fight "the infidel"[522]. Señor de Braga [1093], count in Tordesillas 1096/97. He made a mutual pact in [Dec 1094/Jul 1095] with Raymond de Bourgogne, husband of Infanta doña Urraca de Castilla, under which he promised support in securing Castile and León for Raymond in return for a pledge to grant him Toledo (or in default, Galicia)[523]. Alfonso VI King of Castile made him a large grant of land, from the Río Miño in the north to Santarem in the south, before 9 Apr 1097[524], which in effect resulted in his installation as HENRIQUE Conde de Portugal. This grant may have been motivated as much by a desire to offset the growing power of his son-in-law, Raymond de Bourgogne, as to increase the power base of Henri de Bourgogne. Mistress: (1124) of don FERNANDO Pérez de Traba Conde de Trastámara, son of don PEDRO Froilaz de Traba & his first wife doña Urraca Froilaz.

URRACA 1109-1126

Infanta doña URRACA de Castilla y León, daughter of don ALFONSO VI King of Castile and León & his second wife Constance de Bourgogne [Capet] (late 1080[525]-Saldaña 8 Mar 1126, bur León, Monastery of San Isidoro). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Waracta filia imperatoris Fernandi"[526]. "…Urraca regis filia et Reimundi comiti uxor…" subscribed the charter dated 23 Mar 1103 under which "Adefonsus totius Ispanie imperator" donated property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña with the consent of "uxoris mee Helisabet regine"[527]. "Infanta dna Urraca Adefonsi imperatoris filia et totius Gallecie domina" the monastery of San Andrés de Trobo to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 18 Dec 1107[528]. Her father declared her heiress to Castile in 1108 after the death of her half-brother Infante don Sancho. She succeeded her father in 1109 as URRACA I Queen of Castile and León. The Almoravides captured Toledo Aug 1109. The country experienced a period of anarchy during her reign due to her constant disputes with her second husband. She was also faced with the attacks by her half-sister Teresa of Portugal, ambitious to replace her as Queen of Castile. "Urraca totius Yspanie regina" confirmed the donation of the monastery of San Andrés de Trobo to Santiago de Compostela by charter dated 14 May 1112[529]. By 1116, Queen Urraca had succeeded in re-establishing control over most of Castile. "Urracha…Ispanie regina, regis Aldefonsi regineque Constantie filia" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 26 Mar 1119, confirmed by "Adefonsus rex, filius…regine, Infantissa domna Sancia, regine germana, Infantissa domna Sancia regine filia, Xemeno Lopez dapifer regine, Garsia Inniguez, Xemeno Inniguez, Petrus Gonsalvi comes, Rodericus Gonsalvi, Fernandus Garsie maior, Fernandus Garsie minor…"[530]. "Urraka…Ispanie regina, regis Adefonis regineque Constancie filia" donated "ecclesiam Sancti Nicholai…in Villa Franca" to Cluny by charter dated 21 Aug 1120[531]. "Urraca totius Ispanie regina et Aldefonsi imperatoris filia" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 13 Apr 1121, confirmed by "Gomez Castelanus comes, Rodericus Asturianus comes, Fernandus Garcies, Petrus Alvares…"[532]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records the death of Queen Urraca in 1126 after reigning for sixteen years, eight months and seven days, and her burial in León in the royal pantheon[533]. The Chronicon Burgense records the death in 1126 of “Urraca Regina”[534]. The Chronicon Compostellani records the death “apud Saldaña VI Id Mar” in 1126 of “Urraca…in partu adulterini filii”[535]. Orderic Vitalis also reports that Urraca died "in a difficult childbirth"[536], although this seems unlikely considering her age.

m firstly (betrothed [Summer 1087], Toledo [1 May 1092/Jan 1093]) RAIMOND de Bourgogne Comte d’Amous, son of GUILLAUME I Comte de Bourgogne & his wife Etiennette --- ([1070]-Grajal [13/20] Sep 1107, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Raymundem in Hispania comitem" as brother of "Hugo…Bisuntinensis archiepiscopus", when recording the latter's appointment as archbishop[537], although in a later passage the same source records "comitis Raymundi" as "fratris comitis Pontii de Tolosa"[538] which is inconsistent with other sources. "Wilelmus comes Burgundie" names "Rainaldi et Raimundi filiorum meorum" in his donation to Cluny dated [1086][539]. "Raymundus…Burgundie comes filius Willermi…comitis" donated property to Saint-Bénigne de Dijon by charter dated to [1087/92] subscribed by "Hugonis archiepiscopi Bisuntini fratris mei, Stephani comitis fratris mei"[540]. Comte d'Amous. He joined the expedition of the Eudes I Duke of Burgundy to Spain in 1086/87, following a call from the abbey of Cluny to fight "the infidel"[541]. Reilly suggests that he was betrothed after the failure to capture Tudela in Summer 1087, when he speculates that the Burgundians would have visited the court of Castile[542]. Raymond remained in Castile following his betrothal to Infanta Urraca. "Adefonsus rex Legionis et totius Hispanie imperator atque Fredenandi filius regis" granted privileges to Santiago de Compostela, with the advice of "generis mei comitis domini Raimundi", by charter dated 28 Jan 1090[543]. "Raymondus gener regis" confirmed the donation by "Adefonsus…Hispaniarum rex…cum coniuge mea Constantia regina" of property to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña by charter dated 1 May 1092[544]. Conde de Galicia y Coimbra [before 1093], his father-in-law transferred the newly acquired cities of Lisbon, Santarém and Cintra to him in May 1093. Governor of the city of Toledo. He made a mutual pact [Dec 1094/Jul 1095] with Henri de Bourgogne, Conde de Portugal, pledging to grant him Toledo (or in default, Galicia) in return for his support in securing Castile and León for Raimond[545]. Conde de Grajal Jan 1098[546]. "Raimundus comes frater comitis Stephani" donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1100][547]. He established his principal stronghold in the castle of Grajal in 1102[548]. By this time, Raymond had acquired a commanding position in Castile as husband of the heir presumptive to the throne. A funeral elegy of "domnus Raymundus comes Hispanie qui de stirpe comitum Burgundie ortus" is recorded in the cartulary of Saint-Bénigne-de-Dijon in a charter dated 20 Sep 1107 which names "Hugo frater suus Bisuntinus archiepiscopus"[549].

Mistress of (1): conde don GÓMEZ González, son of GONZALO Salvadórez & his wife condesa doña Sancha Gómez (-killed in battle Candespina, near Sepúlveda 26 Oct 1110 or 1111). The Crónica Latina records that “el conde Gómez, llamado de Candespina” was “excesivamente y más de lo que convenía familiar a la reina” and was killed in battle against Alfonso I King of Aragon at Sepúlveda[550].

m secondly (Monzón Castle early Oct 1109, separated 1114, annulled for consanguinity 1115) don ALFONSO I King of Aragon and Navarre, “el Batallador” son of SANCHO I Ramírez King of Aragon & his second wife Félicie de Roucy (Jaca 1083-Almuniente 7 Sep 1134, bur Montearagón, Monastery of Jesus de Nazareth, transferred 1845 to San Pedro el Viejo, Huesca). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the marriage of "Ildefonsum" and "filiam Alfonsi Regis Castellæ…Urracam"[551]. Their marriage was annulled on grounds of consanguinity.

Mistress of (2): conde don PEDRO González de Lara, son of don GONZALO Núñez de Lara & his wife doña Goto --- ([1085]-Bayonne 16 Oct 1130). Alférez of Alfonso VI King of Castile 30 Sep 1107 to 10 Sep 1109. The Crónica Latina records that the queen accepted “la excesiva familiaridad del conde Pedro de Lara, padre del conde Malrico, del conde Nuño y del conde Álvaro” and that it was said that they had “un hijo llamado Fernando Hurtado”[552]. His relationship with Queen Urraca probably started in [1112/14]. Szabolcs de Vajay states that there is no evidence for a secret marriage between Queen Urraca and don Pedro González de Lara[553].

Queen Urraca & her first husband had two children:

1. Infanta doña SANCHA de Castilla y León (before 11 Nov 1095 or after 1102-León 28 Feb 1159, bur León, Monastery of San Isidoro). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Sanctiam..ad quam extat una beati Bernardi epistola" as sister of "rex Aldefonsus Hispanie imperator"[554]. Reilly cites a charter of Infanta Elvira dated 11 Nov 1095 in which Sancha is named[555]. It is possible that the dating of this document is suspect as an interval of more than ten years before the birth of her younger brother would be surprising. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[556], she was born "after 1102". "Infan dona Sansia filia comite Reimondus et regina dona Urraka et…Gonzaluo Aluarici et uxor tua Maria Pelaici" donated the town of Vilela to the monastery of Eslonza by charter dated 27 Sep 1120[557]. "Infans domina Sancia…comitis domni Raimundi et Urracce regine filia" donated "[monasterio] Sancti Michaelis de Scalata" to Cluny by charter dated 23 Jun 1124, the dating clause referring to the rule of "comes Petrus Gonzalvit in Lara et in Turre de Mont Molion, comes Fernandus in Malgrado, comes Sudarius in Luna, Rodrigus Martiniz in Melgar…infans domina Sancia in Graliare et comes Bertran in Carrione"[558]. She was an adviser to her brother King Alfonso. "…Infanta dna Sancia, Infans dns Adefonsus regis consanguineus…" subscribed the charter dated 13 Nov 1127 under which King Alfonso VII donated "el castillo de San Jorge en la Sierra del Pindo" to Santiago de Compostela[559]. "Adefonsus Hispanie imperator…cum uxore mea Berengaria" donated "monasterium Sancti Petri de Cardigna" to Cluny by charter dated 29 Jul 1142, confirmed by "Sancia soror imperatoris infantissa…"[560]. She founded the monastery of la Espina near Valladolid in 1147[561]. "Sancia regina comitis Raimundi et Urrache regine regia proles" donated "medietate de Uilarelio" to Eslonza monastery by charter dated 25 Jan 1155[562]. "Regina Sancia comitis Raymundi et regine Urrache regia proles" donated an inn near Mucientes to Sahagún monastery by charter dated 15 Mar 1158, subscribed by "Regina Urracha de Asturias, Stephania Infantissa filia imperatoris…"[563].

2. Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla y León ([Grajal], Galicia 1 Mar 1105-Fresneda 21 Aug 1157, bur Toledo, Cathedral Santa María). The Anales Toledanos record the birth 1 Mar 1106 of “El Rey D. Alfonso, fillo del Conde D. Raymondo è de Doña Urraca”[564]. Crowned King of Galicia 19 Sep 1111 at Santiago de Compostela. He was proclaimed ALFONSO VII “el Emperador” King of Castile, León and Toledo in 1112.

- see below.

Queen Urraca had illegitimate children by conde don PEDRO González de Lara:

- LARA.

B. KINGS of CASTILE and LEÓN 1112-1217 (BOURGOGNE-COMTE)

ALFONSO VII 1112-1157

Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla y León, son of doña URRACA Queen of Castile and León & her first husband Raymond de Bourgogne [Comté] ([Grajal], Galicia 1 Mar 1105-Fresneda 21 Aug 1157, bur Toledo, Cathedral Santa María). The Anales Toledanos record the birth 1 Mar 1106 of “El Rey D. Alfonso, fillo del Conde D. Raymondo è de Doña Urraca”[565]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "rex Aldefonsus Hispanie imperator" as son of "comitis Raymundi…ex Waracta filia imperatoris Fernandi"[566]. Crowned King of Galicia 17 Sep 1111 at Santiago de Compostela. He was proclaimed ALFONSO VII “el Emperador” King of Castile, León and Toledo in 1112[567]. "Hildefonsus Raymundi…rex" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 27 Nov 1116, confirmed by "Illa infanta regis germana, Guillelmus comes de Moretegni, Iohannes Reynnitz, Petrus Ansuriz comes…"[568]. He styled himself "imperator" for the first time 9 Dec 1117[569]. He ruled under the tutelage of Pedro Froilaz Conde de Traba and his mother until 1119, although he only assumed effective personal rule after his mother's death in 1126. "Aldefonsus Hyspanie imperator…cum uxore mea regina Berengaria et Santia mea germana" donated "abbatiam Sancti Facundi et Primitivi" to Cluny by charter dated 7 Sep 1132[570]. King of Zaragoza 1134. He was crowned Emperor 26 May 1135 at León. He negotiated peace with both Aragon and Navarre, with a view to concentrating his military efforts on the reconquest. "Adefonsus Hispanie imperator…cum uxore mea Berengaria" donated "monasterium Sancti Petri de Cardigna" to Cluny by charter dated 29 Jul 1142[571]. "Adefonsus Hispanie imperator…cum uxore mea Berengaria" confirmed the donation to Cluny of "monasterium Sancti Salvatoris de Bodinio" to Cluny as requested by "comitis Gomes" by charter dated Aug 1142[572]. "Adefonsus imperator Hispanie…cum uxore mea Berengaria" donated "ecclesiam sancti Vincentii de Salamantica" to Cluny by charter dated 29 Oct 1143, confirmed by "Sancius imperatoris major filius…Rodericus Gomez comes, Poncius de Cabreria comes, Guterrus Fernandez, Rodericus Fernandez, Didacus Munioz majordomus imperatoris, Garsias Royz majorinus imperatoris in Burgus"[573]. He captured Almería (1147), Tortosa (1148), and Jaén (1157) from the Moors, though they recaptured Almería before he died. "Aldefonsus…tocius Hyspanie imperator…cum uxore mea imperatrice domna Rica et…filiis meis Sanctio et Ferrando regibus" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 28 Oct 1155, confirmed by "Comes Rudericus Petriz, Garcia Garçiaz de Aza, Veremundus Petriz, Garcia Gumez, Gonsalvuz Ruderiz, Alvaros Ruderiz, Comes Gonsalvus Fernandi, Dicados Ferrandiz de Bonelas maiorinus in Burgis, Comes Almandricus tenens Bæciam, Comes Poncius maiordomus imperatoris, Comes Lupus, Comes Ranimirus, Comes Petrus Aldeffonsus, Gutierre Ferrandiz, Nunnus Petriz tenens Montor, Gundisalvus de Maranon alferiz imperatoris…"[574]. The Chronicon Burgense records the death in 1157 of “Alfonsus Imperator”[575]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the death in Sep 1195 (1157) of “D. Alfonsus Imperator, filius Comitis D. Raymundi et Reginæ D. Orracæ”[576]. On his death, his lands were divided between his two sons.

m firstly (Saldaña Nov 1128) BERENGUELA de Barcelona, daughter of RAMÓN BERENGUER [III] “el Grande” Conde de Barcelona & his wife Dulce/Dolça [I] Ctss de Provence ([1116]-Palencia 15/31 Jan 1149, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records the marriage of "Alfonso…king of León" and "the daughter of Ramón count of Barcelona…Berengaria" in 1128 at Saldaña[577]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium record the marriage of "Raimundi-Berengarii comitis…filiam" and "Ildefonso Toletano Imperatori"[578]. The testament of "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio" dated [8 Jul] 1130 names "Raimundo Berengarii filio meo…et filie mee ipsa de Castella et illa de Fuxo"[579]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Berengariam atque Richam" as the wives of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis"[580]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in Feb 1149 of “la Emperadriz”[581].

m secondly ([Oct/Dec] 1152) as her first husband, RYKSA of Silesia, daughter of WŁADYSŁAW II “Wygnaniec/the Exile” Prince of Krakow and Silesia & his wife Agnes of Austria [Babenberg] ([1130/40]-16 Jun [1185]). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Berengariam atque Richam" as the wives of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis"[582]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and her three marriages has not so far been identified. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Rikissam", daughter of "regi Russie nomine Musuch" & his wife "Rikissam [filiam ducis Vergescelai de Polonia]", as wife firstly of "imperatoris Castelle Alfunso" and subsequently of "comiti Aragonensi et post comiti Alberto de Everstein ultra Coliniam"[583], contradicting other sources in many aspects. She was known as RIQUILDA in Spain[584]. She married secondly (1161) Raymond Bérenger II Comte de Provence, and thirdly (after 1166) Albert [III] Graf von Everstein.

Mistress (1): ([1130/32]) doña GONTRODO Pérez, wife of don GUTIERRE Sebastiániz, daughter of conde don PEDRO Díaz de Valle & his wife doña María Ordóñez (-León 29 Jun 1186, Santa María de Vega near Oviedo). The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records that King Alfonso VII "took a concubine…Guntroda, the daughter of Pedro Díaz and María Ordóñez…who belonged to the greatest family of the Asturians and the Tinians", dated to [1130/32] from the context[585]. She became a nun at the monastery of Santa María de Vega near Oviedo[586].

Mistress (2): ([1139/48]) doña URRACA Fernández de Castro, widow of conde don RODRIGO Martínez, daughter of don FERNANDO García [de Castro] Señor de Hita y Uceda & his second wife doña Estefanía Armengol de Urgel ([1120]-after 1165). Alfonso VII King of Castile granted the villa de Amusco to "comitissa domina Vrracha uxore comitis Roderici Martinez" in exchange for other properties by charter dated 21 Jan 1139[587]. Alfonso VII King of Castile granted property to "Domne Vrrache Ferrandez comitisse" by charter dated 9 Sep 1140[588]. Alfonso VII King of Castile granted property to "comitisse domna Vrracha Fernandez…et post filia uestra et mea" in exchange for other properties by charter dated 3 Feb 1148[589]. Together with her brother don Pedro Fernández, she gave Santa Cruz de Valcárcel to abbot Miguel in 1165 for the foundation of an Augustine monastery[590].

King Alfonso VII & his first wife had seven children:

1. Infante don SANCHO de Castilla (1134-Toledo 31 Aug or 1 Sep 1158, bur Toledo, Cathedral Santa María). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Fernandum, Elisabeth et Beatiam" as the children of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis" and his wife "Berengariam"[591]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "rex Sanctius" as son of "rex Aldefonsus Hispanie imperator"[592]. Called King of Nájera from 1149. He succeeded his father in 1157 as SANCHO III "el Deseado" King of Castile and Toledo.

- see below.

2. Infante don RAMÓN de Castilla y León (before 12 Apr 1136-young). Barton & Fletcher says that the birth of Infante Ramón may have prompted the rebellion of conde Pedro González de Lara, stating that he was the first son and implying that he was born before Jan 1130[593]. No source for this is quoted. However, such an early date for his birth is surprising considering the probable birth date of his mother Berenguela.

3. Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla y León (1137-Benavente 22 Jan 1188, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Fernandum, Elisabeth et Beatiam" as the children of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis" and his wife "Berengariam"[594]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Fernando" as brother of "rex Sanctius"[595]. He succeeded his father in 1157 as don FERNANDO II King of León, Galicia and Extremadura.

- see Chapter 3. KINGS of LEÓN.

4. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Castilla ([1138]-6 Oct 1160, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Fernandum, Elisabeth et Beatiam" as the children of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis" and his wife "Berengariam", specifying that "Elisabeth" (error for Constantia) married "Ludovico Regi Francorum"[596]. The second marriage of King Louis is recorded by Matthew of Paris, who calls his wife daughter of "Aldefonsi regis Hispaniæ cuius regni caput civitas est Tholetum"[597]. She was consecrated Queen Consort in 1154 at Orléans, église Sainte-Croix. She died in childbirth. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "II Non Oct" of "Constantia regina filia regis Hispanie"[598]. m (Cathedral of Sainte Croix, Orléans [Jan/Jul] 1154) as his second wife, LOUIS VII King of France, son of LOUIS VI King of France & his [second] wife Adélaïde de Maurienne [Savoie] (1120-Paris, Palais Royal de la Cité 18/19 Sep 1180, bur Abbaye cistercienne de Notre-Dame-de-Barbeaux near Fontainebleau, transferred 1817 to l'église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis).

5. Infanta doña SANCHA Infanta de Castilla ([1139]-5 Aug 1177, bur Pamplona, Cathedral Santa María). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Fernandum, Elisabeth et Beatiam" as the children of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis " and his wife "Berengariam", it being unclear whether "Beatiam" was an error for Sancha or whether it refers to another daughter not recorded elsewhere[599]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in Aug 1177 of “la Reyna de Navarra, filla del Emperador”[600]. The "Corónicas" Navarras record the death "Non Aug" in 1179 of "Sancha…regina Navarre"[601]. m (Carrión de los Condes 20 Jul 1153) don SANCHO VI “el Sabio” King of Navarre, son of don GARCÍA IV King of Navarre & his first wife Marguerite de l’Aigle (1132-Pamplona 27 Jun 1194, bur Pamplona, Cathedral Santa María).

6. Infante don GARCÍA de Castilla (before Mar 1142-[12 Sep/Dec] [1146], bur Benedictine monastery of San Salvador de Oña). "Santius et…Fredinandus et Garsias filii ymperatories" confirmed the charter dated 12 Sep 1142 under which Alfonso VII King of Castile donated "uillam…Taranna" to "Martino Didaci"[602]. "Sancius et…Fernandus et Garsias filii imperatoris…" confirmed the charter dated 19 Aug 1146 under which Alfonso VII King of Castile donated "ecclesiam…sanctam Mariam de Uelerda" to "Martino Didaci"[603]. The Annales Compostellani record the death in 1145 of “Garsias Infans, filius Ald. Imperatoris”[604], although the date must be incorrect if the charter dated 19 Aug 1146 in which García is named is correctly dated.

7. Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla ([1144/46]-before Jan 1149, bur Toledo, Cistercian monastery of San Clemente el Real).

King Alfonso VII & his second wife had two children:

8. Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla (1153-Toledo 1157 before 21 Aug, bur Toledo, Cistercian monastery of San Clemente el Real).

9. Infanta doña SANCHA de Castilla (1155-Sijena 9 Nov 1208, bur Sijena, monastery of Nuestra Señora). The "Corónicas" Navarras name "la filla del Emperador dona Sancha" as the wife of "el rey don Alfonso d'Aragón"[605]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the marriage of "Ildefonsus" and "Sanciam…filiam Imperatoris Magni Ildefonsi de Castellæ"[606]. Her name is confirmed in the charter dated 24 Feb 1212 under which Pedro II King of Aragon "filio Sanctiæ…Reginæ Aragonum" granted property to "Guillelmo de Montepessulano…filius Agnetis feminæ"[607]. She founded the Hospitaller priory of nuns of Nuestra Señora at San Juan de Sijena in 1188, and became a nun there herself in 1197. The Anales Toledanos record the death in 1208 of “la Reyna Doña Sancha Daragon, filla del Emperador” and her burial “en Sixena”[608]. m (Zaragoza 18 Jan 1174) don ALFONSO II “el Casto” King of Aragon Conde de Barcelona, son of RAMÓN BERENGUER IV Conde de Barcelona & his wife Petronilla Queen of Aragon (Villamayor del Valle, Huesca 1/25 Mar 1157-Perpignan 25 Apr 1195, bur Poblet, monastery of Nuestra Señora).

King Alfonso VII had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

10. doña URRACA Alfonso de Castilla “la Asturiana” (1132-Palencia 26 Oct 1164, bur Palencia, Cathedral San Antolín). The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris names "Urraca" as the daughter of King Alfonso VII and his "concubine…Guntroda", recording that she was brought up by the king's sister Infanta Sancha[609]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records the marriage of King García and "his [=King Alfonso VII] daughter Infanta Urraca whom he had fathered by Guntroda, the daughter of Pedro Asturiano" on 24 Jun 1144 in León[610]. "Garsias…Pampilonensium rex…cum uxore mea Urraka regina" donated property to the church of Santa María de las Dueñas by charter dated to [1144/50][611]. She returned to her mother's family in Asturias after her first husband died[612]. m firstly (León 24 Jun 1144) as his second wife, don GARCÍA VI Ramírez “el Restaurador” King of Navarre, son of RAMIRO Sánchez [de Navarra] Señor de Monzón & his wife doña Cristina Rodríguez de Vivar ([1105]-Lorca, Navarra 25 Nov 1150, bur Pamplona, Cathedral Santa María). m secondly (before 1163) as his second wife, don ÁLVARO Rodríguez de Castro, son of don RODRIGO Fernández de Castro & his wife doña Eilo Álvarez (-after 3 Nov 1187, bur San Cristóbal de Ibeas). Señor de Chantada. Governor in Asturias 1150-1171. Alférez of don Fernando II King of León 23 Mar 1169 and mayordomo mayor 1173-1174.

King Alfonso VII had one illegitimate child Mistress (2):

11. doña ESTEFANÍA Alfonso “la Desdichada” (before 3 Feb 1148-murdered 1 Jul 1180, bur León, monastery of San Isidoro). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "D. Fernan Roiz de Castro" married "D. Estevaina…el Emperador…hija", adding that she was killed by her husband who mistook her servant, who was dressed in her mistress´s clothes to meet a lover, for her[613]. Alfonso VII King of Castile granted property to "comitisse domna Vrracha Fernandez…et post filia uestra et mea" in exchange for other properties by charter dated 3 Feb 1148[614]. "Regina Sancia comitis Raymundi et regine Urrache regia proles" donated an inn near Mucientes to Sahagún monastery by charter dated 15 Mar 1158, subscribed by "Regina Urracha de Asturias, Stephania Infantissa filia imperatoris…"[615]. m (1168) as his second wife, don FERNANDO Rodríguez de Castro “el Castellano” Señor de la casa de Castro, son of don RODRIGO Fernández de Castro & his wife doña Eilo Álvarez ([1125]-1185 after 16 Aug). Governor in Cuéllar, Dueñas, Valladolid, Toro and Asturias. Señor del Infantado de León, Alcalde of the cities of León and Toledo. Mayordomo Mayor of don Alfonso VIII King of Castile 15 Aug 1162-6 Sep 1164 and 19 Oct 1165-15 May 1166.

SANCHO III 1157-1158

Infante don SANCHO de Castilla, son of ALFONSO VII "el Emperador" King of Castile and León & his first wife Berenguela de Barcelona (1134-Toledo 31 Aug or 1 Sep 1158, bur Toledo, Cathedral Santa María). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Fernandum, Elisabeth et Beatiam" as the children of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis" and his wife "Berengariam"[616]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "rex Sanctius" as son of "rex Aldefonsus Hispanie imperator"[617]. Don Gutierre Fernández de Castro was named his tutor from his birth[618]. "Santius et…Fredinandus et Garsias filii ymperatories" confirmed the charter dated 12 Sep 1142 under which Alfonso VII King of Castile donated "uillam…Taranna" to "Martino Didaci"[619]. "Adefonsus imperator Hispanie…cum uxore mea Berengaria" donated "ecclesiam sancti Vincentii de Salamantica" to Cluny by charter dated 29 Oct 1143, confirmed by "Sancius imperatoris major filius…"[620]. "Sancius et…Fernandus et Garsias filii imperatoris…" confirmed the charter dated 19 Aug 1146 under which Alfonso VII King of Castile donated "ecclesiam…sanctam Mariam de Uelerda" to "Martino Didaci"[621]. Called King of Nájera from 1149[622]. "Rex Sancius…domni Adefonsi imperatoris filius" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 14 Mar 1155, confirmed by "Regina domna Blanca uxor regis, Comes Almanricus, Comes Poncius maiordomus regis, Fortun Lopiz de Soria…"[623]. He succeeded his father in 1157 as SANCHO III "el Deseado" King of Castile and Toledo. He negotiated a peace treaty with his brother at Sahagún 1158 to avoid further family conflicts which had until then marred the history of Castile. The Chronicon Burgense records the death in 1158 of “Rex Sancius filius Imperatoris”[624]. The Anales Toledanos record the death “el postrimer dia Dagosto” in 1158 of “el Rey D. Sancho fillo del Emperador”[625]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “Kal Sep” in 1158 of “Sancius filius Aldephonsi Imperatoris”[626].

m (Calahorra 30 Jan 1151) Infanta doña BLANCA de Navarra, daughter of GARCÍA VI “el Restaurador” King of Navarre & his first wife Marguerite de l’Aigle ([1137]-12 Aug 1156, bur Nájera, Cathedral Santa María de Real). The Annales Compostellani record the death “II Id Aug” in 1146 of “Regina Branca mater istius Aldefonsi Regis Castellæ…filia Garsiæ Regis Navarræ”[627], although the year is clearly incorrect. "Rex Sancius…domni Adefonsi imperatoris Hyspanie filius" donated "[monasterium] beate Marie de Naigara" to Cluny by charter dated 30 Aug 1156 "pro remedio…mulieris mee…regine domne Blanche quam in Jagarensi ecclesia sepelire feci"[628].

King Sancho III & his wife had two children:

1. Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla (Soria 11 Nov 1155-Gutiérre Múñoz near Arévalo 6 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos). The Anales Toledanos record the birth “noche de S. Martin…Viernes” in 1155 of “el Rey D. Alfonso”[629]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Aldefonsus rex Castelle et Toliti" as son of "rex Sanctius"[630]. He succeeded his father in 1158 as ALFONSO VIII “el Noble/él de las Navas” King of Castile, Toledo and Extremadura.

- see below.

2. Infante don GARCÍA de Castilla (b and d Soria 24 Jun 1156, bur Soria, monastery of San Pedro). He must have been born prematurely if the date of birth of his older brother is correct.

ALFONSO VIII 1158-1214, ENRIQUE I 1214-1217

Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla, son of don SANCHO III "el Deseado" King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra (Soria 11 Nov 1155-Gutiérre Múñoz near Arévalo 6 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos). The Anales Toledanos record the birth “noche de S. Martin…Viernes” in 1155 of “el Rey D. Alfonso”[631]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Aldefonsus rex Castelle et Toliti" as son of "rex Sanctius"[632]. He succeeded his father 1158 as ALFONSO VIII “el Noble/él de las Navas” King of Castile, Toledo and Extremadura. His father's choice of Gutierre Fernández de Castro as tutor of Infante don Alfonso was challenged by the Lara family after the infant's accession, which triggered a war of rivalry in Castile between the Castro and Lara families[633]. He ruled through the regency of his uncle Fernando II King of León until 1169, disputed by the Castro and Lara families. "Aldefonsus…Toleti, Castella et extremature rex et dominus" granted holiday days to "monasterio Sancti Zoyli de Carrione" to Cluny by charter dated [11 Nov] 1169[634]. Recaptured Álava, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa from the Moors. Defeated at Alarcón 18 Jul 1195 by the King of Morocco who helped the Almohades defend Seville. Taking advantage of his weakness, the Kings of Navarre and León invaded Castile, all parties being reconciled 1199 and agreeing to fight the Moors as a common cause. Alfonso VIII successfully led another crusade against the Almohades, culminating in victory at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1212. King Alfonso VIII was the first king to bear the arms of Castile. The Annales Compostellani record the death “III Non Oct” in 1214 of “Aldefonsus Rex Castellæ”[635]. The Chronicon Bernardi Iterii records the death 15 Oct 1214 of "Ildefonsus rex de Castella"[636]. The Anales Toledanos record the death 5 Oct 1214 “en una aldea de Avila” of “el Rey D. Alfonso”[637].

m (Burgos Sep, before 17, 1177) ELEANOR of England, daughter of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Dss d’Aquitaine (Domfront, Normandy 13 Oct 1162-Burgos 25 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos). Her betrothal to "Aldefonso regi Castellæ" is recorded by Matthew of Paris in 1168[638]. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1170 of "Alienor filia Henrici regis Anglorum" and "Amfurso imperatore", commenting that he was not yet fifteen years old[639]. Alfonso VIII King of Castile "cum uxore mea Alionor regina et cum filiabus meis Berengaria et Sancia Infantissis" exchanged property with the Templars by charter dated 26 Jan 1183[640]. The Crónica Latina records that “el rey de Castilla” married “la hija del…rey Enrique, doña Leonor” and that his father-in-law had promised him Gascony[641]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “II Kal Nov” in 1214 of “Regina Alienor uxor Aldefonsi Regis Castellæ”[642]. The Anales Toledanos record the death “viernes el postrimo dia de Octubre” in 1214 of “la Reyna Doña Lionor, muggier del Rey D. Alfonso”[643].

King Alfonso VIII & his wife had eleven children:

1. Infanta doña BERENGUELA de Castilla (Burgos Jan/Jun 1180-Las Huelgas, near Burgos 8 Nov 1246, bur Las Huelgas, Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis", specifying that Berengaria was wife of "regi Legionensi id est regi Galicie…Alfunsus" and mother of "Fernandum successorem regis parvi in Castella et Toledo" and recording their marriage was initially permitted by Pope Innocent III despite consanguinity but subsequently prohibited, after which Berengaria became a Cistercian nun at Burgos[644]. Her date of birth is calculated from Robert of Torigny recording the birth "circa Pascha" in 1181 of "filium Sancius" to "Alienor filia regis Anglorum uxor Anfulsi regis de Castella", stating that she had previously had one daughter[645]. Alfonso VIII King of Castile "cum uxore mea Alionor regina et cum filiabus meis Berengaria et Sancia Infantissis" exchanged property with the Templars by charter dated 26 Jan 1183[646]. The Annales Compostellani record that “Rex Aldef.” betrothed “filias suas” in 1188[647]. The identity of Berenguela´s first husband is confirmed by the charter dated 14 Oct 1190 under which "Aldefonsus…rex Castelle et Toleti…cum uxore mea Alienor regina et cum filio meo Ferrando" donated property to the abbey of Silos, which also refers to the marriage between "romani imperatoris filium Conradum" and "filiam suam Berengariam"[648]. The Crónica Latina records that “Conrado, hijo de Federico, emperador de los romanos” was betrothed to “el rey de Castilla…su hija doña Berenguela”, adding that she was barely eight years old at the time[649]. Her second marriage, arranged by her father as part of the peace process with León, caused religious fury because of the close relationship of the parties. The Chronicon de Cardeña records that “Rey D. Alfonso de Leon” married “D. Alfonso…so fija Doña Berenguela”[650]. The Crónica Latina records that “doña Berenguela, hija del rey de Castilla” was married to “el rey de León”, when peace was established being Castile and León following the defeat at the battle of Alarcos, despite being related in the 2nd degree of consanguinity[651]. Pope Innocent III excommunicated the couple, placed Castile and León under an interdict, and eventually annulled the marriage though agreed that their Children remained legitimate. Infanta Berenguela became a nun at Las Huelgas in 1204, after separating from her husband. Regent for her brother Enrique I 1214, she became heiress in her own right to Castile, Toledo and Extremadura on his death but immediately ceded her rights to her son Infante don Fernando. She retired from public life in 1230, after transferring full power to her son. The Chronicon de Cardeña records the death in 1240 of “la Reyna Doña Berenguela, madre del Rey D. Fernando”[652]. The necrology of the Prieuré de Fontaines records the death "31 Oct" of "domina Berengeria, regina Castille et Toleti, soror domine Blanche Francorum regine"[653]. m firstly (contract Seligenstadt 23 Apr 1188, marriage not consummated) KONRAD von Staufen Herzog von Rothenburg, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH I “Barbarossa” & his second wife Béatrice Ctss de Bourgogne (Feb/Mar 1172-murdered Durlach 15 Aug 1196, bur Kloster Lorsch). He succeeded his brother in 1191 as KONRAD Duke of Swabia. m secondly (Valladolid [1/16] Dec 1197, annulled 1204) as his second wife, her first cousin, don ALFONSO IX King of León, son of don FERNANDO II King of León & his first wife Infanta dona Urraca de Portugal (Zamora 15 Aug 1171-Villanueva de Sarría 24 Sep 1230, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor).

2. Infante don SANCHO Infante de Castilla (Burgos 5 Apr 1181-26 Jul 1181, bur Las Huelgas, Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real). Robert of Torigny records the birth "circa Pascha" in 1181 of "filium Sancius" to "Alienor filia regis Anglorum uxor Anfulsi regis de Castella"[654].

3. Infanta doña SANCHA de Castilla (20/28 Mar 1182-[3 Feb 1184/16 Oct 1185], bur Las Huelgas, Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real). Alfonso VIII King of Castile "cum uxore mea Alionor regina et cum filiabus meis Berengaria et Sancia Infantissis" exchanged property with the Templars by charter dated 26 Jan 1183[655].

4. [656]Infante don ENRIQUE de Castilla ([1184]-young).

5. Infanta doña URRACA de Castilla ([1186/28 May 1187]-Coimbra 3 Nov 1220, bur Cistercian monastery of Santa María de Alcobaça). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis", specifying that Urraca was "regina Portugalie"[657]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes records that "Aldefonsum", son of "Sancius" & his wife, married "Urracam filiam Regis Castellæ…Aldefonsi"[658]. m (1206) Infante dom AFONSO de Portugal, son of dom SANCHO I “o Pobledor” King of Portugal & Infanta doña Dulcia de Aragón (Coimbra 23 Apr 1185-Coimbra 25 Mar 1223, bur Cistercian monastery of Santa María de Alcobaça). He succeeded his father in 1212 as dom AFONSO II “o Gordo” King of Portugal.

6. Infanta doña BLANCA de Castilla (Palencia 1188 before 4 Mar-Paris 27 Nov 1252, bur Abbaye de Montbuisson). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Blanche Francie regina" as daughter of "filio…Sanctii rege", in a later passage recording the marriage in 1200 of "Ludovicus filius regis Francie" and "Blancham filiam Alphonsi regis Castelle neptem ex sorore regum Anglie Richardi et Iohannis"[659]. As part of continuing Anglo/French peace negotiations, John King of England gave Infanta Blanca (who was his niece) as dowry Issoudun and Graçay en Berry, le Vexin, Evreux and 20,000 marcs of silver. She was crowned Queen with her husband 6 Aug 1223. Regent of France during the minority of her son King Louis IX 1226-1234, and also during his absence on crusade 1248 until her death. An anonymous chronicle of the kings of France, written [1286/1314], records the death in 1252 of "Blanche...reine de France" and her burial "à l´abeïe de Maubuisson"[660]. Her death is recorded by Matthew of Paris[661]. The necrology of Hôtel-Dieu at Provins records the death "IV Kal Dec" of "Blancha Francorum regina"[662]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "V Kal Dec" of "Blanche regina"[663]. m (Abbaye de Port-Mort near Pont-Audemer, Normandy 23 May 1200) LOUIS de France, son of PHILIPPE II “Auguste” King of France & his first wife Isabelle de Hainaut (Paris, Palais Royal 3 Sep 1187-Château de Montpensier-en-Auvergne 8 Nov 1226, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). He succeeded his father in 1223 as LOUIS VIII King of France.

7. Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla (Cuenca 29 Nov 1189-Madrid 14 Oct 1211, bur Las Huelgas, Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real). The Anales Toledanos record the birth “en Miercores dia de S. Saturnin” in 1189 of “el Infant D. Ferrando”[664]. "Aldefonsus…rex Castelle et Toleti…cum uxore mea Alienor regina et cum filio meo Ferrando" donated property to the abbey of Silos by charter dated 14 Oct 1190, which also refers to the marriage between "romani imperatoris filium Conradum" and "filiam suam Berengariam"[665]. He was named heir to the throne of Castile 2 Dec 1189. He died "of a malignant fever" on returning from a campaign against the Moors in the Sierra de San Vicente[666]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “Id Oct” in 1211 of “Infans Fernandus filius Aldefonsi Regis Castellæ”[667]. The Anales Toledanos record the death 14 Oct 1211 of “el Infant D. Ferrando”[668]. The Crónica Latina records that “Fernando, hijo del rey” died in Madrid scarcely 15 days after returning from campaigning against the Moors and was buried “en el monasterio real…en Burgos”[669].

8. Infanta doña MAFALDA de Castilla (1191-Salamanca 1204, bur Salamanca Cathedral). Betrothed (1204) to Infante don FERNANDO de León, son of don ALFONSO IX King of Leon & his first wife Infanta dona Teresa de Portugal ([1192/93]-Aug 1214, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral of Santiago el Mayor).

9. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Castilla ([1195]-Las Huelgas 1243, bur monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas). Nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas 1217, later Abbess.

10. Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla ([1202]-Burgos 1244, bur monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis", specifying that Leonor was "Arragonum regina"[670]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of Jaime I King of Aragon and "la filia del Rey de Castiella…Elionor", stating that the couple was separated on grounds of consanguinity and that Leonor was buried "en el monasterio de Beruela"[671]. She became a nun at Las Huelgas after her separation from her husband. m (Agreda 6 Feb 1221, separated end Apr 1229 on grounds of consanguinity) as his first wife, don JAIME I “el Conquistador” King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona, son of PEDRO II King of Aragon & Marie de Montpellier (Montpellier 1 Feb 1208-Valencia 27 Jul 1276, bur Poblet, monastery of Nuestra Señora).

11. Infante don ENRIQUE de Castilla (Valladolid 14 Apr 1204-Palencia 6 Jun 1217, bur Las Huelgas, Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real). The Anales Toledanos record the birth 14 Apr 1204 of “el Infant D. Enric”[672]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis"[673]. He became heir apparent in 1211 on the death of his older brother, and succeeded his father in 1214 as don ENRIQUE I King of Castile, Toledo and Extremadura, under the regency firstly of his mother and, after three weeks, of his sister Berenguela. Nobles and church leaders took advantage of the weakness of his rule, Álvar de Toledo assuming a position of tyrannical power. The Annales Compostellani record the death in 1217 of “Enricus Rex Castellæ filius Aldefonsi Regis”[674]. King Enrique died after being injured by a tile falling from a roof. m (Burgos 1215 before 29 Aug, separated 1216 for consanguinity) Infanta dona MAFALDA de Portugal, daughter of dom SANCHO I “o Pobledor” King of Portugal & Infanta doña Dulcia de Aragón (1194-Amarente, Rio Tinto 1 May 1256, bur Cistercian convent of Arouca). She became Señora de Arouca after her separation from her husband. Founder of, and a nun at, the Cistercian convent of Arouca near Lisbon. Beatified 27 Jun 1793 by Pope Pius VI[675]. Betrothed ([1216]) to his second cousin Infanta doña SANCHA de León, daughter of don ALFONSO IX King of León & his first wife Infanta dona Teresa de Portugal (Autumn 1191-Villabuena before 1243, bur monastery of Villabuena de Carracedo). She became a nun 1217 at the monastery of Villabuena de Carracedo. .

Chapter 3. KINGS of LEÓN

A. KINGS of LEÓN 1157-1230

FERNANDO II 1157-1188

Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla y León, son of don ALFONSO VII "el Emperador" King of Castile and León & his first wife Berenguela de Barcelona (1137-Benavente 22 Jan 1188, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Fernandum, Elisabeth et Beatiam" as the children of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis" and his wife "Berengariam"[676]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Fernando" as brother of "rex Sanctius"[677]. "Santius et…Fredinandus et Garsias filii ymperatories" confirmed the charter dated 12 Sep 1142 under which Alfonso VII King of Castile donated "uillam…Taranna" to "Martino Didaci"[678]. "Sancius et…Fernandus et Garsias filii imperatoris…" confirmed the charter dated 19 Aug 1146 under which Alfonso VII King of Castile donated "ecclesiam…sanctam Mariam de Uelerda" to "Martino Didaci"[679]. He succeeded his father in 1157 as don FERNANDO II King of León, Galicia and Extremadura. Regent for his nephew Alfonso VIII King of Castile. He founded the brotherhood of the knights of Cáceres (“hermandad de freiles de Cáceres”) shortly after capturing the town in 1170. This soon developed into the Order of Santiago, which received the confirmation of the Papacy 1175, when the archbishop of Santiago entered the order as an honorary knight and donated a standard of the saint. The Annales Compostellani record the death in 1187 of “Fernandus Rex Legionis”[680]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in 1188 of “el Rey D. Ferrando, fillo del Emperador”[681].

m firstly ([May/Jun] 1165, repudiated [Feb 1171/1172]) Infanta dona URRACA de Portugal, daughter of dom AFONSO I Henriques King of Portugal & his wife Mathilde de Savoie ([1151]-Valladolid 16 Oct 1188). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Sancium et Urracam…et aliam filiam…Tarasia" as the children of "Aldefonsum" & his wife, specifying that Urraca married "Fernandi Regis Legionensis"[682]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records that “D. Orracam” daughter of “Rex Donnus Alfonsus” and his wife “Donnam Matildam, Comitis Amadæi de Moriana filiam” married “Regi Legionensium Donno Fernando”, adding in a later passage that they married in Aug 1209 (1171)[683]. The Crónica Latina records that “el rey Fernando” married “Urraca, hija de Alfonso rey de Portugal” but that they were related in the 3rd degree of consanguinity[684]. "Regina Sancia comitis Raymundi et regine Urrache regia proles" donated an inn near Mucientes to Sahagún monastery by charter dated 15 Mar 1158, subscribed by "Regina Urracha de Asturias, Stephania Infantissa filia imperatoris…"[685]. The dating clause of a charter dated 13 Feb 1171 records "regnante Rege Donno F. in Legione, Galesia, Asturiis et Extrematus…cum uxore sua regina donna Urracha"[686]. Lucas de Tuy records that "Rex Fernandus" repudiated "uxorem suam Urracam filiam Regis Adefonsi, eo quod erat consanguinea eius propinquo gradu"[687].

m secondly ([1172/6 May 1173]) doña TERESA Núñez de Lara, daughter of don NUÑO Pérez de Lara & his wife doña Teresa Fernández de Traba (-León 7 Feb 1180, bur León, monastery of San Isidro). Salazar y Castro states that the Coronica General records the marriage of "el Rey D. Ferrando" and "Doña Teresa fija del conde D. Nuño de Castiella"[688]. However, Lucas de Tuy records that "Rex Fernandus" married secondly "Tharasiam qua fuerat uxor Nunii comitis de Castella"[689], and Rodrigo de Jiménez that the king married "Tarasiam filiam comitis Fernandi, quæ fuerat uxor comitis Nunii de Castella"[690]. Salazar y Castro highlights the chronological impossibility that this is correct, although he cites no earlier source which confirms that the king´s wife was the daughter of Nuño Pérez de Lara. A charter dated 6 May 1173 records property of "Rege F. et Regina domina Tarasia…in Montenigro…Villar ripam de Goaa"[691]. Szabolcs de Vajay accepts the second marriage of Teresa Fernández with the king, but supposedly finds the solution to the chronological difficulties by saying that she was Fernando Pérez´s daughter "by Sancha González (and not, as is often alleged, by the Infanta Teresa of Portugal)"[692]. Unfortunately, this does not resolve the issues. The marriages of Fernando Pérez de Traba´s children by his legitimate wife are noted between 1142 and 1150, which would place their births in the period [1120/30]. This is still too early for the possible birth date of the second wife of Fernando II King of León, given the births of the couple´s children in [1178/80]. The only satisfactory solution is that the second wife of King Fernando was the daughter, not the widow, of Nuño Pérez. This is also consistent with Queen Teresa being named in May 1173, which was four years before the death of Nuño Pérez. A monument in San Isidro, León records the burial of "Regina…coniux Tarasia Regis Fernandi"[693]. She died in childbirth.

m thirdly (May 1187) doña URRACA López de Haro, widow of don NUÑO Meléndez Señor de Ceón y Riaño, daughter of conde don LÓPE Díaz de Haro, Señor Soberano de Vizcaya & his second wife doña Aldonza Rodríguez (-Cistercian monastery of Vilena 1223, bur Vilena). She was the King’s mistress from at least May 1182. Señora de Aguilar y Monteagudo 1187[694]. "Domna Urraca Lupi Regina filia comitis Lupi" donated property to the monastery of Las Huelgas de Burgos for the foundation of the monastery of Vileña, for the soul of "filiique mei Sanci Ferrandi", by charter dated Apr 1222[695].

King Fernando II & his first wife had one child:

1. Infante don ALFONSO de León (Zamora 15 Aug 1171-Villanueva de Sarría 24 Sep 1230, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The Chronicon Conimbricensi records the birth “mense Februario…in die Ascensionis Domini” (presumably an error) in 1171 of “Rex Alfonsus filius Regis Fernandi et Dñæ Orace Reginæ”[696]. He succeeded his father in 1188 as ALFONSO IX King of León and Galicia.

- see below.

King Fernando II & his second wife had two children:

2. don FERNANDO Fernández (1178-1187, bur León, monastery of San Isidoro). Born illegitimate, he was legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents.

3. child (b and d 6 Feb 1180, bur León, monastery of San Isidoro).

King Fernando II & his third wife had three children:

4. don GARCÍA Fernández (1182-1184, bur León, monastery of San Isidoro).

5. Infante don ALFONSO Fernández de León (1184-before 22 Jan 1188).

6. Infante don SANCHO Fernández de León (1186-Cañamero 25 Aug 1220, bur Cistercian monastery of Santa María de Perales). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Sancho" as the son of Fernando II King of León, adding in a later passage that he was killed by a bear "en Cañamero"[697]. Señor de Monteagudo y Aguilar. Alférez mayor of his half-brother Alfonso IX King of Léon 10 Jun 1213, and 8 Dec 1213 to 16 Jul 1218. Governor of Montenegro and Sarría 1210-1219. The Annales Compostellani record that “Infans Sancius Fernan” was killed by a bear in 1219 “in Monte Aragone”[698]. The Anales Toledanos record that “Sancho Fernandez, fillo del Rey D. Fernando, fillo del Emperador” was killed by a bear 25 Aug 1220[699]. "Domna Urraca Lupi Regina filia comitis Lupi" donated property to the monastery of Las Huelgas de Burgos for the foundation of the monastery of Vileña, for the soul of "filiique mei Sanci Ferrandi", by charter dated Apr 1222[700]. m (after 1210[701]) doña TERESA Díaz de Haro, daughter of don DIEGO López “el Bueno” Conde de Haro, Señor Soberano de Vizcaya & his first wife doña María Manrique de Lara ([1190]-). If the date of her marriage as shown here is correct, the couple's three children were born illegitimate, legitimated by their parents' subsequent marriage. Otherwise the marriage must have taken place before [1204]. Infante Sancho & his wife had three children:

a) don DIEGO Sánchez ([1204]-1260). Señor de Fines, Alba de Tormes y Salvatierra. m (1246) doña TERESA Gomez de Villalobos, daughter of don GÓMEZ González de Aza & his wife doña Teresa Gil de Villalobos. Salazar y Castro records her parentage and marriage[702]. Diego & his wife had two children:

i) don JUAN Díaz de Fines (-young).

ii) don DIEGO Díaz de Fines (-1296). Known as don DIEGO Sánchez II de Fines. Señor de Fines, Alba de Tormes and Salvatierra 1260. Adelantado Mayor on the border with Jaén. m (after 1270) doña JUANA Ruiz de Haro, daughter of don RUY López de Haro Señor de La Guardia & his wife doña Sancha Jofre Tenorio. Diego & his wife had one child:

(a) doña JUANA Díaz de Fines. Living 1296. Señora de Fines, Alba de Tormes and Salvatierra. m don RODRIGO Íñiguez de Biedma “el Mozo” Señor de Ortalança, son of ---. Caudillo mayor of the bishopric of Jaén[703].

b) doña MARÍA Sánchez de Fines ([1206]-after 1240). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Maria Sanchez" as the daughter of "D. Sancho", son of Fernando II King of León, in a later passage recording that "D. Pedro Fernandez de Castro llamado el Castellano" married "D. Maria Sanchez"[704]. m firstly as his second wife, her second cousin, don PEDRO Fernández de Castro “él de la Guerra”, son of don FERNANDO Rodríguez de Castro & his second wife doña Estefanía Alfonso "la Desdichada" ([1170]-Marmelos, Morocco 18 Aug 1214, bur Bernardine monastery of Santa María de Valbuena). Señor de Paredes y del Infantado de León. m secondly ([1235]) as his first wife, don GÓMEZ Enríquez de Deza Señor de Probaons y Vendos, son of don ENRIQUE Fernández 1^st Señor de Probaons & his wife ---. Señor de Probaons, Tendeiros and Vendos 1240.

c) don LOPE Sánchez ([1208]-after 1235), bur Valenzuela, San Pedro Church). Señor de Valenzuela, which he conquered from the Moors 1235. It has been suggested that he was the ancestor of the family of Valenzuela in Baena, but this appears to be without proof[705].

King Fernando II had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

7. don SANCHO Fernández . The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Sancho Fernandez" as the illegitimate son of Fernando II King of León[706]. m doña TERESA Gómez de Roa, daughter of ---. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "D. Sancho Fernandez", illegitimate son of Fernando II King of León, married "D. Teresa Gomez de Roa Rica Dueña"[707]. Sancho & his wife had two children:

a) don JUAN Sánchez de Fines . The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Juan Sanchez de Fines, D. Maria Sanchez" as the children of "D. Sancho Fernandez", illegitimate son of Fernando II King of León, and his wife "D. Teresa Gomez de Roca Rica Dueña", adding that Juan captured the castle of Fines from the Moors[708].

b) doña MARÍA Sánchez . The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Juan Sanchez de Fines, D. Maria Sanchez" as the children of "D. Sancho Fernandez", illegitimate son of Fernando II King of León, and his wife "D. Teresa Gomez de Roca Rica Dueña"[709].

ALFONSO IX 1188-1230

Infante don ALFONSO de León, son of don FERNANDO II King of León & his first wife Infanta dona Urraca de Portugal (Zamora 15 Aug 1171-Villanueva de Sarría 24 Sep 1230, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The Chronicon Conimbricensi records the birth “mense Februario…in die Ascensionis Domini” (presumably an error) in 1171 of “Rex Alfonsus filius Regis Fernandi et Dñæ Orace Reginæ”[710]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Aldefonsus rex Legionis" as son of "Fernando [frater regis Sanctii]"[711]. He succeeded his father in 1188 as don ALFONSO IX King of León and Galicia. He held the first documented Cortes in León in 1188, attended by duly elected representatives of towns as well as nobles and ecclesiasts. The Pope excommunicated him because of his first marriage, between cousins without papal dispensation, and placed León under an interdict until Alfonso agreed to a separation. Another dispute broke out with the church after he married his second wife, also his first cousin, from whom he was also obliged to separate. He succeeded in 1217 as don ALFONSO IX King of Castile, by right of his second wife and son. He successfully campaigned against the Moors, capturing Lazeres, Merida, Elvas, Badajoz and several towns in Extremadura in 1228. The Anales Toledanos record the death in 1230 “en Villanneva de Saria” of “el Rey Don Alfonso de Leon, Padre del Rey D. Fernando”[712].

m firstly (Guimarães 15 Feb 1191, separated 1195, annulled for consanguinity 1198) his first cousin, Infanta dona TERESA de Portugal, daughter of dom SANCHO I “o Pobledor” King of Portugal & his wife Dulce de Barcelona ([1176]-Lorvano 17/18 Jun 1250, bur Lorvano, Cistercian monastery of Nuestra Señora de la Expectación). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes records the marriage of "Tarasiam", other daughter of "Rex…Sancius", and "Aldefonso Regi Legionensi", specifying that the union was incestuous[713]. Nun at Lorvano 1200. Co-founder of the Dominican convent at Coimbra. Beatified 23 Dec 1705 by Pope Clement XI[714].

m secondly (Valladolid Dec, before 17, 1197, separated 1204 before 19 Jun) as her second husband, his first cousin, Infanta doña BERENGUELA de Castilla, daughter of don ALFONSO VIII King of Castile & his wife Eleanor of England (Jan/Jun 1180-Las Huelgas 8 Nov 1246). The Chronicon de Cardeña records that “Rey D. Alfonso de Leon” married “D. Alfonso…so fija Doña Berenguela”[715]. The Crónica Latina records that “doña Berenguela, hija del rey de Castilla” was married to “el rey de León”, when peace was established being Castile and León following the defeat at the battle of Alarcos, despite being related in the 2nd degree of consanguinity[716]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis", specifying that Berengaria was wife of "regi Legionensi id est regi Galicie…Alfunsus" and mother of "Fernandum successorem regis parvi in Castella et Toledo" and recording their marriage was initially permitted by Pope Innocent III despite consanguinity but subsequently prohibited, after which Berengaria became a Cistercian nun at Burgos[717]. Her second marriage, arranged by her father as part of the peace process with León, caused religious fury because of the close relationship of the parties. Pope Innocent III excommunicated the couple, placed Castile and León under an interdict, and eventually annulled the marriage though agreed that their Children remained legitimate. Infanta Berenguela became a nun at Las Huelgas 1204, after separating from her husband. Regent for her brother Enrique I 1214, she became heiress in her own right to Castile, Toledo and Extremadura on his death but immediately ceded her rights to her son Infante don Fernando. She retired from public life in 1230, after transferring full power to her son. The Chronicon de Cardeña records the death in 1240 of “la Reyna Doña Berenguela, madre del Rey D. Fernando”[718]. The necrology of the Prieuré de Fontaines records the death "31 Oct" of "domina Berengeria, regina Castille et Toleti, soror domine Blanche Francorum regine"[719].

Mistress (1): [1195] ---. The name of the first mistress of King Alfonso IX is not known. She was "of modest antecedents"[720].

Mistress (2): [1195] doña INÉS Íñiguez de Mendoza, daughter of don ÍÑIGO López de Mendoza Señor de Llodio [Governor in Soria and Burgos] & his wife doña María García Salvadórez. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Ines Íñiguez de Mendoca" as the mother of King Alfonso IX´s children Urraca and Fernando[721].

Mistress (3): [1206-1210] doña ALDONZA Martínez de Silva, daughter of don MARTÍN Gómez Señor de Silva & his wife doña Urraca Ruiz de Cabrera (-after 1232). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Aldonça Martinez de Silva" as the mother of King Alfonso´s three children who are named below[722]. She married (after 1210) don DIEGO Froilaz, son of don FROILA Ramírez & his second wife doña Sancha Fernández (-1246). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "D. Diego Frojas" married "D. Aldonça Martinez de Silva, que avia sido amiga del Rey D. Alonso de Leon"[723].

Mistress (4): [1210-1215] doña ESTEFANÍA Pérez, daughter of don PEDRO Arias de Limia [Mayordomo Mayor of King Fernando II of León] & his wife doña Constanza Osorio (-1249 or after). She was given the realengo of Villamayor in 1215, but in 1249 granted it to the monastery of Melón[724]. She married don RODRIGO Suárez, son of don SUERO Díaz, Merino Mayor of Galicia.

Mistress (5): [1215-1220] doña MAURA --- (-bur Salamanca Cathedral). She was "probably of modest origins"[725].

Mistress (6): [1220-1230] doña TERESA Gil de Soverosa, daughter of don GIL Vázquez de Soverosa & his wife doña María Arias Fornelos[726] (-after 1251). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Teresa Gil de Soverosa" as the mother of King Alfonso´s four children who are named below[727].

King Alfonso IX & his first wife had three children:

1. Infanta doña SANCHA de León (Autumn 1191-Villabuena before 1243, bur monastery of Villabuena de Carracedo). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "filium…Fernandum et filias Sanciam et Dulcem" as the children of "Aldefonso Regi Legionensi" and his wife Teresa, specifying that Fernando and Sancha were deceased at the time of writing[728]. She became a nun in 1217 at the monastery of Villabuena de Carracedo[729]. Betrothed ([1216]) to her second cousin, ENRIQUE I King of Castile, son of don ALFONSO VIII King of Castile & his wife Eleanor of England (Valladolid 14 Apr 1204-Palencia 6 Jun 1217, bur Las Huelgas, Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real).

2. Infante don FERNANDO de León ([1192/93]-Aug 1214, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral of Santiago el Mayor). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "filium…Fernandum et filias Sanciam et Dulcem" as the children of "Aldefonso Regi Legionensi" and his wife Teresa, specifying that Fernando and Sancha were deceased at the time of writing[730]. The Anales Toledanos record the death “Lunes en Agosto” in 1214 of “el Infant, fillo del Rey de Leon”[731]. Betrothed (1204) to Infanta doña MAFALDA de Castilla, daughter of don ALFONSO VIII “el Noble/él de las Navas” King of Castile & his wife Eleanor of England (1191-Salamanca 1204, bur Salamanca Cathedral).

3. Infanta doña DULCE de León ([1193/94]-monastery of Villabuena de Carracedo 1248, before 8 Jul, bur Zamora). The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "filium…Fernandum et filias Sanciam et Dulcem" as the children of "Aldefonso Regi Legionensi" and his wife Teresa, specifying that Dulce was unmarried at the time of writing[732]. Señora de Valdeorras 1237.

King Alfonso IX & his second wife had five children:

4. Infanta doña LEONOR de León (1198-12 Nov 1202, bur León, monastery of San Isidoro).

5. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de León (1 May 1200-Las Huelgas 7 Sep 1242, bur Las Huelgas). Nun at Las Huelgas [1205].

6. Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla y León (Monte de Valparaíso [30 Jul/5 Aug] 1201-Seville 30 May 1252, bur Seville, Cathedral Santa María). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis", specifying that Berengaria was wife of "regi Legionensi id est regi Galicie" and mother of "Fernandum successorem regis parvi in Castella et Toledo"[733]. He succeeded his maternal uncle in 1217 as don FERNANDO III “el Santo” King of Castile, Toledo and Extremadura.

- see below.

7. Infante don ALFONSO de León (Autumn 1202-Salamanca 6 Jan 1272, bur Ciudad Real, castle of Calatrava-la-Nueva). The Chronicon de Cardeña names “Infant D. Alfonso…de Molina…hermano del Rey D. Ferrando”[734]. Señor de Soria 1223. Señor de Molina y Mesa 1240.

- see Part B. SEÑORES de MOLINA.

8. Infanta doña BERENGUELA de Castilla y León (1204-Constantinople 12 Apr 1237, bur Constantinople). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the wife of "rex Ierusalem Iohannes" as daughter of "Berengaria" and "regi Legionensi id est regi Galicie" and in a later passage records the marriage of "rex Iohannes Ierosolimitanus" and "filia regis Gallicie, sororem Fernandi de Castella", but in neither place is she named[735]. The Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in 1223 of "le roi de Castille…sa sœur Bérengère, nièce de Blanche reine de France" and "Jean roi de Jérusalem"[736]. The necrology of Maubuisson records the death "II Id Apr" of "Berengaria imperatrix Constantinopolitane"[737]. "Jehan fiuz le roy Jehan de Jherusalem, bouteillier de France" instituted masses for "nostre pere le roy Jehan de Jherusalem et empereur de Costantinoble…et madame Berangiere sa fame jadis nostre mere" in the church of St Paul, Paris by charter dated Oct 1294[738]. m (Toledo 1224) as his third wife, JEAN de Brienne King of Jerusalem, son of ERARD II Comte de Brienne & Agnès de Nevers ([1170]-Constantinople 23 Mar 1237, bur Constantinople). Elected Emperor of Constantinople 1231.

King Alfonso IX had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

9. don PEDRO Alfonso ([1196]-1226). Gran Maestre of Santiago 1225. m ---. The name of Pedro's wife is not known. Pedro & his wife had two children:

a) don ALFONSO Pérez ([1215]-). He was invested as Señor de Monreal by the Order of Santiago[739]. m (Toledo) doña INÉS Gutiérrez de Paramo, daughter of don GUTIERRE Fernández de Paramo.

Pedro had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

b) [don FERNANDO Pérez ([1225]-20 May 1242, bur Toledo, convent of Santa Fé of the Order of Santiago). He was the "doubtful son" of don Pedro Alfonso according to Szabolcs de Vajay[740]. The author highlights that the epitaph of don Fernando Pérez stresses his royal origin, but suggests that this could also identify a member of the Castro family, descended from the royal house of Navarre, an early version of whose arms appears on the tomb.]

King Alfonso IX had two illegitimate children by Mistress (2):

10. doña URRACA Alfonso de León ([1197]-[1242/1258]). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Urraca Alonso" as the child of King Alfonso IX and "D. Ines Íñiguez de Mendoça", adding in a later passage that "D. Lope Diaz de Haro Cabezabrava" married "D. Urraca Alonso, hija del Rey D. Alonso de Leon no legitima, i de D. Ines de Mendoça"[741]. m ([1215, before 25 Dec 1218]) don LOPE Díaz de Haro “Cabeza brava” Señor Soberano de Vizcaya, Señor de Haro, son of don DIEGO López Conde de Haro Señor Soberano de Vizcaya & his first wife doña María Manrique de Lara (1192-18 Oct 1236, bur Nájera, monastery Santa María).

King Alfonso IX had three illegitimate children by Mistress (3):

11. don RODRIGO Alfonso ([1210]-after 1252). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Rodrigo Alonso, D. Aldonça Alonso, D. Teresa Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Aldonça Martinez de Silva"[742]. Señor de Aliger and Castro del Río. Adelantado Mayor on the border with Andalucía. Governor of Zamora 1249. After the conquest of Seville, he received Castilleja de Talavaca in Andalucía in 1249[743]. m doña INÉS Rodríguez de Cabrera, daughter of don RODRIGO Fernández de Cabrera “el Féo de Valdorna” Señor de Cabrera y Ribera & his wife doña Sancha Ramírez Froilaz. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Ines Roiz" as the child "D. Ruy Fernandez el Feo de Valdorna" and his second wife "D. Maria Frojaz", recording in an earlier passage that "D. Rodrigo Alonso", son of King Alfonso IX, married "D. Ines Rodriguez"[744]. Rodrigo & his wife had two children:

a) doña ALDONZA Rodríguez ([1250]-). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Juan Roiz, D. Aldonça Roiz" as the children of "D. Rodrigo Alonso", son of King Alfonso IX, and his wife and in a later passage records that "D. Estevan Fernandez" married "D. Aldonça Roiz"[745]. Heiress of Aliger. m ([1265]) don ESTEBAN Fernández de Castro, son of don FERNANDO Gutiérrez de Castro & his wife doña Emilia Iñíguez de Mendoza (-after 1288). Señor de Lemos and Sarría.

b) don JUAN Rodríguez (-young). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Juan Roiz, D. Aldonça Roiz" as the children of "D. Rodrigo Alonso", son of King Alfonso IX, and his wife "D. Ines Rodriguez", adding that Juan died childless[746].

12. doña ALDONZA Alfonso de León ([1212]-1266, bur Cistercian monastery of Nuestra Señora de Nogales). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Rodrigo Alonso, D. Aldonça Alonso, D. Teresa Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Aldonça Martinez de Silva", and in a later passage records that "Conde D. Pedro Ponce" married "D. Aldonça Alonso"[747]. m firstly don DIEGO Ramírez Froilaz Señor de Mansilla y Rueda. He was the nephew of his wife's stepfather. m secondly (1230) don PEDRO Ponce Señor del Valle de Aria, son of don PONCE Velas & his wife doña Teresa Rdoruez de Cisneros (-1264, bur Nogales, Chapel San Benito).

13. doña TERESA Alfonso de León . The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Rodrigo Alonso, D. Aldonça Alonso, D. Teresa Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Aldonça Martinez de Silva"[748].

King Alfonso IX had one illegitimate child by Mistress (4):

14. don FERNANDO Alfonso ([1211]-young).

King Alfonso IX had one illegitimate child by Mistress (5):

15. don FERNANDO Alfonso ([1215/18]-Salamanca 10 Jan 1278, bur Salamanca Cathedral). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Fernando Alonso" as the child of King Alfonso IX and "D. Ines Íñiguez de Mendoça", adding in a later passage that he was "Dean de Santiago"[749]. Dean of Santiago, Archdean of Salamanca. Known as “El Dean”. Canon of León and Santiago de Compostela. Mistress (1): doña ALDARA López de Ulloa, widow of don GÓMEZ García, daughter of don LOPE Rodríguez de Ulloa & his wife doña Teresa Fernández de Lima. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Aldara Lopez" as the mother of "D. Juan Fernandez Cabellos de Oro", son of "Fernando Alonso…Dean de Santiago"[750]. Fernando had one child by Mistress (1):

a) don JUAN Fernández "Cabellos de Oro" (-Salamanca 1303, bur Salamanca Cathedral). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Juan Fernandez Cabellos de Oro" as the son of "Fernando Alonso…Dean de Santiago" by "D. Aldara Lopez"[751]. Adelantado Mayor de la Frontera [with Andalucía]. Merino Mayor of Galicia. Mayordomo Mayor of King Sancho IV 10 Dec 1288-21 Nov 1292. m firstly doña MARÍA Andrés de Castro, daughter of don ANDRÉS Fernández de Castro & his wife doña Mencía Rodríguez Girón (-1282). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Maria Andres, D. Milia Andres" as the children of "D. Andres Fernandez", and in an earlier passage records that "D. Juan Fernandez Cabellos de Oro", son of "Fernando Alonso…Dean de Santiago" by "D. Aldara Lopez", married "D. Maria Andres"[752]. m secondly (after 1282) doña JUANA Núñez de Lara Señora de Valdenebro, daughter of don NUÑO Fernández de Lara Señor de Valdenebro & his wife doña Inés Íñiguez de Mendoza (bur Salamanca Cathedral). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Juana" as the child of "D. Nuño Fernandez…de Valdenebro" and his wife "D. la Condesa D. Ines Eniguez", recording in an earlier passage that "D. Juan Fernandez Cabellos de Oro", son of "Fernando Alonso…Dean de Santiago" by "D. Aldara Lopez", married secondly "D. Juana"[753]. Juan & his first wife had two children:

i) don JUAN Fernández (-after 10 May 1305). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Juan Fernandez, Fernan Fernandez, que no tuvo hijos" as the children of "D. Juan Fernandez Cabellos de Oro" and his wife "D. Maria Andres"[754].

ii) don FERNANDO Fernández (-after 10 May 1305). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Juan Fernandez, Fernan Fernandez, que no tuvo hijos" as the children of "D. Juan Fernandez Cabellos de Oro" and his wife "D. Maria Andres"[755].

King Alfonso IX had four illegitimate children by Mistress (6):

16. doña SANCHA Alfonso de León (1220-Cozuelos de Ojeda 25 Jul 1270, bur Cozuelos de Ojeda, monastery of Santa Eufemia of the Santiago Order, removed 1608 to Toledo, Convent of Santa Fé of the Santiago Order). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Martin Alonso, D. Maria Alonso, Sancha Alonso, Urraca Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Teresa Gil de Soverosa", adding that Sancha married[756]. There was an unsuccessful attempt to beatify her when her remains were removed to Toledo[757]. Maybe m as his first wife, don SIMÓN Rodríguez de los Cameros Señor de los Cameros, son of don RODRIGO Díaz de los Cameros & his wife doña Aldonza Díaz (-murdered Trevino 1277).

17. doña MARÍA Alfonso de León ([1222]-after 1252). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Martin Alonso, D. Maria Alonso, Sancha Alonso, Urraca Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Teresa Gil de Soverosa", adding that María married and was afterwards "amiga de su sobrino el Rey D. Alonso"[758]. m firstly ([1236]) don ÁLVAR Fernández de Lara Señor de Lara, son of don FERNANDO Núñez de Lara Señor de Castrogeriz & his wife doña Mayor González (-1239). Mistress ([1240]) of, her nephew, Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla, son of don FERNANDO III "el Santo" King of Castile and León & his first wife Elisabeth von Hohenstaufen (Toledo 23 Nov 1221-Seville 4 Apr 1284, bur Seville, Cathedral Santa María) . He succeeded his father in 1252 as don ALFONSO X "el Sabio" King of Castile and León. m secondly ([after 1240]) as his second wife, don SUERO Arias de Valladares “Sarraça”.

18. don MARTÍN Alfonso de León ([1225]-1274, bur Salamanca, convent Santa Espiritu of the Santiago Order). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Martin Alonso, D. Maria Alonso, Sancha Alonso, Urraca Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Teresa Gil de Soverosa"[759]. Knight of the Order of Santiago. m dona MARIA Mendes de Sousa, daughter of don MENDO González de Sousa & his wife doña Teresa Alfonso Téllez de Meneses Señora de Villa-García (-after 1276, bur Salamanca, convent Santa Espiritu of the Santiago Order). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Maria Mendez" as the daughter of "D. Mendo Gonçalez de Sousa" and his wife, recording in an earlier passage that "Martin Alonso", son of King Alfonso IX, married "D. Maria Mendez", adding that they were childless[760]. The Master of the Order of Santiago granted "la bailía de Salamanca" to "doña María Méndez, viuda de Martín Alfonso, hijo bastardo del rey Alfonso IX de Léon" for a donation to the monastery of Espiritu Santo de Salamanca, which she had founded, by charter dated 12 Mar 1274[761].

19. doña URRACA Alfonso de León (1228-after 1252). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "Martin Alonso, D. Maria Alonso, Sancha Alonso, Urraca Alonso" as the children of King Alfonso IX and "D. Teresa Gil de Soverosa", adding that Urraca married "D. Garcia Romero en Aragon", and in a later passage that "D. Pedro Nuñez de Guzman" married firstly "D. Urraca Alonso sin hijos"[762]. m firstly as his second wife, don GARCÍA Romeu II Señor de Tormos, Pradilla and El Frago. m secondly as his second wife, don PEDRO Núñez de Guzmán Señor de Guzmán, son of don GUILLÉN Pérez de Guzman & his wife doña Elvira Rodríguez (-after 1264). Señor de Gaçullorva near Aznalfarache 1252, which became the nucleus of the estates of Guzmán in Andalucía. Governor of Pernia 1264. No issue.

B. SEÑORES de MOLINA

Infante don ALFONSO de León, son of don ALFONSO IX King of León & his second wife Infanta doña Berenguela de Castilla (Autumn 1202-Salamanca 6 Jan 1272, bur Ciudad Real, castle of Calatrava-la-Nueva). The Chronicon de Cardeña names “Infant D. Alfonso…de Molina…hermano del Rey D. Ferrando”[763]. The cartulary of Tulle St Martin records the donation of "Ferrandus…rex Castellæ et Toleti cum fratre meo Infante domno Alfonso" with the consent of "dominæ Berengariæ genitricis meæ" dated 1217, which also names "avus meus dominus Allefonsus", subscribed by "Rodericus Didaci, comes Ferrandus, Alvarus Didaci, Alfonsus Talli, Rodericus Ruderici, Iohannes Gonçalvi, Suepius Telli, Gonçalvus Petri de Arnellis, maior merinos in Castella, Gonçalvus Roderici maior domus curiæ regis, Lupus Didaci de Faro Alferiz domini regis"[764]. Señor de Soria 1223. Señor de Molina y Mesa in 1240, by right of his first wife. Señor de Cigales 1255. Knight of the Order of Calatrava 15 Mar 1254. He took part in the conquests of Córdoba (1236), Murcia (1242), and Seville (1248).

m firstly (1240) doña MAFALDA González de Lara Señora de Molina y Mesa, daughter of don GONZALO Pérez de Lara 3^rd Señor de Molina y Mesa & his wife doña Sancha Gómez de Trastámara (-[before Sep 1244]). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Mafalda Pérez señora de Molina" as the daughter of "D. Gonçalo Perez de Molina" and his wife "D. N.", an earlier passage recording that "El Infante D. Alonso" married "tercera vez con D. Mafalda Perez…i por ella fue señor de Molina"[765]. Her correct parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1240] under which "Mafalda González y su marido el infante Alfonso" sold the monastery of Buenafuente to "Sancha Gómez, madre…y viuda de Gonzalo Pérez de Molina"