Catalonia formed part of the Visigothic kingdom. It rose to prominence after Amalric, king of the Visigoths at Toulouse and Narbonne, fled to Barcelona after his defeat by his brother-in-law Childebert King of the Franks at Narbonne in 531. Amalric's immediate successors established their court at Barcelona and abandoned Narbonne completely, until King Atanagildo moved his capital in Spain to Toledo in [554][1]. It is likely that Visigothic influence persisted in the original kingdom of Narbonne, approximating to what is now the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France, which probably contributed to the united development of Catalonia on both sides of what is today the French/Spanish border. After the Moors entered Spain in [710/11], and their rapid defeat of the Visigothic regime based in Toledo, most of the Iberian peninsula was settled by the Muslims. The area around Barcelona provided the conquerors with a base from which raids were launched into France, where the prospects for booty were richer than in Spain, until they were defeated at Poitiers at the hands of Charles "Martel" in 732. Muslim domination in the area later known as Catalonia was challenged by the Carolingian Franks. Pepin "le Bref" King of the Franks captured Narbonne from the Muslims in [758/59]. The armies of his grandson, the future Emperor Louis I, occupied Girona, Urgell and Cerdanya in 785 and besieged Barcelona in 802, establishing the so-called "March of Spain" which later evolved into the Catalonian counties. The first counts in the March of Spain, appointed by the Carolingian Frankish rulers, are recorded in the early 9th century.

French Catalonia developed into the marquisate of Gothia or Septimania (see the document TOULOUSE). A question which deserves further study is whether the Marches of Spain and Septimania were governed as one during the first half of the 9th century. Emperor Charlemagne´s charter dated 2 Apr 812 addressed to eight counts in the Spanish March (without specifying the names of their counties)[2] suggests that the area was governed separately, although no indication has been found of the identity of the marquis placed in overall charge of the March of Spain during the early years of the 9th century. The Histoire Générale de Languedoc states that the duchy of Septimania was founded in [817] by Emperor Louis I, that it included both Septimania north of the Pyrenees and the March of Spain to the south, that Barcelona was its capital, and that Bero (who had been comte de Barcelona) was its first duke[3]. The Histoire Générale de Languedoc also says that Bero´s successors, Bernard, Berenger, Sunifred (Seniofredo), Aledran, Udalric and Humfried, all ruled the combined territory which was only separated into its two components in 865[4]. The evidence to support the hypothesis that the two areas were governed jointly appears meagre. Firstly, no primary source has so far been identified which accords the title marquis or duke to Bero. Secondly, while it is true that Bernard Marquis de Septimania is also referred to as comte de Barcelona, he is recorded as having escaped to Barcelona after his disgrace in 830, which suggests that the territory did not form part of his confiscated marquisate. Thirdly, in the cases of Seniofredo and Aledran, no primary source has been identified which indicates any connection with Septimania and, in the case of Seniofredo, no source which confirms that he claimed the title marquis. Lastly, no source has been found which identifies Hunfrid as ruler of the march of Spain.

The main difficulty in deciding how the Spanish March was governed during the early 9th century is the impossibility of compiling a list of consecutive marquises from the surviving primary sources. The fact that Emperor Charlemagne addressed his 812 charter to the eight counts individually suggests that they may have received their counties directly from the emperor. Was the March of Spain then a march without a marquis? The key may lie in the diverse nature of the different counties which formed the Spanish March as well as the difficult terrain in which many of the counties were located.

The main counties in Catalonia proper were Ausona, Barcelona, Berga (Berguedà), Besalú, Cerdanya, Conflent, Empúries, Girona, Roussillon, Urgell and Vallespir, although some of these counties were ruled jointly. In addition, the neighbouring counties to the west, Aragon, Pallars, Ribagorza and Sobrarbe may have been considered part of the Spanish March during the early years of the March´s existence, although their later development followed a different pattern (see ARAGON NOBILITY). Apart from the coastal counties of Empúries, Girona and Barcelona, most of the area is mountainous and presumably communication was extremely difficult in the 9th and 10th centuries. Given this situation on the ground, the imperial Frankish authorities may have considered it impractical to appoint a single ruler to exercise overall charge in all areas of the March of Spain, relying on the power exercised locally by the strongest counts, and maybe with some loose oversight arrangement from the marquis of Septimania to the north. If this suggestion is correct, the Spanish March would have been the only example among all the different marches established along the frontier areas of the empire of a march without a centrally appointed single ruler.

The county of Barcelona is first recorded in the early 820s. The county became hereditary in the family of Guifré "el Pilós" in the latter part of the 9th century, as vassals of the Carolingian kings. All charters during the 9th and 10th centuries are dated by the reigns of the Frankish kings. After the succession of the Capetian dynasty in France in 987, it is likely that the comtes de Barcelona failed to swear allegiance to the new Frankish rulers, marking the beginning of the county´s true independence. The rulers of Barcelona are titled "comes et marchio" in numerous primary source documents. The county appears never to have been transformed into a "march": the title presumably owes its origin to the original March of Spain. The counts of Barcelona also ruled the county of Girona, to the north-east of Barcelona, from the latter part of the 9th century, as well as the county of Ausona, directly north of the county of Barcelona.

The counts of Barcelona emerged as the most powerful rulers in Catalonia. However, the power of the other counts in Catalonia strengthened as Barclona´s central authority weakened following the death of Comte Ramon Borrell in 1017. The local nobility constructed fortresses from which they exercised autonomous control and created a network of local feudal systems. Ramon Berenguer I Comte de Barcelona re-imposed the requirement of allegiance to his central authority, although the other nobility was largely unconstrained in the development of their local power within the framework of the codification of the feudal system provided by the Usatges, compiled from 1068. With a series of judicious marriages with local heiresses, the counts of Barcelona acquired the counties of Besalú (1111), Cerdaña (1117), Roussillon (1172), Pallars inferior (1192), Urgell (1209, confirmed in 1314), Empúries (1325), and Pallars superior (15th century). In addition, the federal Aragonese/Catalan state resulted from the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV Comte de Barcelona with Petronila, heiress of the kingdom of Aragon, in 1137.

The family of the counts of Barcelona was studied in detail by Bofarull in 1835[5]. This work quotes numerous primary sources which have not otherwise been found, either in the original Latin or in castellano translation, with full citations of where they were archived at that time. Primary sources were also collated by Marca and Baluzio in their 1688 study Marca Hispanica[6], but this work has not yet been consulted in the compilation of the present document.

Two important listings of early 14th century Catalan nobility are included in the Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner (dated to soon after 1328): a list of those present at the coronation of Alfonso IV King of Aragon in 1328, and a list of those who were subsequently made knights by the monarch[7].

Chapter 1 of this document sets out the references to the counts recorded in the March of Spain during the late 8th and 9th centuries. As will seen, it has not been possible to reconstruct the families of most these counts. However, some of their names suggest family connections with later counts in other Catalonian counties. Other counts, isolated references to whose names are found recorded in Catalonia during the 9th century but whose subsequent careers can be traced in other parts of the Frankish empire, are shown in the document CAROLINGIAN NOBILITY. Chapter 2 shows the families of the comtes and vescomtes de Barcelona. Chapters 3 to 9 shows the comtes and vescomtes in the counties of Besalú, Cerdanya, Empúries, Girona, Roussillon (Rosellón), Tarragona and Urgell. The final chapter 10 sets out some other non-comital noble families in Catalonian, Entenza, Montcada, Pinos and Vilaragut.

Chapter 1. MARCH of SPAIN

1. BORRELL . The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Burrello comitis" in a passage dealing with events in 798[8]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Isembardum, Hudemarum, Beram, Burellum" as those leading the campaign against Tortosa [in 809][9]. His name suggests a family connection with the later counts of Barcelona. same person as…? BORRELL . m ---. The name of Borrell´s wife is not known. Borrell & his wife had one child:

a) SENIOFREDO (-killed in battle 849). Emperor Louis I granted "villam…in pago Narbonensis…Fons-coopertus" to "fideli nostro Sunicfredo" by charter dated 829, which states that "Bosrello patri suo" had previously held the property[10].

- COMTES de BARCELONA.

2. ZATO [Zaddo] (-after 801). The Annales Laurissenses Continuatio records that the city of Barcelona was delivered back by "Zatun præfectum ipsius" in 797[11]. Einhard names "Zatum Sarracenum" in 797[12]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "Zaddo dux Barcinonsis" was persuaded to proceed to Narbonne in 801[13].

3. AUREOL (-809). Einhard records the death of "Aureolus comes" who resided "in commartio Hispaniæ trans Pirineam contra Oscam et Cæsaraugustam" in 809 and that "Amoroz præfectus Cæsaraugustæ atque Oscæ" invaded his territory[14].

4. BERO, son of GUILLAUME Comte de [Toulouse] & his wife --- (-820 or after). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [813] under which "Bera…comes et uxor mea Romella comitissa" submitted the abbey of Alet, naming "genitore meo Guillelmo comite"[15]. Bero is named as son of Guillaume Comte de Toulouse, Marquis of Septimania (the founder of Gellone, see CAROLINGIAN NOBILITY) in Europäische Stammtafeln[16]. However, Bero is not named in Guillaume's 804 charter and no indication has been found that this parentage is correct. It is more likely that Bero was the son of Guillaume [I] Comte de Toulouse. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "Bera comite" was left in charge of territories conquered from the Saracens [in 801][17]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Isembardum, Hudemarum, Beram, Burellum" as those leading the campaign against Tortosa [in 809][18]. Einhard names "Bero comes" as one of the 15 witnesses of the testament of Emperor Charlemagne dated 811[19]. "Karolus…augustus…imperator Romanum…rex Francorum et Langobardorum" issued a charter dated 2 Apr 812 to the counts in the Spanish march "Berane, Gauscelino, Gisclafredo, Odilone, Ermengario, Ademaro, Laibulfo et Erlino comitibus"[20]. Comte de Barcelona. "Bera…comes et uxor mea Romella comitissa" submitted the abbey of Alet, which they had founded, to Pope Leo III, by charter dated to [813] which names "genitore meo Guillelmo comite"[21]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Bera comes Barcinonensis" [in 819][22]. Einhard's Annales record a meeting at Aachen in 820 at which "Bera comes Barcinonæ" was defeated in horseback combat by those who had accused him of "fraudis et infidelitatis"[23]. m ROMELLA, daughter of ---. "Bera…comes et uxor mea Romella comitissa" submitted the abbey of Alet, which they had founded, to Pope Leo III, by charter dated to [813][24]. The fact that Romella´s grandson was named Aureol suggests that she may have been related to the count Aureol whose death is recorded in 809 (see above). Bero & his wife had four children:

a) WILLEMUND (-after 827). The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Willemundus Beræ filius" as one of the conspirators with "Aizone" [in 827] when the Saracens recaptured territory[25]. Einhard's Annales record that "filius Berani…Willemundus…iunctique Sarracenis" surrendered to "Helisachar presbiterum et abbatum et…Hildebrandum atque Donatum comites", imperial missi to Spain in 827[26].

b) ARGILA (-after 30 Jul 844). "Argila…filius quondam Berani comiti" sold property "in suburbia Elenense in pago Russulionense" to "Berane filio meo" by charter dated 30 Jul 844[27]. m ---. The name of Argila´s wife is not known. Argila & his wife had one child:

i) BERO (-after 24 Feb 846). "Argila…filius quondam Berani comiti" sold property "in suburbia Elenense in pago Russulionense" to "Berane filio meo" by charter dated 30 Jul 844[28]. "Bera…comes" donated property to Exalade monastery in the county of Conflent by charter dated 24 Feb 846[29].

c) MILO (-after 865). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 11 Jun 877 under which Emperor Charles II "le Chauve" granted property "res in Gotia" previously held by "Mirone infideli nostro filio Beram" to "Oolibam comiti Carcasensi"[30]. “Karolus…rex” granted property “in pago Petræ-Petuzæ, villares…Bazinacum, et Palairaco, et Condarias, et Minerbules, seu Cubitano” to “Miloni fideli nostro” by charter dated 24 Dec 842[31]. The Annales Bertiniani record that "de comitibus Milo, Ratharius, Herlandus, Theutmarus, Weremboldus, Rocolfus, comes" witnessed the agreement dated 865 under which Lothar II King of Lotharingia agreed to take his wife Theutberga back[32].

d) ROTRUD (-after 844). "Rotrude veuve du comte Alaric et fille du feu comte Bera et de Romille" sold property to "son fils Aureole" by charter dated to [844][33]. A charter dated 18 Aug 868 records a judgment by "Salomonis comitis, Eldesindo vicecomite…" relating to donations by "Anna…[et] matre sua Rotrude…avio suo Berane comite" to Exala[34]. m ALARIC, son of --- (-before 844). Alaric & his wife had two children:

i) AUREOL (-after 844). "Rotrude veuve du comte Alaric et fille du feu comte Bera et de Romille" sold property to "son fils Aureole" by charter dated to [844][35].

ii) ANNA (-after 22 Apr 876). A charter dated 18 Aug 868 records a judgment by "Salomonis comitis, Eldesindo vicecomite…" relating to donations by "Anna…[et] matre sua Rotrude…avio suo Berane comite" to Exala[36]. "Anna…filia condam Alarici vel Rautrudes" donated land "in territorio Russulionense villa…Covengos" to "Radulfo et uxori tue Ridlinde" by charter dated 22 Apr 876[37]. Anna is a name which is untypical at the time.

5. GISCLAFRED, son of --- (-after 2 Apr 812). "Karolus…augustus…imperator Romanum…rex Francorum et Langobardorum" issued a charter dated 2 Apr 812 to the counts in the Spanish march "Berane, Gauscelino, Gisclafredo, Odilone, Ermengario, Ademaro, Laibulfo et Erlino comitibus"[38]. According to Cros-Mayrevieille, he is named in charters dated 812 as governor of Carcassonne but he does not cite the sources[39]. He is not named as such in the charter quoted above.

6. ERMENGAR [Armengol], son of --- (-after 2 Apr 812). "Karolus…augustus…imperator Romanum…rex Francorum et Langobardorum" issued a charter dated 2 Apr 812 to the counts in the Spanish March "Berane, Gauscelino, Gisclafredo, Odilone, Ermengario, Ademaro, Laibulfo et Erlino comitibus"[40]. His name suggests a family connection with the later comtes de Barcelona (see Chapter 2) and with the comtes d´Albi (see TOULOUSE NOBILITY).

7. ODILO, son of --- (-after 2 Apr 812). "Karolus…augustus…imperator Romanum…rex Francorum et Langobardorum" issued a charter dated 2 Apr 812 to the counts in the Spanish March "Berane, Gauscelino, Gisclafredo, Odilone, Ermengario, Ademaro, Laibulfo et Erlino comitibus"[41].

8. ADEMAR, son of --- (-after 2 Apr 812). The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "Willelmus primus, signifier Hadhemarus" fought the Saracens in Córdoba [in 801][42]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Isembardum, Hudemarum, Beram, Burellum" as those leading the campaign against Tortosa [in 809][43]. "Karolus…augustus…imperator Romanum…rex Francorum et Langobardorum" issued a charter dated 2 Apr 812 to the counts in the Spanish March "Berane, Gauscelino, Gisclafredo, Odilone, Ermengario, Ademaro, Laibulfo et Erlino comitibus"[44].

1. BERNARD, son of GUILLAUME Comte de Toulouse, Marquis de Septimanie & his first wife Kunigunde --- ([795]-executed Toulouse Saint-Sernin [Jan/Jun] 844). Comte d'Autun until 830. Marquis de Septimanie until 831. He was installed as Comte de Barcelona in 827 or before: Einhard's Annales name "Bernhardus…Barcinonæ comes" in 827[45]. It is not certain whether this means that the "March of Spain" was at that time part of the marquisate of Septimania. It is possible that Bernard was appointed to Barcelona after the disgrace of Bero in 820, but no primary source has been identified which confirms that this is correct. The Gesta Francorum records that "Barnhardus comes Barcinonensis" was made camerarius in the palace in 829[46]. Nithard records that Emperor Louis I appointed "Bernard Duke of Septimania" as his chamberlain and entrusted his son Charles to him, but that he "recklessly abused the imperial power…and undermined it entirely" and was banished to Septimania in [Apr 830] by the emperor's sons who rebelled against their father[47]. The Annales Bertiniani record that "præfatus Bernardus" fled to Barcelona in 830[48]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "Bernhardus" fled into exile in Spain and was deprived of his honours [in 831][49]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "Werinus et Bernhardus comites" gathered a force in Burgundy and reached "Matronam fluvium" [in 834][50]. The Annales Bertiniani record that "Bernardus comes marcæ Hispanicæ" was sentenced to death in 844[51]. The Annales Xantenses record that "Bernhardus comes" was killed "a Karolo" in 844, after which "filio Bernhardi" and "Pippinus rex Aquitainiæ, filius Pippini" defeated the king's army[52]. The Gesta Francorum records that "Karolus" killed "Bernhardum Barcenonensium ducem" in 844 "incautem et nihil ab eo suspicantem"[53].

1. ADELRAMN [I] [Aleran], son of --- (-[killed in battle 852]). Missus dominicus in Nursia, Italy in 820. Comte de Troyes. "Comitis Aledramni" donated property for the foundation of the abbey of Montiéramy, recorded in the foundation charter dated 837[54]. It is possible that he was Comte de Barcelona from before 848, as suggested by the Annales Bertiniani which record that "Guilhelmus filius Bernardi" captured "Impurium et Barcinonam" in 848, and captured "Aledramnum et Isembardum comites" in the march of Spain in 850 but was himself captured and killed at Barcelona[55]. The Chronicon Fontanellensis records that "Wilhelmus filius Bernardi Ducis" captured Barcelona and expelled "Aledranno custode illius urbis et limitis Hispanici", dated to [849/50], in a later passage recording that "Wilhelmo invasore urbis Barcinonæ" captured "Isembardus filius Warini et Aledrannus" but that Guillaume was later defeated and killed by "factione Aledranni et quorundam Gothorum"[56]. He accompanied Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks at the siege of Toulouse in 849. "Karolus…rex" named "Odo…comes [et] predecessoris sui Aledramni…comitis ex comitatu Tricasino" in a charter dated 25 Apr 854 or 855 relating to the abbey of Montéramey[57]. He was probably killed in a Muslim raid[58]. Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks confirmed a donation of property "quod…Odo…comes…prædecessoris sui Aledranni quondam…comes…ex comitatu Tricassino" to "mon. Arremarensi", by charter dated 25 Apr 864[59].

SENIOFREDO, son of BORRELL & his wife --- (-killed in battle 849). Emperor Louis I granted "villam…in pago Narbonensis…Fons-coopertus" to "fideli nostro Sunicfredo" by charter dated 829, which states that "Bosrello patri suo" had previously held the property[60]. He established himself as count in the area known as the "March of Spain", south of the Pyrenees. He apparently led a revolt of the indigenous [Visigothic] population against Bernard de Septimanie (father of Bernard "Plantevelue")[61]. He conquered Cerdanya and Urgell in the 830s, checking the Moorish expansion. "Suniefredus" donated property to Urgell by charter dated 3 Jan 840[62]. He was killed in a counter-attack by Guillaume, son of Bernard de Septimanie, in 849.

m ERMESENDE, daughter of ---(-[after 1 Dec 885). A charter dated 22 Mar 865 which records a judgment in the court of "Salamon comes in castrum Sancti Stephani" in favour of the abbey of Lagrasse recites prior donations by "Sunicfredo comiti…cum uxore Ermesinda"[63]. "Ermessinda comitissa et Rodulfo comite et Mirone comite et Quixilo comitissa" made donations by charter dated 1 Dec 885[64], which is assumed to refer to Ermesende, widow of Sunifred, two of her children, and the wife of the second son, although this is not without doubt.

Comte Seniofredo & his wife had [eight] children:

1. GUIFRÉ [Guifred/Wifredus] [I] "el Pilós/el Velloso/the Hairy" (-killed in battle near Santa María del Puch [21 Aug 897/31 Dec 898], probably 11 Aug 898, bur Santa María de Ripoll monastery). "Sesenanda, Sunicfredus, Wifredus comes, Radulfus comes, Miro comes" donated property for the souls of "Sunicfredi genitoris nostri vel domnæ Ermesinde genititricis nostræ" to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated Apr or May [878][65]. He was confirmed by Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks as Comte de Urgell, Cerdanya i Conflent in 870, and as Comte de Barcelona i Girona in 878.

- COMTES de BARCELONA.

2. RODOLF (-[920]). "Sesenanda, Sunicfredus, Wifredus comes, Radulfus comes, Miro comes" donated property for the souls of "Sunicfredi genitoris nostri vel domnæ Ermesinde genititricis nostræ" to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated Apr or May [878][66]. His older brother associated him as Comte de Besalú. "Ermessinda comitissa et Rodulfo comite et Mirone comite et Quixilo comitissa" made donations by charter dated 1 Dec 885[67], which is assumed to refer to Ermesende, widow of Sunifred, two of her children, and the wife of the second son, although this is not without doubt. m REDLINDA, daughter of ---. "Radulfo comiti et uxore sue Ralindis" donated property in "comitatu Rosolionense" to the abbey of Lagrasse, reserving the usufruct to "filium meum Olibana", by charter dated to 898 or 903[68]. "Ridlindis et filius meus Oliba" confirmed the earlier donation to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated 24 Jun 915 or 920 which names "genitoris meo Rodulpho condam" (referring to Oliba)[69]. Rodolf & his wife had one child:

a) OLIBA (-after [24 Jun 915/920]). "Radulfo comiti et uxore sue Ralindis" donated property in "comitatu Rosolionense" to the abbey of Lagrasse, reserving the usufruct to "filium meum Olibana", by charter dated to 898 or 903[70]. "Ridlindis et filius meus Oliba" confirmed the earlier donation to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated 24 Jun 915 or 920 which names "genitoris meo Rodulpho condam" (referring to Oliba)[71].

3. MIRÓ (-after 892, maybe after 18 Feb 899). "Sesenanda, Sunicfredus, Wifredus comes, Radulfus comes, Miro comes" donated property for the souls of "Sunicfredi genitoris nostri vel domnæ Ermesinde genititricis nostræ" to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated Apr or May [878][72]. His older brother associated him as Comte de Roussillon [Rosellón] et de Conflent. A charter dated 23 Sep 873 records the foundation of the church of Notre-Dame de Formiguera by "comitibus…Vuifredo et fratre eius Mirone et comitibus Olibano et fratre eius Ayfredo"[73]. "Ermessinda comitissa et Rodulfo comite et Mirone comite et Quixilo comitissa" made donations by charter dated 1 Dec 885[74], which is assumed to refer to Ermesende, widow of Sunifred, two of her children, and the wife of the second son, although this is not without doubt. Comte de Besalù e Cerdanya. "El conde de Besalú y Cerdaña Mirón y el obispo de Urgell Riculfo", in their capacity as "albaceas [executors] de su hermano Seniofredo", donated "villa…in comitatu Cerdaniense, villa Etorras" to "Radulfo" by charter dated 892[75]. [A charter dated 18 Feb 899 confirms the possessions of "domna Hemmone habbatissa" in "comitatu Cerdaniensis in valle Petrariense in villa…Stegale", in the presence of "Mirone comite et judices Recosindo Bladino", the document specifying the exclusion of "ipsa hereditatem de Domna Windilde cometissa condam…in villa…Provenca…qui sunt de Recosindo"[76]. It is unclear whether "Mirone comite" in this document was the son of Seniofredo, or his nephew the son of Guifré [I].] m [CIXILONA], daughter of ---. "Ermessinda comitissa et Rodulfo comite et Mirone comite et Quixilo comitissa" made donations by charter dated 1 Dec 885[77], which is assumed to refer to Ermesende, widow of Sunifred, two of her children, and the wife of the second son, although this is not without doubt. Miró & his wife had one child:

a) GOTLANA de Roussillon . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m BENCIO [I] Comte de Empúries, son of SUNYER [II] Comte de Empúries y Rosellón & his wife Ermengarda --- (-916). No issue.

4. SESENANDA . "Sesenanda, Sunicfredus, Wifredus comes, Radulfus comes, Miro comes" donated property for the souls of "Sunicfredi genitoris nostri vel domnæ Ermesinde genititricis nostræ" to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated Apr or May [878][78]. It is suggested that the names "Sesenanda, Sunicfredus…" are placed first in the list of children because they held ecclesiastical office. This is certainly the case with the son Seniofredo (see below) and no other explanation is forthcoming for the presence of the daughter Sesenanda at the head of the list.

5. SENIOFREDO (-before 892). "Wifredus…comes et marchio et Winiedildes cometissa" donated "Castru Mochoronio cum ecclesias Sancta Maria et Sanctum Petrum et Sanctum Stephanum" to the monastery of "Sancti Johannis Babtiste…in comitatu Ausona in Valle Riopullo juxta flumen Tezer" [San Juan de las Abadesas], when "filiam nostram Emmone" became abbess, by charter dated 27 Jun 875, which names "fratre meo…Seniefredo clerico"[79]. "Sesenanda, Sunicfredus, Wifredus comes, Radulfus comes, Miro comes" donated property for the souls of "Sunicfredi genitoris nostri vel domnæ Ermesinde genititricis nostræ" to the abbey of Lagrasse by charter dated Apr or May [878][80]. Abbot at Arles. "El conde de Besalú y Cerdaña Mirón y el obispo de Urgell Riculfo", in their capacity as "albaceas [executors] de su hermano Seniofredo", donated "villa…in comitatu Cerdaniense, villa Etorras" to "Radulfo" by charter dated 892[81]. A charter dated 5 Aug 899 records the donation of the church of San Martín "in valle Congusto" by "Suniefredus commes avunculus meus condam", and its consecration by "Emmo abbatissa"[82].

6. ERMESINDE (-[898]). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

7. RICULF (-916). "El conde de Besalú y Cerdaña Mirón y el obispo de Urgell Riculfo", in their capacity as "albaceas [executors] de su hermano Seniofredo", donated "villa…in comitatu Cerdaniense, villa Etorras" to "Radulfo" by charter dated 892[83]. Bishop of Elna 885/90-916.

1. SALAMON (-killed after 23 Apr 873). Count in the March of Spain from before 864 to 873. A charter dated 22 Mar 865 which records a judgment in the court of "Salamon comes in castrum Sancti Stephani" in favour of l'abbaye de la Grasse recites prior donations by "Sunicfredo comiti…cum uxore Ermesinda"[84]. A charter dated 18 Aug 868 records a judgment by "Salomonis comitis, Eldesindo vicecomite…" relating to donations by "Anna…[et] matre sua Rotrude…avio suo Berane comite" to Exala[85]. A charter dated 23 Apr 873 records a judgment in favour of the abbey of Caunes by "Salamon misso, Irimberta…judices"[86]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that "Iuffré Pellos" killed "Don Salamón…Conte de Barchinona, el qual era frances"[87].

Chapter 2. BARCELONA

A. COMTES de BARCELONA

GUIFRÉ I 878-897, GUIFRÉ II 897-911

GUIFRÉ [Guifred/Wifredus] [I] "el Pilós/el Velloso/the Hairy" de Barcelona, son of SENIOFREDO Count in the March of Spain & his wife Ermesende --- (-killed in battle near Santa María del Puch [21 Aug 897/31 Dec 898], probably 11 Aug 898, bur Santa María de Ripoll monastery). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names "Guiffredus…cum filio suo Guiffredo qui cognomento est Pilosus"[88]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Guiffré que fue de la villa Darriá, sitiada en la tierra de Conflent cerca el río de Ter" when recording that he received "del Rey de Francia, el Condado de Barschinona", as well as "su fillo…Guiffré Pelloso" (stating that the latter was so-called "porque pellos hauía en lugars do homs nondan acostupnado de hauer")[89], although the Crónica is very confused in its narrative about the early rulers of Barcelona. No other source has so far been found which identifies two separate counts named Guifré, father and son. He was confirmed by Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks as Comte de Urgell, Cerdanya and Conflent in 870, and as Comte de Barcelona and Girona in 878. A charter dated 23 Sep 873 records the foundation of the church of Notre-Dame de Formiguera by "comitibus…Vuifredo et fratre eius Mirone et comitibus Olibano et fratre eius Ayfredo"[90]. "Wifredus…comes et marchio et Winiedildes cometissa" donated "Castru Mochoronio cum ecclesias Sancta Maria et Sanctum Petrum et Sanctum Stephanum" to the monastery of "Sancti Johannis Babtiste…in comitatu Ausona in Valle Riopullo juxta flumen Tezer" [San Juan de las Abadesas], when "filiam nostram Emmone" became abbess, by charter dated 27 Jun 875, which names "fratre meo…Seniefredo clerico"[91]. He encouraged colonisation in the unsettled frontier areas of Urgell and Cerdanya along the valley of the River Lord. He restored the Bishopric of Vic in 887. The death in 888 of Emperor Karl III marked a decline in Carolingian power and a trend towards independence of the Catalan counties. This was helped by their geographical remoteness from the central Frankish authority, their own relative stability and the direct relations which they had established with the Papacy[92]. A charter dated 21 Aug 897 names Wifredo and his wife Winidilda[93]. Guifré was killed resisting a Moorish incursion which reached Barcelona. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that "Guiffré" (meaning Guifré the father, see above) was killed "cerca de la villa de Senyora Sancta Maria del Puch"[94]. A necrology of San Juan de Ripoll monastery records the death "III Id Aug" of the founder of the monastery (who was Guifré) and his burial there[95]. On his death, his territories were divided between his sons.

m (before 27 Jun 875) GUINIDILDA, daughter of SENIOFREDO & his wife --- (-[21 Aug 897/18 Feb 900]). Wifredo "el Velloso" and his wife Winidilda donated property to San Juan de Ripoll monastery by charter dated 27 Jun 875 which names "fratre meo…Seniofredo"[96]. Her parentage is confirmed by charters dated 875, 877 and 878 under which "Winidildes commitissa" donated property "in comitato Impuritano in villa…Kabannas omnem portionem mihi…de comparatione de cuondam patrem meum…Seniofredo" to San Juan de Ripoll monastery[97]. The name of her father "Seniofredo" suggests that Guinidilda may have been a close relative of her husband, whose father had the same name. According to Weir[98], she was Gunhild, daughter of Baudouin I Count of Flanders. It is assumed that this is based on the Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium which records that Charles II "le Chauve" King of the Franks gave a daughter of the Count of Flanders in marriage to "Pilosi" at the same time as granting him the county of Barcelona[99], although this source is unreliable in some points of detail concerning the family of the counts of Barcelona. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña also records that "Iuffré Pellos" married "una filla del..Conte de Flandres"[100]. Considering that the early counts of Flanders were in 877 still in the process of consolidating their newly founded county, it is not clear what contact they would have had with a count whose territory was so distant from their own sphere of activity, or the advantages they would have seen in such a dynastic marriage. The only known point in common between the two counts appears to have been King Charles II "le Chauve" who was suzerain of both. Gunhild is not shown among the children of Count Baudouin in Rösch[101]. In any event, this supposed Flemish origin is disproved by the charters quoted above. "Wifredus…comes et marchio et Winiedildes cometissa" donated "Castru Mochoronio cum ecclesias Sancta Maria et Sanctum Petrum et Sanctum Stephanum" to the monastery of "Sancti Johannis Babtiste…in comitatu Ausona in Valle Riopullo juxta flumen Tezer" [San Juan de las Abadesas], when "filiam nostram Emmone" became abbess, by charter dated 27 Jun 875, which names "fratre meo…Seniefredo clerico"[102]. A charter dated 21 Aug 897 names Wifredo and his wife Winidilda[103]. She died before 18 Feb 899, the date of a charter which confirmed the possessions of "domna Hemmone habbatissa" in "comitatu Cerdaniensis in valle Petrariense in villa…Stegale", in the presence of "Mirone comite et judices…", the document specifying the exclusion of "ipsa hereditatem de Domna Windilde cometissa condam…in villa…Provenca…qui sunt de Recosindo"[104].

Guifré [I] & his wife had [ten] children:

1. EMMA [Emmone] (-942). "Wifredus…comes et marchio et Winiedildes cometissa" donated "Castru Mochoronio cum ecclesias Sancta Maria et Sanctum Petrum et Sanctum Stephanum" to the monastery of "Sancti Johannis Babtiste…in comitatu Ausona in Valle Riopullo juxta flumen Tezer" [San Juan de las Abadesas], when "filiam nostram Emmone" became abbess, by charter dated 27 Jun 875, which names "fratre meo…Seniefredo clerico"[105]. Abbess of San Juan de Ripoll. A charter dated 18 Feb 899 confirmed the possessions of "domna Hemmone habbatissa" in "comitatu Cerdaniensis in valle Petrariense in villa…Stegale", in the presence of "Mirone comite et judices…", the document specifying the exclusion of "ipsa hereditatem de Domna Windilde cometissa condam…in villa…Provenca…qui sunt de Recosindo"[106]. A charter dated 5 Aug 899 records the donation of the church of San Martín "in valle Congusto" by "Suniefredus commes avunculus meus condam", and its consecration by "Emmo abbatissa"[107]. The testament of "Miro", dated 13 Jun 921, names "sorore mea Hemmoni abbatissa…sorore mea Ermesinda…"[108].

2. RODOLF (-940). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Radulfum, Guiffredum, Mironem et Suniarium" as the four sons of "Guiffredus Pilosus comes" & his wife, specifying that Rodolfo was "monachus Rivipolli et episcopus Urgellensis"[109]. Bishop of Urgell, Abbot of Ripoll. "Bonemirus et uxor mea Ermesinda" sold property to "Radulfo presbitero filio Wifredo comite" by charter dated 29 Aug 908[110]. m ---. The name of Rodolfo's wife is not known. Rodolfo & his wife had two children:

a) OLIBA (-947). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 936 under which Bishop Rodolf "y su hijo Oliva" sold the "alodio de Palau" to "conde Sunyer"[111]. The executors of Oliva donated property "Salellas…todo lo que tenía allí el difunto de su padre el Obispo Rodulfo" to Santa Maria de Ripoll monastery by charter dated 948[112]. m EILO, daughter of --- (-after 955). "Elo comitissa cum filia sua…Enchilia" donated property "in comitatu Ausona…castrum Lacesse", inherited from "pater suus Oliba condam et ei advenit per paterem suum Radulfo episcopo", to San Juan de Ripoll, when her daughter entered the monastery, by charter dated 26 Sep 955[113]. Oliba & his wife had one child:

i) ENCHILIA (-after 26 Sep 955). "Elo comitissa cum filia sua…Enchilia" donated property "in comitatu Ausona…castrum Lacesse", inherited from "pater suus Oliba condam et ei advenit per paterem suum Radulfo episcopo", to San Juan de Ripoll, when her daughter entered the monastery, by charter dated 26 Sep 955[114]. Nun at San Juan de Ripoll.

b) SUNIFRED (-before 29 Jul 924). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 29 Jul 924 under which Bishop Rodolf donated property to San Juan de Ripoll monastery for the soul of "su hijo Seniofredo"[115].

3. GUIFRÉ [II] BORRELL (-murdered 911, bur Ripoll Monastery). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Radulfum, Guiffredum, Mironem et Suniarium" as the four sons of "Guiffredus Pilosus comes" & his wife, specifying that Guifré was killed by poison "sine filio" and was buried "in monasterio Rivipolli"[116]. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 23 Nov 934 under which “Suniarius…comes et Marchio” donated property to the church of Girona, for the souls of “patri meo Wifredi quondam, vel fratri meo Wifredi quondam…”[117]. He succeeded his father in 897 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona i Ausona, with nominal superiority over his brothers. He did homage to Charles II “le Simple” King of the Franks in 899[118]. "Wifredo…comite et marchione filii qd. Guidfredi marchione beate memorie" donated property "in castro Cervilione territorio Barch…ultra fluvium Lubricatum" to the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 12 Apr 904[119]. "Gotus et uxori mea Columba…" sold properties "in territorio de Puritano in terminio de Pinus" to "Wifredus commes et uxori sue Garesindes" by charter dated 20 Jul 905[120]. A charter dated 18 Nov 908 records the sale of "villa de Palacio" to "domno Wifredo comite hac marchio que vocant Borrello et uxori tue Gersinda"[121]. "Wifredus chomes et marchio" donated property "in comitatu Ausona" by charter dated 23 Dec 909[122]. m (before 28 Nov 898) GARSINDE, daughter of --- (-[after 13 May 962]). Wifredo "y su esposa la condesa Garsenda" bought property by charter dated 28 Nov 898[123]. The origin of Garsinde is unknown. Szabolcs de Vajay[124] suggested, for onomastic reasons only, that she may have been Garsinde [de Toulouse, daughter of Odon [Eudes] Comte de Toulouse & his wife Gersende d'Albi]. However, Garsinde/Gersende was such a common name at the time in southern France that this must be only one of numerous possibilities. "Gotus et uxori mea Columba…" sold properties "in territorio de Puritano in terminio de Pinus" to "Wifredus commes et uxori sue Garesindes" by charter dated 20 Jul 905[125]. A charter dated 18 Nov 908 records the sale of "villa de Palacio" to "domno Wifredo comite hac marchio que vocant Borrello et uxori tue Gersinda"[126]. "Idelherus epicopus, Geresendes cometissa, Suniarius comes et marchio, Ermemirus vicescomes" signed a document dated 1 Dec 911 as executors of "Vuifredo comite condam filius fuit Vuifredo comite condam"[127]. "Garsindis comitissa" sold property to Vic by charter dated 17 Apr 926 which names "viro meo Vuifredo qui vocabulum fuit Borrello"[128]. A charter dated 13 May 962 refers to the testament of "condam Richildis vicecomitissa…de civitate Narbona" which appoints "suos elemosiniarios Gersindis comitissa…"[129], which, if it refers to Riquilda´s mother, indicates that she must have lived to extreme old age. Guifré [II] & his wife had one child:

a) RIQUILDA (-before 13 May 962). "Oddo…vicecomes…cum uxore mea…Richelde" donated property inherited from "mei genitoris…Franconis et meæ genitricis…Ersindis", with the consent of "domni Agonis archiepiscopi et Poncii comitis" and for the soul of "senioris mei Poncii comitis", by charter dated 17 Dec 924, signed by "Poncii comitis et marchionis…"[130]. Her parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 19 Oct 936 which records a donation by "Richilde vicomtesse fille du comte Borrel et de la comtesse Garsinde"[131]. "Vulveradus vicecomes…Widinildis comitissa, Richildis vicecomitissa…" signed the charter dated 28 Sep 926 under which "Teudericus et uxor mea…Sposia" donated property to Narbonne cathedral[132]. A charter dated 1 May 955 records a hearing at Narbonne before "Richildem vicecomitissam"[133]. A charter dated 13 May 962 refers to the testament of "condam Richildis vicecomitissa…de civitate Narbona" which appoints "suos elemosiniarios Gersindis comitissa, Matfredo et Adalaiz" and names "Borrello comite consanguineo suo…Odoni viri sui"[134]. m (before 17 Dec 924) ODON Vicomte de Narbonne, son of FRANCON Vicomte de Narbonne & his wife --- (-936).

4. SUNYER [I] (-15 Oct 954). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Radulfum, Guiffredum, Mironem et Suniarium" as the four sons of "Guiffredus Pilosus comes" & his wife, specifying that Sunyer succeeded his father "in comitatu Urgelli et fuit primus comes Urgelli"[135]. He succeeded his father jointly with his brother in 897 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona and Ausona, and his brother in 911 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona i Ausona. He succeeded his brother Sunifredo in 948 as Comte de Urgell.

- see below.

5. MIRÓ [II] "el Joven" (-Oct 927). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Radulfum, Guiffredum, Mironem et Suniarium" as the four sons of "Guiffredus Pilosus comes" & his wife, succeeding his father in Barcelona[136]. He succeeded as Comte de Cerdanya, Conflent i Berguedà.

- COMTES de CERDANYA, COMTES de BESALÚ.

6. SENIOFREDO [I] (-948). "Suniefredus comes" donated property to the monastery of San Pablo del Campo de Barcelona, for the souls of "genitore meo Wifredo comite et genitrice mea…Winedelde", by charter dated 11 Aug 939[137]. He succeeded his father in 897 as Comte de Urgell. "Suniefredus comes de Urgel et uxor mea Adalezi" donated property to the monastery of Santa Maria de Urgel by charter dated 12 Jul 936[138]. m ADELAIDA, daughter of ---. "Suniefredus comes de Urgel et uxor mea Adalezi" donated property to the monastery of Santa Maria de Urgel by charter dated 12 Jul 936[139]. Bofarull suggests that Adelaida was her husband´s niece, daughter of his brother Sunyer [I] Comte de Barcelona[140]. The latter´s daughter is named "Adalaiz comitissa que vocant Bona filia, filiam Suniarium comitem et Richildis chomitissam" in the charter dated 24 Jun [951] which records her donation to San Juan de Ripoll[141], the title "comitissa" indicating that she was married to, or was widow of, a "comes" at the date of the document. However, Bofarull´s hypothesis appears to be based on nothing more than the fact that the two individuals bore the same name (which was not an uncommon one at the time), although it is correct that no "Adalaiz comitissa" has been identified at the time except for the wife of Seniofredo [I]. Seniofredo & his wife had one child:

a) BORRELL de Urgell (-after 12 Jul 936). A record of the possessions of Santa Maria de Ripoll, undated but dated to the 10th century, names "Miro comis Cerdaniensis, Soniarius comis Barchinonensis vel Ausonensis…Borrellus filius Suniefredo comis Urgillitanensis…et domna Emma abbatissa" donated property to the monastery of Santa Maria de Urgel by charter dated 12 Jul 936[142]. He presumably died before his father.

7. ERMESINDA (-after 13 Jun 921). The testament of "Miro", dated 13 Jun 921, names "sorore mea Hemmoni abbatissa…sorore mea Ermesinda…"[143].

8. CIXILONA (-22 Feb 945, bur Chapel of Torres de la Garriga). An inscription in the chapel of "la casa Torres de la Garriga, del partido de Granollers" records the death "VIII Kal Mar" in 945 of "Chixiloni Deo dicata, filia Wifredi comitis" and her burial in the chapel[144]. Nun. The executors of "Chixilone Deo dicata" to Santa Maria de Ripoll monastery by charter dated 29 May 945[145].

9. RIQUILDA (-before 19 Apr 925). Conde Sunyer donated property to San Juan de Ripoll monastery for the soul of "su hermana Riquilde quondam" by charter dated 19 Apr 925[146].

10. [GUINIDILDA . The name and origin of the wife of Raymond II Comte de Toulouse are not known. "Vulveradus vicecomes…Widinildis comitissa, Richildis vicecomitissa…" signed the charter dated 28 Sep 926 under which "Teudericus et uxor mea…Sposia" donated property to Narbonne cathedral[147]. As Narbonne was under the suzerainty of the comtes de Toulouse, it is possible that "Widinildis comitissa" was the legal representative of the county at the time, widow of the former comte and acting in the capacity of guardian for her minor son. She is shown as the possible daughter of Guifre [I] Comte de Barcelona in Europäische Stammtafeln[148]. As Guinidilda was also the name of the wife of Comte Guifré [I], a connection seems likely, although it is also possible that "Vuidinildis comitissa" belonged to the same family as Guinidilda senior.] [m RAYMOND II Comte de Toulouse, son of ODON [Eudes] Comte de Toulouse & his wife Gersende d'Albi (-[923/924]).]

SUNYER I 911-950

SUNYER [I] de Barcelona, son of GUIFRÉ [I] "el Velloso/el Pilós/the Hairy" Comte de Barcelona & his wife Guinidilda --- (-15 Oct 954, bur Ripoll Monastery). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Radulfum, Guiffredum, Mironem et Suniarium" as the four sons of "Guiffredus Pilosus comes" & his wife, specifying that Sunyer succeeded his father "in comitatu Urgelli et fuit primus comes Urgelli"[149]. He succeeded his father jointly with his brother in 897 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona and Ausona, and his brother in 911 as sole Comte de Barcelona, Girona and Ausona. "Idelherus epicopus, Geresendes cometissa, Suniarius comes et marchio, Ermemirus vicescomes" signed a document dated 1 Dec 911 as executors of "Vuifredo comite condam filius fuit Vuifredo comite condam"[150]. A charter dated 16 May 914 records the allegiance of the inhabitants of San Juan, Ogasa, Surroca and Caballera del valle de Ripoll to the abbess of San Juan de Ripoll, in the presence of "Mirone et Suniario comites et marchiones, Ermemiro et Unifredo vicecomites"[151]. “Suniarius…comes et Marchio” donated property to the church of Girona, for the souls of “patri meo Wifredi quondam, vel fratri meo Wifredi quondam…vel filio meo Borrello”, by charter dated 23 Nov 934[152]. Faced with Muslim attacks along the coast at Maresme and Empordà, comte Sunyer launched a counter-attack in 936 which was halted by Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ilyas who led the siege of Zaragoza[153]. Caliph Abd Al-Rahman III made peace with comte Sunyer in 940. Suniario and his wife Richildis donated property to the church of Santa Eulalia & Santa Cruz, Barcelona, for the souls of "sus padres Wifredo y Winidilda y de su hermano Borrell conde y de su hijo Ermengaudo difuntos" by charter dated 944[154]. "Suniarius comes et marchio" donated property "in comitatu Gerundensis in locum…villa Felgars" to Saint-Pierre de Rosas by charter dated 25 Jun 945[155]. "Suniarius comes et coniux mea Rechellis comitissa" donated property to the monastery of Santa Cecilia de Montserrat by charter dated 31 Jul 945[156]. He succeeded his brother Sunifredo in 948 as Comte de Urgell. "Soniarius comes" donated property to the monastery of Grasse by charter dated 30 Jun 953, witnessed by "Isarni comitis…"[157]. The martirilogio of Vic records the death "Id Oct" of "Suniarius"[158]. The year of his death is narrowed to 954 given the charter dated 19 Feb 955 under which his son Comte Borrell granted property, acquired from "su difunto padre el conde Suniario", to his cousin Miró[159]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium the death in 950 of "Sunyer" and his burial "in monasterio Rivipolli"[160].

m (917 or before) RICHILDE, daughter of --- (-after 954). Bofarull states that she is named as wife of Sunyer in 917 in a donation to the monastery of San Cucufáte del Vallés by "los hermanos Ermenardo y Udalardo" but does not cite the precise reference[161]. "Suniarius comes et coniux mea Rechellis comitissa" donated property to the monastery of Santa Cecilia de Montserrat by charter dated 31 Jul 945[162]. "Ricildis comitissa" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse by charter dated 954 before 31 Aug subscribed by "Miro comes, Borellus comes"[163], the subscribers assumed to be her sons. Szabolcs de Vajay suggests[164] that she was Richilde de Rouergue, daughter of Ermengaud de Toulouse Comte de Rouergue & his wife Adelais ---, to explain the transmission of the name Armengol [Ermengaud] into the Barcelona family.

Sunyer [I] & his wife had five children:

1. BORRELL [II] de Barcelona (-30 Sep 993). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Borellus, Ermengaudus et Miro" as the three sons of "Sunyer"[165]. His parentage, and the fact that he was probably his father´s oldest son, is confirmed by the charter dated 23 Nov 934 under which “Suniarius…comes et Marchio” donated property to the church of Girona, for the souls of “patri meo Wifredi quondam, vel fratri meo Wifredi quondam…vel filio meo Borrello”[166]. He succeeded as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, Ausona, i Urgell.

- see below.

2. ARMENGOL de Barcelona (-21 Aug [940/942]). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Borellus, Ermengaudus et Miro" as the three sons of "Sunyer"[167]. Comte de Ausona. A charter dated 939 records the dedication of the church of Santa Maria de Moyá, under the authority of "princeps…dominus comes Suniarius et Marchione…et eius…prolus Ermengaudus Ausonensis comitis"[168]. The necrologies of Vic, Girona and Ripoll record that "Ermengaudus comes filius Suniarii comitis" was killed "XI Kal Sep"[169]. Sunyer donated property to Santa Maria de Ripoll for the soul of "su hijo Ermengaudo condam" by charter dated 6 Sep 943[170]. Suniario and his wife Richildis donated property to the church of Santa Eulalia & Santa Cruz, Barcelona, for the souls of "sus padres Wifredo y Winidilda y de su hermano Borrell conde y de su hijo Ermengaudo difuntos" by charter dated 944[171].

3. MIRÓ de Barcelona (-31 Oct 966). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Borellus, Ermengaudus et Miro" as the three sons of "Sunyer"[172]. Comte de Barcelona i Ausona. "Ricildis comitissa" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse by charter dated 954 before 31 Aug subscribed by "Miro comes, Borellus comes"[173], the subscribers assumed to be her sons. The name order of the subscriptions in this document suggests that Miró was older than his brother Borrell, but this appears to be contradicted by the charter of their father dated 23 Nov 934 which only names Borrell (see above). The document dated 26 Nov 966 signed by "Borrellus…comes et marchio, Petrus Barchinonensis episcopus…et Guitardus vicecomes" as "tutores vel elemosinarii" of "condam Mirone comite"[174] shows Borrell with the full comital title in comparison with the limited title of Miró. At first sight, this suggests that Borrell must have been the older son. However, the reference to "tutores", a term not used in any of the other testamentary documents in the compilation, suggests a guardianship element in the relations between the executors and the deceased. It is possible, therefore, that Miró was the older son but was in some way incapacitated and therefore excluded from the full succession to his father. This document also serves to identify Miró's date of death. "Mirone comes et marchio" donated property to the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 16 Mar 955[175]. "Borrellum et Mironem uterque fratres et marchiones comites" donated property to Monserrat, as requested by "condam Richilli comitissa" in her testament, by charter dated 27 Dec 956[176]. “Miro Comes” donated “alodem meum qui mihi advenit per donationem Seniofredi Comitis fratris mei…in comitatu Bisellunensi in villa…Parietes” to the church of Girona by charter dated 2 Feb 968[177]. "Borrellus…comes et marchio" exchanged property with "uxori mee Ermerud comitissa" by charter dated 5 Sep 988 which names "fratri meo Mironi comiti…condam"[178]. m ---. The name of Miró's wife is not known. Miró & his wife had three children:

a) RAMON (-after 24 Sep 993). The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Ermengaudo comite et Raimundo comite nepoti meo, cum fratres suos Borello comite et Suneario comite" to "comitatu Orgullense"[179]. The term "nepos" in this document can only mean "nephew" as neither of the testator's sons was old enough at that date to have had three sons himself. The testator's brother Mirón is the only known possible father of these brothers. No reference to them has been found in any other document, but their mention as part heirs in the will of Comte Borrell [II] suggests a recognition of their possibly superior claim to share in the family estates, maybe corroborating the hypothesis that their father was older than his brother Borrell. The absence of further reference to joint counts of Urgell suggests that all three brothers died soon after the date of this testament, probably without male issue.

b) BORRELL (-after 24 Sep 993). The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Ermengaudo comite et Raimundo comite nepoti meo, cum fratres suos Borello comite et Suneario comite" to "comitatu Orgullense"[180].

c) SUNYER (-after 24 Sep 993). The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Ermengaudo comite et Raimundo comite nepoti meo, cum fratres suos Borello comite et Suneario comite" to "comitatu Orgullense"[181].

4. ADELAIDA [Bonafilia] de Barcelona (-[after 11 Mar 988]). "Adalaiz comitissa que vocant Bona filia, filiam Suniarium comitem et Richildis chomitissam" donated "in comitato Berchitano…Castrum Spugnola" to San Juan de Ripoll, for the souls of "patri meo Suniario comite et matri mee Richildes chometissa", by charter dated 24 Jun "anno XV regnante Ludevico rege filius Karlonis regis" (incorrectly dated to 907 in the collection, 951 if the reign of King Louis IV is dated from 936)[182]. The title "comitissa" attributed to her in this document indicates that Adelaida was married to, or was widow of, a "comes" at the date of the document. Bofarull suggests that she was the wife of her paternal uncle Seniofredo Comte de Urgell[183], but this appears to be based on nothing more than the fact that the two individuals bore the same name (which was not an uncommon one at the time). A charter dated 16 Aug 950 records the election of "Adalaizam" as abbess of San Juan de Ripoll in the presence of "Borrellus…comes"[184], although the document does not specify that the new abbess was Borrell´s sister. "Adaleziba sive Bonafilia" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de las Puellas de Barcelona by charter dated 11 Mar 988, which specifies that she was abbess[185]. The similarity of the name suggests that this was the same person as the daughter of Comte Sunyer. [m ---- Comte de --- (-before 16 Aug 950).]

5. JOZFREDO de Barcelona (-after 9 Apr 986). “Borellus…comes et marchio…filios meos Raymundo et Ermengode” ordered the security of “castro…Cardona”, constructed by “avus meus Wifredus comes et marchio”, by charter dated 9 Apr 986, subscribed by “Geribertus vicecomes…Gocefridus frater Borelli comes”[186].

BORRELL II 950-992, RAMON BORRELL I 992-1018

BORRELL [II] de Barcelona, son of SUNYER [I] Comte de Barcelona & his wife Richilde --- (-30 Sep 993). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Borellus, Ermengaudus et Miro" as the three sons of "Sunyer", specifying that "Borrellus filius Suniarii comitis Urgelli" succeeded his cousin "Seniofredus" in Barcelona[187]. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 23 Nov 934 under which “Suniarius…comes et Marchio” donated property to the church of Girona, for the souls of “patri meo Wifredi quondam, vel fratri meo Wifredi quondam…vel filio meo Borrello”[188]. He succeeded his father in 950 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, Ausona, i Urgell. "Borrellus comes" donated property "in comitatu Ausona in…Tolosa", inherited from "genitori meo Suniario", to San Juan de Ripoll by charter dated 19 Feb 955[189]. "Ricildis comitissa" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse by charter dated 954 before 31 Aug subscribed by "Miro comes, Borellus comes"[190], the subscribers assumed to be her sons. "Borrellum et Mironem uterque fratres et marchiones comites" donated property to Monserrat, as requested by "condam Richilli comitissa" in her testament, by charter dated 27 Dec 956[191]. He formed an alliance with Fernando González Conde de Castilla and García III Sánchez King of Navarre against Caliph Al-Hakam II. The alliance was, however, unsuccessful and comte Borrell was defeated by the governor of Zaragoza in 965[192]. "Borrellus…comes et marchio cum coniuge Leudgardis chomitissa" sold the castle of Queralt to "Witardo vicecomite" by charter dated 15 Jul 976[193]. "Borrellus…chomes et marchio" sold property to "Unicfredo que vocant Amado" by charter dated 11 Jun 977, subscribed by "Ledgardis comitissa, Ansulfo, Vuitardus vicescomes…"[194]. "Borrellus…comis et marchio" sold property "in comitatum Orgillitense in villa Cuilare seu Montan-Goncello" to "Reisendo et uxori tue" to the abbey of Gerri by charter dated 24 May 979[195]. He concluded a treaty with the caliph, marking the end of Catalonia's historic dependence on the Frankish kingdom[196], although the treaty was broken by al-Mansur who captured Barcelona in 985[197]. “Borellus…comes et marchio…filios meos Raymundo et Ermengode” ordered the security of “castro…Cardona”, constructed by “avus meus Wifredus comes et marchio”, by charter dated 9 Apr 986, subscribed by “Geribertus vicecomes…Gocefridus frater Borelli comes”[198]. "Borrello…Hibereo duci atque marchiso" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 10 Mar 988, subscribed by "Eimerud…comitissa, Miro, Raimundus comes, Ermengaudis…Suniarius comes…"[199]. "Borrellus…comes et marchio" exchanged property with "uxori mee Ermerud comitissa" which she held "in comitatu Urgellense" by charter dated 5 Sep 988 which names "fratri meo Mironi comiti…condam" and is subscribed by "Raimundus comes filio Borrello comitis"[200]. "Borrellus comes et marchio" sold property "in comitatu Urgellitano in valle Castro Leoni" to "Gillelmo vicecomite et uxori tue Sancia" by charter dated 8 Oct 988[201]. The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 provides for the disposition of his titles between his successors, as shown below[202]. The Annales Barcinonenses record the death in 993 of "Borrelli comes Barchinonensis"[203].

m firstly (968 or before) LEDGARDE, daughter of --- ([950/53]-after 16 Apr 980). Comte Borrell donated property to the monastery of San Saturnino de Urgell, for the souls of "…uxoris meæ Letgarda vel prolis meæ, que de me et illa procreata est, et…fratris mei Mironis comitis atque marchionis", by charter dated 6 Jun 969[204]. Her birth date is estimated on the assumption that she was 15 years or younger at the time of her marriage, but old enough to have given birth to her first child before the date of this charter. Bofarull records a suggestion by Baluze that Ledgarde was the daughter of "Ramon Pons y Garsinda condes de Auvernia"[205]. The original work in which this suggestion is made has not yet been consulted. However, even without knowing the basis on which the connection with the family of the comtes de Toulouse is made, it is chronological impossible for Ledgarde to have been the daughter of Raymond Pons Comte de Toulouse et d´Auvergne whose children must have been born in the range [920/30]. If Ledgarde did belong to the Toulouse family, she must have been Ledgarde, daughter of Raymond III Comte de Toulouse & his wife [Gundinildis ---], whose children would have been born in the range [940/60]. "Borrellus…comes et marchio cum coniuge Leudgardis chomitissa" sold the castle of Queralt to "Witardo vicecomite" by charter dated 15 Jul 976[206]. "Borrellus…chomes et marchio" sold property to "Unicfredo que vocant Amado" by charter dated 11 Jun 977, subscribed by "Ledgardis comitissa, Ansulfo, Vuitardus vicescomes…"[207]. "Borrellus comes et marchio et uxori mee Ledegards" donated property "in comitatu Ausona" to Vic by charter dated 16 Apr 980[208].

m secondly (before 10 Mar 988) as her second husband, AIMERUDIS, widow of ---, daughter of --- (-after 992). "Borrello…Hibereo duci atque marchiso" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 10 Mar 988, subscribed by "Eimerud…comitissa, Miro, Raimundus comes, Ermengaudis…Suniarius comes…"[209]. "Borrellus…comes et marchio" exchanged property with "uxori mee Ermerud comitissa" which she held "in comitatu Urgellense" by charter dated 5 Sep 988 which names "fratri meo Mironi comiti…condam" and is subscribed by "Raimundus comes filio Borrello comitis"[210]. The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 names "uxore mea Aimerudis" and also "Aldria filia tua" when addressing his wife, which provides confirmation of her first marriage[211].

Borrell [II] & his first wife had five children:

1. daughter (before 6 Jun 969-). Comte Borrell donated property to the monastery of San Saturnino de Urgell, for the souls of "…uxoris meæ Letgarda vel prolis meæ, que de me et illa procreata est, et…fratris mei Mironis comitis atque marchionis", by charter dated 6 Jun 969[212]. It is not known whether this daughter was the same as one of the other daughters of Borrell named below.

2. RAMON BORRELL [I] de Barcelona ([971/26 May 972]-25 Feb 1017). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Raimundum Borrelli et Ermengaudum" as the two sons of "Borrellus comes"[213]. The Annales Barcinonenses name "Raimundus Barchinonensis comes, filius Borelli comitis" when recording his death[214]. The dating clause of a charter dated 26 May 972, under which "Borrellus…comes et marchio et coniux nostra Ledgardis" granted property, specifies that the year was "anno primo quo natus est filius eius Raimundus"[215]. “Borellus…comes et marchio…filios meos Raymundo et Ermengode” ordered the security of “castro…Cardona”, constructed by “avus meus Wifredus comes et marchio”, by charter dated 9 Apr 986, subscribed by “Geribertus vicecomes…Gocefridus frater Borelli comes”[216]. "Borrellus…comes et marchio" exchanged property with "uxori mee Ermerud comitissa" which she held "in comitatu Urgellense" by charter dated 5 Sep 988 subscribed by "Raimundus comes filio Borrello comitis"[217]. He succeeded his father in 992 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, i Ausona. The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Raimundo comite" to "comitatu Gerundense…[et] comitatu Barchinonense"[218]. He reversed the advances of al-Mansur and Abd-el-Malik, culminating in an attack on Córdoba 1010. “Raimundo…comiti et conjugi…Ermesendi” bought property from Petro Rogerio Bishop of Girona by charter dated 20 Nov 1015, subscribed by “Berengarius comes”[219]. The necrology of Girona records the death “IV Kal Mar…1016” (presumably O.S.) of “Raymundus comes”[220]. m ([990/91]) ERMESINDE de Carcassonne, daughter of ROGER [I] de Comminges Comte de Carcassonne & his wife Adelais de Rouergue (-1 Mar 1058). "Remundus comes et marchio, Ermensides comitissa" donated property to Saint-Victor, Marseille by charter dated 11 Jun 996[221]. Her parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 2 Sep 1019 which names “Raymondus…comes Borreli comitis proles” and by which “Ermisindi…coniux eius comitissa, filia…comitis Carcasonensis Rodegarii” records her husband´s burial “infra canonicalem claustram S. Crucis sedis” and confirms a donation by “femina…Bellazez uxor quæ fuit Sesemundi fratris Seniofredi Gerundensis vicecomitis”, with the consent of “filio suo domno Barengario marchione comite…Amato vicecomite Gerundense…”[222]. “Raimundo…comiti et conjugi…Ermesendi” bought property from Petro Rogerio Bishop of Girona by charter dated 20 Nov 1015, subscribed by “Berengarius comes”[223]. "Ermessindis comitissa et Amato de castro Surice et Sunifredo de Riorubio, Gondebaldus de Besora, Lobeto de Celra" signed a document dated 12 Nov 1018 as executors of "condam Remundo comite et marchio"[224]. Regent during the minority of her son until early 1020s. She acquired considerable power during her regency, quarrelling with her son. She continued to be a disruptive influence in Catalonia until her death[225]. The testament of "Ermesindis comitissa", dated 25 Sep 1057, names "domnum Raymundum Berengarium comitem nepotem meum…domna Almodis comitissa coniuge vestra"[226]. The codicil of "domna Ermesindis comitissa", dated 6 Mar 1057 (O.S.), names "Guillermo Berengarii suo nepoti…Sancio suo nepoti…Bernardo Berengarii suo nepoti"[227]. Ramon Borrell [I] & his wife had [three] children:

a) BERENGUER RAMON de Barcelona ([1000/05]-26 May 1035, bur Santa Maria de Ripoll). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Berenguer" as the son of "Remon Burrel conte de Barchinona"[228]. He succeeded his father in 1018 as BERENGUER RAMON I "el Curvo" Comte de Barcelona, Girona, i Ausona.

- see below.

b) [--- de Barcelona . Adémar de Chabannes records that Roger de Tosny lost his brother-in-law with whom he was fighting the Moors, but does not identify him by name[229].]

c) [ADELAIDA [Papia] de Barcelona . The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Normanni duce Rotgerio", who had been fighting Saracens in Spain, asked "comitissa Barzelonensi Ermensende…vidua" for the hand of her daughter, but does not name the latter[230]. It is not clear that "dux Rotgerius" is Roger de Conches, particularly as it seems surprising that Adémar would have accorded him the title "dux". It is assumed that this marriage proposal took place in 1018 or soon after: if it had taken place much later, there would have been little reason to have referred to the bride's mother as "vidua". In addition, the other events recorded by Adémar in the same paragraph, all relate to 1016/18. The Chronici Hugonis Floriacensis records that "Rotgerius filius Rodulfi comitis" married "sororem Raymundi-Berengarii Stephaniam" in Spain, specifying that she later married "rex Hispaniæ Garsias"[231], but this account is even more confused and clearly conflates several different individuals. The Chronico S Petri Vivi Senonensi records the same marriage using the same wording[232]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. [m (after 1018) as his first wife, ROGER [I] de Conches, son of RAOUL [II] de Tosny & his wife --- ([990]-killed in battle [1040]). He left Normandy for Spain [1030/35], fought against the Moors, and lived there for 15 years with his Spanish wife[233].]

d) [--- . m ---.] [One possible] child:

i) ADELAIDA (-after 12 May 1078). Her parentage is suggested by the charter dated 10 Apr 1078 under which "Remundus Berengarius et Berengarius Remundus…Barchinonensium comites atque marchiones" granted property "intra muros Barchinone urbis" to "Adaledi femine consubrine nostre"[234]. It is unlikely that Adelaida was related to the two brother comtes de Barcelona through their mother Sancha de Castilla. It is possible that she was the child of an otherwise unknown child of Comte Ramon Borrell [I], although as can be seen here no definite information is known about his other possible children. Alternatively she could have been a more remote descendant, possibly granddaughter, of one of the brothers or sisters of Comte Ramon Borrell. She was the same person as "Adaledis femina" who sold property "intra muros Barchinone urbis" to "Remundo Dalmatii levite" by charter dated 12 May 1078, as the description of the two properties appears to be the same[235].

3. ARMENGOL [I] de Barcelona "él de Córdoba" ([973/77]-1 Sep 1010, bur Ripoll). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Raimundum Borrelli et Ermengaudum" as the two sons of "Borrellus comes"[236]. He succeeded his father in 992 as Comte de Urgell. The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Ermengaudo comite et Raimundo comite nepoti meo, cum fratres suos Borello comite et Suneario comite" to "comitatu Orgullense"[237].

- COMTES de URGELL.

4. ERMENGARDE de Barcelona (-after 10 Oct 1029). "Geiriberto filio condam Witardo et uxori mea Ermengards" exchanged property with "Geiriberto filio condam Gotmar et uxori tua Aigo" by charter dated 26 Jun 997[238]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. A charter dated 19 Dec 1015 relating to a sale of property names "Ermengardis filia condam Borrelli comitis" and "Geriberto" but does not expressly make the connection between the two[239]. "Geriberto filio condam Guitardo et uxori mea Ermengarda" exchanged property with "Geriberto filio condam Gotmar et uxor tua Aigo" by charter dated 26 Jun 1019[240]. The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029, appoints "…soror mea Richel…" as one of her helemosinarii, bequeathes "Subiratis…castel" to "Mir filio meo" on condition he donates it to "sua nepota filia de Reimundo", donates property "pro anima de viro meo domnus Geribertus", bequeathes property to "Guillelm filio de Mir…Fulcus filio…nepta mea filia de Reimundo…Seniol per dominicatione de filia mea Guilla…Adalet filia de Mir"[241]. m GERIBERT de Barcelona, son of GUITARD Vescomte de Barcelona & his wife --- (-before 1014).

5. RIQUILDA de Barcelona (-after 1041). "El vizconde Odolardo y la vizcondesa Richilde su muger" donated property to Montserrat by charter dated 5 Mar 999[242]. "Odalardus…vicecomitis" granted property to "uxori mee Richilde vicecomitissa" by charter dated 5 Feb 1006[243]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified, although it is hinted at by the testament of her sister "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029, which appoints "…soror mea Richel…" as one of her helemosinarii[244]. It is also hinted at by the charter dated 26 May 1058 under which "Udalardus Bernardi…vicecomes" reached agreement with "domno Remudo comiti et domnæ Almodi comitissæ", the document naming "Remundi Borrelli comitis et avi iam dicti Udalardi" (although he was great-grandfather, not grandfather, of Vescomte Udalard [II][245]. "Richildis…vicecomitissa" granted property to "filio meo…Guisliberto episcopo" by charter dated 6 Mar 1041[246]. "Richillis vicecomitissa" sold property to "Bonifilius levita et fratri tuo Bonutius, prolis condam Vives" by charter dated 1 Mar 1041[247]. "Richildis…vicecomitissa" granted property to "filio meo…Guisliberto episcopo" by charter dated 6 Mar 1041[248]. "Domina vicecomitissa Rachelis cum filiis nostris…domnus Guisliberto pontifex et Iohannes de Mont [Serrad]" donated property by charter dated 20 May 1041[249]. m UDALARD [I] Vescomte de Barcelona, son of GUITARD Vescomte de Barcelona & his wife --- (-after 30 May 1030).

BERENGUER RAMON I 1018-1035

BERENGUER RAMON [I] "el Curvo" de Barcelona, son of RAMON BORRELL [I] Comte de Barcelona & his wife Ermesinde de Carcassonne ([1000/05]-26 May 1035, bur Santa Maria de Ripoll). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Berenguer" as the son of "Remon Burrel conte de Barchinona"[250]. His birth date is estimated from the Crónica de San Juan de la Peña which records that "Berenguer" died aged 40[251], but this may be exaggerated considering the date of his first betrothal and the fact that his mother continued to exercise her regency until the early 1020s. He succeeded his father in 1017 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, i Ausona. The growth in power of feudal lords, and the consequent breakdown in central authority, led to a reaction to restore public order centred around the Truce of God (1027, 1033) inaugurated by the bishops of Elne and Vic[252]. “Berengarius…Marchio Comes…cum uxore mea Guillia comitissa” donated property to Barcelona Santa Eulalia by charter dated to [1028][253]. The Annales Barcinonenses record the death in 1035 of "Berengarius comes Barchinonensis"[254]. The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names his wife, his mother and three sons[255]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death in 1034 of "Berenguer" aged 40[256].

m firstly (betrothed 1016, Zaragoza 1021[257]) SANCHA Sánchez de Castilla, daughter of SANCHO [I] García Conde de Castilla & his wife Urraca Salvadórez ([1006/07]-26 June 1026, bur Santa Maria de Ripoll). She is named "Sancha daughter of the deceased Conde Sancho", assumed to be Sancho García Conde de Castilla, in her husband's 1025 charter[258]. Bofarull suggests that Sancha was the daughter of Sancho Duke of Gascony[259]. However, if this is correct, it is unclear why her husband would not have claimed the disputed succession to the duchy of Gascony, in her name, after the death of Duke Sancho in 1032.

m secondly ([1027]) as her first husband, GUISLA, daughter of --- (-after 1079). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[260], she was Guisla de Lluça, daughter of Sunifred [II] Señor de Lluça i Villanova & his wife Ermesenda de Balsareny. On the other hand Kerrebrouck states that the "third" wife of Berenguer Ramon [I] was "Guisle de Ampurias"[261]. The primary sources which corroborate these hypotheses have not yet been identified. “Berengarius…Marchio Comes…cum uxore mea Guillia comitissa” donated property to Barcelona Santa Eulalia by charter dated to [1028][262]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names "uxorem meam Guiliam comitissam" and leaves the county of Ausona to her, while she remains unmarried, and their son "Guilelmo"[263]. She married secondly Udalard [II] Vescomte de Barcelona. Her second marriage is confirmed by a charter of her son Guillem, dated 1054, in which he names himself "filius…Guislæ feminæ…comitissa…nunc est vice comitissa propter maritum quem habuit post patris mei"[264].

Berenguer Ramon [I] & his first wife had two children:

1. RAMON BERENGUER [I] "el Viejo" de Barcelona (1023-26 May 1076). The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names "filium meum maiorem…Reimundus"[265]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, i Ausona.

- see below.

2. SANCHO BERENGUER de Barcelona (-after 6 Mar 1058). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium name "Raimundum Berengarii, et Gillelmum Berengarii et Sancium Berengarii" as children of "Berengarius", stating that "Sancius Berengarii" was "Monachus Tomeriensis et Prior S. Benedicti de Bagis" where he died[266]. The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names "…filium meum Sancium…"[267]. Comte de Olerdota 1035/49. He renounced his rights at Penedes in 1050[268], and became a monk at St Pons de Thomières. The codicil of "domna Ermesindis comitissa", dated 6 Mar 1057 (O.S.), names "Guillermo Berengarii suo nepoti…Sancio suo nepoti…Bernardo Berengarii suo nepoti"[269].

Berenguer Ramon [I] & his second wife had [three] children:

3. GUILLEM RAMON de Barcelona ([1029/31]-after 6 Mar 1058). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium name "Raimundum Berengarii, et Gillelmum Berengarii et Sancium Berengarii" as children of "Berengarius", stating that "Guillelmus Berengarii" was "Comes Minorisæ" and died childless[270]. The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names "…Guiliam comitissam…cum filio meo et suo Guilelmo…"[271]. Comte de Ausona. The codicil of "domna Ermesindis comitissa", dated 6 Mar 1057 (O.S.), names "Guillermo Berengarii suo nepoti…Sancio suo nepoti…Bernardo Berengarii suo nepoti"[272].

4. [BERNAT BERENGUER ([1035]-after 6 Mar 1058). The codicil of "domna Ermesindis comitissa", dated 6 Mar 1057 (O.S.), names "Guillermo Berengarii suo nepoti…Sancio suo nepoti…Bernardo Berengarii suo nepoti"[273]. It is puzzling that Bernat Berenguer was not named in his father´s testament, if he was indeed the son of Comte Berenguer Ramon. One possibility is that he was born posthumously, or at least after the date of the testament. Another possibility is that he was not the son of Comte Berenguer Ramon but the son of an otherwise unrecorded daughter of Ermesinde.]

5. [--- de Barcelona (-6 Jul 1074 or after, bur Besançon, Saint-Etienne). The parentage of the wife of Henri de Bourgogne has not been identified with certainty. Abbé Maurice Chaume[274] suggested that she was a relative of Ramon Borrell [I] Comte de Barcelona, pointing out the use of the name "Borell" by her son and grandson Eudes I Duke of Burgundy and Hugues II Duke of Burgundy. Szabolcs de Vajay[275] proposed more specifically that she was the daughter of Berenguer Ramon [I] Comte de Barcelona & his second wife, and that she married while her husband and his father were in Barcelona on crusade in Spain. There appears to be nothing to support the suggestion that her first name was Sibylla. Jean Richard[276] suggested that the wife of Henri de Bourgogne may have been named Clémence, a name used by her descendants, and that she may have originated from Poitiers. There does not appear to be any proof to support any of these theories. m ([1056]) HENRI de Bourgogne, son of ROBERT I "le Vieux" Duke of Burgundy [Capet] & his first wife Hélie de Semur ([1035]-27 Jan [1070/74]).]

RAMON BERENGUER I 1018-1076, RAMON BERENGUER II 1076-1082, BERENGUER RAMON II 1082-1097

RAMON BERENGUER [I] "el Viejo" de Barcelona, son of BERENGUER RAMON "el Curvo" Comte de Barcelona & his second wife Sancha Sánchez de Castilla (1023-26 May 1076). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium name "Raimundum Berengarii, et Gillelmum Berengarii et Sancium Berengarii" as children of "Berengarius"[277]. The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names "filium meum maiorem…Reimundus"[278]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, i Ausona. The revolt of Mir Geribert (who styled himself "prince of Olèrdola") in 1040 was not finally suppressed until 1059[279]. During this period, Comte Ramon Berenguer [I] had to deal with many other challenges to his authority, including from Ramon Guifré Comte de Cerdanya against whom he launched a military expedition in 1044[280]. Ramon Berenguer [I] eventually succeeded in restoring political order, in part through a systematic process of purchasing castles from local lords and returning them as feudal concessions. In consolidating his power progressively by securing alliances with local magnates, he effectively established a new feudal order with himself at the pinnacle. A charter dated 1050 records that "Raymundum comitem Barchinonensem et Elisabet comitssa" promised the town of Tarragona "cum ipso comitatu Terraconensis" to "Berengarium vicecomitem Narbone", naming also "Ricardus vicecomes de Amilau", although it appears that this was never implemented[281]. "Raimundum Berengarium comitem Barchinonensium et Adalmus cometissa et filios nostros Raimundum et Berengarium et Arnaldum Petri" donated property to the monastery Barberà by charter dated 25 Mar 1054 (although the document must be misdated considering the date of the donor´s third marriage)[282]. He imposed the Peace and Truce by territorial statute in 1064, reformed outdated Visigothic laws and renewed pressure on the Taifa lords of Lérida, Tortosa and Zaragoza for payment of tribute. Having re-established his position in Catalonia, Ramon Berenguer switched his attention to pursing an expansionist policy in Languedoc and Roussillon, acquiring suzerainty over Carcassonne and Razès. "Raimundus comes et uxor mea Almodis" donated "ecclesias sancte Marie vel sancti Honorati" [in Barcelona?] to Lérins by charter dated 2 Jan 1068, signed by "Petri filii eius, Raimundi filii eius, Berengarii filii eius, Agnelus filius eius…"[283]. The Annales Barcinonenses record the death in 1076 of "Raimundus Berengarius comes Barchinonensis"[284]. The publication of the testament of "comitis Barchinone…Raimundi Berengarii" dated 12 Nov 1076 names "duobus filiis suis…Raimundo Berengarii et Berengario Raimundi…filiam suam Sanciam", and includes a residuary provision that in case of the death of these three, his counties would revert to "filium Guigonis de Albion quem habuit de filia sua Agnes"[285]. The necrology of Girona records the death “VIII Kal Jun…1076” of “domnus Remundus Berengarii comes Barchionensis et Marchio”[286].

m firstly (St Cucuphat, Barcelona 14 Nov 1039) ISABELLE, daughter of --- & his wife Ermengarde --- ([1020/28]-29 Jun 1050). A charter dated 14 Nov 1039 records the marriage of Ramon Berenguer and "Elisabet…comitissa" at "ecclesia beati Cucuphati"[287]. Her birth date is estimated on the assumption that she was an adolescent at the time of the marriage, but bearing in mind that she bore two children before 1045. The name of her father is not known, although she is named as daughter of "Ermengardis femina" in several charters[288]. Bofarell highlights Raymond Bernard "Trencavel" Vicomte d´Albi et de Nîmes and a local Catalan noble "Guillelmo Bernardo de Odena" as possible fathers, both of whose wives were named Ermengarde[289]. In the case of the former, the chronology of the family of the Vicomtes d´Albi et de Nîmes appears incompatible with the birth date estimated for Isabelle as shown above. "Raimundus Berengarii…comes et marchisus…cum coniuge mea…Helisabeth" donated property "in comitatu Barchinonense, in Vallense…Riels [et] Fallo" to Saint-Victor, Marseille by charter dated 25 Apr 1031[290], although this date is presumably incorrect considering the probable birth date of Ramon Berenguer I shown above. She was known as ELISABET in Catalonia. A charter dated 1050 records that "Raymundum comitem Barchinonensem et Elisabet comitssa" promised the town of Tarragona "cum ipso comitatu Terraconensis" to "Berengarium vicecomitem Narbone"[291]. The necrology of Santa Maria de Ripoll records the death "III Kal Jul" of "Elisabeth comitissa"[292]. Ramon Berenguer donated property to Santa Maria de Ripoll, for the soul of "uxoris mee quondam Elisabeth comitissæ", by charter dated 28 Sep 1050[293].

m secondly (before 26 Mar 1051, repudiated 1052) BLANCA, daughter of --- (-after 12 Nov 1076). Comte Ramon Berenguer "et Bancha comitissa uxor eius" granted property to a vassal by charter dated 26 Mar 1051[294]. She is also named in a charter dated 1056 under which Comtesa Ermesindis undertook, on behalf of Comte Ramon Berenguer and his wife Almodis, to obtain the lifting of the excommunication which Pope Victor II had pronounced "pro Blancha femina contra...predictum comitem et…comitessam Almodem"[295]. The testament of Comte Ramon Berenguer refers to, but does not name, a wife to whom the testator bequeathed "quatuor milia mancusos"[296]. It is unlikely that this bequest relates to a fourth wife, otherwise unrecorded, as presumably a surviving wife would have been named in the document. It therefore appears probable that the bequest was intended for Blanca who was still alive when the testament was written. Bofarull suggests that the testament should be interpreted as indicating that Ramon Berenguer married Blanca for a second time before died[297], but the problem of the absence of her name in the document remains.

m thirdly (1053 after 29 Jun) as her third husband, ALMODIS de la Marche, repudiated wife (firstly) of HUGUES V "le Pieux" Sire de Lusignan, and (secondly) of PONS Comte de Toulouse, daughter of BERNARD Comte de la Marche et de Périgord & his wife Amelia --- (-murdered 16 Oct 1071). The Chronicle of Saint-Maxence records the marriage of "Almodim…sororem Audeberti comitis de Marcha" and "Pontius comes Tolosanus", specifying that she was previously the wife of "Hugo Pius de Liziniaco" from whom she was separated for consanguinity and that afterwards she married "Raimundo Barcinonensi"[298]. Her mother´s name is confirmed by the charter dated to [1053] under which "Guilabertus episcopus filius qui fui Richeldis femine" swore allegiance to "Almodis comitissa, filia que es Amelie comitisse", also naming "Remundus comes, senior meus, filio qui fuit Sanciæ comitisse"[299]. "Poncius Tolosanus urbis comes" recorded the union of the abbey of Moissac with the abbey of Cluny, with the advice of "uxoris meæ Adalmodis comitissæ", by charter dated 29 Jun 1053[300]. "Raimundum Berengarium comitem Barchinonensium et Adalmus cometissa et filios nostros Raimundum et Berengarium et Arnaldum Petri" donated property to the monastery of Barberà by charter dated 25 Mar 1054 (although the document must be misdated considering the date of the donor´s third marriage)[301]. "Raimundus comes et uxor mea Almodis" donated "ecclesias sancte Marie vel sancti Honorati" [in Barcelona?] to Lérins by charter dated 2 Jan 1068, signed by "Petri filii eius, Raimundi filii eius, Berengarii filii eius, Agnelus filius eius…"[302]. The necrology of San Cucufate records the death 17 Nov of "la condesa doña Almodis"[303]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium records that "Petrus Raimundi" murdered his stepmother "Adalmoyn"[304]. Pope Gregory VII (elected 22 Apr 1073) sent a decree of penitence (undated) to "Petro Raimundi…pro interfectione Adalmodis eius…noverce"[305].

Ramon Berenguer [I] & his first wife had three children:

1. BERENGUER de Barcelona ([1040/44]-before 28 May 1045). A charter of his parents dated 28 May 1045, relating to the restoration of the hospital at Barcelona, names their deceased "filiorum nostrorum…Berengarii et Annalli"[306].

2. ARNAU de Barcelona ([1041/45]-before 28 May 1045). A charter of his parents dated 28 May 1045, relating to the restoration of the hospital at Barcelona, names their deceased "filiorum nostrorum…Berengarii et Annalli"[307].

3. PERE RAMON de Barcelona ([1040/50]-[22 Apr 1073/May 1076]). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Petrum…Raimundi et Berengarium Raimundi et Raimundum Berengarii" as the sons of "Raimundus Berengarii", recording that "Petrus Raimundi" murdered his stepmother "Adalmoyn" and was exiled "in Hispania" where he died childless[308]. "Raimundus comes et uxor mea Almodis" donated "ecclesias sancte Marie vel sancti Honorati" [in Barcelona?] to Lérins by charter dated 2 Jan 1068, signed by "Petri filii eius, Raimundi filii eius, Berengarii filii eius, Agnelus filius eius…"[309]. Pope Gregory VII (elected 22 Apr 1073) sent a decree of penitence (undated) to "Petro Raimundi…pro interfectione Adalmodis eius…noverce"[310].

Ramon Berenguer [I] & his third wife had five children:

4. RAMON BERENGUER [II] "Cabeza de Estopa/Cap d'Estopes" de Barcelona ([1054]-murdered Perxa de Astor, near Girona 6 Dec 1082, bur Girona). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Petrum…Raimundi et Berengarium Raimundi et Raimundum Berengarii" as the sons of "Raimundus Berengarii"[311]. The Inquisitio circa comitatum Carcassonæ names "Raimundo-Berengarii…Cap-de-Stopes" as older of the two sons of "Raimundus-Berengarii Vetus", specifying that he was killed "in festo S Nicolai" after the birth of his own son[312]. "Raimundum Berengarium comitem Barchinonensium et Adalmus cometissa et filios nostros Raimundum et Berengarium et Arnaldum Petri" donated property to the monastery Barberà by charter dated 25 Mar 1054 (although the document must be misdated considering the date of the donor´s third marriage)[313]. The tight chronology of Ramon Berenguer´s third marriage and the naming of his sons in charters suggests that the two older sons may have been twins. However, no primary source has yet been identified which confirms that this is correct. A simpler explanation of the timing difficulties is that the 1053 and 1054 charters were misdated. "Raimundus comes et uxor mea Almodis" donated "ecclesias sancte Marie vel sancti Honorati" [in Barcelona?] to Lérins by charter dated 2 Jan 1068, signed by "Petri filii eius, Raimundi filii eius, Berengarii filii eius, Agnelus filius eius…"[314]. The publication of the testament of "comitis Barchinone…Raimundi Berengarii" dated 12 Nov 1076 names "duobus filiis suis…Raimundo Berengarii et Berengario Raimundi…"[315]. He succeeded his father in 1076 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, i Ausona, jointly with his brother Berenguer Ramon II. The contacts with Norman Sicily established by Ramon Berenguer´s marriage marked the start of the commercial expansion of Barcelona and the growth of Catalan influence throughout the Mediterranean. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "…Raimundo Beringerii et Beringerii Raimundi fratribus comitibus in Barcelona"[316]. His brother comte Berenguer Ramon II quarrelled with him, calling for a division of their territories, and murdered Ramon Berenguer. The Annales Barcinonenses record that "Raimundus comes Barchinonensis" was killed in 1082[317]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death in 1082 of "Remon Berenguer Cap" aged 25 and his burial "en la Seu de Girona"[318]. A document prepared during the reign of Alfonso II King of Aragon, relating to rights in the county of Carcassonne, records that Ramon Berenguer was killed "in festo Sancti Nicolai" after the birth of his son[319]. The necrology of Ripoll records that "Raymundus Berengarius Barchinonensis comes et marchio" was killed 5 Dec "in colle de Astor per fratrem suum"[320]. m (1078) as her first husband, MATHILDE di Apulia, daughter of ROBERT "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia and Calabria & his second wife Sichelgaita di Salerno ([1059]-after 6 Jun 1112, bur Girona). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium record that "Raimundus-Berengarii filius [Raimundi-Berengarii]" married "filiam…Rotberti Guiscardi Ducis Apuliæ et Messinæ"[321]. Mathilde was the oldest daughter of Robert "Guiscard" according to William of Apulia[322]. The Alexeiad records that Robert "Guiscard" betrothed "one daughter to Raymond, son of the Count Barcinon" but does not name her[323]. Her parentage is confirmed by the Vita Sancti Ollegarii which names her son “Raymundum comitem Barchinonensem filium filiæ Roberti Guisardi principis Apuliæ”[324]. She was known as MAHALTA in Catalonia. Ramon and his wife "Maheltis" donated property to a vassal by undated charter[325]. She was strongly supported by Guillem Ramon Seneschal of Catalonia and his brothers after her first husband's murder. She married secondly ([1085/87]) Amaury [I] Vicomte de Narbonne, her second marriage being deduced from the testament of her son by her first marriage "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio", dated [8 Jul] 1130, which appoints "Aimericum fratrem meum" as one of the testator's manumissores[326]. "Aimericus…vicecomes Narbone…et uxor mea Mealtis…et filiorum eius" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Martial on leaving for the Holy Land, by charter dated [1100/01][327]. Pontich records the burial of "la Comptesa muller del compte D. Ramon Berenguer" in "la Sta Iglesia de Gerona…casi devant la de son marit"[328]. Ramon Berenguer and his mother Mahalta issued a charter dated 6 Jun 1112[329]. Ramon Berenguer [II] & his wife had [two] children:

a) [ALMODIS (-1140). Almodis is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[330] as the daughter of Ramon Berenguer [II], but the primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. She is not mentioned as his daughter by Bofarull. It is possible that the connection is speculative based only her being named after her supposed paternal grandmother. However, this cannot be considered conclusive as other local families used the same name at the time, as shown by Comte Ramon Berenguer [III]´s second wife also being named Almodis. If Almodis, wife of Bernat Amat Vescomte de Cardona, was the daughter of Ramon Berenguer, she would have been a young child at the time of her marriage. "Fulcho archilevita et vicecomes sive Ermessindis vicecomitissa et…Bernardus vicecomes et Almodis vicecomitissa" donated property by charter dated 26 Dec 1087[331]. "Raimundis…Ausonensis ecclesie" confirmed the donation by "B. A. …vicecomes Cardonensis…cum uxore mea Adalmudis et liberis G atque P" of property to Cluny dated 10 Nov 1113, subscribed by "…Guillelmi, Raimundi Fulconis…"[332]. "Bernardus vicecomes et Almodis vicecomitissa" donated property by charter dated 30 Apr 1126, subscribed by "Raimundi Fulchonis"[333]. m (before 26 Dec 1087) BERNAT AMAT Vescomte de Cardona, son of DEODAT de Claramunt & his wife Ermesinda de Cardona (-after 27 Oct 1135).]

b) RAMON BERENGUER [III] "el Grande" de Barcelona (11 Nov 1082-19 Jul 1131, bur Ripoll Monastery). The Inquisitio circa comitatum Carcassonæ names "Raimundus-Berengarii" as the son of "Raimundo-Berengarii…Cap-de-Stopes", specifying that he was born "in festo S Martini"[334]. He succeeded his uncle in [1097] as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona.

- see below.

5. BERENGUER RAMON [II] de Barcelona ([1054]-20 Jun, 1097 or after). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Petrum…Raimundi et Berengarium Raimundi et Raimundum Berengarii" as the sons of "Raimundus Berengarii"[335]. "Raimundum Berengarium comitem Barchinonensium et Adalmus cometissa et filios nostros Raimundum et Berengarium et Arnaldum Petri" donated property to the monastery Barberà by charter dated 25 Mar 1054 (although the document must be misdated considering the date of the donor´s third marriage)[336]. The tight chronology of Ramon Berenguer´s third marriage and the naming of his sons in charters suggests that the two older sons may have been twins. However, no primary source has yet been identified which confirms that this is correct. A simpler explanation of the timing difficulties is that the 1053 and 1054 charters were misdated. "Raimundus comes et uxor mea Almodis" donated "ecclesias sancte Marie vel sancti Honorati" [in Barcelona?] to Lérins by charter dated 2 Jan 1068, signed by "Petri filii eius, Raimundi filii eius, Berengarii filii eius, Agnelus filius eius…"[337]. The publication of the testament of "comitis Barchinone…Raimundi Berengarii" dated 12 Nov 1076 names "duobus filiis suis…Raimundo Berengarii et Berengario Raimundi…"[338]. He succeeded his father in 1076 as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona, jointly with his brother Ramon Berenguer [II]. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "…Raimundo Beringerii et Beringerii Raimundi fratribus comitibus in Barcelona"[339]. He quarrelled with his brother, calling for a division of their father's inheritance. He was widely believed to have murdered his brother, but was unable to consolidate his political power in the face of strong opposition from Guillem Ramon Seneschal of Catalonia and his brothers, and Guillem Comte de Cerdanya. Under a compromise reached in 1086, Berenguer Ramon was named guardian of his minor nephew for the next 11 years. Berenguer Ramon restored "el alodio de Tossa" to Santa Maria de Ripoll by charter dated 28 Jun 1096[340]. He was found guilty of fratricide after a trial by battle at the court of Alfonso VI King of Castile in the winter 1096/97[341]. The necrology of Ripoll records that "Berengarius comes" died "in Jerosol." 20 Jun[342].

6. ARNAU PERE (-[2 Jan 1068/12 Nov 1076]). "Raimundum Berengarium comitem Barchinonensium et Adalmus cometissa et filios nostros Raimundum et Berengarium et Arnaldum Petri" donated property to the monastery Barberà by charter dated 25 Mar 1054 (although the document must be misdated considering the date of the donor´s third marriage)[343]. "Raimundus comes et uxor mea Almodis" donated "ecclesias sancte Marie vel sancti Honorati" [in Barcelona?] to Lérins by charter dated 2 Jan 1068, signed by "Petri filii eius, Raimundi filii eius, Berengarii filii eius, Agnelus filius eius…"[344]. He is not named in his father´s testament published 12 Nov 1076.

7. INES de Barcelona ([1055/56]-[before 12 Nov 1076]). “Wigo” (signed “Wigonis comitis”) granted “sponse mee…Agnetis” various properties “in dotalitio”, including “castellum Albionem…Moratum…et Vallem…in comitatu Viennensis” by charter dated “VI Id Mai, luna XX^ma VI^a regnante Henrico rege”[345], the date corresponding to the year 1070. Her parentage is confirmed by the publication of the testament of "comitis Barchinone…Raimundi Berengarii" dated 12 Nov 1076 includes a residuary provision that, in case of the death of his three other children, his counties would revert to "filium Guigonis de Albion quem habuit de filia sua Agnes"[346]. The wording of the testament implies that both Ines and her husband were deceased at the time. m (10 May 1070) as his second wife, GUIGUES [III] "Vétus" Comte d'Albon, son of GUIGUES [II] [d'Albon] & his wife [Gotelene ---] ([995/1000]-Cluny 22 Apr [1074/75]).

8. SANCHA de Barcelona (-after 1087). The publication of the testament of "comitis Barchinone…Raimundi Berengarii" dated 12 Nov 1076 names "duobus filiis suis…Raimundo Berengarii et Berengario Raimundi…filiam suam Sanciam" (the last named specified as unmarried)[347]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[348], Sancha de Barcelona was the second wife of Comte Guillem. This appears chronologically difficult to sustain, and is disproved by the charter dated 1087 by which "Guillemus…Cerdaniensis comes" donated property to the monastery of Ripoll, subscribed by "Sancia comitissa"[349]. m (after 12 Nov 1076) as his third wife, GUILLEM RAMON Comte de Cerdanya i Berga, son of RAMON GUIFRÉ [I] Comte de Cerdanya i Berga & his wife Adelaida --- (-1095).

RAMON BERENGUER III 1097-1131, RAMON BERENGUER IV 1131-1162

RAMON BERENGUER [III] "el Grande" de Barcelona, son of RAMON BERENGUER [II] "Cap d'Estopes" Comte de Barcelona & his wife Mathilde di Apulia (11 Nov 1082-19 Jul 1131, bur Ripoll Monastery). The Inquisitio circa comitatum Carcassonæ names "Raimundus-Berengarii" as the son of "Raimundo-Berengarii…Cap-de-Stopes", specifying that he was born "in festo S Martini"[350]. He succeeded his uncle in [1097] as Comte de Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona. “Raymundus Berengarii Barchinonensis comes et marchio” donated property to the bishopric of Barcelona by charter dated 26 Jan 1108[351]. Ramon Berenguer and his mother Mahalta issued a charter dated 6 Jun 1112[352]. He continued his predecessors' policy of territorial expansion, becoming Comte de Besalú following the death of his son-in-law in 1111, Comte de Provence by right of his third wife in 1113, conquering Mallorca from the Moors 1114-1115 (although he lost the latter shortly afterwards), and Comte de Cerdanya in 1117. Bernard Atton [IV] d'Albi Vicomte de Carcassonne swore homage to him in 1112. “Raymundus Berengarii…comes Barchinonæ” donated “monasterium…sancti Petri de Gallicant” in Girona to “monasterio Crassensi”, on the advice of “Geraldi Pontii vicecomitis Gerundensis…”, by charter dated 20 Jan 1117, subscribed by “Raimundi comitis Barchinonensis, Raimundi Berengerii, Berengerii et Bernardi filiorum eius, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius…”[353]. The restoration of Tarragona began in 1118, the Pope designating Oleguer Bishop of Barcelona as archbishop of Tarragona. Ramon Berenguer [III] signed a treaty of partition with the comte de Toulouse in 1125 concerning the territories in France. He supervised the formulation of the feudal code which later became known as the Usatges, the first full compilation of feudal law in any west European state[354]. During his reign, the county of Barcelona became a papal fief[355]. The testament of "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio" dated [8 Jul] 1130 names "Aimericum fratrem meum" as one of his manumissores and names "Raimundo Berengarii filio meo…et filie mee ipsa de Castella et illa de Fuxo"[356]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium records the death of "Raimundi-Berengarii comitis" in 1131 and his burial at "Rivipullense…Monasterium"[357].

m firstly (before 1103) [as her second husband,] doña MARÍA Rodríguez, [widow of Infante don PEDRO de Aragón y Navarra,] daughter of don RODRIGO Díaz de Vivar "el Cid Campeador" & his wife doña Jimena Díaz (-[4 Aug 1104/before 1 Nov 1106]). The "Corónicas" Navarras name "dona Cristiana…dona Maria" as the two daughters of "este meo Çid" and his wife, stating that María married "el conte de Barçalona"[358]. The primary source which confirms her supposed first marriage has not yet been identified, but the date of death of her supposed first husband appears incompatible with the date of the first charter in which she appears with her [second] husband. Unless further primary source information comes to light, María´s supposed first marriage should be treated with caution. Ramon Berenguer and his wife Maria granted property to a vassal by charter dated 1103[359]. Ramon Berenguer and his wife Maria donated property to the church of San Adrian "inmediata al rio Besós" by charter dated 4 Aug 1104[360].

m secondly (before 1 Nov 1106) ALMODIS, daughter of --- (-[23 Nov 1111/3 Feb 1112]). "Raymundus comes Barchinonensis" donated all that he had captured at Balagario to "uxori mea Almodis et filiis quos de ea habuero" by charter dated 1 Nov 1106[361]. Her parentage is not known. A charter dated 26 Sep 1110 records that Ramon Berenguer was still childless by his marriage at that date[362]. "Raimundis Berengarii…marchio Barchionensium, princeps Ausonensium, comes vero Gerundensium atque Bisullunensium" donated property "ecclesiam Sancte Marie intra muros Bisullunensis" to Valence Saint-Rufus by charter dated 23 Nov 1111, signed by "Raimundi comitis, Meltis comitisse"[363].

m thirdly (3 Feb 1112) DULCE [Dolça] [I] Ctss de Provence Vicomtesse de Milhaud, de Gevaudan, et de Rodez, daughter of GIRBERT de Gévaudan Vicomte de Milhaud & his wife Gerberge Ctss de Provence (-[28 Nov 1127/1130]). The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ records that "Gilberto comite Provinciæ" left his widow "Tiburgia…comitissa" and "Dulcia unica filia" and notes the latter's marriage to "Raymundus-Berengarii vulgo Cap-De stoupes…dictus, Comes Barcinonæ in Catalonia"[364]. Her parentage is confirmed by the Vita Sancti Ollegarii which names “Raymundum comitem Barchinonensem filium filiæ Roberti Guisardi principis Apuliæ” and “Dulcia comitissa Provinciæ uxor comitis”[365]. "Raymondi comes Barchinonensis, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius, Raimundi et Berengarii filiorum suorum…" subscribed the charter dated [4/12] Feb 1114 under which "Bernardus Wilelmi…comes Ceritaniensis" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse[366]. “Raymundus Berengarii…comes Barchinonæ” donated “monasterium…sancti Petri de Gallicant” in Girona to “monasterio Crassensi” by charter dated 20 Jan 1117, subscribed by “Raimundi comitis Barchinonensis, Raimundi Berengerii, Berengerii et Bernardi filiorum eius, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius…”[367]. "Dultie comitisse" signed a charter of "domni Raimundi…comitis et marchionis Burchinone et Provintie" dated 7 Mar 1125[368]. Comte Ramon Bergenguer [III] and his wife Dulce signed a commercial agreement with the Genoese dated 28 Nov 1127[369].

Comte Ramon Berenguer [III] & his first wife had one child:

1. --- de Barcelona ([1105/06]-[before 1112]). The marriage contract of the daughter of Ramon Berenguer and "Bernardo hijo de Estefania…conde de Besalú" is dated 1 Oct 1107 and provides the county of Ausona as her dowry[370]. Comte Bernat recognised that if he died childless from "coniuge filiam prolis Maræ Ruderici", his father-in-law would inherit his counties and honours of Besalú, Ripoll, Vallespir, Funullá and Perapertusa, by charter dated 10 Oct 1107[371]. Secondary sources usually show this daughter as having married Roger [III] Comte de Foix as her second husband. For the reasons explained below, it is more likely that Comte Roger´s wife was a different daughter, born from her father´s third marriage. Bofarull suggests that this unnamed daughter must have predeceased her husband, which justified her father taking the county of Besalú on the death of Comte Bernat [III][372]. m (1 Oct 1107) BERNAT [III] Comte de Besalú i Ripoll, son of GUILLÉM [II] "Trunus" Comte de Besalú i Ripoll & his wife Etiennette de Provence (-[1111/12]).

Comte Ramon Berenguer [III] & his third wife had [eight] children:

2. RAMON BERENGUER [IV] de Barcelona (1113-San Dalmacio near Turin 6 Aug 1162, bur Monastery of Santa María de Ripoll). "Raymondi comes Barchinonensis, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius, Raimundi et Berengarii filiorum suorum…" subscribed the charter dated [4/12] Feb 1114 under which "Bernardus Wilelmi…comes Ceritaniensis" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse[373]. “Raymundus Berengarii…comes Barchinonæ” donated “monasterium…sancti Petri de Gallicant” in Girona to “monasterio Crassensi” by charter dated 20 Jan 1117, subscribed by “Raimundi comitis Barchinonensis, Raimundi Berengerii, Berengerii et Bernardi filiorum eius, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius…”[374]. The testament of "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio" dated [8 Jul] 1130 names "Raimundo Berengarii filio meo…"[375]. He succeeded his father in 1131 as Comte de Barcelona, Cerdanya, Besalú, Girona i Ausona. Barcelona's territorial stability was threatened by Aragonese advances on Lérida and Tortosa, cut short by the death of Alfonso I King of Aragon in 1134. His marriage eventually united the county of Barcelona and the kingdom of Aragon under a single ruler, although the two territories retained their separate political identities. m (Barbastro 11 Aug 1137, consummated early 1151) Infanta doña PETRONILA de Aragón, daughter of don RAMIRO II "el Monje" King of Aragon & his wife Agnès d’Aquitaine ([Jul] 1136-Barcelona 17 Oct 1174, bur Barcelona, Church of the Holy Cross and Santa Eulalia). The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ records the marriage of "Berengarius primogenitus filius…" of "Raymundus-Berengarii vulgo Cap-De stoupes…dictus, Comes Barcinonæ in Catalonia" & his wife and "Petronillæ filiæ Ranemiri primo monachi…Aragonum regis"[376].

- KINGS of ARAGON.

3. BERENGUER RAMON de Barcelona ([Dec 1113/Jan 1114]-murdered Melgueil Mar 1144). "Raymondi comes Barchinonensis, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius, Raimundi et Berengarii filiorum suorum…" subscribed the charter dated [4/12] Feb 1114 under which "Bernardus Wilelmi…comes Ceritaniensis" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse[377], which must place the birth of Berenguer Ramon in late 1113 or early 1114, assuming that the charter is correctly dated. “Raymundus Berengarii…comes Barchinonæ” donated “monasterium…sancti Petri de Gallicant” in Girona to “monasterio Crassensi” by charter dated 20 Jan 1117, subscribed by “Raimundi comitis Barchinonensis, Raimundi Berengerii, Berengerii et Bernardi filiorum eius, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius…”[378]. He succeeded his father in 1131 as Comte de Provence, Vicomte de Rodez, de Gévaudan et de Carladet. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium records that "fratre suo [=Raimundi Berengarii quarti] Berengario-Raimundi Provinciæ Comite" who ruled the county of Provence was killed by pirates "in portu Malguriensi"[379].

- COMTES de PROVENCE.

4. BERNAT de Barcelona ([1115/16]-after 20 Jan 1117). “Raymundus Berengarii…comes Barchinonæ” donated “monasterium…sancti Petri de Gallicant” in Girona to “monasterio Crassensi” by charter dated 20 Jan 1117, subscribed by “Raimundi comitis Barchinonensis, Raimundi Berengerii, Berengerii et Bernardi filiorum eius, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius…”[380].

5. BERENGUELA de Barcelona ([1116]-Palencia 15/31 Jan 1149, bur Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral Santiago el Mayor). The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records the marriage of "Alfonso…king of León" and "the daughter of Ramón Conde de Barcelona…Berengaria" in 1128 at Saldaña[381]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium record the marriage of "Raimundi-Berengarii comitis…filiam" and "Ildefonso Toletano Imperatori"[382]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes names "Berengariam atque Richam" as the wives of "Aldefonsi Hispaniarum Regis"[383]. The testament of "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio" dated [8 Jul] 1130 names "Raimundo Berengarii filio meo…et filie mee ipsa de Castella et illa de Fuxo"[384]. m (Saldaña Nov 1128) as his first wife, ALFONSO VII "el Emperador" King of Castile and León, son of RAIMOND de Bourgogne [Comté] Comte d’Amous Conde de Galicia & his wife doña Urraca Queen of Castile and León ([Grajal], Galicia 1 Mar 1105-Fresneda 21 Aug 1157, bur Toledo, Cathedral of Santa María).

6. JIMENA de Barcelona ([1117/18]-after 1136). The testament of "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio" dated [8 Jul] 1130 names "Raimundo Berengarii filio meo…et filie mee ipsa de Castella et illa de Fuxo"[385]. Her name is more recognisably reproduced in the charter dated Nov 1149 of her son "Roggerus-Bernardi comes Fuxensis, filius Roggerii et Xaminiæ"[386]. In most secondary sources, Jimena is shown as the daughter of her father´s first marriage and widow of Bernat [III] Conde de Besalú. However, no primary source has yet been identified which confirms that this is correct and several reasons point to it being unlikely. Firstly, if Jimena had been the widow of the last comte de Besalú, her second husband would presumably have had the right to claim the county in her name, and there appears to be no indication that he ever did this. Secondly, the testament of her father names "filie mee…illa de Fuxo" after his daughter "ipsa de Castella". This would normally indicate that the former was younger than the latter. The only possible reason for reversing the order of his daughters would have been the supposed precedence of the queen of Castile over the comtesse de Foix. However, no other example of this adjustment to the order of names in primary source documents has been found, except those justified by the supposed precedence of children holding ecclesiastical office over lay children. Thirdly, Jimena would have named her daughter after her own mother. Fourthly, the dates of marriage of Jimena´s two known children, in the 1150s, suggest that they were born in the 1130s, which is not inconsistent with Jimena having been born from her father´s third marriage. This appears to be corroborated by the charter dated 26 Oct 1136 by which “Rogerius comes Fuxensis [et] Essena coniux ipsius” founded the commanderie of Ville-Dieu which refers to "infantes nostros"[387]. The date of the marriage of Comte Roger´s daughter Bradimène is inconsistent with this hypothesis, unless she was born from an otherwise unrecorded earlier marriage, or was illegitimate, as is proposed in the document TOULOUSE NOBILITY. The only factor which appears to indicate the co-identity of the two daughters is that Jimena could have been named after her maternal grandmother, mother of her father´s first wife. However, the name was not uncommon in Spain at the time, and it is quite possible that Jimena was named after another relative. Until further primary source data emerges which contradicts this hypothesis, it has been decided to show Jimena has her father´s daughter by his third marriage in this document. m (before [8 Jul] 1130) ROGER [III] Comte de Foix, son of ROGER [II] Comte de Foix & his second wife Estefanía de Besalú (-[1147/48]).

7. [ESTEFANIA de Barcelona ([1118]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. She is not named as one of the daughters of Comte Ramon Berenguer [III] by Bofarull[388]. m firstly (1128) as his second wife, CENTULE [II] Comte de Bigorre, son of BERNARD [III] Comte de Bigorre & his wife Adalmur [Azelma] de Fezensac (-[1128/30]). m secondly ([1130]) RAYMOND ARNAUD [II] Vicomte de Dax, son of ARNAUD [Dat] [Seigneur de Mixe] & his wife Guirelda Vicomtesse de Dax (-[1167]).]

8. MAHALTA de Barcelona. Ramon Berenguer granted his unmarried daughter Mahalta "todo el honor que poseia desde Terrads hasta el rio Tec y Paladda", by charter dated 8 Jul 1130[389]. same person as…? MAHALTA . Bofarull suggests that she and her husband could be identified with "Guillelmo de Castellvell y su muger Mahalta" who sold half of "los mansos Curvera y Torre-Dala sitos en…el término de Castellvell" by charter dated 25 Jan 1131, given the short time which elapsed after the grant of her dowry and the fact that Guillem de Castellvell subscribed numerous charters of Comte Ramon Berenguer IV and his son King Alfonso II[390]. m GUILLEM [IV] Señor de Castellvell (-[1166]).

9. ALMODIS de Barcelona ([1126]-after 14 Mar 1175). Ponce de Cevera abducted a daughter of Ramon Bergenguer [III] from the comital palace in Barcelona, in 1148 and married her[391]. Ponce de Cevera and his wife Adalmuz donated property to the Templarios by charter dated 15 Mar 1148[392]. "Almodis vicecomitissa Bassensis" freed serfs, for the soul of "mariti mei Pontii de Cervaria" and with the consent of "omnium filiorum meorum", by charter dated 19 Nov 1154, subscribed by "Ugoni filii eius, Poncii filii eius, Berengarii filii eius…"[393]. "Ugo vicecomes de Bas" sold "vegeriam de Basso" to "Berengario de Puig Pardines et Raimundo patri tuo", with the consent of "Poncii fratris mei et Adalmus comitisse matris mee", by charter dated 14 Mar 1175, signed by "Ugonis vicecomitis de Bas, Poncii fratris eius, Adalmurs comitisse matris eorum…"[394]. m (1148) [as his second wife,] PONCE [II] de Cervera Vescomte de Bas, son of PONCE [I] de Cevera & his wife Beatriz de Besalú Vescomtesa de Bas (-1155).

B. VESCOMTES de BARCELONA

The vescomtes de Barcelona have been studied by José Enrique Ruiz-Domènec[395], who reproduces more than 200 charters relating to the family dated from the mid-10th to the late-12th centuries.

1. GUITARD (-[985]). "Guitardus" donated property to Santa Maria de Solsona by charter dated 21 Sep 955[396]. Vescomte. "Borrellus…comes et marchio cum coniuge Leudgardis chomitissa" sold the castle of Queralt to "Witardo vicecomite" by charter dated 15 Jul 976[397]. "Borrellus…chomes et marchio" sold property to "Unicfredo que vocant Amado" by charter dated 11 Jun 977, subscribed by "Ledgardis comitissa, Ansulfo, Vuitardus vicescomes…"[398]. m GERBERGA, daughter of --- (-after 28 Nov 1010). The name of Guitard´s wife is not known. However, "Geriberga vicecomitissa", who donated property "in Claromonte castro" to the monastery of Sant Cugat by charter dated 24 Nov 1005[399], has not otherwise been identified. There appears to be no chronological difficulty if she was the widow of Guitard. This appears to be confirmed by the charter dated 28 Nov 1010 which publishes the testament of "condom homo…Adalbertus filius condam Guitardi vicecomitis", which bequeathes property to "mater sua Gueriberga"[400]. However, it is not known whether Geriberga was also the mother of Guitard´s sons Udalard and Geribert. Guitard & his wife had three children:

a) UDALARD [I] (-after 30 May 1030). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Vescomte de Barcelona. "Udalardo vicecomiti et Arnulfi archidiaconi" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 11 Aug 990[401]. The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Raimundo comite…et Udalardo vicecomite cum fratre suo Girbert et Bonifilio cum fratre suo Bonucio" to "comitatu Barchinonense"[402]. "Odolardus…vicecomite et Suniefredus" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés, in accordance with the testament of "Vivani pontifici", by charter dated 24 Feb 1001[403]. "Odalardus…vicecomitis" granted property to "uxori mee Richilde vicecomitissa" by charter dated 5 Feb 1006[404]. "Adolardus vicecomes" subscribed the charter dated 29 Mar 1013 under which "Raimundus comes…cum coniuge mea Hermensindis" confirmed donations to Sant Cugat del Vallés[405]. "Odolardus vicecomes…" subscribed the charter dated 29 Mar 1018 under which "Raimundus…comes…cum coniuge mea Ermessindis comitissa" confirmed donations to Sant Cugat del Vallés[406]. A charter dated 30 May 1030 records a sale of property to "Odolardo vicescomite"[407]. m RIQUILDA de Barcelona, daughter of BORRELL [II] Comte de Barcelona & his first wife Ledgarda [de Toulouse] (-after 20 May 1041). "El vizconde Odolardo y la vizcondesa Richilde su muger" donated property to Montserrat by charter dated 5 Mar 999[408]. "Odalardus…vicecomitis" granted property to "uxori mee Richilde vicecomitissa" by charter dated 5 Feb 1006[409]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified, although it is hinted at by the testament of her sister "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029, which appoints "…soror mea Richel…" as one of her helemosinarii[410]. It is also hinted at by the charter dated 26 May 1058 under which "Udalardus Bernardi…vicecomes" reached agreement with "domno Remudo comiti et domnæ Almodi comitissæ", the document naming "Remundi Borrelli comitis et avi iam dicti Udalardi" (although he was great-grandfather, not grandfather, of Vescomte Udalard [II][411]. "Richildis…vicecomitissa" granted property to "filio meo…Guisliberto episcopo" by charter dated 6 Mar 1041[412]. "Richillis vicecomitissa" sold property to "Bonifilius levita et fratri tuo Bonutius, prolis condam Vives" by charter dated 1 Mar 1041[413]. "Richildis…vicecomitissa" granted property to "filio meo…Guisliberto episcopo" by charter dated 6 Mar 1041[414]. "Domina vicecomitissa Rachelis cum filiis nostris…domnus Guisliberto pontifex et Iohannes de Mont [Serrad]" donated property by charter dated 20 May 1041[415]. Udalardo [I] & his wife had [four] children:

i) BERNAT . His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 19 [Dec 1039] which records a dispute between "domnum Reimundum comitem et…Guilabertum episcopum", names "Udalardo nepoti suo" and in another place in the text refers to another dispute between "Udalardus Bernardi" and "Reimundum comitem", although it is not entirely clear that these two passages refer to the same person[416]. Vescomte de Barcelona. m ERMENGARDE, daughter of --- (-after [29 Jan 1063]). Her marriage is indicated by the charter dated to [1053] under which "Udalardus filius que sum Ermengardis feminæ" swore allegiance to "domne Almodi comitissæ, filia quæ fuisti Ameliæ comitissæ"[417]. The document also indicates that Ermengarde was alive at that date. Ermengarde was still alive in early 1058 as shown by the charter dated [17 Feb] 1058 under which "Udalardo filius qui sum Ermengardis femine" swore allegiance to "Guisliberto episcopo seniori meo filius qui fuisti Richillis vicecomitisse"[418], and in [29 Jan 1063] when "Udalardus, filius qui sum Ermengardis feminæ" swore allegiance once more to Comte Ramon Berenguer[419]. Bernat & his wife had one child:

(a) UDALARD [II] (-after 18 Jun 1077). His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 19 [Dec 1039] which records a dispute between "domnum Reimundum comitem et…Guilabertum episcopum", names "Udalardo nepoti suo" and in another place in the text refers to another dispute between "Udalardus Bernardi" and "Reimundum comitem", although it is not entirely clear that these two passages refer to the same person[420]. Vescomte de Barcelona.

- see below.

ii) GUISLABERT [I] (-before 3 Jun 1062). "Gilaberti levite et canonici [Barchinonensis] cathedralis ecclesie, filii Odolardi vicecomitis" donated property to the church of Barcelona by charter dated 8 Apr 1023[421]. Bishop of Barcelona [1034]. "Richildis…vicecomitissa" granted property to "filio meo…Guisliberto episcopo" by charter dated 6 Mar 1041[422]. "Domina vicecomitissa Rachelis cum filiis nostris…domnus Guisliberto pontifex et Iohannes de Mont [Serrad]" donated property by charter dated 20 May 1041[423]. "Gislabertus…Barchinonensis episcopus" sold "castrum…Fontaned" to "Odalardo vicecomiti nepoti meo" by charter dated 17 Feb 1058[424]. The testament of "Guislaberti episcopi" was published 3 Jun 1062, and bequeathes property to "Ermengaudo Iohannes suo nepoti…filium suum Mironem et…filiam suam Ermessindaem"[425]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Guislabert´s mistress is not known. Guislabert [I] had two illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

(a) MIRÓ (-after 24 Sep 1060). "Guislibertus…pontifex sanctæ sedis Barchinone" granted property to "Ermesindam feminam filiam meam" by charter dated 5 Dec 1058, which names "fratri tuo Mironi"[426]. "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[427]. "Miro Guilaberti clericus, qui fui Guilaberti episcopi" sold property to "domnæ Almodi comitissæ" by charter dated 24 Sep 1060[428].

(b) ERMESINDE (-after 25 Jan 1067). "Guislibertus…pontifex sanctæ sedis Barchinone" donated property to "Ermesindam feminam filiam meam" by charter dated 5 Dec 1058, which names "fratri tuo Mironi" and refers to the children who Ermesinde may bear to "Reymundum Renardi" suggesting that the gift may have been her dowry[429]. "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[430]. "Ermesindis fæmina" sold property, bequeathed to her by "patris mei Guilaberti episcopi", to Comte Ramon Berenguer by charter dated 25 Jan 1067[431]. m (after 5 Dec 1058) RAMON Renardo, son of RENARDO & his wife --- (-before 25 Jan 1067).

iii) JOAN (-[8 May 1049/14 Nov 1052]). "Domina vicecomitissa Rachelis cum filiis nostris…domnus Guisliberto pontifex et Iohannes de Mont [Serrad]" donated property by charter dated 20 May 1041[432]. "Ioannes Udalardi" donated property to Trasver by charter dated 8 May 1049[433]. m ---. The name of Joan´s wife is not known. Joan & his wife had [two] children:

(a) [GUIFRE (-[14 Nov 1052/3 Jun 1062]). "Gislibertus…episcopus sancte sedis Barchinonensis" granted property to "Guifredus Iohannes" by charter dated 14 Nov 1052[434]. The document does not specify any relationship between the donor and donee, but it is possible that the latter was the nephew of the former.]

(b) ARMENGOL (-after 3 Jun 1062). "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[435].

iv) [ERMENGARDE . Ruiz-Domènec refers to her parentage and marriage but he does not cite the corroborating primary source[436]. m BERNAT, son of GUILLEM de San Martí & his wife Adelaida ---.]

b) GERIBERT (-after 26 Jun 1019). "Geribertus vicecomes, filium Guitardi vicescomiti condam" donated property to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 2 Mar 986[437]. Vescomte de Barcelona. "Gueriberto filius Guitardi vicecomitis" sold property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 18 Feb 992[438]. This is the only document so far identified which accords the title "vescomte" to Geribert. The implication is that it was withdrawn from him shortly afterwards, presumably in a dispute with his brother Udalard about their inheritance. The testament of "Borellus comes" dated 24 Sep 993 appoints "filio meo Raimundo comite…et Udalardo vicecomite cum fratre suo Girbert et Bonifilio cum fratre suo Bonucio" to "comitatu Barchinonense"[439]. "Geiriberto filio condam Witardo et uxori mea Ermengards" exchanged property with "Geiriberto filio condam Gotmar et uxori tua Aigo" by charter dated 26 Jun 997[440]. "Geriberto filio condam Guitardo et uxori mea Ermengarda" exchanged property with "Geriberto filio condam Gotmar et uxor tua Aigo" by charter dated 26 Jun 1019[441]. m ERMENGARDE de Barcelona, daughter of BORRELL [II] Comte de Barcelona & his first wife Ledgarda [de Toulouse] (-after 17 Oct 1029). "Geiriberto filio condam Witardo et uxori mea Ermengards" exchanged property with "Geiriberto filio condam Gotmar et uxori tua Aigo" by charter dated 26 Jun 997[442]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. A charter dated 19 Dec 1015 relating to a sale of property names "Ermengardis filia condam Borrelli comitis" and "Geriberto" but does not expressly make the connection between the two[443]. "Geriberto filio condam Guitardo et uxori mea Ermengarda" exchanged property with "Geriberto filio condam Gotmar et uxor tua Aigo" by charter dated 26 Jun 1019[444]. The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029, appoints "…soror mea Richel…" as one of her helemosinarii, bequeathes "Subiratis…castel" to "Mir filio meo" on condition he donates it to "sua nepota filia de Reimundo", donates property "pro anima de viro meo domnus Geribertus", bequeathes property to "Guillelm filio de Mir…Fulcus filio…nepta mea filia de Reimundo…Seniol per dominicatione de filia mea Guilla…Adalet filia de Mir"[445]. Geribert & his wife had [four] children:

i) RAMON (-[26 Apr 1017/17 Oct 1029]). A charter dated 26 Apr 1017, relating to a dispute between "Azalaudis uxor que fuit condam Gilelmi castri sancti Martini agens filii sui Bernardi" and the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallès, is subscribed by "…Raimundus proles Geriberti, Mironis frater istius Raimundi…"[446]. The document includes no indication of the identity of Geribert but the link with Miró, known son of Geribert de Barcelona, suggests that Ramon may have been the son of Vescomte Geribert. This hypothesis appears to confirmed by the testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029 which bequeathes "Subiratis…castel" to "Mir filio meo" on condition he donates it to "sua nepota filia de Reimundo" and makes another bequest to "nepta mea filia de Reimundo"[447]. If this is correct, Ramon must have died before the date of the testament. The fact that his daughter is not named in the testament suggests that she must have been only recently born, which in turn indicates that Ramon must have died shortly before that date. m ---. The name of Ramon´s wife is not known. Ramon & his wife had one child:

(a) daughter (-after 17 Oct 1029). Her parentage is confirmed by the testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029 which bequeathes "Subiratis…castel" to "Mir filio meo" on condition he donates it to "sua nepota filia de Reimundo" and makes another bequest to "nepta mea filia de Reimundo"[448]. The fact that this daughter is not named in the testament suggests that she must have been only recently born at that date.

ii) MIRÓ (-[2 Jul 1058/29 Oct 1060]). The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029 bequeathes property to "Mir filio meo"[449]. "Mir, filius qui fui de Ermeniadis femina" swore allegiance to "Reimundo comite Barchinonensis…et…Heisabet comitisa" by charter dated to [Dec 1039][450]. He rebelled against Ramon Berenguer I Comte de Barcelona. The revolt of Mir Geribert (who styled himself "prince of Olèrdola") in 1040 was not finally suppressed until 1059[451]. A charter dated 4 Jul 1041 records the mediation of "Miro Geriberti princeps Olerdole" in a dispute involving the monastery of Santa Cecília de Montserrat, subscribed by "Mirone, Guile coniugis eiusdem…"[452]. "Guislibertus…sancte sedis Barchinonensis episcopus" donated property to "Mironi Geriberti et uxori tue Guilie et filio vestro Bernardo…clericus…sancte Crucis sancteque Eulalie" by charter dated 24 Nov 1041[453]. "Miro Geriberti et meaque coniux…Guisla nec non et filio nostro Bernardo clerico simulque Signuldus Guilelmi…elemosiniarius iam dicta Ermeniardis" donated property "quod fuit Ermeniardis condam matris mee vel Fulconis fratris mei" to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 17 Mar 1057[454]. A charter dated 1 Jul 1058 records the settlement of the claim by Ramon Berenguer Comte de Barcelona against "Mirone Geriberti" for his rebellion, which also names "uxor sua…Guilia…et Bernardus et Gondeballus filii illorum"[455]. "Domnus Remundus Barchinonensis comes et domna Almodis comitissa" granted "chastrum de Montbui" to "Mironi Geriberti et uxor eius Guilæ et illi filio vel filiis illorum" by charter dated 2 Jul 1058[456]. The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060, constitutes "Guilia uxori suæ…" as one of the distributores, bequeathes property to "uxori sue Guilie…Bernardum filium suum et…Arnallum filium suum…Gondeballo filio suo…Adalaidis filie sue [et] suum filium", providing that if Arnal died his share should be inherited by "Reimundo fratri suo" and if Ramon died, by "Gondeballum filium suum"[457]. m firstly (before 14 Mar 1024) DISPOSIA, daughter of GUILLEM de San Martí & his wife Adelaida --- (-after 31 Mar [1025]). Charters dated 14 Mar 1024 and 31 Mar [1025] record donations by "Miron Geriberto y su mugger Disposia" to Santa Cecilia de Montserrat[458]. The information available relating to these donations does not indicate whether "Miron Geriberto" was the same person as the son of Geribert and Ermengardis. If this hypothesis is correct, she was the granddaughter of "Galindo" who is named in a charter dated 18 Mar 1033 which records the dispute between the monastery of San Cugat and "Mironem Geriberti, agentem tutelam filii sui Guilelmi" concerning "predio…Caldarium" which Miró Geribert claimed belonged to "filii sui…per aprisionis vocem quam proavus suus Galindo fecerat"[459]. The charter dated 30 Jul 1033, which records judgment delivered in favour of the monastery in the dispute, also names "Galindo avus" of the children of Miró Geribert and "Guilelmus filius eius…Adelaizis uxor predicti Guilelmi, aiens tutelam filiorum suorum"[460]. m secondly (before 17 Jan 1040) GUISLA, daughter of GOMBAU de Besora & his first wife Guisla --- (-after 6 Oct 1088). A charter dated 17 Jan 1040 records an exchange of property between the abbot of Sant Cugat and "Mironi Geriberti et uxori tue…Guile"[461]. Her parentage is confirmed by the testament of "Gomballus", dated 16 Aug 1041, which names "Aurucia mulier mea…mulieri mee…Guisla [deceased]…filia mea…Guisla et…virum suum…Mir et…filium suum de Guisla…Bernard et Willelmum [archidiaconum] frater suum, nepotes Gomballi…filias meas Ermengards et Ermesends…Guisla nepta mea filia de Arbert"[462]. Her name suggests that she was probably born from her father´s first marriage. This is confirmed by the charter dated to [1044] under which "Miro Geriberti, filius qui fui quondam Ermengardis femina et…Guilia filia qui fui alterius Guilie" confirmed a donation to Sant Miquel del Fai of property "post mortem Gonbald"[463]. "Guislibertus…sancte sedis Barchinonensis episcopus" donated property to "Mironi Geriberti et uxori tue Guilie et filio vestro Bernardo…clericus…sancte Crucis sancteque Eulalie" by charter dated 24 Nov 1041[464]. "Miro Geriberti et meaque coniux…Guisla nec non et filio nostro Bernardo clerico simulque Signuldus Guilelmi…elemosiniarius iam dicta Ermeniardis" donated property "quod fuit Ermeniardis condam matris mee vel Fulconis fratris mei" to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 17 Mar 1057[465]. A charter dated 1 Jul 1058 records the settlement of the claim by Ramon Berenguer Comte de Barcelona against "Mirone Geriberti" for his rebellion, which also names "uxor sua…Guilia…et Bernardus et Gondeballus filii illorum"[466]. The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060, constitutes "Guilia uxori suæ…" as one of the distributores, bequeathes property to "uxori sue Guilie…"[467]. "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[468]. "Guilia femina, filia Gombaldi Bisorensi" donated property to Santa Maria de Solsona, for the soul of "viri mee Mironis Geriberti condam", by charter dated 6 Oct 1088[469]. Miró Geribert & his [first] wife had two children:

(a) GUILLEM (-[18 Mar 1033/19 Dec 1039]). The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029 bequeathes property to "Guillelm filio de Mir…"[470]. If the hypothesis suggested above about Miró Geribert´s first marriage is correct, the chronology suggests that Guillem would have been born to his father´s first wife. A charter dated 18 Mar 1033 records the dispute between the monastery of San Cugat and "Mironem Geriberti, agentem tutelam filii sui Guilelmi", concerning "predio…Caldarium" which Miró Geribert claimed belonged to "filii sui…per aprisionis vocem quam proavus suus Galindo fecerat", judgment being issued in favour of the monastery by charter dated 30 Jul 1033[471]. His death is suggested by the charter dated 19 [Dec 1039] which records a dispute between "domnum Reimundum comitem et…Guilabertum episcopum" and refers to "morte de Guilelmo Mironis"[472].

(b) ADELAIDA (-after 17 Oct 1029). The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029 bequeathes property to "…Adalet filia de Mir"[473]. If the hypothesis suggested above about Miró Geribert´s first marriage is correct, the chronology suggests that Guillem would have been born to his father´s first wife. The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060 bequeathed property to "…Adalaidis filie sue [et] suum filium"[474]. The name of Adalaida´s husband is not known. m ---.

Miró Geribert & his wife had four children:

(c) BERNAT ([after 17 Oct 1029]-after 29 Oct 1060). His parentage is confirmed by the testament of "Gomballus", dated 16 Aug 1041, which names "Aurucia mulier mea…mulieri mee…Guisla [deceased]…filia mea…Guisla et…virum suum…Mir et…filium suum de Guisla…Bernard et Willelmum [archidiaconum] frater suum, nepotes Gomballi…filias meas Ermengards et Ermesends…Guisla nepta mea filia de Arbert"[475]. The fact that he is not named in this document suggests that he was born recently before the date of the testament. It is assumed that Bernat was born after the 17 Oct 1029 testament of his paternal grandmother, in which he is not named, unless he was an infant at that time and not considered old enough to be mentioned. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 24 Nov 1041 under which "Guislibertus…sancte sedis Barchinonensis episcopus" donated property to "Mironi Geriberti et uxori tue Guilie et filio vestro Bernardo…clericus…sancte Crucis sancteque Eulalie"[476]. "Miro Geriberti et meaque coniux…Guisla nec non et filio nostro Bernardo clerico simulque Signuldus Guilelmi…elemosiniarius iam dicta Ermeniardis" donated property "quod fuit Ermeniardis condam matris mee vel Fulconis fratris mei" to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 17 Mar 1057[477]. A charter dated 1 Jul 1058 records the settlement of the claim by Ramon Berenguer Comte de Barcelona against "Mirone Geriberti" for his rebellion, which also names "uxor sua…Guilia…et Bernardus et Gondeballus filii illorum"[478]. "Bernardus Mironi…canonice sede sancte Crucis sancteque Eulalie virginis Barchinonensi" donated property, bequeathed to him by "avunculi mei Fulchoni", to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 16 May 1059[479]. The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060 bequeathed property to "…Bernardum filium suum …"[480].

(d) GOMBAU ([after 17 Oct 1029]-after 12 Sep 1067). It is assumed that Gondebald was born after the 17 Oct 1029 testament of his paternal grandmother, in which he is not named, unless he was an infant at that time and not considered old enough to be mentioned. A charter dated 1 Jul 1058 records the settlement of the claim by Ramon Berenguer Comte de Barcelona against "Mirone Geriberti" for his rebellion, which also names "uxor sua…Guilia…et Bernardus et Gondeballus filii illorum"[481]. The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060 bequeathed property to "…Gondeballo filio suo…"[482]. "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[483]. "Domnum Gomballum filium Mironis Geriberti" reached agreement with "Reimundum Ysimbertum" concerning Eramprunyà castle by charter dated 12 Sep 1067[484].

(e) ARNAU MIRÓ ([after 17 Oct 1029]-after 13 Nov 1090). It is assumed that Arnau Miró was born after the 17 Oct 1029 testament of his paternal grandmother, in which he is not named, unless he was an infant at that time and not considered old enough to be mentioned. The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060 bequeathed property to "…Arnallum filium suum…", providing that if Arnal died his share should be inherited by "Reimundo fratri suo" and if Ramon died, by "Gondeballum filium suum"[485]. "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[486]. "Arnallo Mironis" reached agreement with "Berengario Reimundi" by charter dated 3 Jun 1074[487]. "Arnallus Mironis, filius qui fui Guilie femine" swore allegiance to Ramon Berenguer II Comte de Barcelona by charter dated to [1076][488]. "Arnallus Mironis sancti Martini" reached agreement with "Berengario Barchinonensium comiti" concerning the castles of Olèrdola and Eramprunyà by charter dated 13 Nov 1090[489]. m JORDANA, daughter of ---. Assuming that Jordà de Sant Martí shown below was the son of Arnau Miró, her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to [30 Nov 1112] under which "Iordanus, filius Iordane femine" swore allegiance to "Raimundo comiti, filio Maalti comitisse, et Dulcie comitisse"[490]. Arnau Miró & his wife had [one] child:

(1) [JORDÀ de Sant Martí . "Iordanus, filius Iordane femine" swore allegiance to "Raimundo comiti, filio Maalti comitisse, et Dulcie comitisse" by charter dated to [30 Nov 1112][491]. "Iordanus Sancti Martini" reached agreement with "domino suo Raimundo Berengariii comite et Dulcie comitisse" relating to "castro…Barchinonensi super portam Merchatalem… Castellum Vetus" by charter dated 5 Dec 1112[492].

(f) RAMON (-after 31 Oct 1060). The testament of "Mironis Geriberti" is published 29 Oct 1060 bequeathed property to "…Arnallum filium suum…", providing that if Arnal died his share should be inherited by "Reimundo fratri suo" and if Ramon died, by "Gondeballum filium suum"[493]. "Guislibertus episcopus" donated property to "dominam Guiliam et filiis suis Gondeballo et Arnallo et Raimundo" by charter dated 31 Oct 1060[494].

iii) FOLC (-before 16 May 1059). The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029, bequeathes property to "…Fulcus filio…"[495]. "Fulcho Geriberti" restored Ribes castle to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 27 Dec 1039, subscribed by "Mirone" (presumably his brother)[496]. "Bernardus Mironi…canonice sede sancte Crucis sancteque Eulalie virginis Barchinonensi" donated property, bequeathed to him by "avunculi mei Fulchoni", to the see of Barcelona by charter dated 16 May 1059[497].

iv) GUISLA de Sant Martí . The testament of "Ermeniardis", dated 17 Oct 1029, bequeathes property to "…Seniol per dominicatione de filia mea Guilla…"[498], which suggests that Guisla was married to Seniol at that date although this is not expressly stated in the document. "Gilla vicecomitissa" swore allegiance to "Reimundo comite Barchinonensis et…uxor tua Elisabet comitisa" by charter dated to [Dec 1039][499]. Her second marriage is indicated by the charter dated 11 Dec 1041 under which "Guiliam vicecomitissam…et filii sui quos habuit de Fulcho vicecomite"[500]. [m firstly (before 17 Oct 1029) SENIOL, son of ---.] m [secondly] FOLC de Cardona, son of ---.

c) ADALBERT (-before 28 Nov 1010). A charter dated 28 Nov 1010 publishes the testament of "condom homo…Adalbertus filius condam Guitardi vicecomitis", which bequeathes property to "mater sua Gueriberga"[501]. A dispute arose with the abbot of Sant Cugat concerning part of his inheritance, as shown by the charter dated 1 May 1011 which exposes differences between the abbot and "Geriberto" about "turrim…Mogia" bequeathed to the abbey by "Adalbertus frater istius Geriberti", Geribert claiming that it was "mea hereditas sive fratris mei sororisque mee"[502]. The dispute persisted, as shown by the charter dated 29 Jul 1011 which records the legal action which followed[503].

d) daughter (-after 1 May 1011). Her existence is confirmed by a charter dated 1 May 1011 which exposes differences between the abbot of Sant Cugat and "Geriberto" about "turrim…Mogia" bequeathed to the abbey by "Adalbertus frater istius Geriberti", Geribert claiming that it was "mea hereditas sive fratris mei sororisque mee"[504].

UDALARD [II], son of BERNAT Vescomte de Barcelona & his wife --- (-after 18 Jun 1077). His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 19 [Dec 1039] which records a dispute between "domnum Reimundum comitem et…Guilabertum episcopum", names "Udalardo nepoti suo" and in another place in the text refers to another dispute between "Udalardus Bernardi" and "Reimundum comitem", although it is not entirely clear that these two passages refer to the same person[505]. Vescomte de Barcelona. "Udalardo vizconde, su mugger Guilla…" sold property to the abbot of Santa Cecília de Montserrat by charter dated 7 Feb 1049[506]. "Udalardus filius que sum Ermengardis feminæ" swore allegiance to "domne Almodi comitissæ, filia quæ fuisti Ameliæ comitissæ" by charter dated to [1053][507]. "Udalardo filius qui sum Ermengardis femine" swore allegiance to "Guisliberto episcopo seniori meo filius qui fuisti Richillis vicecomitisse" by charter dated [17 Feb] 1058[508]. "Gislabertus…Barchinonensis episcopus" sold "castrum…Fontaned" to "Odalardo vicecomiti nepoti meo" by charter dated 17 Feb 1058[509]. "Udalardus Bernardi…vicecomes" reached agreement with "domno Remudo comiti et domnæ Almodi comitissæ" by charter dated 26 May 1058, which names "Remundi Borrelli comitis et avi iam dicti Udalardi"[510]. "Udalardus vicecomes…et uxor mea Guilia" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 18 Jun 1077, subscribed by "Guilabertus Udalardi vicecomes…"[511]. "Udalardus, Barchinonensis vicecomes et coniux mea…Guilia" granted property to "Andree Guilaberti" by charter dated 29 Jul 1083, signed by "Guilabertus Udalardi"[512].

m (after May 1035) as her second husband, GUISLA, widow of BERENGUER RAMON [I] Comte de Barcelona, daughter of --- (-after 1079). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[513], she was Guisla de Lluça, daughter of Sunifred [II] Señor de Lluça i Villanova & his wife Ermesenda de Balsareny. On the other hand Kerrebrouck states that the "third" wife of Berenguer Ramon [I] was "Guisle de Ampurias"[514]. The primary sources which corroborate these hypotheses have not yet been identified. “Berengarius…Marchio Comes…cum uxore mea Guillia comitissa” donated property to Barcelona Santa Eulalia by charter dated to [1028][515]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. The testament of "Berengarii comiti et marchionis" dated 9 Feb 1035 names "uxorem meam Guiliam comitissam"[516]. Her second marriage is confirmed by a charter of her son Guillem, dated 1054, in which he names himself "filius…Guislæ feminæ…comitissa…nunc est vice comitissa propter maritum quem habuit post patris mei"[517]. "Udalardo vizconde, su mugger Guilla…" sold property to the abbot of Santa Cecília de Montserrat by charter dated 7 Feb 1049[518]. "Udalardus vicecomes…et uxor mea Guilia" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 18 Jun 1077, subscribed by "Guilabertus Udalardi vicecomes…"[519].

Udalardo [II] & his wife had [five] children:

1. GUISLABERT [II] (-after 15 Jun 1125). "Udalardus vicecomes…et uxor mea Guilia" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 18 Jun 1077, subscribed by "Guilabertus Udalardi vicecomes…"[520]. Vescomte de Barcelona. "Guislibertus vicecomes et mater sua" granted property to "Ermeniardis femina et filia tua Guilia femina et viro suo Rodebertus…Xalvino" by charter dated 24 Apr 1088, signed by "Guila vicechomitissa"[521]. "Guilaberti vicecomitis, Ermense vicecomitissa" donated property to Santa Maria de Montserrat by charter dated 9 Jan 1089[522]. "Gilabertus vicecomes et coniux mea Ermessens vicecomitissa" donated property to Sant Benet de Bages by charter dated 27 Sep 1090[523]. "Guilaberti Uzalardi vicecomes…" subscribed a charter dated 19 Feb 1098 under which "Remundus Berengarii comes Barchinonensis et marchio" confirmed the possessions of the monastery of Sant Cugat del Vallés[524]. "Guilabertus Udalardi vicecomes Barchinonensis" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 15 Jun 1125[525]. m (before 9 Jan 1089) ERMESENDA, daughter of --- (-after 25 May 1116). "Guilaberti vicecomitis, Ermense vicecomitissa" donated property to Santa Maria de Montserrat by charter dated 9 Jan 1089[526]. "Gilabertus vicecomes et coniux mea Ermessens vicecomitissa" donated property to Sant Benet de Bages by charter dated 27 Sep 1090[527]. "Ermesendis" gave the castle of Collbató to her children by charter dated 25 May 1116[528]. Guilaberto & his wife had four children:

a) REVERTER [I] (-killed in battle [1142/44]). His parentage is confirmed by a charter dated 25 May 1135 which records a sale of property to "Reverter" which names "patris tui Girberti"[529]. Vescomte de Barcelona. "Revertarius vicecomite Barchinona…cum Raimundo Fulcone de Cardona" reached agreement with Ramon Berenguer III Comte de Barcelona by charter dated to [1126][530]. "Reuertarius vicecomes Barchinonensis" donated property to Sant Vicenç de Cardona by charter dated 27 Oct 1135, subscribed by "Bernardus vicecomes"[531]. "Revertarius vicecomite Barchinone et Berengarius filius meus" reached agreement with "Guillelmo nepote meo et consubrino de me Berengario" over "castru de Gaurdia" by charter dated 9 Nov 1135[532]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris names "from Barcelona…Reverter" among those captured by "King Ali…[of] Marrakesh" during his campaigns in Andalucía, adding that he was placed in charge of the captured Christian knights[533]. Ibn-Khaldoun names "Ez-Zoborteir" as leader of the Christian militia of the Almoravid Sultan Techoufin in Morocco[534]. The same work records the involvement of "Ali ibn ez-Zoborteir" in Mallorca, with the comment that variations of the translation include "er-Robertin"[535]. An earlier translation of the same work translates the name as "Ali ibn-er-Robertin"[536]. Dozy suggests that the correct transliteration is "Reberter"[537]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records the death of "Reverter the leader of the captive Christian people…in the palace of King Tashufin"[538]. m ARSENDA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 28 Jul 1157 under which "Berengarius Reverter, filius Arsendis femine" swore fidelity to Comte Ramon Berenguer IV[539]. Reverter [I] & his wife had one child:

i) BERENGUER [I] (-after 28 Oct 1167). "Revertarius vicecomite Barchinone et Berengarius filius meus" reached agreement with "Guillelmo nepote meo et consubrino de me Berengario" over "castru de Gaurdia" by charter dated 9 Nov 1135[540]. Vescomte de Barcelona. "Berengarius vicecomes…cum coniuge mea Ermesendis" confirmed the donation to Sant Cugat del Vallés by "proavus meus Udalardus vicecomes…avus meus Guilabertus Udalardi vicecomes" by charter dated 7 May 1155[541]. "Berengarius de ipsa Guardia, filius qui fui Reverterii vicecomitis" sold "castrum meum de…Guardia" to "domno Raimundo Berengarii Barchinonensium comiti" by charter dated 13 Mar 1157[542]. "Berengarius Revertarius vicecomes de ipsa Guardia et uxor mea Ermessendis" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 19 Jan 1159, signed by "Berengarii Revertarii vicecomitis, Ermessendis uxoris, Berenguer ben Reverter" (signed in Arabic) and "…Dulcie uxoris Guillelmi de Gardia"[543]. "Berengarius de la Guardia, filius Reverter" donated property to "Guillelmo Raimundi dapifero et filio tuo Guillelmo de Montcada" by charter dated 3 Apr 1160[544]. The testament of "Berengarius Revertarius" is dated 28 Oct 1167, before his journey to Morocco, bequeathes "castrum meum de ipsa Guardia et castrum de Apierola et castrum Novum et castrum de Granaria et castrum de Apiera" to "filio meo Berengario" under the guardianship of "Arberti de Castro Vetulo", and if he died without legitimate children "castrum de Gardia et castrum de Apiera" to "Guillelmo de Castro Vetulo consanguineo meo", subscribed by "…Berenguer ben Reverter (signed in Arabic)"[545]. A charter dated 11 Sep 1168 recognises a debt of Alfonso King of Aragon to "Berengario Reverter"[546]. "Berenguer Reverter de la Guardia" restored rights to Santa Maria de Montserrat, unjustly removed by "su padre Berenguer Reverter", by charter dated 6 Oct 1172[547]. m ERMESENDIS, daughter of --- (-[19 Jan 1159/28 Oct 1167]). "Berengarius vicecomes…cum coniuge mea Ermesendis" confirmed the donation to Sant Cugat del Vallés by "proavus meus Udalardus vicecomes…avus meus Guilabertus Udalardi vicecomes" by charter dated 7 May 1155[548]. "Berengarius Revertarius vicecomes de ipsa Guardia et uxor mea Ermessendis" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 19 Jan 1159[549]. Berenguer [I] & his wife had one child:

(a) BERENGUER [II] (-[18 Oct 1187/2 Sep 1192]). The testament of "Berengarius Revertarius", dated 28 Oct 1167, bequeathes "castrum meum de ipsa Guardia et castrum de Apierola et castrum Novum et castrum de Granaria et castrum de Apiera" to "filio meo Berengario" under the guardianship of "Arberti de Castro Vetulo"[550]. A charter dated 11 Sep 1168 recognises a debt of Alfonso King of Aragon to "Berengario Reverter"[551]. "Berenguer Reverter de la Guardia" restored rights to Santa Maria de Montserrat, unjustly removed by "su padre Berenguer Reverter", by charter dated 6 Oct 1172[552]. The testament of "Berengarius de Guardia" is dated 13 Apr 1183, before undertaking the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, bequeathes "castrum de Guardia" to "Arberto de Castro Veteri", and if he dies childless, to "Guillelmo de Guardia consanguineo meo", and "castro Apierole" to "Guillelmo de Monte Serrato consanguineo meo"[553]. Under a second testament of "Berengarius de Guardia", dated 18 Oct 1187 before leaving for Morocco, he bequeathes "castrum de Guardia et castrum d´Apiera" to "dominum Arberti de Castro Veteri", along with other bequests to other other beneficiaries whose relationship to the testator, if any, is not described[554]. A charter dated 2 Sep 1192 records the settlement of a dispute between Alfonso II King of Aragon and "Arbertum de Castro Veteri" concerning the estate of "Berengarii de Guardia"[555].

Reverter had one [probably illegitimate] child by [an unknown mistress, probably a Muslim]:

ii) BERENGUER bin Reverter ([Morocco] [1135/42]-killed in battle Ghomert, near Tunis 1187). "…Berenguer ben Reverter" (signed in Arabic, different person from the donor) subscribed a charter dated 19 Jan 1159 under which "Berengarius Revertarius vicecomes de ipsa Guardia et uxor mea Ermessendis" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés[556]. "…Berenguer ben Reverter" (signed in Arabic) also subscribed the testament of "Berengarius Revertarius" dated 28 Oct 1167[557]. Reverter was such an unusual name in contemporary Catalonian charters that there must be a connection with Vescomte Reverter [I]. It is very unlikely that this second Berenguer was the legitimate child of the vescomte given that the latter´s only known legitimate child was given the same name. If it is correct that Berenguer was illegitimate, the arab name and the signature in Arabic suggest that his mother was Muslim. Dozy records that "Reberter" (see above) left a Muslim son named "Abu-l-Hasan Ali ibn-ar-Reberter", who served the Almohads, was sent to Mallorca by Sultan Abu-Yakub Yusuf towards the end of his reign to fight the Almoravid Beni-Ghania family who ruled the island, was arrested during the campaign against Santarem in 1184, escaped, but was killed in battle at Ghomert, near Tunis in 1187[558]. It would appear that this was the same person named "Berenguer ben Reverter", present in Barcelona, in the documents dated 1159 and 1167. It is assumed that he was born during his father´s period of captivity in Morocco.

b) daughter . Her parentage is confirmed by a charter dated 3 Jan 1146 which records an agreement between Ramon Berenguer IV Comte de Barcelona and "Guillelmum de Guardia vicecomitem" confirming the latter´s possession of "castelaniam de Apera" which "avus eius Guilabertus Udalardi…tenuit"[559]. m ---. Two children:

i) GUILLEM [I] de Guàrdia (-[7 May 1155/7 May 1157], bur Montserrat Santa Maria). "Revertarius vicecomite Barchinone et Berengarius filius meus" reached agreement with "Guillelmo nepote meo et consubrino de me Berengario" over "castru de Gaurdia" by charter dated 9 Nov 1135[560]. Regent of the vescomtat de Barcelona 1135. "Revertarius vicecomite Barchinonense" donated the castle of Guàrdia to "Guillelmo de Guardia nepote meo" by charter dated 22 Jun 1139, signed by "Berenger filii mei, Berenger de Guardia…"[561]. Vescomte. A charter dated 3 Jan 1146 records an agreement between Ramon Berenguer IV Comte de Barcelona and "Guillelmum de Guardia vicecomitem" confirming the latter´s possession of "castelaniam de Apera" which "avus eius Guilabertus Udalardi…tenuit"[562]. "Guielmi de Guardia, Dulcia coniugis eius" subscribed the charter dated 7 May 1155 under which "Berengarius vicecomes…cum coniuge mea Ermesendis" confirmed a donation to Sant Cugat del Vallés[563]. The testament of "don Guillem de la Guardia", published 7 May 1157, appointed "sus albaceas…su mugger doña Dulcia [y] don Raymundo de Peguera su sobrino, y don Bernardo Armengol", elected burial "en Santa Maria de Montserrat", appointed "su hijo Ferrer" as his heir and if he died childless "su hija Guillelma", and left his children "en la tutela de…Bernardo Raymundo de Manresa, su suegro"[564]. m DULCIA, daughter of RAMON de Manresa & his wife --- (-after 19 Jan 1159). "Guillelmus de Guardia et uxor sua Dulcia et Bernardus de Rochafort et uxor sua Beatrice" recorded an agreement by charter dated 24 Mar 1150[565]. Her parentage is confirmed by the testament of "don Guillem de la Guardia", published 7 May 1157, which left his children "en la tutela de…Bernardo Raymundo de Manresa, su suegro"[566]. The prior of Montserrat donated property to "don Guillelmo de la Guardia y a su mugger doña Dulcia" by charter dated 24 Mar 1154[567]. "Guielmi de Guardia, Dulcia coniugis eius" subscribed the charter dated 7 May 1155 under which "Berengarius vicecomes…cum coniuge mea Ermesendis" confirmed a donation to Sant Cugat del Vallés[568]. "Berengarius Revertarius vicecomes de ipsa Guardia et uxor mea Ermessendis" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés by charter dated 19 Jan 1159, signed by "…Dulcie uxoris Guillelmi de Gardia"[569]. Guillem & his wife had two children:

(a) FERRER (-after 7 May 1157). The testament of "don Guillem de la Guardia", published 7 May 1157, appointed "su hijo Ferrer" as his heir and if he died childless "su hija Guillelma", and left his children "en la tutela de…Bernardo Raymundo de Manresa, su suegro"[570].

(b) GUILLELMA (-after 7 May 1157). The testament of "don Guillem de la Guardia", published 7 May 1157, appointed "su hijo Ferrer" as his heir and if he died childless "su hija Guillelma", and left his children "en la tutela de…Bernardo Raymundo de Manresa, su suegro"[571].

ii) [daughter] . m ---. One child:

(a) RAMON de Peguera (-after 7 May 1157). The testament of "don Guillem de la Guardia", published 7 May 1157, appointed "sus albaceas…su mugger doña Dulcia [y] don Raymundo de Peguera su sobrino…"[572].

c) ERMESENDA . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 12 Mar 1113 under which "El vizconde Guilaberto, junto con sus hijos Pedro Udalardo y Berenguer Udalardo" donated the castle of "Collum Betoni" to "su hija Ermesendis y a su marido Bartholome"[573]. m (befote 12 Mar 1113) BARTOLOMEO, son of ---.

d) ARSENDA . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 30 Apr 1125 under which "Guilabertus…Barchinonensium vicecomes" granted property to "Arsendis filie mee et Guillelmus Raimundi viro tuo"[574]. It is assumed that "Arberti de Castro Vetulo" and "Guillelmo de Castro Vetulo consanguineo meo", named in the testament of "Berengarius Revertarius" dated 28 Oct 1167[575], were descendants of Arsenda and her husband. m (before 30 Apr 1125) GUILLEM RAMON, son of RAMON & his wife ---.

2. [BERNAT UDALARD (-after 31 Aug 1100). "Berengarius Remundi et Ramundus Berengarii nepos meus, comites Barchinonensi" donated property to "Bernardus Udalardi et uxori tue Persedia femina" by charter dated 23 Aug 1090[576]. "Guilaberto vizconde, hijo de Udalardo tambien vizconde y su mujer Ermesendis vizcondesa" donated property to Santa Cecília de Montserrat, with the consentí of "Bernardi Udalardi", by charter dated 28 Nov 1090[577]. "Bernardo Udalardo uxorique mee Persedie femine" donated property to "Martino genere nostro uxorique tue Adalezis filie nostre" by charter dated 10 Apr 1095, subscribed by "Bernardi filius prescriptos donatores"[578]. "Bernardus Udalardus" recognised debts towards "Martinus genere meo et uxor tua Azalaidis filia mea" by charter dated 1 Jan 1098[579]. m firstly [as her second husband,] PERSIDIA, widow of ---, daughter of RAMON & his wife --- (-before 31 Aug 1100). "Berengarius Remundi et Ramundus Berengarii nepos meus, comites Barchinonensi" donated property to "Bernardus Udalardi et uxori tue Persedia femina" by charter dated 23 Aug 1090[580]. "Bernardo Udalardo uxorique mee Persedie femine" donated property to "Martino genere nostro uxorique tue Adalezis filie nostre" by charter dated 10 Apr 1095, subscribed by "Bernardi filius prescriptos donatores"[581]. Her father´s name is deduced from the testament of her daughter "Azalaidis", published 19 Jun 1102, which names "avunculos suos Arnallo Raimundi et Guillelmi Raimundi"[582]. Her first marriage is suggested by the testament of "Alazadis uxor Martini Petiti", dated 13 Aug 1114, which names "filiis matris mee Perside…fratri meo Berengario"[583]. m secondly (before 31 Aug 1100) EG, daughter of ---. "Bernardus Udalardi" donated property to "Ege femine uxori mee" by charter dated 31 Aug 1100[584]. Bernat & his first wife had two children:

a) BERNAT (-after 10 Apr 1095). "Bernardo Udalardo uxorique mee Persedie femine" donated property to "Martino genere nostro uxorique tue Adalezis filie nostre" by charter dated 10 Apr 1095, subscribed by "Bernardi filius prescriptos donatores"[585].

b) ADELAIDA (-after 13 Aug 1114). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 10 Apr 1095 under which "Bernardo Udalardo uxorique mee Persedie femine" donated property to "Martino genere nostro uxorique tue Adalezis filie nostre"[586]. "Bernardus Udalardus" recognised debts towards "Martinus genere meo et uxor tua Azalaidis filia mea" by charter dated 1 Jan 1098[587]. The charter dated 31 Aug 1100, under which "Bernardus Udalardi" donated property to "Ege femine uxori mee", describes the property in question in relation to "domibus Martin Petit et filie mee Azalaidis"[588]. The testament of "Azalaidis", published 19 Jun 1102, bequeathes property to "filius suos…Guillelmum et Raimundum" and names "avunculos suos Arnallo Raimundi et Guillelmi Raimundi"[589]. The testament of "Alazadis uxor Martini Petiti" is dated 13 Aug 1114 and names "filiis matris mee Perside…fratri meo Berengario"[590]. m (before 10 Apr 1095) as his first wife, MARTÍ Petit, son of ---.

3. [PERE UDALARD (-after 14 Mar 1118). "El vizconde Guilaberto, junto con sus hijos Pedro Udalardo y Berenguer Udalardo" donated the castle of "Collum Betoni" to "su hija Ermesendis y a su marido Bartholome" by charter dated 12 Mar 1113[591]. Their patronymics indicate that Pere and Berenguer were sons of Vescomte Udalard. "Bernardus vicecomes, Petri Udalardi, Berengarii Udalardi…" subscribed the charter dated 14 Mar 1118 under which "Raimundus Berengarii…chomes Barchinonensis et uxor mea Dulcia comitissa" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés[592].

4. [BERENGUER UDALARD (-after 14 Mar 1118). "El vizconde Guilaberto, junto con sus hijos Pedro Udalardo y Berenguer Udalardo" donated the castle of "Collum Betoni" to "su hija Ermesendis y a su marido Bartholome" by charter dated 12 Mar 1113[593]. Their patronymics indicate that Pere and Berenguer were sons of Vescomte Udalard. "Bernardus vicecomes, Petri Udalardi, Berengarii Udalardi…" subscribed the charter dated 14 Mar 1118 under which "Raimundus Berengarii…chomes Barchinonensis et uxor mea Dulcia comitissa" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés[594].

5. [ERMENIARDIS (-after 24 Apr 1088). "Guislibertus vicecomes et mater sua" granted property to "Ermeniardis femina et filia tua Guilia femina et viro suo Rodebertus…Xalvino" by charter dated 24 Apr 1088, signed by "Guila vicechomitissa"[595]. The document does not specify any relationship between the donor and donee, but the editor of the compilation states that she was his sister. The primary source which confirms that this is correct has not yet been identified. m ---. One child:

a) GUISLA (-after 24 Apr 1088). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 24 Apr 1088 under which "Guislibertus vicecomes et mater sua" granted property to "Ermeniardis femina et filia tua Guilia femina et viro suo Rodebertus…Xalvino"[596]. m ROBERTO Xalvino, son of --- (-after 24 Apr 1088).

1. BERNAT . "Bernardi…vicecomitis…" subscribed the charter dated [Oct/Nov] 1114 under which "Raimundus comes et marchio et coniux mea Dulcia" donated property to Sant Cugat del Vallés[597], and "Bernardus vicecomes…" subscribed a similar charter dated 14 Mar 1118[598].

Chapter 3. BESALÚ

The county of Besalú was located in the interior of Catalonia, south-east of the county of Cerdanya and north of the counties of Ausona and Barcelona.

A. COMTES de BESALÚ 988-1111

BERNAT I 988-1020, GUILLEM I 1020-[1052], GUILLEM II [1052]-[1066/70], BERNAT II [1066/70]-1100, BERNAT III [1066/70]-1111

BERNAT [I] "Tallaferro" de Cerdanya, son of OLIBA [II] "Cabreta" Comte de Cerdanya i Besalú & his wife Ermengarda [de Empúries] (-after [26 Sep/13 Oct] 1020, bur Ripoll). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Bernardum, Olibam et Guiffredum" as the three sons of "Olibano Cabretæ", specifying that "Bernardus filius eius" succeeded "in comitatu Bisulduni"[599]. “Miro…Comes atque Episcopus” granted “ecclesiam sancti Vincentii” to “ecclesiæ Bisuldunensi”, with the consent of “Ermengardæ comitissæ et filio eis Bernardo”, by charter dated 12 Apr 977[600]. "Oliba comes et coniux mea Ermengards" donated property to Sant Llorenç de Bagà by charter dated 15 Jan 981, subscribed by "Bernardus prolis, Wifredus prolis, Oliba prolis…"[601]. He succeeded his father in 988 as Comte de Besalú i Ripoll. A charter dated 988 records that "Bernardus comes cum filio suo Guilliermo et…Guifredus frater eius" were left under the protection of the Pope by "piæ memoriæ patre Oliba comite"[602]. "Ermengardis…comitissa cum suo prole Olibane" granted property to "Oriolo…in comitatu Bergitano" by charter dated 30 Jul 990, subscribed by "Bernardus…comes"[603]. "Bernardus…chomes et uxori sue Tota que vocant Adalez" sold property "in chomitatum Ausona in…Lasez" to San Juan de Ripoll, except half of the castle which "condam Bonefilius" had bought from "Gaucefredo", by charter dated 1006[604]. "Bernardus…comes" donated "castellum…Talteuul" to "filio meo Guillelmo", and if he died to "fratrem tuum", and if the latter died to "nepotem meum Arnallum", by charter dated 10 Jul 1011, subscribed by "…Oliba vice comes…"[605]. "Guillermo de Besalú y su esposa Adelaiza" donated property to the church of San Genesio, Besalú by charter dated 3 May "XXXI regni Roberto regis" (1018 or 1027), signed by "Adalaiza, Guillelmus vice comes…"[606]. A charter dated 29 Aug 1019 records the judgment, in the presence of "dompno Bernardo comite et fratre suo dompno Gifredo", in favour of "Seniofredo vicecomite" relating to the church of Santa Coloma del Conflent which had been held by "Bernardo vicecomite vel a filio suo Seniofredo vicecomite"[607]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium records that "Bernardus" was drowned in the River Rhône in 1020 and buried "ad Rivipollo Monasterium"[608]. The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…uxore sua Tota…filium suum Guillelmum…Oliva frater suus[609]. A charter dated 13 Oct 1020 publishes the testament of "Bernardo condam comite", witnessed by "Wifredus comes…Tota comitissa", names "filio [suo] Wilielmo…filium suum Ugonem…filio suo Biringario…nepotem suum qui comes fuit de Cerdania Aienrichus…filius suus…fratribus suis Wifredo et Olibane" and leaves "filios…suo Aienrico et Ugone et Berengario…in tuicione" to "Wilielmo filio suo"[610].

m ([992]) TODA [Adelaida], daughter of --- (-after 13 Oct 1020). "Bernardus comes et uxori mee…Tota que vocant Azalatz" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 27 Mar 1000[611]. "Bernardus…chomes et uxori sue Tota que vocant Adalez" sold property "in chomitatum Ausona in…Lasez" to San Juan de Ripoll, except half of the castle which "condam Bonefilius" had bought from "Gaucefredo", by charter dated 1006[612]. "Bernardus…comes et eius conniunx…Adalez prolique eorum Wielmo" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 7 May 1012[613]. "Bernardus…comes et uxor mea Tota comitissa que vocatur Adalet et filius meus Wielmus" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 1 Mar 1018[614]. "Guillermo de Besalú y su esposa Adelaiza" donated property to the church of San Genesio, Besalú by charter dated 3 May "XXXI regni Roberto regis" (1018 or 1027), signed by "Adalaiza, Guillelmus vice comes…"[615]. The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “…uxore sua Tota…[616]. A charter dated 13 Oct 1020 publishes the testament of "Bernardo condam comite", witnessed by "Wifredus comes…Tota comitissa"[617]. She is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[618] as the possible daughter of Guillaume II Comte de Provence but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.

Bernat [I] & his wife had [eight] children:

1. GUILLEM [I] de Besalú (-1052, bur Ripoll). "Bernardus…comes" donated "castellum…Talteuul" to "filio meo Guillelmo", and if he died to "fratrem tuum", and if the latter died to "nepotem meum Arnallum", by charter dated 10 Jul 1011, subscribed by "…Oliba vice comes…"[619]. The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…filium suum Guillelmum…[620]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names "Guillelmum…Bernardi cognominatum Grassum" as son of "Bernardus", specifying that he succeeded his father "in comitatu Bisulduni"[621]. A charter dated 988 records that "Bernardus comes cum filio suo Guilliermo et…Guifredus frater eius" were left under the protection of the Pope by "piæ memoriæ patre Oliba comite"[622]. "Bernardus…comes et eius conniunx…Adalez prolique eorum Wielmo" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 7 May 1012[623]. "Bernardus…comes et uxor mea Tota comitissa que vocatur Adalet et filius meus Wielmus" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 1 Mar 1018[624]. He succeeded his father in 1020 as Comte de Besalú i Ripoll. "Willelmus…comes et uxori meæ Girberga comitisa" sold property "in comitatu Bisuldense" to "Johanne et uxori tuæ Adalaiz" by charter dated 22 Mar 1020, subscribed by "Sonifredus judex, Ademar, Helisiar vices-comite…"[625]. "Wilelmus comes" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Sant Pere de Besalú by charter dated 5 Nov 1029, subscribed by "Adalaizis comitissa, Wilielmus vicescomes…Bernardus comes Bisullenensis proles Wilielmi comitis…"[626]. "Willelmus…comite" sold property "in comitatu Bisillunense in terminio Letonense vel de Sancti Martini" to "Gaucbertus Seniofredus" by charter dated 25 Mar 1031[627]. "Guillelmus…comes…in castro Bisulduno" renounced jurisdiction over the monastery of Sainte-Marie d´Arles ("Sancte Arulensis Marie"), referring to "avii mei bone memorie comitis Oliva", and agreed that "Bernardus filius de supradicti comitis" should enter the monastery, by charter dated 5 Apr 1033, subscribed by "Adalaicis…comitissa, Berengarius Reynardus, Berengarius frater comitis…"[628]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium records that "in comitatu Bisulduni…comes Guillelmus Bernardi, cognominatus Grassus" ruled his county for 33 years, died in 1052 and was buried "in Monasterio Rivipulli" with his father[629]. m (before 30 Mar 1020) ADELAIDA [Gerberga], daughter of ---. "Willelmus…comes et uxori meæ Girberga comitisa" sold property "in comitatu Bisuldense" to "Johanne et uxori tuæ Adalaiz" by charter dated 22 Mar 1020, subscribed by "Sonifredus judex, Ademar, Helisiar vices-comite…"[630]. "Willelmo…comes et uxori sue Adalais" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 30 Mar 1020[631]. The date of death of the couple´s second son, estimated to [1100], suggests that Guillem and Adelaida must have married shortly before the date of this charter. Another possibility is that Guillaume married twice, firstly to Gerberga and secondly to Adelaida, assuming that the charter dated 30 Mar 1020 is misdated. "Willelmo…comitte et uxoris sue Adalais" donated property to Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú by charter dated 22 Apr 1026[632]. "Wilelmus comes" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Sant Pere de Besalú by charter dated 5 Nov 1029, subscribed by "Adalaizis comitissa…"[633]. "Guillelmus…comes…in castro Bisulduno" renounced jurisdiction over the monastery of Sainte-Marie d´Arles ("Sancte Arulensis Marie"), referring to "avii mei bone memorie comitis Oliva", and agreed that "Bernardus filius de supradicti comitis" should enter the monastery, by charter dated 5 Apr 1033, subscribed by "Adalaicis…comitissa, Berengarius Reynardus, Berengarius frater comitis…"[634]. Guillem [I] & his wife had three children:

a) GUILLEM [II] "Trunus" de Besalú (-murdered [1066/25 Jan 1070]). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names "Guillelmum…Trunnum…et Bernardum Guillelmi" as the two sons of "in comitatu Bisulduni…comes Guillelmus Bernardi, cognominatus Grassus"[635]. "Wilelmus comes" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Sant Pere de Besalú by charter dated 5 Nov 1029, subscribed by "Adalaizis comitissa, Wilielmus vicescomes…Bernardus comes Bisullenensis proles Wilielmi comitis…"[636]. He succeeded his father in [1052] as Comte de Besalú i Ripoll. "Guilielmus comes filius Adalaiz" promised "Guifredum archiepiscopum filium Guisle comitissæ" not to disturb church property by charter dated to [1053][637]. A charter dated 11 Sep 1054 records an agreement between "Remundum comitem Barchinonensem filium Sancie comitisse" and "Guilelmum comitem Bisuldunensem filium Adalezia comitisse", relating to "castris de Finestris sive de Castro Coltort" which "Berengarius comes filius Ermessendis comitisse" had granted to "comitem Guilelmum de Bisulduno filium de Tota comitissa", in the presence of "Petri Remundi comitis Biterrensis et Remundi Berengarii vicecomitis filii de Narbona…"[638]. “Willelmus comes Bisulunensis” donated property to the church of Girona by charter dated 26 May 1055, witnessed by “Ermisindis comitissa…Raymundus comes…”[639]. Betrothed (1054) to LUCIE de la Marche, daughter of BERNARD Comte de la Marche & his wife Amelia ---. An undated charter, dated to [1054], records that Guillem [II] Comte de Besalú agreed to marry "Lucia hermana de…la condesa Almodis"[640]. The marriage contracts between "Willelmus…comes Bisullinensis" and "Lucie sponse mee" are dated 11 Dec 1054, one charter agreed by "Remundum comitem Barchinonensem et Adalmus comitissa"[641]. m (after 1054) ETIENNETTE de Provence, daughter of GEOFFROY I Comte de Provence & his wife Etiennette --- (-[1085]). Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1084] under which her son "Bernardus Besaldunensis comes filius qui fui Stephaniæ" swore homage to "Aymerico vicecomiti Narbonæ filio qui fuisti Fidis"[642]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Guillem [II] & his wife had three children:

i) BERNAT [III] de Besalú (-[1111/12]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his father in [1066/70] as Comte de Besalú i Ripoll. "Bernardus…comes Bisuldunensis" donated property to Saint-Victor, Marseille by charter dated 28 Dec 1070, subscribed by "Raimundi vicecomitis Cardonensis…"[643]. "Bernardus Bisuldunensium comes" donated property "monasterium sancti Petri…in castro Bisuldunensi" to Saint-Victor, Marseille by charter dated 8 Aug 1080[644]. "Bernardus Besaldunensis comes filius qui fui Stephaniæ" swore homage to "Aymerico vicecomiti Narbonæ filio qui fuisti Fidis", by charter dated to [1084][645]. A charter dated 3 Nov 1087 records an agreement between "comitem Bisinduni…Bernardum" and "fratrem eius Gauzfredum" under which the latter promised support if the counts of Roussillon, Peralada and Ampurias made war[646]. "Guillelmus Ugonis filius qui fuit Sancia femina" swore allegiance to "Bernardo comite filius qui fuisti Stephanies comitisse" by charter dated 18 Jul 1090[647]. "Bernardus comes Bisuldensis" donated property to the abbey of Grasse by charter dated 17 Mar 1102, signed by "Guillelmi Udalgerii vicecomitis Castellinovi…"[648]. "Bernardus Granderi comes Bisildunensis" donated property to the church of Saint-Paul de Narbonne by charter dated 9 Nov 1106, signed by "Willelmi vicecomitis Castellinovi…"[649]. He agreed that Ramon Berenguer III Comte de Barcelona would succeed him in Besalú as a condition for marrying his daughter. m (1 Oct 1107) --- de Barcelona, daughter of RAMON BERENGUER [III] Comte de Barcelona & his first wife doña María Rodríguez ([1105/06]-). The marriage contract of the daughter of Ramon Berenguer and "Bernardo hijo de Estefania…conde de Besalú" is dated 1 Oct 1107 and provides the county of Ausona as her dowry[650]. Comte Bernat recognised that if he died childless from "coniuge filiam prolis Maræ Ruderici", his father-in-law would inherit his counties and honours of Besalú, Ripoll, Vallespir, Funullá and Perapertusa, by charter dated 10 Oct 1107[651]. Secondary sources usually show this daughter as having married Roger [III] Comte de Foix as her second husband. For the reasons explained above (see Chapter 1), it is more likely that Comte Roger´s wife was a different daughter, born from her father´s third marriage.

ii) GAUSFREDO de Besalú (-after 3 Nov 1087). A charter dated 3 Nov 1087 records an agreement between "comitem Bisinduni…Bernardum" and "fratrem eius Gauzfredum" under which the latter promised support if the counts of Roussillon, Peralada and Ampurias made war[652].

iii) ESTEFANÍA de Besalú. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Dec 1129 of her son “Rogerius Fuxi comes, filius Rogerii et Stephaniæ”[653]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. 1095. m as his second wife, ROGER [II] Comte de Foix, son of PIERRE BERNARD Comte de Couserans et de Foix & his wife Letgarde --- (-1124).

b) BERNAT [II] de Besalú (-[1100]). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names "Guillelmum…Trunnum…et Bernardum Guillelmi" as the two sons of "in comitatu Bisulduni…comes Guillelmus Bernardi, cognominatus Grassus"[654]. "Wilelmus comes" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Sant Pere de Besalú by charter dated 5 Nov 1029, subscribed by "Adalaizis comitissa, Wilielmus vicescomes…Bernardus comes Bisullenensis proles Wilielmi comitis…"[655]. "Guillelmus…comes…in castro Bisulduno" renounced jurisdiction over the monastery of Sainte-Marie d´Arles ("Sancte Arulensis Marie"), referring to "avii mei bone memorie comitis Oliva", and agreed that "Bernardus filius de supradicti comitis" should enter the monastery, by charter dated 5 Apr 1033, subscribed by "Adalaicis…comitissa, Berengarius Reynardus, Berengarius frater comitis…"[656]. He succeeded as Comte de Besalú i Ripoll. "Bernardus…Bisuldinensium comes" confirmed the union of the abbey of Saint-Martin de Lez with the abbey of Saint-Pons, for the soul of "fratris mei Guillelmi", by charter dated 25 Jan 1070[657]. "Bernardus comes Bisuldunensis" donated property "ecclesiam Beate Marie Virginis intra muros Bisuldini" to Valence Saint-Rufus by charter dated 26 Sep 1084, signed by "mei nec a filio mei", subscribed by "Guillelmi vicecomitis, Petri vicecomitis…"[658]. m ERMENGARDA de Empúries, daughter of PONCE [I] Comte de Empúries & his wife Adelaida de Besalú. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Comte Bernat II & his wife had one child:

i) son (-after 26 Sep 1084). "Bernardus comes Bisuldunensis" donated property "ecclesiam Beate Marie Virginis intra muros Bisuldini" to Valence Saint-Rufus by charter dated 26 Sep 1084, signed by "mei nec a filio mei", subscribed by "Guillelmi vicecomitis, Petri vicecomitis…"[659].

c) ADELAIDA de Besalú (-before 1055). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1050]) as his first wife, ARMENGOL [III] "él de Barbastro" Comte de Urgell, son of ARMENGOL [II] "el Pelegrino" Comte de Urgell & his second wife Constanza --- ([1031/33]-[Feb/Mar] 1065).

2. GUIFRÉ de Besalú (-1054). "Bernardus…comes" donated "castellum…Talteuul" to "filio meo Guillelmo", and if he died to "fratrem tuum", and if the latter died to "nepotem meum Arnallum", by charter dated 10 Jul 1011, subscribed by "…Oliba vice comes…"[660]. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Bishop of Besalú and Carcassonne.

3. ADELAIDA de Besalú. The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…filium suum Guillelmum…[661]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m PONCE [I] Comte de Empúries, son of HUG [I] Comte de Empúries y Perelada & his wife Guisla ---. 1078.

4. [GARSENDA de Besalú (-after 5 Feb 1067). Her parentage is suggested and her marriage confirmed by the charter dated to [1020] which records homage sworn to "Berengarium vicecomitem filius qui fuit Richardis vicecomitissæ neque uxorem eius Garsindem filia quæ fuit Totæ comitissæ"[662], as no other contemporary "Totæ comitissæ" has been identified except the wife of Bernat [I] Comte de Besalú. Garsenda is not, however, named in her supposed father´s 1020 testament. "Berengarius vicecomes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Just and Saint-Pastor, for the souls of "patris mei Raimundi et avunculi mei Ermengaudi archiepiscopi", by charter dated 7 Jun 1032, signed by "Ricardis vicecomitissæ matris eius, Garsindis uxoris eiusdem, Raimundi filii eorum…"[663]. "Guifredus archiepiscopus…cum Berengario vicecomite et uxore illius Garsinde, eorumque filii Raymundo, Petro et Bernardo" donated property by charter dated 23 Apr 1048, subscribed by "Berengarii vicecomitis, Garsindis vicecomitissæ, Raymundi Berengarii, Petri clerici frater ejus, Bernardi fratris istorum…"[664]. "Berengarius vicecomes et uxor mea Garsindis" swore allegiance to "domno Raymundo Berengarii seniori nostro" for one of his fiefs by charter dated 5 Feb 1067[665]. m BERENGUER Vicomte de Narbonne, son of RAYMOND [I] Vicomte de Narbonne & his wife --- (-1067).]

5. CONSTANZA (-after 26 Sep 1020). The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…filium suum Guillelmum…[666].

6. ASENRICO de Besalú (-after 13 Oct 1020). The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…filium suum Guillelmum…[667]. A charter dated 13 Oct 1020 publishes the testament of "Bernardo condam comite" leaves "filios…suo Aienrico et Ugone et Berengario…in tuicione" to "Wilielmo filio suo"[668].

7. HUGO de Besalú (-after 13 Oct 1020). The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…filium suum Guillelmum…[669]. A charter dated 13 Oct 1020 publishes the testament of "Bernardo condam comite" leaves "filios…suo Aienrico et Ugone et Berengario…in tuicione" to "Wilielmo filio suo"[670].

8. BERENGUER de Besalú (-after 5 Apr 1033). The testament of “Bernardo quondam Comite” dated 26 Sep “XXV regnante Roberto Rege” (1020) names “filio suo Asenrico…filium suum Ugonem…filium suum Berengarium…filia sua Adalai…filia sua Constancia…filium suum Guillelmum…[671]. A charter dated 13 Oct 1020 publishes the testament of "Bernardo condam comite" leaves "filios…suo Aienrico et Ugone et Berengario…in tuicione" to "Wilielmo filio suo"[672]. "Guillelmus…comes…in castro Bisulduno" renounced jurisdiction over the monastery of Sainte-Marie d´Arles ("Sancte Arulensis Marie"), referring to "avii mei bone memorie comitis Oliva", and agreed that "Bernardus filius de supradicti comitis" should enter the monastery, by charter dated 5 Apr 1033, subscribed by "Adalaicis…comitissa, Berengarius Reynardus, Berengarius frater comitis…"[673].

B. VESCOMTES de BESALÚ

1. MIRÓ (-after 2 Jul 978). Vescomte [de Besalú]. "Miro…Gerundensis ecclesie…episcopus" donated property "in comitatu Bisillunense" at Tragurá to the monastery of San Pedro de Besalú by charter dated 2 Jul 978, signed by "Miro…comes atque episcopus…Mir vice comes"[674].

2. OLIBA (-after 10 Jul 1011). Vescomte de Besalú. "Bernardus…comes" donated "castellum…Talteuul" to "filio meo Guillelmo", and if he died to "fratrem tuum", and if the latter died to "nepotem meum Arnallum", by charter dated 10 Jul 1011, subscribed by "…Oliba vice comes…"[675].

3. ELISIAR (-after 22 Mar 1020). Vescomte [de Besalú]. "Willelmus…comes et uxori meæ Girberga comitisa" sold property "in comitatu Bisuldense" to "Johanne et uxori tuæ Adalaiz" by charter dated 22 Mar 1020, subscribed by "Sonifredus judex, Ademar, Helisiar vices-comite…"[676].

4. GUILLÉM (-after 3 May [1018 or 1027]). Vescomte [de Besalú]. "Guillermo de Besalú y su esposa Adelaiza" donated property to the church of San Genesio, Besalú by charter dated 3 May "XXXI regni Roberto regis" (1018 or 1027), signed by "Adalaiza, Guillelmus vice comes…"[677].

5. UDALARD BERNAT (-after 7 Jan 1083). Vescomte de [Besalú]. "Udalardus…vicecomes et Ermessendis vicecomitissa uxor mea et filius noster Petrus Udalardi" donated the churches of San Julián de Vallfogona and San Pedro de Montgrony to the monastery of San Juan de Ripoll by charter dated 7 Jan 1083[678]. "Udalardus vicecomes et Ermessindis vicecomitissa" donated property to the monastery of Saint-Victor, Marseilles by charter dated to [1079/93][679]. m ERMESENDA de Empúries, daughter of PONCE [I] Comte de Empúries & his wife Adelaida de Besalú (-after 29 Apr 1119). "Udalardus…vicecomes et Ermessendis vicecomitissa uxor mea et filius noster Petrus Udalardi" donated the churches of San Julián de Vallfogona and San Pedro de Montgrony to the monastery of San Juan de Ripoll by charter dated 7 Jan 1083[680]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. The testament of "Ermesendis…vicecomitissa" is dated 29 Apr 1119, appoints "Udalardum vicecomitem nepotem meum…" as one of her executors, and gives one third of her property each to "Udalardo nepoti meo…Beatrici filie mee…Ermeniardi filio meo"[681]. Udalardo Bernardo & his wife had three children:

a) PERE UDALARD (-before 29 Apr 1119). "Udalardus…vicecomes et Ermessendis vicecomitissa uxor mea et filius noster Petrus Udalardi" donated the churches of San Julián de Vallfogona and San Pedro de Montgrony to the monastery of San Juan de Ripoll by charter dated 7 Jan 1083[682]. He predeceased his mother, as shown by her testament (see above). m ---. The name of Pere´s wife is not known. Pere & his wife had one child:

i) UDALARD [II] (-[1123/5 Aug 1126]). Vescomte de [Besalú]. The testament of "Ermesendis…vicecomitissa" is dated 29 Apr 1119, appoints "Udalardum vicecomitem nepotem meum…" as one of her executors, and gives one third of her property each to "Udalardo nepoti meo…Beatrici filie mee…Ermeniardi filio meo"[683]. "Uzalardus vicecomes" swore allegiance to the abbot of San Juan de Ripoll by charter dated 24 Apr 1121[684]. A charter dated 1123 records an agreement between "Uzalardum vicecomitem" and "Reimundum Pontii de Malanno"[685]. "Dalmacius Geraldi et frater eius Arnallus Geraldi" swore the last wishes of "Udalardi vicecomitis", naming "filio suo Petro Udalardi…avunculi sui Guillelmi Raimundi Senescal", by charter dated 29 Dec 1128[686]. m FERRANA, daughter of GUILLEM Ramon [I] Seneschal of Catalonia & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 29 Dec 1128 under which "Dalmacius Geraldi et frater eius Arnallus Geraldi" swore the last wishes of "Udalardi vicecomitis", naming "filio suo Petro Udalardi…avunculi sui Guillelmi Raimundi Senescal"[687]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Udalard [II] & his wife had one child:

(a) PERE UDALARD (-[5 Aug 1126/29 Dec 1128]). Vescomte de [Besalú], under the guardianship of his maternal uncle. "Raimundus Berengarii Barchinonensis, Bisillunensis atque Ceritanie comes et marchio cum uxori mea Dulcia et filio meo Raimundo" donated "omni honore quem pater eius tenebat ad diem mortis sue…de castro Malan et de castro Castilionis et de castro Muntros et de castro Beuda et de castro Castlar et de Monteacuto" to "Guillelmo Raimundo senescalc baiuliam de Petro filio Udalardi vicecomitis de Bass", by charter dated 5 Aug 1126, signed by "Poncii de Capraria, Guillelmi Raimundi senescalc, Otonis fratris sui…"[688].

b) BEATRIZ . The testament of "Ermesendis…vicecomitissa" is dated 29 Apr 1119, appoints "Udalardum vicecomitem nepotem meum…" as one of her executors, and gives one third of her property each to "Udalardo nepoti meo…Beatrici filie mee…Ermeniardi filio meo"[689]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Vescomtesa de Bas: "Poncius Ugonis de Cervaria et uxor mea Beatrix cum filiis nostris Petro et Poncio" donated two parts of "castro et…villa Cervarie" to "seniori nostro Raimundo Barchinonensi comiti" for "vice comitatu de Basso" by charter dated 16 Jan 1128, signed by "Gocerandi de Pinos…"[690]. Vescomtesa de Bas. m PONCE [I] de Cervera, son of UGO & his wife --- (-[1130]).

c) ARMENGOL (-after 29 Apr 1119). The testament of "Ermesendis…vicecomitissa" is dated 29 Apr 1119, appoints "Udalardum vicecomitem nepotem meum…" as one of her executors, and gives one third of her property each to "Udalardo nepoti meo…Beatrici filie mee…Ermeniardi filio meo"[691].

1. UC . m SANCHA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 18 Jul 1090 under which her son "Guillelmus Ugonis filius qui fuit Sancia femina" swore allegiance to "Bernardo comite filius qui fuisti Stephanies comitisse"[692]. Uc & his wife had one child:

a) GUILLEM UC (-after 18 Jul 1090). "Guillelmus Ugonis filius qui fuit Sancia femina" swore allegiance to "Bernardo comite filius qui fuisti Stephanies comitisse" by charter dated 18 Jul 1090[693].

C. VESCOMTES de BAS

1. UC [de Cervera] . m ---. The name of Ugo´s wife is not known. Ugo & his wife had one child:

a) PONCE [I] de Cervera (-[1130]). "Poncii de Capraria, Guillelmi Raimundi senescalc, Otonis fratris sui…" signed the charter dated 5 Aug 1126 under which "Raimundus Berengarii Barchinonensis, Bisillunensis atque Ceritanie comes et marchio cum uxori mea Dulcia et filio meo Raimundo" donated "omni honore quem pater eius tenebat ad diem mortis sue…de castro Malan et de castro Castilionis et de castro Muntros et de castro Beuda et de castro Castlar et de Monteacuto" to "Guillelmo Raimundo senescalc baiuliam de Petro filio Udalardi vicecomitis de Bass", by charter dated 5 Aug 1126[694]. Vescomte de Bas 1129: "Poncius Ugonis de Cervaria et uxor mea Beatrix cum filiis nostris Petro et Poncio" donated two parts of "castro et…villa Cervarie" to "seniori nostro Raimundo Barchinonensi comiti" for "vice comitatu de Basso" by charter dated 16 Jan 1128 (O.S.), signed by "Gocerandi de Pinos…"[695]. m BEATRIZ de Besalú Vescomtesa de Bas, daughter of UDALARDO BERNARDO Vescomte de Besalú & his wife Ermesenda de Empúries. The testament of "Ermesendis…vicecomitissa" is dated 29 Apr 1119, appoints "Udalardum vicecomitem nepotem meum…" as one of her executors, and gives one third of her property each to "Udalardo nepoti meo…Beatrici filie mee…Ermeniardi filio meo"[696]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Vescomtesa de Bas: "Poncius Ugonis de Cervaria et uxor mea Beatrix cum filiis nostris Petro et Poncio" donated two parts of "castro et…villa Cervarie" to "seniori nostro Raimundo Barchinonensi comiti" for "vice comitatu de Basso" by charter dated 16 Jan 1128, signed by "Gocerandi de Pinos…"[697]. Ponce [I] & his wife had three children:

i) PEDRO (-1137 or 1140). "Poncius Ugonis de Cervaria et uxor mea Beatrix cum filiis nostris Petro et Poncio" donated two parts of "castro et…villa Cervarie" to "seniori nostro Raimundo Barchinonensi comiti" for "vice comitatu de Basso" by charter dated 16 Jan 1128, signed by "Gocerandi de Pinos…"[698]. Vescomte de Bas.

ii) PONCE [II] de Cervera (-before 19 Nov 1155). "Poncius Ugonis de Cervaria et uxor mea Beatrix cum filiis nostris Petro et Poncio" donated two parts of "castro et…villa Cervarie" to "seniori nostro Raimundo Barchinonensi comiti" for "vice comitatu de Basso" by charter dated 16 Jan 1128, signed by "Gocerandi de Pinos…"[699]. Vescomte de Bas.

- see below.

iii) RAMON (-[1182/85]). Señor de la Espluga. "Ugo vicecomitis et Pontius frater meus et Raimundus de Cervaria uxorque eius Pontia et Raimundus de Turre Rubea uxorque eius Gaia" donated property to the monastery of Poblet by charter dated 20 Nov 1171[700]. m PONTIA, daughter of --- (-after 20 Nov 1171). "Ugo vicecomitis et Pontius frater meus et Raimundus de Cervaria uxorque eius Pontia et Raimundus de Turre Rubea uxorque eius Gaia" donated property to the monastery of Poblet by charter dated 20 Nov 1171[701].

PONCE [II] de Cervera, son of PONCE [I] de Cervera & his wife Beatriz de Besalú Vescomtesa de Bas (-before 19 Nov 1155). "Poncius Ugonis de Cervaria et uxor mea Beatrix cum filiis nostris Petro et Poncio" donated two parts of "castro et…villa Cervarie" to "seniori nostro Raimundo Barchinonensi comiti" for "vice comitatu de Basso" by charter dated 16 Jan 1128, signed by "Gocerandi de Pinos…"[702]. Vescomte de Bas.

[m firstly --- (-before 1148). No direct confirmation of this supposed first marriage has been found. However, as noted below, the marriage of Ponce´s daughter Agalburga, before 31 Oct 1158, suggests that she may have been born from an otherwise unrecorded earlier marriage of her father.]

m [secondly] (1148) ALMODIS de Barcelona, daughter of RAMON BERENGUER [III] “el Grande” Comte de Barcelona & his tirad wife Dulce/Dolça [I] Ctss de Provence ([1126]-after 14 Mar 1175). Ponce de Cevera abducted a daughter of Ramon Bergenguer [III] from the comital palace in Barcelona, in 1148 and married her[703]. Ponce de Cevera and his wife Adalmuz donated property to the Templarios by charter dated 15 Mar 1148[704]. "Almodis vicecomitissa Bassensis" freed serfs, for the soul of "mariti mei Pontii de Cervaria" and with the consent of "omnium filiorum meorum", by charter dated 19 Nov 1155, subscribed by "Ugoni filii eius, Poncii filii eius, Berengarii filii eius…"[705]. "Ugo vicecomes de Bas" sold "vegeriam de Basso" to "Berengario de Puig Pardines et Raimundo patri tuo", with the consent of "Poncii fratris mei et Adalmus comitisse matris mee", by charter dated 14 Mar 1175, signed by "Ugonis vicecomitis de Bas, Poncii fratris eius, Adalmurs comitisse matris eorum…"[706].

Ponce [II] & his [first/second] wife had one child:

1. AGALBURGA (-after 1186). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 31 Oct 1158 under which "Parason…judex Arboree filius quondam Comita item judicis Arboree" granted property to "domne Agalburse…uxori mee filie quondam Poncii de Cervera" on the occasion of their marriage[707]. If Agalburga was born from her father´s marriage to Almodis, her mother would have been less than ten years old at the time. Although early marriage was common, this does seem a little exaggerated. It is therefore possible that Agalburga was born from an otherwise unrecorded earlier marriage of her father. m (before 31 Oct 1158) BARISONE de Lacon Judge of Arborea [Sardinia], son of --- (-1185).

Ponce [II] & his second wife had four children:

2. UC PONCE de Bas (-1185). "Almodis vicecomitissa Bassensis" freed serfs, for the soul of "mariti mei Pontii de Cervaria" and with the consent of "omnium filiorum meorum", by charter dated 19 Nov 1155, subscribed by "Ugoni filii eius, Poncii filii eius, Berengarii filii eius…"[708]. Vescomte de Bas. "Ugo vicecomitis et Pontius frater meus et Raimundus de Cervaria uxorque eius Pontia et Raimundus de Turre Rubea uxorque eius Gaia" donated property to the monastery of Poblet by charter dated 20 Nov 1171[709]. "Ugo vicecomes de Bas" sold "vegeriam de Basso" to "Berengario de Puig Pardines et Raimundo patri tuo", with the consent of "Poncii fratris mei et Adalmus comitisse matris mee", by charter dated 14 Mar 1175, signed by "Ugonis vicecomitis de Bas, Poncii fratris eius, Adalmurs comitisse matris eorum…"[710]. m as her first wife, SINISPELLA de Lacon, daughter of BARISONE Judge of Arborea [Sardinia] & his wife Pellegrina de Lacon. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. She married secondly Comita de Lacon Judge of Torres.

a) UC PONCE de Bas (-1211). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Vescomte de Bas. "Ugo" donated property in San Privat and Santa María de Puigpardinas to "Ademario de Mirales" by charter dated 30 Nov 1196[711]. A charter dated 18 Jan 1198 records an agreement between "Ugonem vice-comitem de Bas" and "Petrum de Ceruaria"[712]. Judge of Arborea.

- JUDGES of ARBOREA.

3. PONCE (-[1195]). "Almodis vicecomitissa Bassensis" freed serfs, for the soul of "mariti mei Pontii de Cervaria" and with the consent of "omnium filiorum meorum", by charter dated 19 Nov 1155, subscribed by "Ugoni filii eius, Poncii filii eius, Berengarii filii eius…"[713]. "Ugo vicecomitis et Pontius frater meus et Raimundus de Cervaria uxorque eius Pontia et Raimundus de Turre Rubea uxorque eius Gaia" donated property to the monastery of Poblet by charter dated 20 Nov 1171[714]. "Ugo vicecomes de Bas" sold "vegeriam de Basso" to "Berengario de Puig Pardines et Raimundo patri tuo", with the consent of "Poncii fratris mei et Adalmus comitisse matris mee", by charter dated 14 Mar 1175, signed by "Ugonis vicecomitis de Bas, Poncii fratris eius, Adalmurs comitisse matris eorum…"[715]. Vescomte de Bas. "Poncio de Cervera vizconde de Bas" donated property to the prior of San Juan las Fonts by charter dated 13 Aug 1191, subscribed by "Poncius, Marquesia uxor eius…"[716]. "Poncio y Marquesa vizcondes de Bas y su hijo Pedro" granted "lo villicatum et baiuliam castri de Castello-follito" to "Ramón de Colltort" by charter dated 26 Oct 1193[717]. m MARQUESA, daughter of --- (-after 26 Oct 1193). "Poncio de Cervera vizconde de Bas" donated property to the prior of San Juan las Fonts by charter dated 13 Aug 1191, subscribed by "Poncius, Marquesia uxor eius…"[718]. "Poncio y Marquesa vizcondes de Bas y su hijo Pedro" granted "lo villicatum et baiuliam castri de Castello-follito" to "Ramón de Colltort" by charter dated 26 Oct 1193[719]. Ponce & his wife had one child:

a) PERE de Cervera (-after 18 Feb 1260). "Poncio y Marquesa vizcondes de Bas y su hijo Pedro" granted "lo villicatum et baiuliam castri de Castello-follito" to "Ramón de Colltort" by charter dated 26 Oct 1193[720]. A charter dated 18 Jan 1198 records an agreement between "Ugonem vice-comitem de Bas" and "Petrum de Ceruaria"[721]. A charter dated 1206 records an agreement between "Pedro de Cervera" and "Arnaldo de Samiana"[722]. "Petrus de Cervaria et uxor mea Iusiana" reached agreement with "Berenguer de Villari et matri tue Saurimonde" concerning the honour of the parish of Montagut by charter dated 1213, which names "dominus Poncius pater meus"[723]. "Pedro de Cervera, su esposa Jusiana y su hija Ana" confirmed donations to the Order of the Hospital de Cervera by charter dated 1215[724]. "Pedro de Cervera y su esposa Jusiana" returned property to the monastery of San Juan las Fonts which had been wrongly retained by their predecessors by charter dated 29 May 1219, signed by "Petrus de Cervaria, Jusiane uxoris eius…"[725]. The testament of "Pedro de Cervera", dated 18 Feb 1260, bequeathes property to "su esposa Jusiana…su hija Ana…su sobrino Raimundo de Olivés"[726]. m (before 1213) JUSIANA, daughter of --- (-after 18 Feb 1260). "Petrus de Cervaria et uxor mea Iusiana" reached agreement with "Berenguer de Villari et matri tue Saurimonde" concerning the honour of the parish of Montagut by charter dated 1213, which names "dominus Poncius pater meus"[727]. "Pedro de Cervera, su esposa Jusiana y su hija Ana" confirmed donations to the Order of the Hospital de Cervera by charter dated 1215[728]. "Pedro de Cervera y su esposa Jusiana" returned property to the monastery of San Juan las Fonts which had been wrongly retained by their predecessors by charter dated 29 May 1219, signed by "Petrus de Cervaria, Jusiane uxoris eius…"[729]. The testament of "Pedro de Cervera", dated 18 Feb 1260, bequeathes property to "su esposa Jusiana…su hija Ana…su sobrino Raimundo de Olivés"[730]. Pere & his wife had one child:

i) ANA de Cervera (-after 18 Deb 1260). "Pedro de Cervera, su esposa Jusiana y su hija Ana" confirmed donations to the Order of the Hospital de Cervera by charter dated 1215[731]. The testament of "Pedro de Cervera", dated 18 Feb 1260, bequeathes property to "su esposa Jusiana…su hija Ana…su sobrino Raimundo de Olivés"[732].

4. BERENGUER (-after 19 Nov 1155). "Almodis vicecomitissa Bassensis" freed serfs, for the soul of "mariti mei Pontii de Cervaria" and with the consent of "omnium filiorum meorum", by charter dated 19 Nov 1155, subscribed by "Ugoni filii eius, Poncii filii eius, Berengarii filii eius…"[733].

5. GAIA (-[1186/89]). "Ugo vicecomitis et Pontius frater meus et Raimundus de Cervaria uxorque eius Pontia et Raimundus de Turre Rubea uxorque eius Gaia" donated property to the monastery of Poblet by charter dated 20 Nov 1171[734]. m (1160) RAMON de Torroja, son of --- (-1196).

6. PERE RAIMUNDO de Cevera (-after 5 May 1231). m SIBILA, daughter of --- (-after 5 May 1231). "Doña Sibilia esposa de Pedro Raimundo de Cervera" founded a benefice at the church of San Félix de Gerona by charter dated 5 May 1231[735].

1. UC de Torroja (-after 8 Aug 1218). Vescomte de Bas. The testament of "Hugo de Torroja vizconde de Bas" is dated 8 Aug 1218, bequeathes the castles of Espluga and Olmells to "su hermana Eldiardis" and all his rights in Bas to "la esmentada senyora…a atendre al fill d´Uch de Bas"[736].

2. ELDIARDA de Torroja (-after 25 Aug 1231). The testament of "Hugo de Torroja vizconde de Bas" is dated 8 Aug 1218, bequeathes the castles of Espluga and Olmells to "su hermana Eldiardis" and all his rights in Bas to "la esmentada senyora…a atendre al fill d´Uch de Bas"[737]. "Domna Elliardis…vicem in locum Petri vice-comitis de Baso" granted property to "Petro de Manuleuo" by charter dated 5 May 1226[738]. "Eldiardis de Palacio" donated property "in Comalata et in Bas et in Gironés" to "filio meo Simoni" on his marriage, retaining revenue for life for herself and "filie mee Constancie", by charter dated 25 Aug 1231[739]. m --- de Palau, son of --- (-before 25 Aug 1231). Two children:

a) SIMON de Palau (-before 21 Feb 1247). "Eldiardis de Palacio" donated property "in Comalata et in Bas et in Gironés" to "filio meo Simoni" on his marriage, retaining revenue for life for herself and "filie mee Constancie", by charter dated 25 Aug 1231[740]. Vescomte de Bas. "Simon de Palacio tenens locum vice comitis de Basso" granted "castlanie de Melanno" to "Bernardo Hugonis de Serralonga" by charter dated 4 Mar 1238[741]. "Simone de Palacio…vicecomite Bassense" donated "montanorum de Melanno et de Leiers…in nostro vicecomitatu Bassense" to the abbot of San Jun de Ripoll and to "B. Hugonis de Serralonga" by charter dated 27 Jul 1243[742]. m ([25 Aug 1231]) GERAIA de Anglesola, daughter of ---. "G. de Palleria" and "Domne Geralde…vice-comitisse de Basso…legitima tutrix Sibilie filie sue" agreed the sale of the honour of Spinalba in the parish of San Esteban de Llanás by charter dated 21 Feb 1247[743]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Simón & his wife had one child:

i) SIBILA de Palau (-after 28 Jul 1280). "G. de Palleria" and "Domne Geralde…vice-comitisse de Basso…legitima tutrix Sibilie filie sue" agreed the sale of the honour of Spinalba in the parish of San Esteban de Llanás by charter dated 21 Feb 1247[744]. Vescomtesa de Bas. "Da. Sibilia vizcondesa de Bas" granted privileges to the inhabitants of "la villa y valle de Ridaura" by charter dated 1247[745]. "Domina Sibilia…comitissa Impuriarum et vicecomitissa de Basso" granted property to "Berengario filio quondam Petri Angles de Sancti Privati et Marie mater tua" by charter dated 17 Mar 1275[746]. "Dompna Sibilia comitissa Impuriarum et vicecomitissa de Bas filia et heres quondam Simonis de Palatio vicecomitis de Bas" swore allegiance to Pedro III King of Aragon for "castrum Des Mayol…de Malanno…de Castellario, Castrum Follitum, feudum de Petri de Cervaria, castrum de Beuda…de Cavalera et vice-comitatum de Bas" by charter dated 12 Oct 1278[747]. "Dompna Sibilia…comitissa Impuriarum et vicecomitissa de Basso" sold "castri de Melanno" to "Dalmacio de Palol" by charter dated 28 Mar 1280[748]. "Domina Sibilia…comitissa Empuriarum" sold "vicecomitatum de Basso et castrum de Monellis" to Pedro III King of Aragon by charter dated 24 Jul 1280, which names "Poncium Hugonis filium nostrum comitem Empuriarum…quondam Hugonis patris sui et Poncii Hugonis quondam avi predicti filii nostri"[749]. "Doña Sibilia condesa de Ampurias y vizcondesa de Bas" ordered her fiefholders to swear allegiance to Pedro III King of Aragon by charter dated 28 Jul 1280[750]. m (1262) HUG [V] Comte de Empúries, son of PONCE [IV] Comte de Empúries [Barcelona] & his first wife doña Benita Fernández de Lara.

b) CONSTANZA de Palau (-after 25 Aug 1231). "Eldiardis de Palacio" donated property "in Comalata et in Bas et in Gironés" to "filio meo Simoni" on his marriage, retaining revenue for life for herself and "filie mee Constancie", by charter dated 25 Aug 1231[751].

Chapter 4. CERDANYA

The county of Cerdanya was located in the interior of Catalonia, east of the county of Urgell and north-west of the county of Besalú.

A. COMTES de CERDANYA 897-1118

MIRÓ II 897-927, SENIOFREDO II 927-[965/67], GUIFRÉ II 927-957

MIRÓ [II] "el Joven" de Barcelona, son of GUIFRÉ [I] "el Velloso/the Hairy" Comte de Barcelona i Girona & his wife Guinidilda --- (-Oct 927, bur Ripoll Monastery). The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium names (in order) "Radulfum, Guiffredum, Mironem et Suniarium" as the four sons of "Guiffredus Pilosus comes" & his wife, Miró succeeding his father in Barcelona[752]. He succeeded as Comte de Cerdanya, Conflent i Berguedà. It is unclear whether he succeeded his father in [897] or his paternal uncle after 18 Feb 899. A charter dated 18 Feb 899 confirms the possessions of "domna Hemmone habbatissa" in "comitatu Cerdaniensis in valle Petrariense in villa…Stegale", in the presence of "Mirone comite et judices Recosindo Bladino", the document specifying the exclusion of "ipsa hereditatem de Domna Windilde cometissa condam…in villa…Provenca…qui sunt de Recosindo"[753]. It is unclear whether "Mirone comite" in this document is the son of Guifré [I] or his uncle. Comte de Besalú 913. A charter dated 16 May 914 records the allegiance of the inhabitants of San Juan, Ogasa, Surroca and Caballera del valle de Ripoll to the abbess of San Juan de Ripoll, in the presence of "Mirone et Suniario comites et marchiones, Ermemiro et Unifredo vicecomites"[754]. The Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium records that "Miro comes" died in 929 and was buried "in ecclesia Rivipolli"[755]. The testament of "Miro", dated 13 Jun "anno XXVIII regnante Karolo rege" (variously interpreted as 921 or 926, depending on how the reign of Charles III "le Simple" King of the West Franks is calculated), names "sorore mea Hemmoni abbatissa, seu Unifredo vicecomite fideli meo et consanguinea mea Gilesinda, et filio suo Remesario vicecomite fideli meo…sorore mea Ermesinda…filio meo Wischafredo…filia mea Guilindo…filia mea Chixilone…filia mea Goltregoto…filia mea Sesenanda" and "uxori mea Ava", also referring (but not naming) "filios meos legitimos"[756].

m AVA, daughter of --- (-[955/26 Feb 961], bur Santa Maria de Ripoll). "Rotrudes femina et filias meas…et Vuibertus et uxor mea Goudovara et Emmo" sold property "in comitatu Helenense in Valle-Asperi…alode…Costogia" to "Avane comitissa et filio tuo Holibano" by charter dated 1 Jun 936[757]. The testament of "Miro", dated 13 Jun "anno XXVIII regnante Karolo rege", names "uxori mea Ava" and refers to (but does not name) "filios meos legitimos"[758]. Her marriage is confirmed by a document dated 941 under which "Miron…levita…con su madre Ava y sus hermanos los condes Seniofredo, Wifredo y Oliva" donated property to the monastery of Cuxá[759]. A charter dated 26 Feb 961 records the donation of the executors of Ava to Ripoll[760].

Mistress (1): VIGILIA, daughter of ---. Bofarull names "Virgilia" as mistress of Comte Miró but does not cite the primary source which records her name[761]. Bofarull suggests that she was Vigilia de Empúries, daughter of Dela [I] Comte de Empúries & his wife Cixilona de Barcelona (-957). He cites a document dated 23 Apr 983 which records judgment at the castle of Besalú in a dispute concerning property acquired by "conde Dela" from the Jews which he bequeathed to "su hija la abadesa Raulo", who donated it to Santa Maria de Ripoll "en sufragio de…su nepote Suniefredo Comite" and naming "su hermana Virgilia"[762]