The genealogy of the kings of England after the Norman Conquest of 1066 is so well known that it needs little introduction. What is surprising is that, despite the multiplicity of sources and vast amount of collective study effort, there are still areas where doubt persists. Notable among these are:

the order of birth of the children of King William I and the betrothals of some of his daughters.
the precise number and identity of the illegitimate children of King Henry I.

Both of these issues are among those which are discussed in this document.

Chapter 1. KINGS of ENGLAND 1066-1135 (NORMANDY)

A. KINGS of ENGLAND 1066-1135

WILLIAM I 1066-1087, WILLIAM II 1087-1100

GUILLAUME de Normandie, illegitimate son of ROBERT II Duke of Normandy & his mistress Arlette --- (Château de Falaise, Normandy [1027/28]-Rouen, Prioré de Saint-Gervais 9 Sep 1087, bur Caen, Abbé de Saint-Etienne). His birth date is estimated from William of Malmesbury, according to whom Guillaume was born of a concubine and was seven years old when his father left for Jerusalem[1], and Orderic Vitalis, who states that he was eight years old at the time[2]. Deville suggests that Guillaume´s birthdate can be fixed more precisely to [mid-1027], taking into account that his father Robert occupied Falaise immediately after the death of his father Duke Richard II (23 Aug 1026), not wishing to accept the authority of his older brother Duke Richard III, but that Robert´s stay was short as the two brothers were reconciled soon after, it being reasonable to suppose that Robert´s relationship with Guillaume´s mother occurred soon after his arrival at Falaise[3]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Alain III Duke of Brittany was appointed his guardian during his father's absence in 1035[4]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy. He helped Henri I King of France defeat Geoffroy II "Martel" Comte d'Anjou at Mouliherne in [1045/55][5]. It appears that Edward "the Confessor" King of England acknowledged Guillaume as successor to the English throne on several occasions, maybe for the first time during his visit to England in 1051 which is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[6]. Comte de Maine in 1063, after he conquered the county. In [1064/65], Duke Guillaume interceded with Guy de Ponthieu Comte d'Abbeville to secure the release of Harold Godwinsson from captivity in Normandy, in return for Harold's acknowledgement of Guillaume as successor to the English crown (according to the portrayal of the event in the Bayeux tapestry). Harold Godwinsson's visit to Normandy, and swearing allegiance to Duke William, is recorded by William of Jumièges[7]. According to Eadmer of Canterbury, the reason for his visit was to negotiate the release of his brother Wulfnoth and nephew Haakon, both of whom had been hostages in Normandy since 1051. On his deathbed, King Edward "the Confessor" bequeathed the kingdom of England to Harold Godwinsson. Duke Guillaume branded Harold a perjurer and appealed to Pope Alexander II for support. After receiving a papal banner in response to his request, William gathered a sizable army during summer 1066 in preparation for invasion. After some delay due to unfavourable weather conditions, the army set sail for England from Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme 28 Sep 1066[8]. William defeated and killed King Harold at Hastings 14 Oct 1066[9], marched north to Canterbury, then west to Winchester where he captured the royal treasury. He proceeded to London where he was crowned 25 Dec 1066 as WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England at Westminster Abbey, possibly by Ealdred Archbishop of York who may have officiated because of doubts concerning the validity of the appointment of Stigand as Archbishop of Canterbury. The latter had received his pallium in 1058 from Pope Benedict X, later regarded as anti-Pope, an appointment which had not been regularised by Pope Alexander II. He was crowned again at Winchester 1070 with a Papal crown. After taking several years to subdue the whole country, he imposed the Norman feudal structure and rule everywhere with methodical and harsh persistence. The minute description of the country contained in the Domesday Book, completed in 1086, enabled King William to create an effective tax base He died from wounds received at the siege of Mantes, having been injured internally after being thrown against the pommel of his saddle[10], leaving Normandy to his eldest son Robert and England to his second surviving son William. Guillaume de Jumièges records the death of King William at Rouen on 9 Sep and his burial at Saint-Etienne, Caen[11]. Florence of Worcester records the death "Id Sep V" of King William and his burial "Cadomi in ecclesia S Stephani Protomartyris"[12]. The Brevis Relatio de Origine Willelmi Conquestoris records that "Willelmus…Roberti filius" was buried "Cadomi in ecclesia beati Stephani" which he had built[13].

m (Eu, Cathedral of Notre Dame [1050/52]) MATHILDE de Flandre, daughter of BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders & his wife Adela de France ([1032]-Caen 2 Nov 1083, bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" as the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[14]. Her parentage is also stated by Orderic Vitalis[15]. She founded the abbey of la Trinité at Caen, as confirmed by an undated manuscript which records the death "pridie nonas julias" of "abbatissam Mathildem" in the 54th year in which she held the position and names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[16]. Florence of Worcester records that "comitissa Mahtilda de Normannia" came to England 23 Mar [1068] and was crowned "die Pentecostes [11 May]" by Aldred Archbishop of York[17]. Orderic Vitalis also records that she was crowned Queen of England 11 May 1068[18], presumably at Westminster Abbey or Winchester Cathedral although this appears to be unrecorded. Queen Matilda acted as regent in Normandy during her husband's absences in England. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "IV Non Nov" of "Matildis Anglorum regina"[19]. Guillaume de Jumièges records the burial of Queen Mathilde on 3 Nov 1081 at Holy Trinity, Caen[20]. Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Nov" in [1083] of "regina Mahtilda" in Normandy and her burial at Caen[21].

King William I & his wife had ten children:

1. ROBERT de Normandie (Normandy [1052/54]-Cardiff Castle [3] Feb 1134, bur Gloucester Cathedral[22]). William of Malmesbury names Robert as eldest son of King William I[23]. "Roberti filii sui Normannorum comitis, Richardi filii sui…" subscribed the charter dated Apr 1067 under which "Willelmus…dux Normannorum…Anglorum rex" confirmed rights to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[24]. Orderic Vitalis records that, after unsuccessfully aspiring to govern Normandy and Maine during the lifetime of his father, Robert rebelled in 1079 and went into exile in Flanders[25]. William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis both state that he was assisted in his rebellion by Philippe I King of France and that he wounded his father in battle at Gerberoy[26]. He succeeded his father in 1087 as ROBERT “Curthose” Duke of Normandy, his nickname due, according to William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis, to his short stature which he presumably inherited from his mother who was also reputed to have been very short[27]. He joined the contingent of Robert II Count of Flanders on the First Crusade in Sep 1096, together with Etienne Comte de Blois, after pledging the duchy of Normandy to his brother King William for 10,000 marks of silver in order to fund the expedition[28]. Following the capture of Jerusalem, Robert left Palestine to return to Europe in Sep 1099[29]. On returning to Normandy in Autumn 1100, he recovered his duchy without opposition[30]. He landed at Portsmouth in 1102 aiming to displace his brother King Henry I as king of England, but was persuaded to return to Normandy on payment of 3,000 marks[31]. His brother King Henry invaded Normandy and defeated Robert at the battle of Tinchebrai[32], declaring himself duke of Normandy 28 Sep 1106. King Henry took Robert in captivity back to England, where Robert remained in prison for the rest of his life. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1134 of "Robertus dux Normannorum filius Willermi regis…primogenitus" and his burial at Gloucester[33]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death at Cardiff in [1134] of "Rotbertus frater regis Heinrici quondam comes Normanniæ" and his burial in Gloucester[34].

- DUKES of NORMANDY.

2. RICHARD de Normandie (Normandy [1054 or 1056]-1075 or 1081, bur Winchester Cathedral). William of Malmesbury records that he was the second son of King William I[35]. "The next-born after Robert" according to Orderic Vitalis[36] who, from the context of this passage appears to be taking into account daughters as well as sons in his list of the king's children although, critically for deciding the birth order of the older children, he omits Cecilia in this section. "Roberti filii sui Normannorum comitis, Richardi filii sui…" subscribed the charter dated Apr 1067 under which "Willelmus…dux Normannorum…Anglorum rex" confirmed rights to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[37]. Duc de Bernay, in Normandy. According to William of Malmesbury, he "contracted a disorder from a stream of foul air while hunting deer in the New Forest"[38]. Florence of Worcester records that "Willelmi iunioris germanus Ricardus" was killed in the New Forest long before, when recording the death of his brother King William II[39]. Orderic Vitalis recounts that "when a youth who had not yet received the belt of knighthood, had gone hunting in the New Forest and whilst he was galloping in pursuit of a wild beast he had been badly crushed between a strong hazel branch and the pommel of his saddle, and mortally injured" dying soon after[40]. Guillaume de Jumièges records a similar, but less specific, story, saying that Richard was hunting, knocked himself against a tree, fell ill and died from his injury[41].

3. ADELAIDE [Adelisa] de Normandie ([1055]-7 Dec, 1066 or after). Orderic Vitalis records the betrothal of Adelaide and Harold Godwinson, listing her after Agatha and before Constance in his description of the careers of the daughters of King William[42]. The sources are contradictory concerning the name of the daughter betrothed to Harold Godwinson, as well as the timing of her death. The only near certainty is that it would presumably have been the oldest available daughter who was betrothed to Harold. Matthew of Paris does not name her but lists her fourth among the daughters of King William, while distinguishing her from the fifth daughter betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi"[43]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Duke Guillaume betrothed his daughter Adelise to Harold, in a later passage (in which he does not repeat her name) stating that she was the third daughter and that she died a virgin although she was of an age to marry[44]. Chibnall specifies[45] that this reference is contained in the interpolations written by Orderic Vitalis, the latter chronicler therefore contradicting his statement in his own work that Agatha was the name of the daughter who was betrothed to King Harold. Orderic Vitalis says that Adelaide "a most fair maiden vowed herself to God when she reached marriageable age and made a pious end under the protection of Roger of Beaumont"[46]. The daughter betrothed to Harold was alive in early 1066, according to Eadmer of Canterbury[47] who says that Duke Guillaume requested King Harold, soon after his accession, to keep his promise to marry his daughter. This is contradicted by William of Malmesbury[48], who says that her death before that of Edward "the Confessor" was taken by King Harold II as marking absolution from his oath to Duke Guillaume. She died as a nun at Préaux[49]. A manuscript of la Trinité de Caen names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[50], which, if the order of names is significant, indicates that Adelaide was older than her two named sisters. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "VII Id Dec" of "Adeliza filia regis Anglorum", stating that her father made a donation for her soul[51]. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death of "Adelina filia regis Anglorum", undated but listed among deaths at the end of the calendar year[52]. Betrothed ([1064/65]) to HAROLD Godwinson Earl of Wessex, son of GODWIN Earl of Wessex & his wife Gytha of Denmark ([1022/25]-killed in battle Hastings 14 Oct 1066, bur [Waltham Abbey]), who succeeded in 1066 as HAROLD II King of England.

4. MATHILDE de Normandie (-26 Apr or 6 Jul [1113]). The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "VI Kal Mai" of "Mathildis filia Willelmi regis Anglorum"[53]. She is not named as a daughter of King William by either William of Malmesbury or Orderic Vitalis. There is no basis for assessing her order of birth among the other known daughters of the king. An undated manuscript records the death "pridie nonas julias" of "abbatissam Mathildem" in the 54th year in which she held the position[54]. The same source names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[55]. If this is correct, and even assuming that she was appointed abbess as a child, Mathilde must have been one of the oldest of her father´s children, but younger than her sister Adelaide. Delisle dates her death to [1113][56], on the basis of Orderic Vitalis recording that her successor as abbess of la Trinité de Caen, her sister Cecilia, died 13 Jul 1127 after 14 years as abbess[57].

5. CECILIA de Normandie (-Caen 3/13 Jul [1126/27], bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). She is named first in his list of King William's daughters by William of Malmesbury and by Matthew of Paris[58]. Orderic Vitalis, in his list of the king's children which appears to place both the sons and daughters together in birth order[59], unfortunately omits Cecilia, rendering it particularly difficult to decide if she was older or younger than her brother Richard. Guillaume de Jumièges names Cecile as eldest daughter, stating that she was a nun at the convent of Holy Trinity at Caen[60]. A manuscript at Caen names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[61], which, if the order of names is significant, indicates that Cecilia was younger than her sisters Adelaide and Mathilde. Her parents offered her as an oblate to the nunnery of the Holy Trinity, Caen (founded by her mother) 18 Jun 1066[62], probably in part to obtain divine blessing for her father´s project to invade England. She became a nun there in 1075[63], her tutor being Arnoul de Choques who later became Chancellor to her brother Robert "Curthose" Duke of Normandy, and subsequently Patriarch of Jerusalem[64]. She succeeded her sister Mathilde as abbess of la Trinité de Caen in [1113][65]. The Chronicon S. Stephani Cadomensis records the death in 1126 of "Cecilia Abbatissa, Willelmi Regis filia"[66].

6. GUILLAUME de Normandie ([1056/60]-killed in the New Forest 2 Aug 1100, bur Winchester Cathedral[67]). William of Malmesbury records that he was the third son of King William I[68]. He left his father's deathbed in Normandy in Sep 1087 to rush to England to claim the throne, succeeding as WILLIAM II “Rufus” King of England, crowned at Westminster Abbey 26 Sep 1087. Florence of Worcester records that King William was crowned "VI Kal Oct" of King William at Westminster Abbey[69]. His reign was characterised by bitter rivalry with his brother Robert in Normandy, even harsher imposition of Norman rule in England than by his father, and growing resentment of his ways among the nobility. Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Aug" of King William in the New Forest, killed by an arrow shot by "quodam Franco Waltero cognomento Tirello" [châtelain de Poix et de Pontoise], and his burial "Wintoniam in Veteri Monasterio in ecclesia S Petri"[70]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was killed while hunting, maybe murdered, by an arrow shot by Walter Tirel[71]. According to Orderic Vitalis, he "never had a lawful wife but gave himself up insatiably to obscene fornications and repeated adulteries"[72]. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "II Non Aug" of "Guillelmus rex Anglorum filius Guillelmi regis"[73].

7. CONSTANCE de Normandie (Normandy [1057/1061]-13 Aug 1090, bur Church of St Melans near Rhedon). Listed by Orderic Vitalis after Adelaide and before Adela in his description of the careers of the daughters of King William[74]. Named first in his list of the daughters of King William I by Matthew of Paris[75]. Guillaume de Jumièges names Constance as second daughter, naming her husband "Alain Fergant comte de la petite Bretagne et fils d'Hoel, qui avait succédé à Conan" and specifying that she died childless[76]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the marriage in 1086 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filiam Regis Anglorum Guillelmi"[77]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the marriage in 1087 of "Alanus Hoëli Consulis filius" and "Constantiam Guillelmi Regis Anglorum filiam"[78]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the marriage in 1088 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filam Regis Guillelmi Anglorum"[79]. Orderic Vitalis records that she was married in Bayeux[80]. William of Malmesbury lists her as second daughter after Cecilia, adding that "she excited the inhabitants [of Brittany] by the severity of her justice to administer a poisonous potion to her"[81]. Orderic Vitalis, on the other hand, says that she "did everything in her power to further the welfare of her subjects" and "was deeply grieved when she died"[82]. "Alanus dux Britannorum et Constantia uxor eius" donated property to the priory of Livré by charter dated 31 Jul 1089[83]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1090 of "Constantia Alani coniux…sine liberis"[84]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1090 of "Constantia comitissa filia regis Anglorum"[85]. m (Bayeux [1086/88]) as his first wife, ALAIN IV “Fergant” Duke of Brittany, son of HOËL V Comte de Cornouaille, de Léon et de Nantes & his wife Havise heiress of Brittany (-13 Oct 1119).

8. AGATHE de Normandie (-before 1074, bur Bayeux Cathedral). Listed by Orderic Vitalis after Richard and before Adelaide in his description of the careers of the children of King William[86]. According to William of Malmesbury, an unnamed daughter of King William was "affianced by messengers" to King Alfonso[87]. Orderic Vitalis names her Agatha, identifying her as the daughter who had been betrothed to Harold Godwinson (see above), and says that she was betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ"[88]. Matthew of Paris places her as the fifth daughter (unnamed) betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi", but different from the daughter betrothed to Harold[89]. Orderic says that she died en route to Spain, her body being brought back to Bayeux for burial[90]. The betrothal to Alfonso must have been a short-lived arrangement as he married his first wife in 1069[91]. Betrothed (by proxy Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity [before 1069]) to ALFONSO VI King of Galicia and Leon, son of FERNANDO I King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Sancha de Léon (Compostela [1037]-Toledo 30 Jun 1109, bur Sahagún, León, San Mancio chapel in the royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). He succeeded in 1072 as ALFONSO VI King of Castile. [Betrothed ([after 1069]) to SIMON du Vexin, son of RAOUL III “le Grand” Comte de Valois & his first wife Aélis de Bar-sur-Aube (-[30 Sep/1 Oct] 1080 Rome, bur 1082 Rome St Peter). The Vita Simonis records a ficitional speech of William I King of England in which he offers his (unnamed) daughter's hand to Simon, specifying that she had previously been betrothed to "regis Hispaniarum Anfursi et Roberti principis Apuliæ"[92]. The supposed betrothal to Robert of Apulia (which would have to refer to Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia) is unrecorded in the numerous other sources dealing with his life and is probably pure fantasy. This does not instil confidence with respect to the historical accuracy of the whole passage, but if it is correct the daughter in question would presumably have been Agatha who was probably the daughter of King William betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ" (see above). Count Simon resigned his county in 1077, became a monk and went on pilgrimage to Rome where he died[93].]

9. ADELA de Normandie (Normandy [1066/67]-Marigney-sur-Loire 8 Mar 1138, bur Abbey of Holy Trinity, Caen). She is listed by Orderic Vitalis last among the daughters of King William in his description of their careers[94]. Named third in his list of the daughters of King William I by Matthew of Paris[95], but this appears unlikely in view of Adela's child-bearing until her husband's death in 1102. Her birth date is estimated bearing in mind that marriage frequently took place in early adolescence at the time, and also because Adela clearly continued to bear children right up to her husband's death. Orderic Vitalis records that she encouraged her husband to join the First Crusade and did not hide her shame when he deserted from Antioch in 1098[96]. Regent of Blois 1102-1107, after the death of her husband. She became a nun at the Cluniac priory of Marigney-sur-Loire in [1122]. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "VIII Id Mar" of "Adela comitissa"[97], and in another manuscript the death "VIII Id Mar" of "Adela nobilis Blesensium comitissa regis Anglorum Willelmi filia"[98]. m (Betrothed Breteuil [99] 1080, Chartres[100] 1081) ETIENNE [Henri] de Blois, son of THIBAUT III Comte de Blois & his [first/second wife Gersende de Maine/Gundrada ---] (-killed in battle Ramleh 19 May 1102). He succeeded his father in 1089 as ETIENNE Comte de Blois, de Chartres, de Châteaudun, de Sancerre et de Meaux.

a) ETIENNE de Blois (Blois [1096/97]-Dover 25 Oct 1154, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent). After the death of his uncle Henry I King of England, he crossed at once to England before his rival, King Henry's daughter Maud, and had himself crowned as STEPHEN King of England at Westminster Abbey 22 Dec 1135.

- see below, Chapter 2.

- other children: COMTES de BLOIS.

10. HENRY of England (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Saint-Denis le Ferment, Forêt d’Angers near Rouen 1/2 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire). Orderic Vitalis records that Henry was born "within a year" of his mother's coronation on 11 May 1068[101]. He succeeded his brother 3 Aug 1100 as HENRY I “Beauclerc” King of England.

- see below.

HENRY I 1100-1135

HENRY of England, son of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Château de Lyon-la-Forêt, near Rouen 1 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire[102]). Orderic Vitalis records that Henry was born "within a year" of his mother's coronation on 11 May 1068[103]. Seigneur de Domfront 1092. Comte de Coutances and Bayeux 1096. He succeeded his brother 3 Aug 1100 as HENRY I “Beauclerc” King of England, taking prompt action to ensure his succession by taking control of the royal treasure at Winchester. Florence of Worcester records that "iunior frater suus Heinricus" succeeded King William II and was crowned "Non Aug" in Westminster Abbey[104]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was crowned at Westminster Abbey 5 Aug 1100[105]. He married the niece of the last Saxon claimant to the throne of England to appease the English. After consolidating his position in England, he crossed the Channel to subdue Normandy in 1105[106]. He defeated his brother Robert at Tinchebrai and declared himself Duke of Normandy 28 Sep 1106. Henry turned his attention to strengthening the position of the crown in the newly united country, creating the Exchequer to improve control over finances, and ensuring that his own supporters filled the potentially powerful positions of county sheriffs. However, tensions increased with the barons, setting the scene for the civil war which followed Henry's death, his male heir having drowned in the White Ship disaster in 1120. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini records the death "1135 III Non Dec" of "Henricus rex Angliæ"[107]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Dec" in [1135] and his burial at Reading[108]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "IV Non Dec" of "Henricus rex Anglorum"[109]. William of Newburgh records the burial of King Henry I "apud Radingam in monasterio"[110].

m firstly (Westminster Abbey 11 Nov 1100) EADGYTH of Scotland, daughter of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his wife Margaret of England (1079-Palace of Westminster 1 May 1118, bur Westminster Abbey[111]). Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Eadgyth and her sister Mary to be brought up by her sister Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[112]. Florence of Worcester records the marriage of King Henry and "regis Scottorum Malcolmi et Margaretæ reginæ filiam Mahtildem" and her coronation as queen in a passage dealing with events in late 1100[113]. She adopted the name MATILDA on her marriage. Crowned Queen Consort 11 or 14 Nov 1100. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "Kal Mai" of "Matildis Anglorum regina"[114]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "Kal Mai " at Westminster of "Mahthildis regina Anglorum", and her burial at Westminster Abbey[115].

m secondly (Royal Chapel, Windsor Castle 29 Jan or 2 Feb 1121) ADELISA de Louvain, daughter of GODEFROI V "le Barbu" Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Comte de Louvain & his first wife Ida de Chiny Ctss de Namur ([1103/06]-Afflighem Abbey 23/24 Mar or 23 Apr 1151, bur Afflighem Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IV Kal Feb" [1121] of King Henry and "Atheleidem filiam Godefridi ducis Lotharingæ puellam virginem" and her coronation as queen "III Kal Feb"[116]. Orderic Vitalis names her and her father[117]. William of Newburgh records the second marriage of King Henry I and "filiam ducis Lotharingie", noting that the marriage was childless[118]. The Genealogia Ducum Brabantiæ Heredum Franciæ names (in order) "Alaida…Anglorum regina…comitissa de Cleves Ida…[et] Clarissia virgo" as the three daughters of "Godefridus Cum-barba"[119]. The Balduini Ninovensis Chronicon records the marriage of "Henricus rex Anglorum" and "Athelam filiam Godefridi ducis Lotharingie" in 1121[120]. She was crowned Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey 30 Jan or 3 Feb 1121. The Continuatio Chronici Afflegemiensis records that “Godefridus cum barba Dux Lotharingiæ…filia…Aleidis” married “Regi Angliæ” in 1121[121]. The castle and honour of Arundel was settled on Queen Adelisa after her first husband died. She married secondly ([1136/Sep 1139]) William d’Aubigny [de Albini], who was created Earl of Arundel soon after his marriage. Robert of Torigny records that "Willermi de Albinaio quem vocant comitem de Arundel" married "Aelizam reginam relictam Henrici senioris regis Anglorum"[122]. Adelisa became a nun at Affleghem Abbey, near Aalst in Brabant in 1149/50. The Annals of Margan record the death in 1151 of “Adelidis, regina secunda Henrici regis”[123]. The Continuatio Chronici Afflegemiensis records that “Godefridus cum barba Dux Lotharingiæ…filia…Aleidis” died “IX Kal Mai” and was buried at Afflighem after the death of her second husband[124]. The necrology of Lyre monastery records the death "25 Mar" of "Adelicia regina"[125].

Mistress (1): ---, a woman from Caen. The name of King Henry's first mistress is not known. Her origin is assumed because her son is styled "Robertus de Cadomo" by Orderic Vitalis. A possible family connection of hers is suggested by the undated charter, arranged with charters dated 1127/28 in the compilation, under which Henry I King of England confirmed an exchange of property between the abbot of Fécamp and "Nigello filio Willelmi, nepote Roberti comitis Gloecestrie filii mei", "Nigellus" donating property "in villa Fiscanni habuit et avus et pater eius"[126]. The wording of the document is incompatible with "Willelmi" being another son of King Henry I. The relationship with Robert Earl of Gloucester must presumably therefore be established through Robert´s mother. The alternatives appear to be that William, father of Nigel, was the son of Robert´s mother by a later marriage (and therefore uterine half-brother of Earl Robert), that William´s wife was her daughter by a later marriage (uterine half-sister of Earl Robert), or that the word nepos denotes a more remote blood relationship and that Nigel was the first or second cousin of Earl Robert. Another relative of Robert Earl of Gloucester was Christiana, who married, as his first wife, William FitzAlan. Orderic Vitalis records that "William fitz Alan castellan and vicecomes of Shrewsbury" married "a niece of Robert Earl of Gloucester"[127]. "William Fitz Alan" donated the fishery of Upton-upon-Severn to Haughmond abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Walter his brother, Christiana his wife…"[128].

Mistress (2): EDITH, daughter of ---. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Walterus de tribus Minetis" holding land of "Edith matris comitisse de Ptico" in Devonshire[129].

Mistress (3): ANSFRIDE, widow of ANSKILL, daughter of --- (-bur Abingdon Abbey). The Chronicle of Abingdon names "Anskillus" and "uxore Anskilli iam defuncti…filio eius…Willelmo" adding that "fratrem regis Henricum" was father of her son "Ricardum", in a later passage naming her "Ansfrida" when recording her death and the donation of the mill at Langford by "Willelmus filius eiusdem…de Anskillo marito suo" for her burial at Abingdon[130]. Her husband was a knight, tenant of Abingdon Abbey, who died following a few days of harsh treatment after being imprisoned by King William II.

Mistress (4): ([1090/95]) ---. The Complete Peerage suggests that the mother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland was Sibyl Corbet[131], who is shown below as Mistress (5). As explained more fully below under her daughter Queen Sibyl, this suggestion is not ideal from a chronological point of view. In summary, Sibyl Corbet´s son, Renaud Earl of Cornwall, was probably not born before [1110] considering that his marriage is dated to [1141]. If this is correct, it is unlikely that he was born from the same mother as the queen of Scotland. Another factor is that the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY), which is clearly inconsistent with his having been the half-sister of the Scottish queen. It is preferable to show the queen´s mother as unknown.

Mistress (5): ([1110/15]) SIBYL Corbet, daughter of ROBERT Corbet of Alcester, co Warwick & his [first] wife --- (-after 1157). The Complete Peerage deduces her parentage, relationship with King Henry, and her marriage from a charter, dated to [1163/75], of her son "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" by which he granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ" which he had granted to "Willielmo de Boterells in Cornubia, patri…predicti Willielmi" on his marriage, witnessed by "Nicholao filio meo…Herberto filio Herberti, Baldwino et Ricardo nepotibus meis, Willelmo de Vernun, Willielmo fratre meo…Hugone de Dunstanvill…"[132]. She married ([1115/25]) Herbert FitzHerbert. The [1125/35] birth date range estimated for her son Herbert, born from this marriage, suggests that she married after her relationship with the king. The Pipe Roll of 1157 records a payment to "the mother of Earl Reginald" from an estate at Mienes, Sussex[133].

Mistress (6): EDITH, daughter of ---. Symeon of Durham names "Rodberto filio Edæ et Henrici regis notho"[134]. The Complete Peerage[135] identifies her as the probable daughter of Forn Sigurdson Lord of Greystoke, Cumberland. If this is correct, she married Robert de Oilly of Hook Norton, constable of Oxford Castle, son of Nigel de Oilly of Hook Norton, Oxfordshire & his wife --- (-1142). However, “Editha, Roberto de Oilly conjugali copula juncta” donated property to Thame Abbey, for the souls of “Henrici et Gilberti filiorum meorum”, by undated charter witnessed by “Fulco de Oilly, Fulco Luval, Henrico filio Roberti filii Aumari”[136]. If Edith, wife of Robert de Oilly, was the same person as the mother of King Henry´s son Robert, it is unclear why she would not have named this son in her charter.

Mistresses (7) - (12): ---. The names of these mistresses of King Henry are not known.

Mistress (13): NEST of South Wales, wife of GERALD FitzWalter of Windsor custodian of Pembroke Castle, daughter of RHYS ap Tewdwr Prince of South Wales & his wife Gwladus ---. Giraldus Cambrensis names "Henricus…regi Henrici primi filius…ex nobili Nesta, Resi filii Theodori filia" in South Wales[137]. She was abducted by Owain son of Cadwgan ap Bleddyn from castle Ceanrth Bychan in 1109.

Mistresses (14): ---. The name of this mistress of King Henry is not known.

Mistress (15): ISABELLE de Beaumont, daughter of ROBERT de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, Earl of Leicester & his wife Isabelle de Vermandois ([1102/07]-). Guillaume de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as daughter of "Elisabeth sœur de Galeran comte de Meulan"[138]. She married Gilbert FitzGilbert de Clare Earl of Pembroke.

King Henry I & his first wife had [three] children:

1. [daughter (Winchester Jul/Aug 1101-died young). According to Weir, a legitimate daughter of King Henry's was born in late Jul or early Aug 1101[139]. She names her Euphemia. The primary source which confirms the birth of a child at that time has not yet been identified. It is possible that there is confusion with the birth of the king's daughter Matilda, probably born in the following year. All the contemporary chronicles so far consulted state that the king had only two children by his first marriage. The name Euphemia appears improbable. The earliest reference to this name so far found among noble families in the British Isles is the mother of Robert de Brus Lord of Annandale (who died in 1191), her precise parentage being unknown although she is recorded as neptis of Guillaume "le Gros" Comte d'Aumâle and Lord of Holderness (who died in 1179). The name is not found among the immediate ancestors of the legitimate children of King Henry, and it is unclear why the king would have given a non-family name to his eldest daughter.]

2. MATILDA (Winchester or London 1102-Abbaye de Notre-Dame des Près, near Rouen 10 Sep 1167, bur Abbaye du Bec, Normandy, later moved to Rouen Cathedral). Her parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis[140]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the birth "secundo anno regni" of "filiam…Matildis"[141]. According to Weir[142], she was christened Adelaide but adopted the name Matilda on her first marriage. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Anglorum filiam suam" was betrothed to "Heinrico regi Teutonicorum" in [1110], and the marriage "VIII Id Jan" at Mainz in [1114] of "Heinrico Romanorum imperatori" and "Matildis filia regis Anglorum Heinrici", and her coronation as empress the same day[143]. She was crowned empress again in 1117 with her husband at St Peter’s Basilica, Rome. Her second marriage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis[144]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the second marriage of "filiam suam…viduam" to "Gaufrido comiti Andegaviæ"[145]. She assumed the title “Lady of the English” in her fight against King Stephen, but was finally defeated 1 Nov 1141. Robert of Torigny records the death "1167…IV Id Sep Rothomagi" of "matris suæ [Henrici regis] Mathildis imperatricis" and her burial "Becci"[146]. The necrology of Angers Cathedral records the death "II Id Sep" of "Mathildis imperatrix filia Henrici regis uxor Goffredi comitis"[147]. m firstly (betrothed Utrecht Easter 1110[148], Mainz 6 Jan 1114) Emperor HEINRICH V King of Germany, son of Emperor HEINRICH IV & his first wife Berthe de Savoie (1086-Utrecht 23 May 1125, bur Speyer Cathedral). m secondly (Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou 17 Jun 1128) GEOFFROY d’Anjou, son of FOULQUES V Comte d’Anjou & his first wife Aremburge de Maine (24 Aug 1113-Château du Loire 7 Sep 1151, bur Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou). He succeeded on the abdication of his father in 1129 as GEOFFROI V “le Bel/Plantagenet” Comte d’Anjou. He was proclaimed Duke of Normandy 19 Jan 1144. Matilda & her second husband had three children:

a) HENRI d’Anjou (Le Mans, Anjou 5 Mar 1133-Château de Chinon 6 Jul 1189, bur Abbaye de Fontevrault). William of Tyre names him and records his parentage[149]. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini records the birth "1133 III Non Mar" of "Henricus"[150]. Comte de Touraine et de Maine 1151. He succeeded his father in 1151 as HENRI Comte d’Anjou, Duke of Normandy. He became Duke of Aquitaine by right of his wife 18 May 1152. He landed in England in Jan 1153 and obliged King Stephen to recognise him as his heir, from which time Henry governed England as Justiciar. He was recognised as HENRY II King of England after the death of Stephen 25 Oct 1154, crowned in Westminster Abbey 19 Dec 1154.

- see below, Chapter 3.A. KINGS of ENGLAND 1154-1399.

b) other children: - see ANJOU.

3. WILLIAM (Winchester 5 Aug 1103-drowned off Barfleur, Normandy 25 Nov 1120). His parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis[151]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the birth "tertio regni anno" of "Willelmum"[152]. "David comes" made donations to the monks of Durham by undated charter, witnessed by "Mathildis Reginæ et Willelmi filii sui"[153]. William of Malmesbury records that he was designated Duke of Normandy in 1120, and swore allegiance as such to Louis VI "le Gros" King of France[154]. He drowned following the sinking of the “Blanche Nef [White Ship]”, according to William of Malmesbury after returning to the ship in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue his half-sister Mathilde Ctss du Perche[155]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names "Willelmus regis filius, Ricardus frater eius…" among those drowned in the sinking of the White Ship[156]. m (Betrothed near Alençon late Feb 1113, Lisieux, Normandy Jun 1119[157]) ALICE [Isabelle] d’Anjou, daughter of FOULQUES V Comte d’Anjou & his first wife Eremburge Ctss du Maine (Anjou [1110/11][158]-Fontevrault Abbey 1154, bur [Fontevrault Abbey]). Her parentage is specified by Orderic Vitalis, who calls her "Matilda"[159]. William of Tyre also names her, specifying that she was her father's second daughter[160], although it is more probable that he would have betrothed his older daughter to the son of the king of England. Her marriage was arranged, at "Petra Peculata" near Alençon in late Feb 1113, as part of the alliance between her father and her future father-in-law[161]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that Henry I King of England arranged the marriage of "filio suo Willelmo" and "comite Andegavensi…filia eius"[162]. She adopted the name MATILDA on her marriage. Orderic Vitalis records that she became a nun at Fontevrault Abbey "ten years after her marriage"[163] and was elected abbess in 1150[164]. Her recent arrival as a nun at Fontevraud is confirmed by the charter dated 2 Feb 1129 under which "Conanus Britannie comes" donated property to the abbey of Fontevraud after finding that "meam cognatam Fulconis comitis Andegavensis filiam noviter ibi factam monacham"[165].

King Henry I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

4. ROBERT de Caen ([1090]-Bristol 31 Oct 1147, bur Priory of St James, Bristol). Orderic Vitalis records him as "Robert the king's son"[166]. Also known as Robert FitzRoy. He was created Earl of Gloucester [Jun/Sep] 1122.

- EARLS of GLOUCESTER.

King Henry I had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

5. MATHILDE (-drowned off Barfleur, Normandy 25 Nov 1120). She is named as daughter of King Henry I by Orderic Vitalis, who specifies that the king "built up [her husband's] power by greatly augmenting his estates and wealth in England"[167]. Orderic also specifies that the king arranged her marriage at the same time as that of her half-sister Juliane[168]. The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis refers to, but does not name, the wife of "Rotaldus comes" as "filiam regis Anglie", specifying that she had daughters[169]. Her father gave her lands in Wiltshire as her dowry[170]. "Rotrocus comes et Beatrix mater eius atque Mathildis uxor comitis" subscribed the charter dated to [1105/07] under which "Guillermus de Loiscel" made donations to Saint-Denis de Nogent[171]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names "…filia regis comitissa de Perceio…" among those drowned in the sinking of the White Ship[172]. William of Malmesbury also records that she drowned in the sinking of the “Blanche Nef [White Ship]”[173]. m (1103) as his first wife, ROTROU [I] Comte du Perche, son of GEOFFROY Comte du Perche & his wife Béatrix de Roucy (-killed in battle Rouen [20 Jan/23 Apr] or 6 May 1144).

King Henry I had [three] illegitimate children by Mistress (3):

6. RICHARD (before 1101-drowned off Barfleur, Normandy 25 Nov 1120). The Chronicle of Abingdon names "Anskillus" and "uxore Anskilli iam defuncti…filio eius…Willelmo" adding that "fratrem regis Henricum" was father of her son "Ricardum"[174]. He is named "Richard the king's son" by Orderic Vitalis, who describes his capture by the forces of Louis VI "le Gros" King of France in 1119 at Andely[175]. He was present with his father at the siege of Evreux and at the battle of Brémule 20 Aug 1119[176]. Orderic Vitalis records that he "pleaded his sister's cause" with their father concerning the siege of Breteuil[177]. He raised the siege of Breteuil in Sep 1119, being betrothed to the daughter of its defender in the following year. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names "Willelmus regis filius, Ricardus frater eius…" among those drowned in the sinking of the White Ship[178]. William of Malmesbury also records that Richard drowned in the sinking of the “White Ship”[179]. Weir[180] states that King Henry I had a legitimate son named Richard, also drowned in the White Ship disaster, who was "Queen Matilda's son [according to] both Robert of Gloucester and the Saxon Chronicle". In the case of the latter, Chronicle E[181] refers to "two of the king's sons, William and Richard, being drowned", but does not specify who was their mother. The Chronicle of Gervase records the birth of "alium quoque…filium Ricardum", which from the context refers to a legitimate son of King Henry by his first marriage[182]. However, Gervase makes it clear that this was the same son Richard who was later drowned in the White Ship. According to William of Malmesbury[183], Queen Matilda "satisfied with a child of either sex … ceased having issue". Orderic Vitalis also names only two legitimate children of King Henry[184]. While both Malmesbury and Orderic mention no children who may have died in infancy, it is unlikely that they would not have named another legitimate son who survived into young adulthood, particular if he too drowned in the White Ship incident which is otherwise described in such detail. It is therefore assumed that the only son of King Henry's who was named Richard was this illegitimate son. Betrothed (1120) to AMICE de Gaël, daughter of RAOUL de Gaël Seigneur de Montfort et de Breteuil & his wife --- (-after Apr 1168). She is named by Orderic Vitalis, who names her father and records that he arranged her betrothal, with Breteuil, Glos and Lire as her dowry[185]. She later married Robert de Beaumont Comte de Meulan Earl of Leicester.

7. JULIANE. She is named as the daughter of King Henry I by Orderic Vitalis, who specifies that the king arranged her marriage[186]. According to the Complete Peerage[187], it is "not unlikely that she was the daughter of Ansfride" as her presumed full brother Richard interceded with King Henry on her behalf in 1119[188]. After her husband's rebellion in 1119, the king (her father) besieged her in Breteuil castle, from where she "was forced to leap down from the walls…and fell shamefully with bare buttocks into the depths of the moat", and fled to her husband at Pacy[189]. She and her husband were later pardoned. She became a nun at Fontevraud Abbey[190]. m (1103) EUSTACHE de Pacy, illegitimate son of GUILLAUME de Breteuil & his mistress --- (-1136).

8. FOULQUES . The Chronicle of Abingdon records that "Willelmus filius eiusdem…de Anskillo marito suo" donated Langford mill to Abingdon for the burial of "Ansfrida", witnessed by "Fulcone filio regis et Ricardo pedagogo"[191]. The inference is that Foulques was Ansfride´s by the king. According to the Complete Peerage, he probably became a monk at Abingdon Abbey or died young[192].

King Henry I had two illegitimate children by Mistress (4):

9. SIBYL ([1090/95]-Island of the Women, Loch Tay, Perthshire 12/13 Jul 1122, bur Island of the Women, Loch Tay). William of Malmesbury records the marriage of Alexander to the unnamed illegitimate daughter of King Henry, but adds "there was…some defect about the lady either in correctness of manners or elegance of person"[193], which appears to imply mental retardation. Her name is confirmed by various charters, including the charter dated to [1120] under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum filius Regis Malcolmi et Reginæ Margaretæ et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Angliæ" made grants[194]. Considering the date of her marriage, it is unlikely that she was born much later than [1095]. The Complete Peerage[195] suggests that she was the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, both because of her name and also because of the possible co-identity of "…Willelmo fratre reginæ…", who witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[196], and "…Willielmo fratre meo…" who witnessed the charter dated to [1163/75] under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ"[197]. However, this co-identity is not ideal from a chronological point of view. William, brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall, died after 1187. If he was the same person as the brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland, he could only have been a child when he subscribed the Scottish charters in which he is named. The documents give no indication of his youth, and in any case it is probable that the queen´s [full] brother would have been born around the same time as her. In addition, as noted below, it is possible that William, brother of Earl Renaud, may have been his uterine brother, in which case it is unlikely that he would have been chosen to accompany the queen to Scotland. Another factor is that the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY), which is clearly inconsistent with his having been the half-sister of the Scottish queen. In conclusion, it is preferable therefore to show the queen´s mother as unknown. m ([1107]) ALEXANDER I “the Fierce” King of Scotland, son of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his second wife Margaret of England ([1077/78]-Stirling Castle 23, 25 or 27 Apr 1124, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).

10. WILLIAM ([1090/95]-after [1129/33]). "Willelmus frater reginæ…" witnessed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[198]. ["Willelmus filius regis" donated "terra…Grenta de Stoca" to Bath St Peter by charter dated 28 Jun 1121, subscribed by "Patricius de Caurz, Hubertus de Sancta Susanna, Winebaldus de Baalun, Alexander de Alnoth, Reinaldus de Dunstanvilla, Giffardus de Salforda…"[199]. It is not certain that the donor was the same William as the brother of the queen of Scotland, although the presence of the latter in Scotland would not exclude him having land interests in Wiltshire.] "…Willelmo fratre reginæ…" witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[200]. Maybe Constable of Scotland until about 1122. It is assumed that he was born within the same timeframe as his sister, on the assumption that the king´s relationship with their mother was relatively short-lived. As discussed above under his sister Sibyl, William has been identified as the brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall who is recorded as alive in 1187. This appears difficult to sustain from a chronological point of view. In any case, as discussed more fully below, it is more likely that William, brother of Earl Renaud, was the earl´s uterine brother, his mother´s son by her marriage to Herbert FitzHerbert. "William the king´s son" subscribed a charter of Robert de Tosny dated [1129/33][201].

King Henry I had [four] illegitimate children by Mistress (5):

11. RENAUD [de Dunstanville] ([1110/15]-Chertsey, Surrey 1 Jul 1175, bur Reading Abbey). He is named as son of King Henry by Orderic Vitalis[202]. The Chronicle of Gervase names "fratre suo Reginaldo comite Cornubiæ" as one of the main supporters of Matilda[203]. The Complete Peerage deduces his mother´s identity from the charter, dated to [1163/75], under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ" which he had granted to "Willielmo de Boterells in Cornubia, patri…predicti Willielmi" on his marriage, witnessed by "Nicholao filio meo…Herberto filio Herberti, Baldwino et Ricardo nepotibus meis, Willelmo de Vernun, Willielmo fratre meo…Hugone de Dunstanvill…"[204]. His birth date range is estimated on the basis of his marriage in [1141]. According to Domesday Descendants[205], "de Dunstanville" was a label only attributed to him by Orderic Vitalis. He inherited large areas of land in Cornwall, by right of his wife on his marriage and was created Earl of Cornwall in [Apr 1141] by his half-sister Maud, after successfully leading a rebellion in her favour in the West Country[206]. The title was later fully recognised by King Stephen.

- EARLS of CORNWALL.

12. [WILLIAM (-after 1187). "…Herberto filio Herberti…Willielmo fratre meo…" subscribed the charter, dated to [1163/75], under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ" which he had granted to "Willielmo de Boterells in Cornubia, patri…predicti Willielmi" on his marriage[207]. Military fee certifications in the Red Book of the Exchequer, in 1166, record that "Willelmus frater comitis Reginaldi" held half of one knight´s fee from "Roberti filii Regis" in Devon[208]. Benedict of Peterborough records that Henry II King of England granted the kingdom of Limerick to "Hereberti filio Hereberti, et Willelmo fratri comitis Reginaldi, et Joellano de la Pumerai nepoti eorum" at a council in Oxford in May 1177, but that "Herbertus et Willelmus, fratres Reginaldi comitis Cornubiæ, et Joellanus de Pumeria nepos eorum" declined it at a council at Marlborough 3 Jun 1177[209]. None of the primary sources so far consulted conclusively indicates whether William was the full brother of Earl Renaud or his half-brother by their mother´s marriage to Herbert FitzHerbert. However, the order in which the individuals are named in the documents quoted above suggests that William was younger than Herbert, in which case it is more likely that he was the uterine brother of the earl. The question has been confused by the possible co-identity between William, brother of Earl Renaud, and Willliam brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland. However, as discussed above, the chronology is unfavourable for this co-identity to be correct. m ALICE, daughter of ---. "Willelmus de Marisco frater Reginaldi comitis Cornubie" names his wife Alice in a charter[210].]

13. [GUNDRED. She was named "Gunderede sorori Ragin. de Dunstanvilla" in the Pipe Roll of 1130, mentioned in connection with land she owned in Wiltshire[211]. According to C. Phillips[212], this connection with Wiltshire makes it more likely that "Ragin. de Dunstanvilla" was a member of the Wiltshire Dunstanville family rather than the Earl of Cornwall. If this is correct, Gundred was not the daughter of King Henry I. This conclusion is also supported by the birth date ranges estimated for the earl of Cornwall ([1110/15], see above) and his uterine brother Herbert FitzHerbert ([1125/35], see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY), which render it unlikely that they would have had a sister who is recorded as land-owner in 1130. "…Reinaldus de Dunstanvilla…" subscribed a charter dated 28 Jun 1121 under which "Willelmus filius regis" donated "terra…Grenta de Stoca" to Bath St Peter[213]. This document shows that another individual existed in the early 12th century with the same name as the future Earl of Cornwall (the date of the charter precluding the subscriber from being the illegitimate son of King Henry) who could have been the same person as the brother of Gundred who is named in 1130.]

14. [ROHESE (-[1176]). The parentage of Rohese is uncertain. Renaud Earl of Cornwall granted Roseworthy manor in Cornwall to his sister "Rohesia de Pomeria" in a charter[214]. The wife of Henry de la Pomerai was therefore the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, either the king´s daughter or Rohese, daughter of Herbert FitzHerbert who later married Sibyl. m (1146 or before) HENRY de la Pomerai, son of JOSCELIN de la Pomerai & his wife Emma --- (-[1156/64]).]

King Henry I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (6):

15. ROBERT FitzEdith [FitzRoy] (-31 May 1172). Symeon of Durham names "Rodberto filio Edæ et Henrici regis notho"[215]. Guillaume de Jumièges names Robert as illegitimate son of King Henry I "encore jeune et sans établissement"[216]. Landowner in Devon 1130. He supported his half-sister Empress Matilda during the civil war[217]. The Red Book of the Exchequer refers to "Robertus filius Regis lix l xvii s i d, et de novo i m" in Devonshire in [1167/68][218]. m (1142) as her second husband, MAUD Avenell, widow of ROBERT d´Avranches, daughter & heiress of RANULF Avenill & his wife Alice --- (-21 Sep 1173). The Fundationis et Fundatorum Historia of Ford Abbey records that “domina Alicia uxor domini Randolphi Avenell filia sua…unicam filiam…Matildam” married “Roberto filio regis Henrici primi notho” after the death of her first husband “Roberto de Abrincis id est de Averinges”[219]. She was heiress of the honour of Okehampton, Devon. Robert & his wife had one child:

a) MAUD (-1224). The Fundationis et Fundatorum Historia of Ford Abbey names “Matildam” as the daughter of “Roberto filio regis Henrici primi notho” and his wife “Roberto de Abrincis id est de Averinges”, adding that she married “Reginaldo de Courtenay…filio suo Willielmo de Courtenay”[220]. Dame du Sap. m GUILLAUME de Courtenay, son of RENAUD Sire de Courtenay & his first wife Helvise de Donjon (-before 1190).

King Henry I had [six] illegitimate children by Mistresses (7) to (12):

16. MAUD (-after 1128). Guillaume de Jumièges names Mathilde as illegitimate daughter of King Henry I and her husband "Conan comte de la Petite-Bretagne"[221]. Her marriage is referred to by Orderic Vitalis[222], in a later passage recording that the betrothal occurred before the alliance was agreed between Henry I King of England and Louis VI King of France, which is dated to 1113[223]. "Alanus, Hoelli filius, comes totius Britannie et princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "suorum filiorum Conani et Gaufridi, necnon et uxoris suæ Hermengardis et uxoris filii sui Conani, Mahalt" by charter dated 1112[224]. "Mathilda comitissa et Haduisa soror comitis Conani" signed the undated charter Duke Conan III donated a fishery to the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel[225]. "Ermengardis mater mea et uxor mea Matildis…" signed the charter dated 1128 under which Duke Conan III confirmed the possessions of the monks of Saint-Melaine de Rennes[226]. m (1112 or before) CONAN III "le Gros" Duke of Brittany, son of ALAIN IV “Fergant” Duke of Brittany & his second wife Ermengarde d’Anjou (-17 Sep 1148).

17. ALIX [Aline (-before 1141). Guillaume de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as wife of "Matthieu fils de Burchard de Montmorency"[227]. m (1126) as his first wife, MATHIEU [I] de Montmorency, son of BOUCHARD [III] Sire de Montmorency & his first wife Agnès de Beaumont-sur-Oise (-1160). He succeeded his father as Sire de Montmorency in [1130/32]. Constable of France.

18. CONSTANCE [Mathilde] (-after 1173). Robert of Torigny names "Mathildem filiam notham primi Henrici regis Anglorum" as wife of "Roscelini vicecomitis Cenomannensis"[228]. Orderic Vitalis records the marriage of Roscelin Vicomte du Mans and Constance illegitimate daughter of King Henry I[229]. "Rosselinus vicecomes Cenomannus…et Richardus filius eius" donated property to Cluny, with the support of "Constantia vicecomitissa", by charter dated 1173[230]. m ROSCELIN Vicomte de Beaumont, son of RAOUL Vicomte de Beaumont & his wife --- de Laval (-[1176]).

19. MATHILDE . The Chronicon Valassense records the donation to the monastery by "imperatricem [Matildis]" on the advice of "soror sua Mathildis abbatissa Monasterii Villaris"[231]. Abbess of Montvilliers.

20. GILBERT (-after 1142). Guillaume de Jumièges names Gilbert as illegitimate son of King Henry I "encore jeune et sans établissement"[232].

21. WILLIAM de Tracy (-after Dec 1135). Guillaume de Jumièges names "Guillaume de Tracy" as illegitimate son of King Henry I "encore jeune et sans établissement"[233]. The Chronique de Normandie, based on le Roman de Rou, records that "Guillaume de Tracy", seventh illegitimate son of King Henry I, died soon after his father[234]. Henry II King of England confirmed the property of the abbey of Saint-Martin de Troarn, including donations by "…Willelmi de Traceio…" of "molendinum de Trebuchet et decimum molendinorum suorum de Sancto Vigore", by charter dated to [1155/57][235]. m ---. The name of William's wife is not known. William & his wife had [one possible child]:

a) [GRACE de Tracy . She is shown in numerous secondary sources as the daughter of William de Tracy and wife of John de Sudeley. However, the primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (before 1129) JOHN de Sudeley, of Sudeley Castle and Toddington co Gloucester, son of HAROLD de Ewias, Lord of Ewias, co Hereford & his wife --- (-before 1166).]

King Henry I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (13):

22. HENRY ([1105/09]-killed in battle 1157). Giraldus Cambrensis names "Henricus…regi Henrici primi filius…ex nobili Nesta, Resi filii Theodori filia" in South Wales[236]. He was killed during King Henry II’s invasion of Anglesey[237]. m ---. The name of Henry's wife is not known. Henry & his wife had two children:

a) MEILER FitzHenry (-1220). The Expugnatio Hibernica names "Roberto Barrensi" and "Meilerius" as "Stephanidæque alter ex fratre, alter ex sorore nepotes"[238]. He took a leading part in the invasion of Ireland and became one of the most powerful Anglo-Irish lords[239]. m [secondly?] ---, niece of HUGH de Lacy Lord of Meath, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Meiler & his wife had one child:

i) MEILER ---. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) ROBERT FitzHenry. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Living in Leinster about 1180, died soon afterwards. The Expugnatio Hibernica names "Henrici filius Robertus, Meilerii frater"[240]. m ---. The name of Robert's wife is not known. Robert & his wife had one child:

i) HENRY . The Expugnatio Hibernica names "Henrici filius Robertus, Meilerii frater"[241].

King Henry I had one illegitimate child by Mistress (14):

23. daughter . Guillaume de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as wife of "Guillaume Goel"[242]. m GUILLAUME [III] Goët de Montmirail, son of GUILLAUME [II] Goët Seigneur de Montmirail et de Château-du-Loir & his wife Eustachie --- (before 1080-). He succeeded his father in [1117] as Seigneur de Montmirail.

King Henry I had one illegitimate daughter Mistress (15):

24. ISABEL. Guillaume de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as daughter of "Elisabeth sœur de Galeran comte de Meulan"[243]. She lived with her mother. The Chronique de Normandie, based on le Roman de Rou, records that "Ysabelle, fille le Conte Gallerant de Meullent", seventh illegitimate daughte of King Henry I, did not marry[244]. She witnessed two charters for her half-brother Richard FitzGilbert de Clare Earl of Pembroke, with her mother[245].

Chapter 2. KING of ENGLAND 1135-1154 (BLOIS)

STEPHEN 1135-1154

ETIENNE de Blois, son of ETIENNE Comte de Blois & his wife Adela of England (Blois [1096/97]-Dover 25 Oct 1154, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent[246]). His parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis, third in order of the sons he lists, specifying that he was son-in-law of Eustache Comte de Boulogne[247]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was created Comte de Mortain by Henry I King of England "after Guillaume Comte de Mortain was captured at Tinchebrai" (1106)[248]. He was invested with Séez, Alençon, Le Mêle-sur-Sarthe and Almenèches with La Roche-Mabille by his brother Comte Thibaut IV, after the latter was invested with these lands by Henry I King of England who had confiscated them from Robert de Bellême[249]. It is difficult to date this event accurately. Robert de Bellême's territories were confiscated in 1112, but the passage in Orderic follows a description of the rebellion of Robert Giroie which is assumed to have taken place in Jul [1119]. Comte de Boulogne, de iure uxoris, before 1125. "Stephanus comes Bolonie et Morethonii et Mathildis comitissa" confirmed the possessions of the abbey of Samer by charter dated 1141 (presumably misdated because of the donors´ titles), subscribed by "…Eustachius de Fielnes, Willelmus et Rogerus fratres sui…"[250]. After the death of his uncle Henry I King of England, Stephen crossed at once to England[251] before his rival, King Henry's daughter Matilda, and had himself crowned as STEPHEN King of England at Westminster Abbey 22 Dec 1135. His first cousin Matilda continued to dispute the succession. During the civil war which ensued, Stephen was deposed and imprisoned by Matilda 7-10 April 1141, but restored to the throne 1 Nov 1141. He was crowned a second time at Canterbury Cathedral 1141, and a third time at Lincoln Cathedral 1146. Robert of Torigny records the death "1154 VIII Kal Nov" as "Stephanus rex Anglorum" and his burial "in monasterio Fasseham"[252].

m (before 1125) MATHILDE Ctss de Boulogne, daughter of EUSTACHE III Comte de Boulogne & his wife Mary of Scotland ([1103/05]-Hedingham Castle, Essex 3 May 1151, bur Faversham Abbey[253]). Her parentage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis[254]. The Genealogica comitum Buloniensium names Mathilde as daughter of "Eustachius, frater Balduini regis Iheruslame" and his wife "Mariam filiam regis Scotiæ", also recording her marriage with "Stephano, filio Stephani Blesensis comitis"[255]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the coronation "XI Kal Apr 1136…apud Westmonasterium" of "uxor regis Stephani"[256]. She and her husband founded the Benedictine Abbey of Faversham in Kent, which was first colonised by the Cluniac house of Bermondsey[257]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1152 of "Matildis uxor Stephani regis Anglorum" and in a later passage her burial "in monasterio Fasseham", recording that she had founded the abbey[258]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the death "V Non Mai 1152" of "Matildis regina" and her burial "apud Faversham"[259].

Mistress (1): ([1115/20]) DAMETA, a Norman woman, daughter of ---. Her son granted her the manor of Chelsea for an annual rent of £4[260]. same person as…? DAMETA, daughter of ROBERT & his second wife Felicia ---. She is named and her parentage given by Orderic Vitalis[261]. There is no proof that this co-identity is correct. However, the chronology is favourable and no other person with this name has yet been found in the primary sources consulted during the preparation of this document.

Mistress (2): ---. The name of Stephen's second mistress is not known.

King Stephen & his wife had five children:

1. BAUDOUIN de Blois ([1126]-Tower of London [1136/37], bur Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate Without, London). William of Newburgh records his burial, together with that of his sister Mathilde, as "children of King Stephen and Queen", quoting the records of Holy Trinity [262]. The reference to his parents as king and queen indicates that he died after his father's accession, but his relative absence from other sources suggests that the event occurred soon after this. King Stephen donated property to Holy Trinity Priory, London, for the souls of "Mathildis filie mee et Bald[wini] filii mei", by charter dated to [1139/46][263].

2. EUSTACE de Blois ([1127/31]-Bury St Edmund’s 10 or 16 Aug 1153, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent[264]). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Eustacium et Guilelmum" as the two sons of "rex Anglorum Stefanus"[265]. Recorded as son of King Stephen by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that he did homage to Louis VI King of France in 1137 as Duke of Normandy[266], but Geoffroy "Plantagenet" Comte d'Anjou conquered Rouen and the whole Duchy in Jan 1144. He was installed as EUSTACHE [IV] Comte de Boulogne at Christmas [1146/47]. The Gesta Stephani Regis records that King Stephen knighted "Eustachium filium suum", dated from the context to [1147][267]. Maybe created an earl by his father in 1147, possibly Earl of Huntingdon[268], although this would have been at the same time that the title was held by Simon de Saint-Lis. He was crowned associate king of England in 1152 by Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury. Robert of Torigny records the death "1153 mense Augusto circa octavus sancti Laurentii" of "Eustachius filius Stephani regis Anglorum", and in a later passage his burial "in monasterio Fasseham"[269]. m (Paris Feb 1140) as her first husband, CONSTANCE de France, daughter of LOUIS VI King of France & his wife Adélaïde de Savoie ([1128]-Reims 16 Aug after 1177). The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis refers to the sister of King Louis as wife firstly of "Eustachieus comes Bolonie" and secondly of "comiti de Sancto Egidio", specifying that she had children by the latter, but does not name her[270]. The De Genere Comitum Flandrensium, Notæ Parisienses names "filiam unam [Ludovicum regem Grossum] nomine Constantiam"[271]. Her brother Louis VII arranged her first marriage to symbolise his support for Stephen King of England against his cousin Empress Matilda and her husband Geoffroy Comte d'Anjou. William of Newburgh records the betrothal of Eustache, son of King Stephen, and "regi Francorum…sororem eius Constantiam"[272]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in Feb [1140] of "regis Anglie Stephani…filius" and "Francorum regis sororem"[273]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the marriage "mense Februario 1140" of "Eustachius filius regis Stephani" and "sororem regis Francia Lodovici Constantiam"[274]. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that she was sister of Louis VII King of France[275]. She married secondly (10 Aug 1154, separated 1166) as his first wife, Raymond V Comte de Toulouse. Her brother arranged her second marriage to cement his alliance with Toulouse against Henri d'Anjou Duke of Normandy [later Henry II King of England] who had just allied himself with Aragon. Baudouin IV King of Jerusalem confirmed a sale of property, with the consent of "…Constantiæ sorori regis Franciæ et S. Egidii comitissæ", by charter dated [Sep/Dec] 1177[276]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XVII Kal Sep" of "Constantia filia Ludovici regis"[277].

3. WILLIAM de Blois ([1132/37]-11 Oct 1159, bur hospital of Montmorillon, Poitou). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Eustacium et Guilelmum" as the two sons of "rex Anglorum Stefanus"[278]. His parentage is recorded by Matthew of Paris[279]. Earl of Warenne and Surrey, Lord of Pevensey and Norwich [1148/49], de iure uxoris[280]. He succeeded his brother in 1153 as GUILLAUME Comte de Boulogne. He was disinherited from the throne of England by his father in Nov 1153 under the treaty concerning the succession of Henry Plantagenet, although under its terms he was allowed to hold all lands which his father had held before becoming king, including the counties of Mortain and Boulogne, Eye and Lancaster[281]. He succeeded his father in 1154 as Comte de Mortain. He surrendered Pevensey, Norwich and other strongholds in England and Normandy to King Henry II in 1157. He was knighted by Henry II at Carlisle in 1158[282]. Robert of Torigny records that "Guillelmus comes Moritonii" died "1159 mense Octobris" while returning from serving in the Toulouse campaign, that he died without children and that King Henry II retained his county[283]. m (before 6 Nov 1153, maybe before [1148/49]) as her first husband, ISABELLE de Warenne, daughter & heiress of WILLIAM de Warenne 3^rd Earl of Surrey & his wife Ela de Ponthieu (-[12 Jul 1203], bur Chapter House, Lewes). Robert of Torigny records that "filiam tercii Guillermi de Warenna" married "Guillermus filius Stephani regis"[284]. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1164 of "Hamelinus naturalis frater regis Henrici" and "comitissam de Guarenna, relictam Willelmi comitis Moritoni filii Stephani regis, …filia tercii Willermi comitis de Guarenna"[285]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. She married secondly ([Apr] 1164) Hamelin d’Anjou, illegitimate son of Geoffroy V Comte d’Anjou.

4. MATHILDE de Blois ([1133/34]-before 1141, bur Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate Without, London). Daughter of King Stephen, Orderic Vitalis records her betrothal when she was "two years old" but does not name her[286]. The Chronicon Valassense names "comes Mellenti Gualerannus" and "uxore sua regis Stephani familia"[287]. William of Newburgh records her burial, together with that of her brother Baudouin, as "children of King Stephen and Queen" and wife of "comitis de Medlint", quoting the records of Holy Trinity[288]. King Stephen donated property to Holy Trinity Priory, London, for the souls of "Mathildis filie mee et Bald[wini] filii mei", by charter dated to [1139/46][289]. Betrothed (Easter 1136286) WALERAN de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, son of ROBERT de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, Earl of Leicester & his second wife Elisabeth de Vermandois (1104-Préaux 9/10 Apr 1166 bur Préaux).

5. MARIE de Blois ([1136]-Montreuil 1182, bur Montreuil). She is named as daughter of King Stephen by Matthew of Paris, when he records her marriage[290]. As noted below, it seems possible that she was the same daughter of King Stephen who was betrothed to Hervé II "le Breton" Vicomte de Léon but there is no proof of this. She became a novice at Lillechurch Priory, Kent, later transferred to Romsey Abbey, Hampshire where she became a nun between 1148 and 1155. She was elected Abbess of Romsey in 1155. She succeeded her brother in 1159 as MARIE Ctss de Boulogne. Her future husband abducted her from her convent in [1160] and forced her to marry him. Pope Alexander III wrote to Henri Archbishop of Reims, dated 18 Dec 1161, regarding the abduction and marriage of "M. filius…comitis Flandrensis" and "monialem…abbatissam", but the document does not name the abbey from which she was abducted[291]. After the annulment of her marriage, she became a nun at the Benedictine nunnery of St Austrebert near Montreuil. m (before 1160, annulled 1169/70) as his first wife, MATHIEU de Flandre [Lorraine], son of THIERRY I Count of Flanders & his second wife Sibylle d'Anjou ([1137]-killed in battle Driencourt 25 Dec 1173, bur Abbaye de Saint-Josse). He succeeded in 1160 as MATTHIEU Comte de Boulogne, in right of his wife.

King Stephen had [three] illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

6. GERVAIS de Blois ([1115/20]-1160, bur Westminster Abbey). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1147/53], under which King Stephen confirmed a donation to the Knights Templars by "Bernardus Baillol", witnessed by "G[ervasio] abate Westmonast[erii] filio meo"[292]. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His father appointed him abbot of Westminster after [23 Sep 1136/1138][293], ordained 17 Dec 1138 by Alberic, the Papal legate[294], presumably after the necessary dispensation regarding his illegitimacy which would otherwise have prevented him from holding religious office. His uncle Henry, Archbishop of York, proposed him as one of the three candidates for the see of Lincoln in 1148. Henry II King of England deposed him as abbot in 1157/58[295].

7. [ALMARIC. Given-Wilson and Curteis (which does not cite primary sources) report that he and his brother were described as brothers of Abbot Gervais when witnessing charters, but they may have been uterine brothers [296]. The corresponding primary source has not yet been identified.]

8. [RAOUL. Given-Wilson and Curteis (which does not cite primary sources) report that he and his brother were described as brothers of Abbot Gervais when witnessing charters, but they may have been uterine brothers[297]. The corresponding primary source has not yet been identified.]

King Stephen had one possible illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

9. [--- (-before her husband, maybe [1141]). The Gesta Stephani Regis records that "comes…Herveus gener regis" was driven from Devizes, dated to [1140/41][298]. It is possible that this daughter of King Stephen was Marie de Blois, the king´s legitimate daughter, to whom Hervé was betrothed as a child before she became a nun. It is evident from the early betrothal of her older sister Mathilde that the king was eager to arrange marriages for his daughters with his supporters soon after his accession. m ([before 1140]) HERVE [II] “le Breton” Vicomte de Léon, son of GUYOMAR [III] Vicomte de Léon & his wife --- (-Brittany 1168). He was a supporter of King Stephen after his accession. Created Earl of Wiltshire early 1140 or before. He was besieged at the castle of Devizes in 1141, forced to surrender and left England whereupon his earldom reverted to the crown[299].]

Chapter 3. KINGS of ENGLAND 1154-1485 (ANJOU)

A. KINGS of ENGLAND 1154-1399

HENRY II 1154-1189, RICHARD I 1189-1199

HENRI d’Anjou, son of GEOFFROY "le Bel/Plantagenet" Comte d'Anjou et de Maine & his wife [Empress] Matilda [Maud] of England (Le Mans, Anjou 5 Mar 1133-Château de Chinon 6 Jul 1189, bur Abbaye de Fontevrault[300]). William of Tyre names him and records his parentage[301]. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini records the birth "1133 III Non Mar" of "Henricus"[302]. Comte de Touraine et de Maine 1151. He succeeded his father in 1151 as HENRI Comte d’Anjou, Duke of Normandy. He became Duke of Aquitaine by right of his wife 18 May 1152. He landed in England in Jan 1153 and obliged King Stephen to recognise him as his heir, from which time Henry governed England as Justiciar. He was recognised as HENRY II King of England after the death of King Stephen 25 Oct 1154, crowned in Westminster Abbey 19 Dec 1154[303] and at Worcester end [1158][304]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "II Non Jul" in [1189] of "Heinricus rex filius imperatoris" and his burial "ad Fontem-Ebraldi"[305]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "apud castrum Kinonis versus Cenomannum Non Iul 1189" of "rex Henricus" and his burial "in abbatia Fontis Ebraldi"[306].

m (Poitiers or Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152) as her second husband, ELEONORE Dss d'Aquitaine, divorced wife of LOUIS VII King of France, daughter of GUILLAUME X Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VIII Comte de Poitou] & his first wife Eléonore de Châtellerault (Nieul-sur-Autize, Vendée or Château de Belin, Guyenne or Palais d’Ombrière, Bordeaux 1122-Abbaye de Fontevrault 1 Apr 1204, bur Abbaye de Fontevrault). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Alienor Guilielmi filia comits Pictavorum et Aquitanie ducis" as wife of "regi Francie Ludovico"[307]. She succeeded her father 9 Apr 1137 as Dss d’Aquitaine, Ctss de Poitou, Ctss de Saintonge, Angoumois, Limousin, Auvergne, Bordeaux et d'Agen. She was crowned Queen Consort of England with her husband 19 Dec 1154 at Westminster Abbey. She supported the revolt of her sons against their father in 1173, was captured and imprisoned in the château de Chinon, later at Salisbury until 1179. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XII Kal Apr" [1204] of "regina Alienor" and her burial "ad Fontem Ebraldi"[308]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the burial of "uxor [regis Henrici] regina Alienordis" in the same abbey as her husband[309].

Mistress (1): ([1150/51]) IKENAI, daughter of ---. Walter Mapes names "Ykenai" as mother of Geoffrey Bishop of York[310]. She and her son arrived at King Henry's court soon after his accession[311].

Mistress (2): ([1168]) ALIX de Porhoët, daughter of EUDES de Porhoët ex-Duke of Brittany & his first wife --- . The primary source which confirms her relationship with Henry has not yet been identified. King Henry was holding her in 1168 as a hostage for peace[312].

Mistress (3): ([1173/76]) ROSAMOND Clifford, daughter of WALTER de Clifford & his wife Margaret --- (-[1175/76], bur Godstow nunnery). “Walterus de Clifford” donated property to Dore abbey, Herefordshire, with the consent of "Margaretæ uxoris meæ", for the souls of "…filiorum et filiarum nostrarum et Osberti filii Hugonis", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Waltero de Clifford juvene et Rosamunda sorore sua…"[313]. The Chronicon Johannis Bromton abbatis Jornalensis (as cited by Eyton) records that Rosamond Clifford became "openly and avowedly the paramour of the king" after he imprisoned Queen Eleanor following the rebellion of his sons in 1173[314]. Eyton adds that "for an indefinite time previously she had been secretly domiciled at Woodstock" but he does not cite the primary source on which he bases this supposition[315]. It is not known whether he draws the conclusion from the Chronicon Johannis Bromton as the original of this document has not been available in the compilation of the present document. Eyton also suggests that the start of the king´s relationship with Rosamond can be dated to [1154] and that the king´s known illegitimate children Geoffrey Archbishop of York and William Longespee, later Earl of Salisbury, were Rosamond´s sons[316]. However, as can be seen below, Geoffrey´s birth is estimated to [1151] and William´s to [1176], which is inconsistent with their being full brothers. In any case, as noted above, the name of Geoffrey´s mother is reported as Ikenai. The uncertain chronology of the family of Walter [I] de Clifford appears to be the key to resolving the question of when Rosamond´s relationship with the king started. As discussed in the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY in relation to the possible parentage of Walter [I]´s wife Margaret, it appears likely that their children were born after [1140] and, in the case of their son Walter [II], probably considerably later than this date. Rosamond´s appearance, with her brother Walter, as witness to the undated Dore abbey charter quoted above suggests that she was the only remaining unmarried daughter with her parents at the time, which in turn suggests that she was younger than her sisters. If this is correct, her birth could be as late as [1150/60], which would render Eyton´s hypothesis untenable. Further discussion of this problem will have to wait until more indications about the family chronology come to light. The Chronicon Johannis Bromton abbatis Jornalensis states that Rosamond died ("sed illa cito obiit")[317], his wording implying that her death occurred soon after the king´s relationship with her started, suggesting the period [1174/76]. “Walterus de Clifford” donated property to Godstow nunnery in Oxfordshire, for the souls of "uxoris meæ Margaretæ de Clifford et filiæ nostræ Rosamundæ", by undated charter[318]. “Osbertus filius Hugonis” donated property to Godstow nunnery in Oxfordshire, at the request of “domini Walteri de Clifford” for the souls of "uxoris suæ Margaretæ et…Rosamundæ filiæ suæ", specifying that they were buried at Godstow, with the consent of "Hugonis fratris mei", by undated charter witnessed by "Waltero de Clifford, Ricardo filio suo et Lucia filia sua…"[319]. Rosamond´s corpse was removed from its burial place on the orders of Hugh Bishop of Lincoln[320]. She was known as "Fair Rosamond", although the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.

Mistress (4): ---. The name of this mistress of King Henry is not known.

Mistress (5): NESTA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her relationship with Henry has not yet been identified. She married Sir Ralph Bloet or Blewer.

Mistresses (6) - (8): ---. The names of these mistresses of King Henry are not known.

King Henry II & his wife had eight children:

1. WILLIAM (Poitiers or in Normandy 17 Aug 1153-Wallingford Castle, Berkshire Apr or Jun 1156, bur Reading Abbey). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1153 mense Augusto circa octavus sancti Laurentii" of "filius Henrico ducis Normannorum et uxore sua Alienor comitissa Pictavensi…Willermus"[321]. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini records the birth "1153 XVI Kal Sep" of "Guillelmus…filius Henrici ducis"[322]. Robert of Torigny records that "Henricus rex" required his nobles to swear an oath of fidelity "1155 IV Id Apr…apud Warengefort" to "Willermo primogenito suo" or in case of his premature death to "Henrico fratri suo"[323]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[324], as are his death and burial place[325]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1156 of "Guillermus primogenitus filius Henrici regis Anglorum" and his burial "Radingis"[326].

2. HENRY (Bermondsey Palace 28 Feb 1155-Château de Martel, Turenne 11 Jun 1183, bur Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou, later removed to Rouen Cathedral). The Chronicæ Sancti Albini records the birth "1155 II Kal Mar…Londoniæ" of "Hainricus, regis Hainrici filius"[327]. Robert of Torigny records the birth "Lundoniæ pridie Kal Mar 1155" of "filius Henrico regi Anglorum ex uxore sua regina Alienor…Henricus"[328]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[329]. He was crowned King of England in his father’s lifetime 14 Jun 1170 at Westminster Abbey[330]. He was also styled Duke of Normandy, Comte d'Anjou et de Maine. After this he was known as “the Young King [rex iunior]”[331]. He was crowned again 27 Aug 1172 at Winchester Cathedral. He rebelled against his father in 1173. He attempted to take Aquitaine from his brother Richard in 1183 but died from dysentery during the retreat[332]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "1183 XIII Kal Iun" of "iunior Heinricus rex Anglorum…in castro Martellum versus Gerundam" and his burial in the same place[333]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "III Id Jun" in [1183] of "Heinricus rex filius" and his burial "Senomannis"[334]. The Chronicle of Gervase records that Henry the Young King was first buried "Cenomanensem" and later moved to "Rothomagum"[335]. m (Betrothed 1160, Newburgh, Normandy 2 Nov 1172) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla (1158-Acre 1197). Robert of Torigny records arrangements for the betrothal in 1158 of "filium suum [Henrici regis] Henricum" and "filiam regis Francorum Margaritam"[336]. Robert of Torigny records the betrothal "apud Novum Burgum" in 1160 of "Henrico filio Henrici regis Anglorum" and "Margarita filia Ludovici regis Francorum"[337]. She is named daughter of "the King of France" when Matthew of Paris records her betrothal in 1160, specifying that her dowry was the castle of Gisors[338]. Ctss de Vexin, with the Château de Gisors, as her dowry. Crowned Queen Consort Associate of England 27 Aug 1172, Winchester Abbey[339]. Her father-in-law arranged her second marriage so he could retain her dowry. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Margareta soror regis Philippi" as widow of "iunior Henricus rex Anglorum" and her second marriage to "Hungarorum regi Bela"[340]. She married secondly (1185/6) Béla III King of Hungary. The Chronicle of Ernoul records the arrival of "une reine en Hongrie…veve sans hoir" at Tyre [in 1197] and her death eight days later, specifying that she was the sister of the mother of Henri Comte de Champagne King of Jerusalem and had been "feme…le jouene roi d'Englietere…et suer…le roi Phelippe de France"[341]. Henry & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM (Paris 19 Jun 1177-Paris 22 Jun 1177). Benedict of Peterborough records that "circa clausum Pentecosten Margareta…" gave birth to "filium…Willelmus" but that he died three days later in Paris where he had been born[342].

3. MATILDA (Windsor Castle Jun 1156-Brunswick 28 Jun 1189, bur Brunswick Cathedral). Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[343]. Her marriage was arranged as part of the 1165 treaty of alliance between Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany and her father[344]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the marriage in 1168 of "Matildis filia regis Anglie" and "dux Saxonum Henrico"[345]. The Chronicon Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis names "Megthildem filiam Henrici regis Anglorum" as second wife of "Heinricus dux"[346]. The Annales Sancti Blasii Brunsvicenses record that "ecclesia Sancti Blasii episcopi" was founded in 1173 and in a later passage record the death in 1188 of "domina nostra Mechtildis fundatrix"[347]. The Chronicon Montis Serreni records that "soror Rikardi Regis Anglie" wife of "Heinricus dux de Bruneswich" was buried "in mon. sancti Blasii"[348]. m (betrothed 1165, Minden Cathedral 1 Feb 1168) as his second wife, HEINRICH “der Löwe” Duke of Saxony [HEINRICH XII Duke of Bavaria], son of HEINRICH X "der Stolze" Duke of Bavaria and Duke of Saxony & his wife Gertrud von Süpplingenburg ([1128/30]-Braunschweig 6 Aug 1195, bur Braunschweig Cathedral). Heinrich was dispossessed of his German lands in summer 1180. He submitted at the general assembly at Erfurt in Nov 1181, was restored to his allodial lands around Brunswick and Lüneburg, but exiled for three years. He sought refuge with his father-in-law in England, before returning to Germany in 1185[349]. When Emperor Friedrich I was preparing to leave on crusade in late 1189, Heinrich refused to accompany him and chose to go into exile in England once again[350].

4. RICHARD (Beaumont Palace, Oxford 8 Sep 1157-Chalus 6 Apr 1199, bur Fontevrault Abbey[351]). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth of "filium Ricardum" to "Alienor regina" at Oxford in [1157][352]. Duke of Aquitaine in 1172. He was among the first to follow the call of Pope Gregory VIII in Oct 1187 to join a new crusade to relieve Jerusalem, but his departure was delayed by a rebellion of his vassals in Poitou, a quarrel with Raymond V Comte de Toulouse, and Richard joining Philippe II King of France in Jan 1189 in an offensive against his own father[353]. He succeeded his father as RICHARD I " Cœur-de-lion " King of England, crowned 2 Sep 1189 at Westminster Abbey[354]. After his accession, he sold royal estates to raise funds for the crusade, left England in Dec 1189, and met King Philippe of France at Vézelay 4 Jul 1190 for their joint departure for Palestine[355]. He conquered Cyprus in May 1191, following the belligerent reception given by "Emperor" Isaakios Komnenos Dukas after he landed there, defeating the self-styled emperor at Tremithus[356]. He landed at Acre 8 Jun 1191, the town finally capitulating to the siege 12 Jul 1191[357]. After the departure from Palestine in early Aug 1191 of Philippe II King of France, King Richard took full command of the crusading army and of negotiations with Saladin[358]. After massacring his Muslim prisoners, he left Acre 22 Aug 1191 and defeated Saladin at Arsuf in Sep 1191[359]. After signing a five year peace treaty with Saladin 2 Sep 1192, King Richard sailed for England 9 Oct 1192 but was shipwrecked near Aquileja. He continued his journey by land through Austria, but was captured and cast into prison by Leopold IV Duke of Austria. The duke signed an agreement with Emperor Heinrich VI at Würzburg concerning the conditions for King Richard's transfer to the emperor, and handed him over 29 Mar 1193. Emperor Heinrich released Richard 2 Feb 1194 on payment of a large ransom and after he had sworn an oath of allegiance for England and all its possessions[360]. He was crowned King of England a second time 17 Apr 1194 at Winchester Cathedral[361]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "VIII Id Apr" [1199] "in Aquitania castello de Calez" of King Richard after having been wounded by "Bertranno de Gurdum" and his burial "ad Fontem-Ebraudi"[362]. Betrothed (by peace treaty 30 Sep 1174, betrothed 21 Sep 1177) to ALIX de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his [second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla] ([4 Oct] 1160-after 1200). Robert of Torigny records the death in 1160 of "Constantia regina Franciæ" while giving birth to a daughter[363]. She is named Adelaide by Kerrebrouck[364], but he cites no primary source on which this is based. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "reginam Margaretam Anglie et comitissam Aaliz" as childen of King Louis VII & his second wife, specifying that Alix married "Guilelmus comes de Pontivo"[365]. This highlights the general confusion between this daughter and King Louis VII's supposed daughter Alix by his third wife. Roger of Hoveden records that the betrothal of King Louis's daughter to Richard of England was first proposed in 1161, when Richard's older brother Henry was betrothed to her sister Marguerite[366]. Chronologically, this can only refer to the king's daughter by his second marriage. This appears to be confirmed by the Chronicle of Gervase which records the betrothal in 1169 of "Ricardus…filius regis Anglæ" and "filiam regis Franciæ quam habuit de filia regis Hispanorum"[367]. Ctss de Bourges 1174, as her dowry. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal "XI Kal Oct 1177" of "rex Anglie…Ricardus comes Pictaviæ filius eius" and "regi Franciæ…filiam" as part of the peace agreement between the two kings[368]. It is assumed that this refers to the same daughter, although the primary source which confirms this beyond doubt has not yet been identified. If this is correct, she was presumably the same daughter who later married the Comte de Ponthieu. Until further information comes to light, it is assumed that Alix/Adelaide who was betrothed to Richard, and who later married the Comte de Ponthieu, was the daughter who was born in 1160, and that King Louis had no daughter of this name by his third marriage. Alix was brought up in England after her betrothal. Benedict of Peterborough records that the betrothal of "Alesia soror eius [Philippi regis Franciæ]" and Richard was renewed in 1189, commenting that the king of England "in custodia habet"[369]. Richard refused the marriage after his accession to the throne. Kerrebrouck states that King Richard arranged her betrothal to his younger brother John in early 1193[370], but the primary source which confirms this has not yet been identified. She returned to France in Aug 1195. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Ctss d'Eu, Dame d’Arques in 1195, as her dowry for her marriage. m (Chapel of St George, Limassol, Cyprus 12 May 1191) Infanta doña BERENGUELA de Navarra, daughter of don SANCHO VI King of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Sancha de Castilla ([1163/65]-23 Dec 1230, bur Abbaye de l’Espan (Piété Dieu), Mans, transferred 1821 to Le Mans Cathedral). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IV Id Mai" in Cyprus in [1191] of King Richard and "Berengariam filiam regis Navarræ"[371]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Berengariam" wife of "rex Anglorum Richardus" as sister of "Blancham sororis regis Navarreorum"[372]. Matthew of Paris names her and calls her daughter of the king of Navarre, when he records her marriage in Cyprus[373]. The marriage was arranged by King Richard's mother[374]. Berenguela arrived with Queen Eléonore at Naples in early 1191 and stayed with her future husband's sister Joanna, dowager Queen of Sicily. She and Queen Joanna sailed with King Richard's fleet to Palestine and landed at Limassol, Cyprus in Apr 1191[375]. She was crowned Queen of England by the Bishop of Evreux immediately after her marriage[376]. She sailed from Acre for France 29 Sep 1191 with her sister-in-law Queen Joanna[377]. The Annals of Burton record that, after the death of her husband, King John granted Queen Berengaria “in vita sua…civitatem Baiocensem…et duo castella in Andegavia” as well as an annual pension of “mille marcas sterlingorum”[378]. The necrology of Le Mans Cathedral records the death "X Kal Jan 1230" of "Berengaria regina quondam uxor Richardi…regis Anglorum"[379]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "X Kal Jan 1230" of "regina Berengaria domna Cenomanensis relicta…regis Anglie Richardi"[380]. The Annals of Waverley record that “Berengaria quondam regina Angliæ” founded “quandam abbatiam de ordine Cisterciensi in pago Cenomannensi…Pietatem Dei” adding that she was buried there[381]. Mistress (1): JEANNE de Saint-Pol, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her relationship with Richard has not yet been identified. Mistress (2): ---. The name of Richard's second mistress is not known. King Richard I had one possible illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

a) [FOULQUES . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]

King Richard I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (2):

b) PHILIPPE (-after 1201). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His father gave him the castle of Cognac. He allegedly murdered Adémar [V] Vicomte de Limoges whom he considered responsible for the death of his father. He sold his English lordship to King John in 1201[382]. m [AMELIE de Cognac], daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.

5. GEOFFREY (23 Sep 1158-Paris 19 Aug 1186, bur Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris[383]). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1158 IX Kal Oct" of "filius Henrico regi Anglorum…Gaufredus"[384]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[385]. He was proclaimed Duke of Brittany in 1169 by his father. Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond de iure uxoris shortly after 6 Sep 1181. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "in civitate Paris XIV Kal Sep" of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius"[386]. He was trodden to death by a horse during a tournament in Paris. m (Betrothed 1168, Jul 1181) as her first husband, CONSTANCE de Bretagne, daughter of CONAN IV Duke of Brittany & his wife Margaret of Scotland ([1161]-[Nantes] 3/4 Sep 1201, bur Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame). She is named by Matthew of Paris, who also states her parentage when recording her betrothal[387]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Constantiam comitis Conani filia" as wife of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius", specifying that she married [thirdly] "Guido frater vicecomitem de Tuart"[388]. She succeeded her father in 1171 as CONSTANCE Dss of Brittany. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1182 of "Gaufredus dux Britanniæ filius regis Henrici" and "filiam Conani comitis Britanniæ"[389]. She married secondly (3 Feb 1188, repudiated 1198) Ranulf "de Blundeville" Earl of Chester. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Constantia filia Conani" married secondly "Ranulphus Comes Cestriæ", stating that he divorced her because of her adultery and that the marriage was childless[390]. Living apart from her second husband, he captured her at Pontorson in 1196 and imprisoned her at his castle at Beuvron. She was liberated in Summer 1198, and repudiated her marriage. She married thirdly (Oct 1199) as his first wife, Guy de Thouars, who was chosen in 1203 as Guy Duke of Brittany. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Constantia filia Conani" married thirdly "Guidoni de Thoarcio"[391]. The Annals of Burton record the death in 1201 of “Constantia mater Arthuri comitis Britanniæ”[392]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records the death in 1201 of "Constantia filia Conani" and her burial "apud Begar"[393]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the death "III Non Sep" in 1201 of "Constantia Ducissa Britanniæ"[394]. Another Chronicon Britannicum records the death "pridie non Sep" in 1201 of "Constantia comitissa, Conani filia, mater Arturi"[395]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1201 of "Constantia Comitissa apud Nannetum"[396]. She died in childbirth. Duke Geoffroy & his wife had three children:

a) ELEONORE de Bretagne (1184-Corfe Castle, Dorset or Bristol 10 Aug 1241, bur Bristol, St James, transferred to Amesbury convent). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Arturum iuvenum et filiam unam Alienordem" as children of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius" & his wife[397]. She is named daughter of "Galfridi comitis Britanniæ" by Matthew of Paris[398]. She was known as "la Brette". Her betrothal was agreed as part of the terms for the release of Richard I King of England from the custody of Emperor Heinrich VI in Feb 1194, together with the betrothal of her fiancé's younger brother to the daughter of "Emperor" Isaakios Dukas Komnenos[399]. The two brides left for Vienna from Normandy in Dec 1194 in the charge of Baudouin de Béthune, but turned back when they learnt of the death of Leopold V Duke of Austria[400]. Eléonore was imprisoned in England by King John, who feared her marriage as she was the rightful heir to the throne of England. She was therefore unable to succeed her brother as Dss of Brittany. She was styled Countess of Richmond from 27 May 1208. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in [1241] of "Alienor filia Galfridi comitis Britanniæ soror Arturi"[401]. The Annales Londonienses record the death "apud Bristowe" in 1241 of "Alienora quondam comitis Britanniæ filia, in custodia diuturni carceris strictissime reservata", commenting that she was the true heir to England[402]. Her death is recorded by Matthew of Paris[403]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “IV Id Aug” in 1241 of “Alienora de Britannia consanguinea domini regis Henrici Angliæ”, her burial “in ecclesia Sancti Jacobi Bristollis” and her transfer “circa festum sancti Nicholai VI regia apud Ambresburiam”[404]. Betrothed (Feb 1194) to FRIEDRICH of Austria, son of LEOPOLD V Duke of Austria & his wife Ilona of Hungary (-Palestine on crusade 16 Apr 1198, bur Heiligenkreuz). He succeeded his father in 1195 as FRIEDRICH I "der Katolische" Duke of Austria.

b) MATHILDE de Bretagne ([1185/86]-died young). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

c) ARTHUR de Bretagne (posthumously Nantes 29 Mar 1187-murdered Rouen or Cherbourg 3 Apr 1203, bur Notre Dame des Prés, Rouen or Abbaye de Bec, Normandy). His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that he was born posthumously but does not give the precise date[405]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Arturum iuvenum et filiam unam Alienordem" as children of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius" & his wife[406]. He succeeded from birth as ARTHUR I Duke of Brittany. His uncle Richard I King of England declared him his heir in England and in his territories in France in 1190[407]. On Richard's death 6 Apr 1199, Arthur, who was in Brittany, led a force into Anjou and Maine, where he was recognised by the barons as the rightful heir. He styled himself Duke of Brittany, Comte d'Anjou and Earl of Richmond from 18 Apr 1199. He did homage to Philippe II "Auguste" King of France but, offended by the latter, fled to his uncle John who received him kindly. Warned of John's intentions, he escaped to Angers but was captured by the king at Mirebeau and sent to Falaise. He was murdered on the orders of King John. Betrothed (11 Nov 1190) to --- of Sicily, daughter of TANCRED King of Sicily & his wife Sibila de Medania. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1190 of "Arturum ducem Britanniæ" and "unam de filiabus regis Tancredi"[408]. This betrothal was arranged as part of the treaty signed between Richard I King of England and Tancred King of Sicily, concerning the inheritance of Tancred's predecessor Guillaume II King of Sicily, whose widow was King Richard's sister[409]. Betrothed (Apr 1202) to MARIE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE II "Auguste" King of France & his third wife Agnes von Andechs-Merano (after 1197-15 Aug 1238, bur Louvain, église Saint Pierre). The primary source which confirms her betrothal has not yet been identified.

6. ELEANOR (Domfront, Normandy 13 Oct 1162-Burgos 25 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos). Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[410]. Her first betrothal was arranged as part of the treaty of alliance between Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" and her father in 1165[411], but was broken off in [1169] when the emperor formed an alliance with the king of France[412]. Her betrothal to "Aldefonso regi Castellæ" is recorded by Matthew of Paris in 1168[413]. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1170 of "Alienor filia Henrici regis Anglorum" and "Amfurso imperatore", commenting that he was not yet fifteen years old[414]. The Crónica Latina records that “el rey de Castilla” married “la hija del…rey Enrique, doña Leonor” and that his father-in-law had promised him Gascony[415]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “II Kal Nov” in 1214 of “Regina Alienor uxor Aldefonsi Regis Castellæ”[416]. The Anales Toledanos record the death “viernes el postrimo dia de Octubre” in 1214 of “la Reyna Doña Lionor, muggier del Rey D. Alfonso”[417]. Betrothed (1165) to FRIEDRICH von Staufen, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH I "Barbarossa" & his second wife Béatrice Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne (Pavia 16 Jul 1164-[28 Nov 1168/1170]), bur Lorch). He was installed as Duke of Swabia in 1167. m (Betrothed 1168, Burgos Sep, before 17, 1177) don ALFONSO VIII King of Castile, son of don SANCHO III King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra (Soria 11 Nov 1155-Gutiérre Múñoz near Arévalo 6 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos).

7. JOAN (Château d’Angers, Anjou Oct 1165-Fontevrault Abbey in childbirth 4 Sep 1199, bur Fontevrault Abbey). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1165…mense Octobris" of "filiam [reginæ Alienoræ]…Johanna"[418]. Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[419]. Matthew of Paris records her first marriage in 1176, and refers to her second marriage in a later passage[420]. Her first marriage is also recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator)[421]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in [1177] of "Johanna filia regis Angliæ" and "Willelmo regi Siciliæ"[422]. She was crowned Queen of Sicily 13 Feb 1177 at Palermo Cathedral. After the death of her first husband, she was kept in confinement by his successor King Tancred. After her brother Richard I King of England (who was travelling through Italy on his way to join the Third Crusade in Palestine) demanded her release, she was sent to join him at Messina. The English king captured Messina to force Tancred to negotiate terms over the inheritance of King Guillaume[423]. Berenguela of Navarre, future bride of her brother King Richard, stayed with Joanna after landing in Naples in early 1191. They sailed together for Palestine with King Richard's fleet, landing at Limassol, Cyprus in Apr 1191[424]. Bar Hebræus records that the peace negotiations with between the Franks and the Muslims in Palestine in A.H. 587 (Oct 1191) included a proposal for "son frère el-Malec el-Adel" (referring to Salah-ad-Din) to marry "la sœur du roi d'Angleterre" (which must refer to Joanna as the only living sister of King Richard I who was not married at the time), but that the proposal was rejected because the priests imposed the requirement of his conversion to Christianity[425]. Joanna sailed from Acre for France 29 Sep 1191 with her sister-in-law Queen Berengaria[426]. Her second marriage was arranged by her brother Richard I King of England as part of the peace terms negotiated with Raymond VI Comte de Toulouse in 1196[427]. The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the betrothal in 1196 of "soror regis Ricardi Johanna quæ et regina exstiterat Siciliæ" and "comiti Sancti Ægidii"[428]. The Annals of Margan record the betrothal “apud Rothomagum” in 1196 of “Johanna relicta Willelmi regis Apulia” and “comiti Sancti Egidii”[429]. The Thalamus de Montpellier records the marriage in 1196 "el mes duchoire" of "R. coms de Tolosa" and "la regina Johanna"[430]. She took the veil on her deathbed. The necrology of the Prieuré de Collinances records the death "4 Sep" of "Johanna regina Sicilie"[431]. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Puylaurens records that Joan died in 1199 after her brother King Richard and was buried "dans l´église de Fontevrault"[432]. Roger of Hoveden records the death "in Normannia apud Rothomagum" in Sep 1199 of "Johanna uxor Raimundi comitis de Sancto Egidio, quondam regina Siciliæ, soror…Johannis regis Angliæ" and her burial "ad abbatiam Frontis Ebraudi"[433]. The Clypeus Nascentis Fontebraldensis Ordinis records that a living child was removed from Joan´s body after she died and lived long enough to be baptised, but died and was buried at the church of Notre-Dame de Rouen[434]. m firstly (Palermo Cathedral 13 Feb 1177) GUILLAUME II King of Sicily, son of GUILLAUME I King of Sicily & his wife Infanta doña Margarita de Navarra (1155-17 Nov 1189). m secondly (Rouen Oct 1196) as his third wife, RAYMOND VI Comte de Toulouse, son of RAYMOND V Comte de Toulouse & his wife Constance de France (27 Oct 1156-Toulouse 2 Aug 1222).

8. JOHN (Beaumont Palace, Oxford 24 Dec 1167-Newark Castle, Lincolnshire 18/19 Oct 1216, bur Worcester Cathedral). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1167…in vigilia Natalis Domini" of "Johannis filius regis Anglorum"[435]. He succeeded his brother Richard I in 1199 as JOHN King of England.

- see below.

King Henry II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

9. GEOFFREY ([1151]-monastery of Notre Dame du Parc, near Rouen 18 Dec 1212, bur Notre Dame du Parc). William of Newburgh names "Gaufrido regis filio naturali" when recording his appointment as Bishop of Lincoln[436]. He was brought up in the Royal household with his legitimate half-brothers and sisters. Archdeacon of the diocese of Lincoln. He was appointed Bishop of Lincoln in Apr 1173, until 1181. He was loyal to the King in 1173 when Henry’s legitimate sons rebelled against him. Chancellor of England 1181-1189, resigning on the request of King Richard I after their father’s death. He was elected Archbishop of York 10 Aug 1189. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that "Galfridus Henrici regis filius" was elected archbishop of York in [1189][437]. He was ordained as a priest Sep 1189, required by King Richard in return for his confirmation as Archbishop. Consecrated as Archbishop 18 Aug 1191 by the Bishop of Tours. He was forced into definitive exile in France in 1207[438].

King Henry II had one possible illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

10. --- (1168-). The primary source which confirms his or her parentage has not yet been identified.

King Henry II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (4):

11. WILLIAM Longespee (1176-Salisbury 7 Mar 1226, bur Salisbury Cathedral). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that Richard I King of England arranged the marriage of "Willelmus comes Saresberiensis filius comitis Patricii…filiam" and "Wilelmo fratri suo notho cum comitatu" in [1196][439]. He is described as "avunculus" of Richard Earl of Cornwall, Comte de Poitou by Matthew Paris[440]. Earl of Salisbury 1196 by right of his wife.

- EARLS of SALISBURY.

King Henry II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (5):

12. MORGAN ([1180/89]-after 1213). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Provost of Berkeley, Yorkshire 1201. He was elected Bishop of Durham in 1213 but Pope Innocent III refused a dispensation to allow his consecration on the grounds of his illegitimacy[441].

King Henry II had three possible illegitimate children by Mistresses (6) - (8):

13. [MATILDA (-before 1202). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Barking, Essex.

14. [HUGH of Wells ([before 1154]-1235). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Bishop of Lincoln 1186. According to Given-Wilson & Curteis, the allegations that he was the son of King Henry II are unsubstantiated and doubtful[442].]

15. [RICHARD . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]

JOHN 1199-1216

JOHN, son of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Dss d'Aquitaine (Beaumont Palace, Oxford 24 Dec 1166 or 1167-Newark Castle, Lincolnshire 18/19 Oct 1216, bur Worcester Cathedral[443]). The primary sources are contradictory regarding John´s year of birth. Robert of Torigny records the birth "1167…in vigilia Natalis Domini" of "Johannis filius regis Anglorum"[444]. Matthew of Paris records that “Alienor Anglorum regina” gave birth to “filium…Johannes”, stating neither the place nor the precise date but the passage is located in the middle of text which records events in 1166[445]. The Annals of Burton record the birth of “Regina…Johannem filium suum” in 1166[446]. The Annals of Dunstable record the birth of “Alienor…filium Johannem” at the end of the paragraph dealing with events in 1165 and immediately before the start of the paragraph for 1167, although it is likely that 1166 was intended as the text includes no separate entry for that year[447]. John was designated King of Ireland in 1177. Created Comte de Mortain 1189. His lands were placed under interdict by Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury because of his first marriage[448]. He succeeded his brother Richard I in 1199 as JOHN King of England, crowned London 27 May 1199[449] and again 8 Oct 1200 with his second wife at Westminster Abbey[450]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the coronation "VI Kal Jul" at Westminster Abbey in [1199] of "Johannes dominus Hiberniæ"[451]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XV Kal Nov" [1216] of King John and his burial "Wignorniæ"[452]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Newerk in crastino Sanctæ Luciæ virginis” in 1216 of “Johannes rex Angliæ”[453].

Betrothed (Auvergne 1173 before 2 Feb) to ALIX de Maurienne, daughter of HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne & his third wife Klementia von Zähringen (1166-1174). The marriage contract between "Johanni filio Henrici…regis Angliæ" and "Humbertus comes Mauriensis et marchio Italiæ…filia…primogenita…Aalis" is dated 1173[454]. Her parentage is specified by Matthew of Paris when he records this betrothal. Although he does not give her first name, he calls her "filia primogenita"[455]. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal of "Humbertus comes de Mauriana…Aalis filiam suam majoram" and "rex…Johannis filii sui iunioris" at "Alvernium…Montem Ferratum" in 1173 before 2 Feb, and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Maurienne if Humbert had no sons by his wife[456].

m firstly (Betrothed 1176, Marlborough Castle 29 Aug 1189, divorced before 30 Aug 1199) as her first husband, ISABEL [Avise] Countess of Gloucester, daughter of WILLIAM FitzRobert 2^nd Earl of Gloucester & his wife Avise de Beaumont ([before 1176]-14 Oct or [18 Nov] 1217, bur Canterbury Cathedral Church). An anonymous continuation of the Chronicle of Robert of Mont-Saint-Michel records (in order) "Comitissa Ebroicensis…uxor Guillelmi Comitis de Clara, tertia…in manu Dei et domini Regis" as the three daughters left by "Guillelmus Comes Glocestriæ" when he died[457]. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Mabiliam comiti de Evereis in Normannia nuptam…Amiciam…Isabellam” as the three daughters of “comes Willielmus” and his wife, adding that Isabel married “Henricus rex…Johanni filio suo”[458]. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1176 of "Johannem filium regis minimum" and "Willelmus filius Roberti filii regis Henrici primi comes Gloucestriæ…filiam ipsius comitis" and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Gloucester[459]. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that it took place despite the prohibition of Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury on the grounds of consanguinity, although he does not name her[460]. Benedict of Peterborough records the marriage in 1189 of "Johannes frater ducis [Normanniæ]" and "filiam comitis Gloucestriæ" at "Marlebegam IV Kal Sep"[461]. The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records that "comes Johannes frater eius [rege Ricardo]" married "filiam comitis Glocestriæ"[462]. The primary source which confirms her name as Isabelle has not yet been identified. She was recognised as Ctss of Gloucester in her own right from her marriage in [1189]. Matthew of Paris records her divorce in 1199, when he calls her "Hawisa"[463]. The Annales Londonienses record the divorce in 1200 of King John and "Hawysiam filiam comitis Gloverniæ", stating that they were "in tertio gradu consanguinitatis"[464]. King John appears to have kept her as a state prisoner after their divorce, but retained her title even after her nephew Amaury de Montfort was installed as Earl of Gloucester in 1199[465]. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records the second marriage of “Isabellam” and “Galfrido de Mandevile comiti Essexiæ”, and her third marriage to “Huberto de Burgo justiciario Angliæ”[466]. Her lands and title were confiscated on the death of her second husband, who died a rebel. She married secondly ([16/26] Jan 1214) as his second wife, Geoffrey de Mandeville Earl of Essex, and thirdly ([Sep] 1217) as his second wife, Hubert de Burgh, who was created Earl of Kent in 1227. The Annals of Waverley record the death in 1217 of “Isabel comitissa Gloucestriæ”[467]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Johannam comitissam Gloucestriæ” died “paucos dies” after her marriage to “Hubertus de Burgo justiciarius Angliæ” and was buried “apud Cantuarium”[468].

Betrothed (early 1193) to ALIX de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his [second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla] ([4 Oct] 1160-after 1200). Kerrebrouck states that Richard I King of England arranged the betrothal of Alix, to whom he had earlier been betrothed himself, to his younger brother John in early 1193[469], but the primary source which confirms this has not yet been identified. She returned to France in Aug 1195.

m secondly (Bordeaux Cathedral 24 Aug 1200) as her first husband, ISABELLE d’Angoulême, daughter of AYMAR “Taillefer” Comte d’Angoulême & his wife Alix de Courtenay ([1187]-Fontevrault Abbey 31 May 1246, bur Fontevrault Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IX Kal Sep" [1200] of King John and "Isabellam filiam Engolisimi comitis" and their coronation together "VIII Id Oct" in London[470]. Matthew of Paris names her as "filiam comitis Engolismi" when he records her marriage[471]. She was crowned Queen Consort 8 Oct 1200 at Westminster Abbey[472]. She succeeded her father in 1202 as Ctss d’Angoulême, but was not formally recognised as such until Nov 1206. She married secondly (10 Mar/22 May 1220) Hugues [X] de Lusignan Comte de la Marche. Her origin is confirmed in the charter dated 1224 under which "Ugo de Leziniaco comes Marchiæ et Engolismæ et Ysabella uxor eius…regina Angliæ" confirmed rights granted by "bonæ memoriæ Ademaro comite Engolismæ patre eiusdem dominæ Ysabellæ" to Vindelle[473]. Matthew of Paris records her death, when he specifies that she was the wife of Hugues Comte de la Marche[474].

Mistress (1): --- de Warenne, daughter of HAMELIN d'Anjou Earl of Surrey & his wife Isabelle de Warenne . According to Given-Wilson & Curteis[475], one of the mistresses of King John was the "sister of William de Warenne" but the authors do not specify which sister she was. The primary source which confirms her relationship with John has not yet been identified.

Mistress (2): CLEMENTIA, wife of HENRY Pinel, daughter of ---. The Annals of Tewkesbury names “reginæ Clemenciæ” as the mother of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis” when recording her daughter´s death[476]. The primary source which confirms the name of her husband has not yet been identified.

Mistress (3): HAWISE [de Tracy]. The primary source which confirms her name, possible family origin and relationship with King John has not yet been identified.

Mistress (4): SUSANNA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her name and relationship with King John has not yet been identified. She was given a "tunic and super-tunic" in 1213[477].

Mistresses (5) - (12): ---. The names of the other mistresses of King John are not known.

King John & his second wife had five children:

1. HENRY (Winchester Castle 1 Oct 1207-Palace of Westminster 16 Nov 1272, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Remigii" [1207] of "filium…Henricus" to "regina Isabel"[478]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[479]. He succeeded his father 28 Oct 1216 as HENRY III King of England.

- see below.

2. RICHARD (Winchester Castle 5 Jan 1209-Berkhamstead Castle, Herts 2 Apr 1272, bur Hayles Abbey, Gloucestershire). The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the birth in 1209 of "Ricardus secundus filius regis"[480]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[481]. He was designated Comte de Ponthieu before 14 Aug 1225, and created Earl of Cornwall 30 May 1227.

- EARLS of CORNWALL.

3. JOAN of England (22 Jul 1210-Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 4 Mar 1238, bur Tarrant Crawford Abbey, Dorset[482]). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “die Sanctæ Mariæ Magdalenæ” in 1210 of “regi filia Johanna”[483]. Matthew of Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III[484]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “regi Scotiæ” married “rege…sororem suam” in 1221, specifying that she was eleven years old at the time and had previously been betrothed to “Hugoni Brun”[485]. The Annales Londonienses record the death in 1238 of "Johanna regina regis Scotiæ, soror regis Anglorum" while on a visit to her brother in England and her burial "IV Non Mar"[486]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Haveringes III Non Mar” of “regina Scotiæ soror regis Angliæ” and her burial “apud Tarentune monialium”[487]. Betrothed to HUGUES [X] de Lusignan Comte de la Marche, son of HUGUES IX "le Brun" Sire de Lusignan, Comte de la Marche & his second wife Mathilde d'Angoulême (-1249 after 15 Jan, bur Abbaye de Valence). He succeeded in 1220 as Comte d'Angoulême. m (Betrothed York 1219, York Minster 18 or 25 Jun 1221) as his first wife, ALEXANDER II King of Scotland, son of WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland & his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Oban 6 Jul 1249, bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire).

4. ISABELLA of England (1214-Foggia near Naples 1 Dec 1241, bur Bari). Matthew of Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III[488]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Fredericus imperator Alemanniæ” married “Ysabellam filiam Johannis regis Angliæ” in 1235, her dowry being 30,000 marcs of silver[489]. The Annales Erphordenses record the marriage "1235 XVII Kal Aug" at Worms of "sororem Regis Anglie" and the emperor[490]. Her marriage was arranged by her future husband to drive a wedge between England and the Welf faction in Germany, long time allies[491]. She was granted the castle of Monte Sant'Angelo by her husband on her marriage, and crowned empress 20 Jul 1235 at Worms Cathedral. After her marriage, her husband confined her to one of his castles in Sicily where she was guarded by eunuchs. The Annales Londonienses record the death in 1241 of "Isabella imperatrix, soror regis Angliæ"[492]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “circa festum sancti Nicholai” in 1241 of “Johanna imperatrix” and her burial “apud Barensem urbem”[493]. She died in childbirth[494]. m (Betrothed London Feb 1235, Worms cathedral 15 or 20 Jul 1235) as his third wife, Emperor FRIEDRICH II King of Sicily, son of Emperor HEINRICH VI & his wife Constanza of Sicily (Iesi, Ancona 26 Dec 1194-Castel Fiorentino near Lucera, Foggia, of dysentery 13 Dec 1250, bur 25 Feb 1251 Palermo cathedral).

5. ELEANOR of England (1215- convent of the sisters of St Dominic, near Montargis 13 Apr 1275). The Annals of Dunstable record that “Willelmus Marscallus junior” married “sororem Henrici regis Angliæ” in 1225, recorded as the first event in that year[495]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage in 1224 of “soror regis Henrici” and “juveni Marescallo”[496]. She is recorded as "Pembrocensis comitissa" (not named), sister of Isabella, by Matthew of Paris[497]. He names her as daughter of King John in a later passage which records her second marriage with "Simon de Monteforti", specifying that she was "relictam Willelmi Marescalli comitis de Penbrochia"[498]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “XIX Kal Feb in parvula capella regis apud Westmonasterium” of “soror regis Angliæ uxor quondam junioris Marscalli” and “Symoni de Monteforti”[499]. The Annales Cambriæ record that "Simon de Monteforti" married "Alienoram comitissam Penbrok" in 1238[500]. She became a nun after the death of her first husband, taking a vow of perpetual celibacy. This was not a canonical impediment to her second marriage, her second husband obtaining Papal absolution in Rome for the marriage[501]. She retired once more as a nun at Montargis (a cell of the abbey of Fontevraud) after her second husband was killed[502]. m firstly (23 Apr 1224) as his second wife, WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke, son of WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke & his wife Isabel de Clare Ctss of Pembroke (Normandy [1190]-6 Apr 1231, bur 15 Apr 1231 Temple Church, London). No children. m secondly (King’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster 7 Jan 1238498) SIMON de Montfort, son of SIMON de Montfort Earl of Leicester & his wife Alice de Montmorency (1208-killed in battle Evesham 4 Aug 1265, bur Evesham). He left in England for Rome in 1238, while his wife remained at Kenilworth[503].

King John had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

6. RICHARD FitzJohn or Fitzroy (-[1245/46]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Matthew of Paris records the deaths of "Ricardi filii Rogeri de Chilham, Ricardi de Dover filii eius" among those who died in 1245[504]. He was a captain in King John's army during the baronial revolt. He fought the invasion of Louis de France in 1217[505]. Lord of Chilham, Kent, de iure uxoris. m (1214) ROHESE de Dover, daughter and heiress of FULBERT de Dover of Chilham, Kent & his wife Isabel Briwerre (-[1264/65]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Richard & his wife had [three] children:

a) RICHARD of Chilham . Matthew of Paris records the deaths of "Ricardi filii Rogeri de Chilham, Ricardi de Dover filii eius" among those who died in 1245[506]. Lord of Chilham. m (before 2 Dec 1247) as her third husband, MAUD Ctss of Angus, widow firstly of JOHN Comyn Earl of Angus, secondly of GILBERT de Umfreville Earl of Angus, daughter and heiress of MALCOLM 6^th Earl of Angus & his wife Mary Berkeley. Lord Richard & his wife had two children:

i) RICHARD of Chilham (-[1265/66]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Lord of Chilham. m as her first husband, JOAN de Grey, daughter of SIMON de Grey & his wife ---. She married secondly as his second wife, Gilbert de Pecche.

ii) ISABEL of Chilham (after 1245-Feb 1292). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. She was heiress of her brother at Chilham. m firstly (before 1265) as his second wife, DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, son of JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his wife Ada Hastings Ctss of Atholl (-Carthage 6 Aug 1270). He died while on Crusade in Tunisia. m secondly (shortly after 7 Nov 1270) Sir ALEXANDER Balliol of Cavers, co Roxburgh, son of Sir HENRY Balliol & his wife Lora [Lauretta] de Valoignes (-[19 Apr 1310/Jun 1311]). Lord of Chilham, by right of his wife. Chamberlain of Scotland 1287/1294. He was summoned to Parliament in 1300 as Baron Balliol[507].

b) ISABEL (-7 Jul [1276/77], bur Abbey of St Augustine, Bristol). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. King Henry III granted her certain manors 10 Aug 1264 "out of compassion for the poverty of his niece"[508]. m (before 12 Jul 1247) MAURICE de Berkeley "the Resolute" feudal Lord of Berkeley, son of THOMAS Lord of Berkeley & his wife Joan de Somery (1218-4 Apr 1281, bur Bristol St Augustine).

c) [LORETTE (-after 1248). In the Complete Peerage, she is described as the daughter of "Royce, daughter and heiress of Robert of Dover" who granted the manor of Luddington in 1248 to her daughter and son-in-law[509]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. m (1248) WILLIAM Marmion, son of ROBERT Marmion & his wife Avice de Tanfield (-27 Jul 1275).]

King John had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

7. JOAN (-30 Mar 1237). Her husband sent her to make peace with the king her father in 1211 when the latter was attacking North Wales. She was legitimated in 1226 by Pope Honorius III. She and her son David did homage to King Henry III in 1229[510]. She allegedly had an affair with William de Briouze, Lord of Abergavenny, who was hanged by her husband 2 May 1230[511]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "domina Johanna filia regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ" and her burial "apud Haber"[512]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “III Kal Apr” in 1236 of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis et reginæ Clemenciæ”[513]. m (1205) as his second wife, LLYWELLYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH Drwyndwyn ("flat nose") Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-1240).

King John had one illegitimate son by Mistress (3):

8. OLIVER (-killed at siege of Damietta 1219, bur Westminster Abbey). The 13th century Histoire des ducs de Normandie et des rois d´Angleterre names "Oliviers li fils le roi Jehan de bas"[514]. He fought against Louis of France during the latter's invasion in 1216/17. He was granted the castle of Tonge, the manor of Erdington and the estate of Hamedon by his half-brother King Henry III. He joined the Fifth Crusade in 1218[515].

King John had [nine] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

9. OSBERT Giffard (-1245). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Matthew Paris records the death in 1245 of "Osberti Giffard", although he does not specify his parentage[516].

10. [GILBERT de Bolum (-after 1245). Matthew Paris records the death in 1245 of "Osberti Giffard, Walteri filii Gilberti de Bolum, fratris eius"[517]. This text suggests that Gilbert de Bolum was the brother of Osbert Giffard. If Osbert´s parentage is correctly stated in the present document, Gilbert could have been another illegitimate son of King John (unless they were uterine brothers only).] m ---. The name of Gilbert´s wife is not known. Gilbert & his wife had one child:

a) WALTER (-1245). Matthew Paris records the death in 1245 of "Osberti Giffard, Walteri filii Gilberti de Bolum, fratris eius"[518].

11. GEOFFREY FitzRoy (-1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He held the honour of Perche. He headed a band of mercenaries who were embarking for Poitou from Dartmouth in 1205[519].

12. JOHN FitzJohn or Courcy (-1242). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. A knight. Maybe a clerk at Lincoln[520].

13. ODO FitzRoy (-[1242]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

14. HENRY Fitzroy . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He received land in Cornwall and married a minor heiress[521].

15. RICHARD . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Constable of Wallingford Castle.

16. [MATILDA]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Barking, Essex.

17. [ISABELLA la Blanche . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.]

HENRY III 1216-1272

HENRY, son of JOHN King of England & his second wife Isabelle Ctss d'Angoulême (Winchester Castle 1 Oct 1207-Palace of Westminster 16 Nov 1272, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Remigii" [1207] of "filium…Henricus" to "regina Isabel"[522]. He succeeded his father 28 Oct 1216 as HENRY III King of England. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the coronation "apud Bristowe…V Kal Nov" [1216] of King Henry[523]. Crowned Gloucester Cathedral 28 Oct 1216[524], and again Westminster Abbey 17 May 1220. The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the coronation in 1220 "die Pentecostem…XVI Kal Jun" of King Henry at Westminster[525]. He formally renounced the duchy of Normandy under the Treaty of Paris Dec 1259. King Henry planned grandiose schemes to increase England's influence in Europe, through installing his younger son as king of Sicily and with his brother as king of Germany, but failed in their successful implementation. His reign was bedevilled by domestic difficulties with the English barons, triggered partly by his inability to control his wife's relations whose establishment in England he encouraged. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "die S Eadmundi Cantuar. archiepiscopi" 16 Nov 1272 of King Henry III and his burial at Westminster[526].

Betrothed (before 19 Oct 1226) to YOLANDE de Bretagne, daughter of PIERRE Duke of Brittany & his first wife Alix de Thouars Dss of Brittany (in Brittany end 1218-château de Bouteville 10 Oct 1272, bur Villeneuve-les-Nantes, église abbatiale de Notre Dame). A letter of King Henry III dated 19 Oct 1226 confirms his betrothal to "Jolentam filiam Petri ducis Brittanniæ et comitis Richemundiæ"[527].

m (Betrothed 22 Jun 1235, Canterbury Cathedral 14 Jan 1236) ELEONORE de Provence, daughter of RAYMOND BERENGER IV Comte de Provence & his wife Béatrice de Savoie (Aix-en-Provence [1223]-Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 24/25 Jun 1291, bur Amesbury Abbey). A charter dated 22 Jun 1235 records the marriage agreement between "Henricus III Angliæ Rex" and "Amedeo IV Sab. Com. ac Willelmo electo Valentino fratribus…nepte, sororis illorum, comitissæ Provinciæ, filia"[528]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "Id Jan" [1236] in Canterbury of King Henry III and "Alienoram filiam comitis Proventiæ" and their joint coronation in London "XIII Kal Feb"[529]. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew Paris, who also states her parentage, and her coronation as Queen Consort 19/20 Jan 1236 at Westminster Abbey[530]. Her marriage signalled the establishment of close ties between the English court and the house of Savoy, the foreign immigrants becoming increasingly unpopular in England and contributing to the difficulties experienced by King Henry III with his barons. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, confirms her previous testaments appointing "Reginarum filiarum suarum Margarethæ Franciæ et Alienoræ Angliæ…" as her heirs[531]. She became a nun at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 7 Jul 1284. The Annales Londonienses record the death "in crastino Sancti Johannis Baptistæ" in 1291 of "Elianora mater regis Edwardi" and her burial "apud Ambresbury in festo nativitate beatæ Virginis"[532].

King Henry III & his wife had five children:

1. EDWARD (Palace of Westminster 17 Jun 1239-Burgh-on-Sands, Cumberland 8 Jul 1307, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "XIV Kal Jul" [1239] of "Edwardum filium suum primogenitum" to "Alienor regina Angliæ"[533]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[534]. He succeeded his father in 1272 as EDWARD I “Longshanks” King of England.

- see below.

2. MARGARET (1 Oct 1240-Cupar Castle, Fife 26/27 Feb 1275, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Annales Londonienses record the birth "in die Sancti Leodegarii" in 1240 of "filiam…Margareta" to "regina Angliæ"[535]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the birth “Kal Oct” in 1240 of “regi Angliæ filia…Matilda”[536]. Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris [537]. Matthew of Paris also records her marriage, as well as the splendour and extravagance of the marriage banquets[538]. The Annals of Burton record the marriage “die Natalis Domini apud Eboracum” in 1251 of “rex Scotiæ, filius regis Alexandri, puer parvulus ix annorum” and “Margaretam filiam regis Henrici Angliæ…eiusdem ætatis”[539]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “apud Eboracum…circa festum beati Stephani” in 1251 of “dominus rex…filiam suam primogenitam” and “regi Scotiæ”[540]. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "apud Eboracum" in 1252 of "Henricus rex Margaretam filiam suam" and "regi Scotiæ"[541]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in 1275 of "Margareta regina Scotie et Beatrix comitissa Britanniæ, filiæ Henrici"[542]. m (York Minster 26 Dec 1251538) as his first wife, ALEXANDER III “the Glorious” King of Scotland, son of ALEXANDER II King of Scotland & his second wife Marie de Coucy (Roxburgh 4 Sep 1241-between Burntisland and Kinghorn, Fife 16 or 19 Mar 1286, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).

3. BEATRIX (Bordeaux 25 Jun 1242-London 24 Mar 1275, maybe bur Reading Abbey, probably transferred to Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The Annales Londonienses record the birth "apud Burdegalam" in 1242 of "filiam…Beatrice" to "regina Alienora"[543]. Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris [544]. Her first betrothal was arranged to confirm Duke Ludwig's agreement to support the candidature of Richard Earl of Cornwall as king of Germany, the dowry being 12,000 marks[545]. Although the source does not say which of the king's daughters was Duke Ludwig's betrothed, it could only have been Beatrix as her older sister Margaret was already married and her younger sister Katherine was an infant, and also mute. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage in 1260 of "Johannes filius comitis Britanniæ" and "Beatricem filiam regis Angliæ"[546]. The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the marriage “apud Westmonasterium” in 1259 of “Johannem filium et hæredum comitis Britanniæ” and “Beatriciam filiam regis”[547]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in 1275 of "Margareta regina Scotie et Beatrix comitissa Britanniæ, filiæ Henrici"[548]. Betrothed (Bacharach 26 Nov 1256) to LUDWIG II "der Strenge" Duke of Bavaria, son of OTTO II "dem Erlauchten" Duke of Bavaria & his wife Agnes von Braunschweig (Heidelberg 13 Apr 1229-Heidelberg 2 Feb 1294, bur Kloster Fürstenfeld). m (contract 13 Oct 1260, église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint Denis Nov 1260, Westminster Abbey [25 Dec] 1260) JEAN de Bretagne [Dreux-Capet] Earl of Richmond, son of JEAN I Duke of Brittany & his wife Blanche de Champagne Infanta de Navarra (4 Jan 1239-Lyon 16 Nov 1305, bur Ploërmel, Morbihan, église Notre Dame du couvent des Carmes). Accompanied King Louis IX on the Second Crusade. He succeeded his father in 1286 as JEAN II Duke of Brittany.

4. EDMUND “Crouchback/Gibbosus” (London 16 Jan 1245-Bayonne 5 Jun 1296, bur Westminster Abbey). He is named as son of King Henry III by Matthew of Paris in 1254[549]. Created Earl of Leicester 26 Oct 1265, in succession to Simon de Montfort, and Earl of Lancaster 30 Jun 1267.

- see below, Part C. EARLS of LANCASTER.

5. KATHERINE (Palace of Westminster 25 Nov 1253-Windsor Castle 3 May 1257, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annales Londonienses record the birth in 1253 of "Katerina filia regis Henrici"[550]. The Annals of Worcester record the birth “nocte Ceciliæ” in 1253 of “regina…filiam…Katerina”[551]. Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris [552]. Her death is also recorded by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that she was "muta et inutilis sed facie pulcherrima"[553].

EDWARD I 1272-1307

EDWARD, son of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (Palace of Westminster 17 Jun 1239-Burgh-on-Sands, Cumberland 8 Jul 1307, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annals of Tewkesbury record the birth “XIV Kal Jul…Londoniæ apud Westmonasterium” of “filius…Eadwardus” to “regi Henrico Angliæ filio regis Johannis…de regina sua Alienora filia comitis de Provencia”[554]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "XIV Kal Jul" [1239] of "Edwardum filium suum primogenitum" to "Alienor regina Angliæ"[555]. Matthew of Paris records that Edward was installed as Duke of Gascony in 1252, after the territory was subdued by Simon de Montfort[556]. Henry III King of England granted “totam terram Vasconie” to “Eudoardo primogenito filio nostro” by charter dated 8 Jun 1252[557]. He was created Earl of Chester 14 Feb 1254. Taken prisoner with his father at the battle of Lewes 14 May 1264 by the rebel barons under Simon de Montfort, he managed to escape 26 May. As a means of making peace, he delivered the earldom of Chester to Simon de Montfort 24 Dec 1264, though it was restored to Edward after the battle of Evesham 4 Aug 1265. He left England in summer 1270 intending to join Louis IX King of France in Tunisia. On learning of the king's death after arriving in Africa, Edward wintered in Sicily with King Charles and the following spring sailed for Palestine, landing at Acre 9 May 1271, but he had insufficient resources to make any headway against the Mameluk Sultan Baibars and signed a peace agreement with the Sultan at Caesarea 22 May 1272[558]. An attempt was made on his life 16 Jun 1272 when an Assassin stabbed him with a poisoned dagger, the after effects of which left Edward seriously ill for several months, and left Acre for England 22 Sep 1272[559]. He succeeded his father in 1272 as EDWARD I “Longshanks” King of England, when he was in Sicily returning from the Crusade. He arrived back in England in Aug 1274, and was crowned 19 Aug 1274 at Westminster Abbey. A strong king, he increased the power of the crown during his reign at the expense of the barons, probably setting the scene for the problems faced by his weaker son Edward II.

Betrothed (1247) to [MARIE] de Brabant, daughter of HENRI II Duke of Brabant & his first wife Maria von Staufen (-beheaded Donauwörth 1256, bur Donauwörth Heiliges Kreuz Stift). The betrothal of one of the daughters of Duke Henri II to Edward of England is recorded by Matthew Paris[560]. It is not certain that Marie was the daughter in question. However, she is the most likely candidate as her two older sisters were already married and her younger half-sister was only an infant at the time.

m firstly (Betrothed 1253, Burgos 18 Oct 1254) Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla, daughter of don FERNANDO III “el Santo” King of Castile & his second wife Jeanne de Dammartin-Ponthieu (1240-Harby, Nottinghamshire 29 Nov 1290, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "circa translationem beati Edwardi regis apud Boures" in 1254 of "Edwardus filius regis Henrici" and "Alienoram iuvenculam…sororem regis Hispanniæ"[561]. This marriage was first proposed in 1253 in connection with settlement of the Spanish claim to Gascony, according to Matthew of Paris who refers to her as "sororem suam uterinani" in reference to "rex Hispaniæ" but does not give her name[562]. She accompanied her husband on crusade 1270/72. Crowned Queen 19 Aug 1274 at Westminster Abbey. She succeeded her mother in 1279 as Ctss de Ponthieu et de Montreuil. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Kal Dec apud Herdeby in comitatu Lincolniensi" of "Alienora regina Angliæ domini regis consors"[563].

m secondly (treaty Montreuil 19 Jun 1299, Canterbury Cathedral 8 or 9 Sep 1299) MARGUERITE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE III King of France & his second wife Marie de Brabant (1275-Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire 14 Feb 1318, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis names "Ludovicum comitem Ebroiciæ civitatis, Margaretamque reginam Angliæ ac Blancham ducissam Austriæ" as the three children of King Philippe III and his second wife, recording in a later passage the marriage of Marguerite "apud Cantuariam" in 1299[564]. The Annals of Worcester record the marriage “Sep…IV Id…in ecclesia Cantuarensi” in 1299 of “Edwardus rex” and “Margareta soror Philippi Regis Franciæ”[565].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Edward's mistress is not known.

King Edward I & his first wife had 16 children:

1. ELEANOR (Windsor Castle [17 Jun] 1264[566] or 1269-Ghent 12 Oct 1297, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "apud Wyndleshores" of "filiam…Alienoram" to "Alienora uxor domini Eadwardi regis primogeniti"[567]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that Edward I King of England sent "Jean d´Agrilli" to Barcelona to negotiate the marriage of his daughter to Alfonso III King of Aragon, dated to 1286, and records the betrothal later the same year[568]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "apud Bristoll vigilia S Matthaæi Apostoli" 20 Sep [1293] of "Alienora regis Angliæ flia primogenita" and "domino Henrico comitis de Baroduc"[569]. The Oude Kronik van Brabant records the marriage in 1294 of "comes de Barri" and "filiam primogenitam Eduardi regis Anglorum"[570]. Poull gives no death date for Eleanor, but says that she returned to England after her husband died and that 8 May 1304 her father started negotiations for her marriage with Robert, son of Othon Comte Palatin de Bourgogne & his wife Mathilde Ctss d'Artois[571]. This seems unlikely as Robert de Bourgogne was born in 1300, so was over 30 years younger than Eleanor. m firstly (Betrothed [1286], by proxy Westminster Abbey 15 Aug 1290, not consummated) don ALFONSO III "el Liberal" King of Aragon, son of don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon & his wife Constanza of Sicily [Hohenstaufen] (Valencia 4 Nov 1265-Barcelona 18 Jun 1291, bur Barcelona Franciscan Monastery). m secondly (Bristol 20 Sep 1293) HENRI III Comte de Bar, son of THIBAUT II Comte de Bar & his second wife Jeanne de Toucy (1259-Naples Sep 1302).

2. JOAN (Paris or Abbeville, Ponthieu Summer 1265-in France before 7 Sep 1265, bur Westminster Abbey). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

3. JOHN (Windsor Castle or Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire or Winchester 10 Jun or 10 Jul 1266-1-3 Aug 1271, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1271 of "Johannes filius Edwardi primogenitus" and his burial "apud Westmonasterium", stating that he was "in custodia domini regis Alemanniæ" (presumably indicating his paternal uncle Richard Earl of Cornwall)[572]. The Annals of Osney record the death “apud Walingeford circa gulam Augusti” in 1271 of “dominus Johannes primogenitus domini Edwardi” and his burial “apud Westmonasterium”[573].

4. HENRY (Windsor Castle 13 Jul [1267/68]-Merton, Surrey or Guildford Castle, Surrey 14 Oct 1274, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the burial at Westminster "XIII Kal Nov" 20 Oct [1274] of "dominus Henricus domini Edwardi filius"[574]. The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the death “circa festum Sancti Calixti Papæ” in 1274 of “Henricus filius regis Edwardi secundo genitus” and his burial “apud Westmonasterium…X Kal Nov”[575]. Betrothed (1 Sep 1273) to JEANNE de Champagne, Infanta doña JUANA de Navarra, daughter of don ENRIQUE I King of Navarre [HENRI III Comte de Champagne] & his wife Blanche d'Artois [Capet] (Bar-sur-Seine 14 Jan 1273-Château de Vincennes 31 Mar or 2 Apr 1305, bur Paris église des Cordeliers). A charter dated 1 Sep 1273 records the agreement between "Edbbardus…rex Anglie" and "Henricus…rex Navarre, Campanie et Brie, comes palatinus" for the marriage of "Henricus rex…Johannam filiam nostrum et heredem" and "Henrico filio primogenitor et heredi…Edbbardi regis Anglie"[576].

5. ALICE (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire ---- aged 12). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

6. JULIAN [Katherine] (Acre, Palestine 1271-Acre, Palestine 28 May or 5 Sep 1271, bur [Church of the Friars Preachers, Bordeaux). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

7. JOAN "of Acre" (Acre, Palestine Spring 1272-Clare Manor, Suffolk 23 Apr 1307, bur 26 Apr 1307 Priory Church of the Austin Friars, Clare, Suffolk). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth at Acre in [1272] of "filiam…Johannam" to "Alienor uxor domini Eadwardi"[577]. The Annales Hospitalis Argentinenses record that "comes Hartmannus [filius reginæ uxoris Rudolfi Regis]" was betrothed to "filia regis Anglie"[578]. This betrothal was arranged by King Rudolf to exploit Anglo/French rivalry. The marriage was arranged for 8 Sep 1278 in London, but postponed. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "ultimo die mensis Aprilis apud Westmonasterium" of "Gilbertus de Clare comes Gloverniæ" and "dominam Johannam dicta de Acra…filium regis Angliæ"[579]. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records the marriage of “Gilbertus secundus” and “Johanna de Acres, filia regis Edwardi primi”[580]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Edwardus rex…Johannam filiam suam secundo genitam” married “Gilberto comiti Gloverniæ” in 1290[581]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “comitssa Gloverniæ, filia domini regis” married “cuidam militia sine assensu regio” in 1296[582]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage more precisely has not yet been identified. Her second marriage was clandestine. The king, her father, did not know that Joan was already married when he agreed 16 Mar 1297 her marriage to Amédée Comte de Savoie. He confiscated Joan's lands 3 Jul 1297 when he found out about the marriage, but pardoned her 2 Aug 1297[583]. A manuscript history of the foundation of Dunmow Priory records the death in 1307 of “Johanna de Acres comitissa de Clare” and her burial “in ecclesia fratrum S. Augustini apud Clare”[584]. Betrothed to HARTMANN von Habsburg Graf von Kiburg, son of RUDOLF I Graf von Habsburg King of Germany & his first wife Gertrud [Anna] von Hohenberg [Zollern] (Rheinfelden 1263-drowned between Breisach and Strasbourg 21 Dec 1281, bur Basel Münster). m firstly (Papal dispensation 16 Nov 1289, Westminster Abbey 30 Apr 1290) as his second wife, GILBERT de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Hertford "the Red Earl", son of RICHARD de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Hertford & his second wife Maud de Lacy (Christchurch, Hampshire 2 Sep 1243-Monmouth Castle 7 Dec 1295, bur 22 Dec 1295 Tewkesbury). m secondly (secretly early 1297 or [12 May/3 Jul] 1297) as his first wife, RALPH de Monthermer, son of --- (-5 Apr 1325, bur Salisbury, Grey Friars church). He was a member of the household of her first husband. He was imprisoned by the King at Bristol when he learned of his marriage, but pardoned at Eltham 2 Aug 1297[585]. He used the title Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, in right of his wife, but does not seem to have been so created.

8. ISABELLA (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire or Windsor Castle or Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire [12/15] Mar 1274-1279, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “XVIII Kal Apr” in 1274 of “Edwardo regi Angliæ filiam…Ysabellam”[586], although the date is too close to the recorded birth of her older brother Alfonso for 1274 to be the correct year of Isabella´s birth. The Annals of Winchester record the birth “XVIII Kal Apr…apud Wyndesore” in 1275 of “Alianora regina domino Edwardi regi Angliæ…filiam…Isabellam”[587]. It is uncertain which date “XVIII Kal Apr” is intended to indicate.

9. ALFONSO (Bayonne or Bordeaux or in Maine 24 Nov 1275-Windsor Castle 19 Aug 1284, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annals of Waverley records the birth “apud Baionam in Vasconia…Novembri…in vigilia beatæ Katerinæ virginis” in 1275 of “domina Alianora regina Angliæ filium…Alfonsus”[588]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "apud Baunam in Gasconia…subsequente diem S Clemente" 24 Nov [1273] of "filius…Aldephonsum" to "domino Edwardo"[589]. He is said to have been designated Earl of Chester in 1284[590]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "apud Windleshores die S Magni Martyris" 19 Aug [1284] of "dominus Aldephonsus domini regis Angliæ filius"[591]. The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the death “XIV Kal Sep” in 1284 of “dominus Alfonsus filius domini regis Angliæ” and his burial “apud Westmonasterium die Sabbati proxima post festum Sancti Bartholomæi”[592].

10. BERENGARIA (Kennington Palace, Surrey 1 May [1277]-[1277/79], bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth in 1276 of "filiam…Berengariam" to "Alienor regina"[593]. The Annals of Winchester record the birth “Kal Mai…apud Kenyngtone” in 1276 of “Alianora regina domino Edwardi regi Angliæ…filiam…---”[594]. It is consistent with the order of birth of King Edward´s children suggested here if Berengaria was born in May 1277 not May 1276.

11. MARY (Windsor Castle 12 Mar or 22 Apr 1278-Amesbury Abbey before 8 Jul 1332, bur Amesbury Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "vigilie S Gregorii apud Windleshores" 11 Mar [1279] of "filiam…Mariam" to "Alienora regina Anglie"[595]. The Annals of Worcester record the birth “IV Id Mar” of “regina Angliæ…filiam apud Woodstock…vocata est ---”[596]. She became a nun at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 15 Aug 1285. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that "Maria filia regis Angliæ" became a nun at Amesbury "die Nativitatis beatæ Mariæ" 8 Sep[597].

12. MARGARET (Windsor Castle 11 Sep [1279/80]-1318 or after 11 Mar 1333, bur Brussels, Saints Michael and Gudula). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth in 1275 at Windsor of "filiam…Margaret" to "Alienora uxor regis, regina Angliæ"[598]. The order of the birth of the children of King Edward I is difficult to ascertain as none of the sources so far consulted records all their births and the different sources are inconsistent. If the Continuator of Florence of Worcester is accepted for the years of birth of Alfonso (Nov [1273]) and Margaret (1275), the year of birth of Isabella (consistently recorded in Mar 1275 N.S. in all sources so far consulted) is impossible. A solution to the problem is if Alfonso was born in Nov 1275 (see above) and Margaret in either 1279 or 1280. The Annales Halesiensibus record the marriage "1290 XVII Id Iul" of "Margaretam filiam regis" and "Iohannes filius et heres ducis Brabantie"[599]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "VI Id Jul" at Westminster of "Johannes filius et hæres Johannis ducis Brabantiæ" and "Margaretam filiam regis Anglie"[600]. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "VII Id Iul" in 1290 of "domina Margareta…regis Angliæ filia" and "Johanni filio ducis Brabantiæ"[601]. The Oude Kronik van Brabant records that "Johannes secundus…dux Lotharingie, Brabancie et Lymburgie marchioque Sacri Imperii" married "Margaretam filiam Eduardi primi regis Anglie"[602]. m (Westminster Abbey 8 Jul 1290) JEAN de Brabant, son of JEAN I Duke of Brabant & his second wife Marguerite de Flandre (27 Sep 1275-Château de Tervueren 27 Oct 1312, Brussels Saints Michael and Gudula). He succeeded his father in 1294 as JEAN II Duke of Brabant.

13. ELIZABETH (Rhuddlan Castle, Flintshire Aug 1282-Quendon, Essex [5] May 1316, bur Walden Abbey, Essex). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "apud Rothelan" in 1282 of "filiam…Elizabetham" to "Alienora regina Angliæ"[603]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the marriage of Count Jan and "Elizabeth…Eduardi regis filia", recording in a later passage that she returned to England after her husband died and married (secondly) "comes Erffordie"[604]. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "in festo Sanctæ Katerinæ…apud Caversham juxta Redyng" in 1302 of "Margareta filia regis Angliæ, comitissa Hoylandiæ et Salondiæ" and "domino Humfrido de Bohun comiti Herefordiæ"[605]. A manuscript which narrates the descents of the founders of Lanthony Abbey records that “Humfredus octavus de Bohun, comes Herefordiæ et Essex, constabularius Angliæ et dominus Breconiæ” married “Elizabetham filiam regis Edwardi filii regis Henrici tertii”, adding that she was buried “apud Waldene”[606]. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the birth “apud Quenden” of “quædam filia” to “Humfridus de Bohun” and his wife “Elizabethæ…regis Angliæ Edwardi…filiæ” during whose birth her mother diedm firstly (Ipswich Priory Church, Suffolk 18 Jan 1297) JAN I Count of Holland and Zeeland, son of FLORIS V Count of Holland & his wife Béatrice de Flandre [Dampierre] (1284-10 Nov 1299). m secondly (Westminster Abbey 14 Nov 1302) HUMPHREY de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex, son of HUMPHREY de Bohun 3^rd Earl of Hereford and Essex & Maud de Fiennes ([1276]-killed in battle Boroughbridge 16 Mar 1322, bur York, church of the Friars Preachers). He succeeded his father in 1298 as Earl of Hereford and Essex, Constable of England.

14. EDWARD "of Caernarvon" (Caernarvon Castle 25 Apr 1284-murdered Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 21 Sep 1327, bur Gloucester Cathedral). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Marci Evangelistæ" 25 Apr [1284] at Caernarvon of "domini regi Angliæ filius…Eadwardus"[607]. He succeeded his father in 1307 as EDWARD II King of England.

- see below.

15. BEATRICE (in Gascogne or Aquitaine after Aug 1286-young). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

16. BLANCHE ([1289/90]-young). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

King Edward I & his first wife had three children:

17. THOMAS "of Brotherton" (Brotherton, Yorkshire 1 Jun 1300-[4 Aug/20 Sep] 1338, bur Abbey of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “IV Non Jun…in manerio de Brothertone” in 1300 of “Margareta regina…filium…Thomas”[608]. He was created Earl of Norfolk 16 Dec 1312, and Marshal of England 10 Feb 1316.

- EARLS of NORFOLK.

18. EDMUND "of Woodstock" (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 5 Aug 1301-executed outside Winchester Castle 19 Mar 1330, bur Winchester, Church of the Friars Minor, later transferred to Westminster Abbey). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “Non Aug…apud Wodestok” in 1301 of “regina [filium]…Edmundum”[609]. Summoned to Parliament 1320 as Lord Woodstock. Appointed Keeper of Kent, Dover Castle and the Cinque Ports 16 Jun 1321. He was created Earl of Kent 28 Jul 1321.

- EARLS of KENT.

19. ELEANOR (Winchester 4 May 1306-Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 1311). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

King Edward I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

20. JOHN de Botetourt ([1265]-25 Nov 1324). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Summoned to Parliament 1305 as Lord Botetourt.

- see below, Part D. de BOTETOURT.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

EDWARD II 1307-1327

EDWARD "of Caernarvon", son of EDWARD I King of England & his first wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Caernarvon Castle 25 Apr 1284-murdered Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 21 Sep 1327, bur Gloucester Cathedral). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Marci Evangelistæ" 25 Apr [1284] at Caernarvon of "domini regi Angliæ filius…Eadwardus"[610]. He succeeded his mother in 1290 as Comte de Ponthieu et de Montreuil. Created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester 7 Feb 1301. Created Duke of Aquitaine in May 1306. He succeeded his father in 1307 as EDWARD II King of England. Crowned in Westminster Abbey 24/25 Feb 1308. The barons, weakened by the strong rule of Edward's father, took the opportunity to regain their position under the new king of weaker character. A crisis was triggered immediately after his accession due to the unpopularity of his favourite Piers Gaveston. Edward was obliged to accept a committee of Lords Ordainers to control his excesses, remove his own advisers and impose reforms. Gaveston was captured, tried and beheaded near Warwick 19 Jun 1312. Edward's first cousin Thomas Earl of Lancaster led the discontented barons, but lacked the ability to push through the reforms which were needed. Political confusion increased, but the various baronial factions found common cause in opposition to the king's new favourite Hugh Despenser the younger. The Earl of Lancaster, by now in open rebellion, was captured and beheaded at his castle in Pontefract. The other rebellious barons were defeated at Boroughbridge in 1322. But Edward lacked the leadership to push his advantage. Matters came to a head with the queen's affair with Roger Mortimer of Wigmore. The couple attracted baronial support to overthrow the king, who fled to Wales Oct 1326. His son Edward was appointed "Keeper of the Realm" by an extraordinary council at Bristol 26 Oct 1326. He was deposed 20 Jan 1327 by a Parliament convened without his authority, and he formally abdicated in favour of his son 25 Jan 1327.

Betrothed (Birgham Jul 1290) to MARGARET Queen of Scotland "the Maid of Norway", daughter of ERIK II King of Norway & his wife Margaret of Scotland (Tönsberg before 9 Apr 1283-on board ship off Orkney [26 Sep] 1290, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the betrothal between "Edward I king of England…Edward his son and heir" and "Margaret the daughter of the king of Norway…the true heiress of Scotland" in 1290[611]. This betrothal was agreed under the Treaty of Birgham in Jul 1290 which confirmed that Scotland would retain its independence after the marriage took place[612]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester confirms the betrothal of "Margareta filia Irici regis Norwegiæ…" and "Eadwardo regis Eadwardi filio" when recording her death[613].

Betrothed (31 Jul 1291) to BLANCHE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE III "le Hardi" King of France & his second wife Marie de Brabant (1278-Vienna 14 Mar 1306, bur Vienna, Minoritenkirche).

Betrothed (2 Feb 1296) to PHILIPPINE de Flandre, daughter of GUY Count of Flanders & his second wife Isabelle de Luxembourg Ctss of Namur (-Paris 1304). The Annals of Worcester record the betrothal of “Edwardum filium regis” and “filiam comitis Flandriæ” as part of the treaty agreed between England and Flanders “die Purificationis beatæ Mariæ” (2 Feb) in 1296[614]. The Chronique Normande names "Philippe" as the daughter of "conte en Flandres…Guy de Dampierre" by his second wife "fille au conte de Luxembourg", adding that she was betrothed to "le roy d´Angleterre…Edouart son filz"[615]. Philippe IV King of France obliged her father to abandon the betrothal after summoning him to Paris and imprisoning him for four months with two of his sons. Philippine was sent to Paris for her education[616].

m (Boulogne-sur-Mer 22 Jan 1308) ISABELLE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE IV "le Bel" King of France & his wife doña Juana I Queen of Navarre (Paris 1292-Castle Rising, Norfolk or Hertford Castle 21 Nov 1358, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "apud Boloniam…in festo Conversionis Sancti Pauli" in 1308 of "rex Edwardus" and "Isabellam filiam regis Franciæ Philippi"[617]. The Continuatio of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in Jan 1308 "apud Boloniam supra mare" of "Eduardus Angliæ rex" and "filiam unicam regis Franciæ Philippi...Isabellam"[618]. She was crowned Queen of England with her husband 24/25 Feb 1308. Her relationship with her husband steadily deteriorated over the years, culminating in her flight to France to seek the protection of her brother Philippe V King of France. In 1325, Roger Mortimer became her lover, and together they plotted her husband's overthrow. She was declared head of the Council of Regency by Parliament on the deposition of her husband. However, her rule was unpopular. She signed an unfavourable treaty with France and recognised Robert Bruce as king of Scotland for the first time. In addition, Mortimer alienated the barons with his territorial ambitions. Her son seized power, had Mortimer arrested after a Great Council meeting at Nottingham 19 Oct 1330 and condemned him to death. Isabelle thereafter lived in retirement. Froissart records that Isabelle went to "Ostrevant en Haynau en un chastel…Buignicourt dont messires Nicoles d´Aubrecicourt estoit sires"[619].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Edward's mistress is not known.

King Edward II & his wife had four children:

1. EDWARD "of Windsor" (Windsor Castle 13 Nov 1312-Sheen Palace, near Richmond, Surrey 21 Jun 1377, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuatio of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the birth "circa Natale Domini" in 1312 of "Eduardo regi Angliæ ex conjuge Izabella...filius...Eduardus"[620]. He succeeded on the abdication of his father in 1327 as EDWARD III King of England.

- see below.

2. JOHN "of Eltham" (Eltham Manor House, Kent 25 Aug 1316-Perth 13 Sep 1336, bur Westminster Abbey). Froissart names "Jehans de Eltem" as second son of King Edward II and his wife, adding that he "morut jones"[621]. Warden of the City and Tower of London Oct 1326. Created Earl of Cornwall [16/31] Oct 1328. Guardian of the Realm May-Jun 1329, and Apr 1331. According to the Complete Peerage, he was killed by his brother King Edward III[622]. Betrothed (Papal dispensation Oct 1334) to Infanta doña MARÍA de Castilla, daughter of don FERNANDO IV King of Castile and Leon & his wife Infanta dona Costança de Portugal .

3. ELEANOR (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 18 Jun 1318-Deventer Abbey, Gelderland 22 Apr 1355, bur Deventer Abbey). The Kronik van Arent toe Bocop records that "dye Rennaldus…grave van Gelre" married secondly "Helionora, conick Eduerts van Enghelants dochter"[623]. Froissart records that the second daughter (unnamed) of King Edward II and his wife married "au duch de Guerle"[624]. The Kronik van Arent toe Bocop records that "Alyenora, hertich Rennolts wedue" died in 1355 and was buried "toe Groenendaell" with her husband[625]. m (Nijmegen May 1332) as his second wife, REINALD II Graaf van Gelderland, son of REINALD I Graaf van Gelderland & his second wife Marguerite de Flandre ([1295]-Arnhem 12 Oct 1343, bur Arnhem).

4. JOAN (Tower of London 5 Jul 1321-Hertford Castle 7 Sep 1362, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the marriage of "David, King Robert´s son" and "Joan sister of Edward III King of England" at Berwick 17 Jul 1328[626]. Froissart names "Ysabel" as older daughter of King Edward II and his wife, adding that she married "au jone roy David d´Escoce, filz au roi Robert de Brus" and recording their marriage at Berwick in a later passage[627]. Crowned Queen Consort of Scotland with her husband at Scone Abbey. m (Berwick-upon-Tweed 17 Jul 1328) as his first wife, DAVID Earl of Carrick, son of ROBERT I King of Scotland & his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh (Dunfermline Palace, Fife 5 Mar 1324-Edinburgh Castle 22 Feb 1371, bur Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh). Created Earl of Carrick by his father 1328. He succeeded his father in 1329 as DAVID II King of Scotland.

King Edward II had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

5. ADAM ([1310]-after 1322).

EDWARD III 1327-1377, RICHARD II 1377-1399

EDWARD "of Windsor", son of EDWARD II King of England & his wife Isabelle de France (Windsor Castle 13 Nov 1312-Sheen Palace, near Richmond, Surrey 21 Jun 1377, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuatio of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the birth "circa Natale Domini" in 1312 of "Eduardo regi Angliæ ex conjuge Izabella...filius...Eduardus"[628]. He was created Earl of Chester 24 Nov 1312. Created Comte de Ponthieu et de Montreuil 2 Sep 1325, and Duke of Aquitaine 10 Sep 1325. Elected Keeper of the Realm at an extraordinary council held in Bristol 26 Oct 1326, after his father fled to Wales. He was proclaimed EDWARD III King of England 25 Jan 1327, under the joint regency of his mother and her lover Roger Mortimer Earl of March. Crowned 1 Feb 1327 at Westminster Abbey. He overthrew the regents 20 Oct 1330 and assumed personal rule. He formally assumed the title King of France Jan 1340. As a mark of his love of chivalry, he founded the Order of the Garter in 1348. His reign was marked by a successful constitutional balance and the maintenance of generally good relations with the barons. The Annals of Bermondsey record the death “1377…21 Jun” of “rex Edwardus tertius” and his burial “apud Westmonasterium”[629].

m (York Minster 24 Jan 1328) PHILIPPA de Hainaut, daughter of GUILLAUME V “le Bon” Comte de Hainaut Count of Holland & his wife Jeanne de Valois (Valencienne or Mons [1313/14]-Windsor Castle 15 Aug 1369, bur Westminster Abbey). The History of Henricus Dapifer de Diessenhoven records that "dominus Ludewicus et rex Anglie et marchio Iuliacensis" had married "tres…sorores…fillies comitis Hannonie sive Hollandie"[630]. Froissart records the marriage of "li jones rois Edouwars" and "Phelippe de Hainnau" in "l´eglise cathedral, que on dist de Saint Guillaume"[631]. She was crowned Queen 2 or 20 Feb 1328 at Westminster Abbey, and again 18 Feb or 4 Mar 1330 at Westminster Abbey.

Mistress (1): ([1363/77]) ALICE Perrers, daughter of Sir RICHARD Perrers of Hertfordshire & his wife --- ([1348]-1400). She was the king's mistress from [1363] until his death. After King Edward III's death, she was tried for corruption, banished and her goods forfeited. She married Sir William Windsor, Governor of Ireland.

King Edward III & his wife had thirteen children:

1. EDWARD "of Woodstock" (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 15 Jun 1330-Palace of Westminster 8 Jun 1376, bur Canterbury Cathedral, Kent). Created Earl of Chester 18 May 1333, and Duke of Cornwall 3 Mar 1337. He was created Prince of Wales 12 May 1343. Known as the Black Prince. Created Prince d’Aquitaine 19 Jul 1362 (which he resigned 28 Dec 1375 due to ill health). Created Lord of Vizcaya and Castro Urdiales [in Castile] by Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile 23 Sep 1366. The Annals of Bermondsey record the death “apud Westmonasterium Dominica in festo Sanctæ Trinitatis…8 Jun” in 1376 of “Edwardus princeps Walliæ, primogenitus Edwardi regis tertii” and his burial “apud Cantuarium”[632]. m (Papal dispensation 10 Sep 1361, St Stephen’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster or Canterbury Cathedral or Windsor Castle 10 Oct 1361) as her third husband, JOAN Ctss of Kent, Baroness Woodstock and Baroness Wake, widow of Sir THOMAS de Holand of Broughton Lord Holand, daughter of EDMUND Earl of Kent & his wife Margaret Baroness Wake (29 Sep 1328-Wallingford Castle, Berkshire 7, 8 or 21 Aug 1385, bur 29 Jan 1386 Greyfriars Church, Stamford, Lincolnshire, probably later transferred to London). She was known as the Fair Maid of Kent. Mistress (1): EDITH de Willesford, daughter of --- (-after 1385). Mistress (2): --- . The name of Edward's second mistress is not known. Mistress (3): ---. The name of Edward's third mistress is not known. Edward Prince of Wales & his wife had two children:

a) EDWARD (Angoulême 27 Jan 1365-Bordeaux Jan 1372, bur Bordeaux, later transferred to Church of the Austin Friars, London).

b) RICHARD (Bordeaux [6] Jan 1367-Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire, probably murdered 6 Jan or 14 Feb 1400, bur King’s Langley Church, Hertfordshire, transferred 1413 to Westminster Abbey). Created Prince of Wales, Earl of Cornwall and Earl of Chester 20 Nov 1376. He succeeded his grandfather in 1377 as RICHARD II King of England. Crowned at Westminster Abbey 16 Jul 1377. Deposed 19 Aug 1399 by his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke, he formally abdicated 29 Sep 1399. m firstly (St Stephen’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster 14, 20 or 22 Jan 1382) ANNA of Bohemia, daughter of Emperor KARL IV, King of Germany and Bohemia & his fourth wife Elisabeth von Pommern (Prague 11 May 1366-Sheen Palace, near Richmond, Surrey 7 Jun 1394, bur Westminster Abbey). The Chronicon Bohemicum Anonymi records the birth in 1366 of "primogenita Anna Regina Angliæ"[633]. She was crowned Queen 22 Jan 1382 at Westminster Abbey. The Annals of Bermondsey record the death “1394…7 Jun” of “Anna regina Angliæ uxor regis Ricardi secundi” and her burial “apud Westmonasterium”[634]. She died of the plague. m secondly (contract Paris 9 Mar 1396, by proxy Sainte-Chapelle, Palais Royal, Paris 12 Mar 1396, Calais Saint-Nicolas 1 Nov 1396, not consummated) as her first husband, ISABELLE de France, daughter of CHARLES VI King of France & his wife Elisabeth [Isabelle] von Bayern-Ingolstadt (Palais du Louvre, Paris 9 Nov 1389-Château de Blois 13 Sep 1409, bur Blois, Abbaye de Saint Laumer, later removed to Paris, église des Célestins). The Annals of Bermondsey record the marriage “1396…circa festum Omnium Sanctorum apud Caleys” of “Isabella regina regi Ricardo” and her coronation “8 Jan…apud Westmonasterium”[635]. Her first marriage sealed the four-year peace with England concluded by her father in 1395. Imprisoned after the deposition of her husband, she returned to France in Aug 1401. She married secondly (contract 5 Jun 1406, Compiègne, Oise 6 Jun 1407) as his first wife, Charles d'Orléans Comte d'Angoulême, who succeeded in 1407 as Duc d'Orléans.

Edward Prince of Wales had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

c) Sir ROGER de Clarendon ([1345/60]-executed 1402). m MARGARET Fleming, daughter of JOHN Fleming Baron de la Roche & his wife ---.

Edward Prince of Wales had one illegitimate son by Mistress (2):

d) EDWARD ([1349]-young).

Edward Prince of Wales had one illegitimate son by Mistress (3):

e) Sir JOHN Sounders or John de Galeis [Calais?].

2. ISABELLA (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 16 Feb or [Mar] or 16 Jun 1332-before 4 May 1379 or [17 Jun/5 Oct] 1382, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). She remained in England after her husband resigned his English honours in 1377. m (Windsor Castle 27 Jul 1365) as his first wife, ENGUERRAND [VII] Seigneur de Coucy, son of ENGUERRAND [VI] Sire de Coucy [Guines] & his wife Katharina of Austria ([1339]-Bursa, Anatolia of plague 18 Nov 1397, bur Soissons, Abbaye de Villeneuve).

3. JOAN (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire [Feb] 1335-Loremo, Bordeaux of the Black Death 2 Sep 1348, bur Loremo or Bordeaux or Bayonne Cathedral). Betrothed to Infante don PEDRO de Castilla y León, son of don ALFONSO IX King of Castile & his second wife Infanta dona Maria de Portugal (Burgos 30 Aug 1334-murdered Montiel 22 Mar 1369, bur Seville Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1350 as don PEDRO I "el Cruel" King of Castile.

4. WILLIAM "of Hatfield" (Hatfield, Yorkshire [1334/36] before 16 Feb 1337-Hatfield Yorkshire before 3 Mar 1337, bur York Minster).

5. LIONEL "of Antwerp" (Antwerp 29 Nov 1338-Alba, Piémont 17 Oct 1368, bur Pavia, later removed to Clare Priory, Suffolk). Guardian of England 1 Jul 1345-25 Jun 1346. Earl of Ulster 1347, de iure uxoris. Created Duke of Clarence 13 Nov 1362. According to Buchon, the name “Clarence” derives from the port town of Klarentza, built near Andravida in the principality of Achaia to ensure communication between the newly established principality and western Europe, which was bequeathed by Mathilde de Hainaut titular princess of Achaia to her cousin Philippa de Hainaut, wife of King Edward III[636]. Chief Governor of Ireland 1 Jul 1361-1364, 1364-1365, and during 1367. m firstly (Tower of London 15 Aug 1342, and Reading Abbey 9 Sep 1342, consummated 1352) ELIZABETH de Burgh Ctss of Ulster, daughter and heiress of WILLIAM de Burgh Earl of Ulster & his wife Maud of Lancaster ([Carrickfergus Castle, Ulster] 6 Jul 1332-Dublin [10 Dec] 1363, bur Clare Priory, Suffolk). The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Elizabetha de Borow” as daughter and heiress of “Willelmo”, son of “Johannem de Borow comitem de Holvestre”, adding that she married “Leonellus filius secundus Regis Edwardi tertii”[637]. She succeeded as Ctss of Ulster in 1333 on the murder of her father. m secondly (contract Westminster 15 May 1367, Milan, Santa Maria Maggiore 28 May 1368) as her first husband, VIOLANTE Visconti, daughter of GALEAZZO II Visconti Lord of Milan & his wife Blanche Marie de Savoie ([1353]-1382 or Nov 1386). She married secondly (Pavia 2 Aug 1377) Secondotto Marchese di Monferrato (1361-murdered Langhirano, near Parma Dec 1378), and thirdly (18 Apr 1381) her first cousin, Lodovico Visconti Signore di Lodi (Sep 1358-18 Apr 1381). Lionel Duke of Clarence & his first wife had one child:

a) PHILIPPA (Eltham Palace, Kent 16 Aug 1355-[21 Nov 1378/9 Feb 1381], bur Cork, Ireland, later transferred to Wigmore, Herefordshire). The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Philippa” as only daughter of “Leonellus filius secundus Regis Edwardi tertii” and his wife Elizabeth, adding that she married “domino Edmundo comiti Marchiæ”[638]. She succeeded her mother in 1363 as Ctss of Ulster. m (Queen’s Chapel, Reading Abbey after 1359, probably May 1368) EDMUND Mortimer Earl of March, son of ROGER de Mortimer Lord Mortimer 2^nd Earl of March & his wife Philippa de Montagu (Llangoed, Llyswen, Breconshire 1 Feb 1352-Cork, Dominican Friary 27 Dec 1381, bur Cork, Dominican Friary, later transferred to Wigmore). Earl of Ulster, Lord of Connaught, and Lord of Clare in Suffolk 1368, by right of his wife, having livery of her inheritance 24 Aug 1369 when she came of age. Marshal of England, resigned 1376. He sided with the Prince of Wales and the clergy, against John of Gaunt and the Barons. Appointed to the Council of Regency on the accession of King Richard II. Appointed King's Lieutenant in Ireland 22 Oct 1379, arriving in Ireland 15 May 1380.

6. JOHN "of Gaunt" (St Bavon’s Abbey, Ghent [Feb/Mar] 1340-[Leicester Castle or Ely Place, Holborn, London] ¾ Feb 1399, bur Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London). Created Earl of Richmond 20 Sep 1342, surrendered 5 Jun 1372. He was summoned to Parliament as Earl of Lancaster and Richmond 14 Aug 1361. Created Duke of Lancaster 13 Nov 1362.

- see below, Part E. HOUSE of LANCASTER.

7. EDMUND "of Langley" (Abbot’s Langley, Hertfordshire 5 Jun 1341-King’s Langley, Hertfordshire 1 Aug 1402, bur King’s Langley, Church of the Dominican Friars). Created Earl of Cambridge 13 Nov 1362. Created Duke of York 6 Aug 1385.

- see below, Part F. HOUSE of YORK.

8. BLANCHE (Tower of London Mar 1342-Tower of London Mar 1342, bur Westminster Abbey).

9. MARY (Waltham, near Winchester, Hampshire 10 Oct 1344-1362 after 25 Dec, bur Abingdon Abbey, Oxfordshire). m (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire Summer 1361) as his first wife, JEAN V "le Vaillant" Duke of Brittany, son of JEAN IV Duke of Brittany & his wife Jeanne de Flandre ([Nov/Dec] 1339 or [30 Sep/8 Dec] 1340-Nantes 1/2 Nov 1399, bur Nantes Cathedral).

10. MARGARET (Calais or Windsor Castle 20 Jul 1346-soon after 1 Oct 1361, bur Abingdon Abbey, Oxfordshire). No children. m (Reading Abbey 19 May 1359) as his first wife, JOHN Hastings Earl of Pembroke, son of LAURENCE de Hastings Earl of Pembroke & his wife Agnes de Mortimer (Sutton Valence 29 Aug 1347-Picardy 1375).

11. THOMAS "of Windsor" (Windsor Castle Summer 1347-[1348]), bur King’s Langley Church, Hertfordshire).

12. WILLIAM "of Windsor" (Windsor Castle before 24 Jun 1348-before 5 Sep 1348, bur Westminster Abbey).

13. THOMAS "of Woodstock" (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 7 Jan 1355-murdered Prince’s Inn, Calais 8/9 Sep 1397, bur Pleshy, Essex, Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity). Appointed Constable of England 10 Jun 1376, renewed after the accession of King Richard II 22 Jun 1377. He was created Earl of Buckingham 16 Jul 1377. He succeeded as Earl of Essex 22 Jun 1380, de iure uxoris after she came of age. Duke of Aumâle from before 3 Sep 1385. He was created Duke of Gloucester 6 Aug 1385. He was foremost of the nobles who obtained the condemnation of Michael de la Pole Earl of Suffolk, the King's favourite, and the confiscation of his estates in Oct 1386. King Richard II arrested him at Pleshy 11 Jul 1397, from where he was taken to Calais. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records that “Thomas Wodestoke dux Gloucestriæ” was killed “1397 V Non Oct…apud Callis” and buried at Westminster[639]. He was declared guilty of treason after his death, and his estates forfeited. m (before 8 Feb 1376) ELEANOR de Bohun, daughter of HUMPHREY de Bohun Earl of Hereford, Essex and Northampton & his wife Joan FitzAlan ([1366]-Minoresses’ Convent, Aldgate, London 3 Oct 1399, bur Westminster Abbey). The History of the foundation of Walden abbey names “Alianoram…et Mariam” as the two daughters of “Humfredus filius domini Willielmi de Bohun, comitis de Northampton” and his wife “dominam Joannam filiam comitis Arundellæ”, adding that Eleanor was wife of “domino Thomæ de Woodstock…regis Angliæ Edwardi tertii filio, duci Gloucestriæ et comiti Buckinghamiæ”[640]. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the death “1399 V Non Oct” of “Elianora ducissa Gloucestriæ” and her burial at Westminster[641]. Thomas Duke of Gloucester & his wife had five children:

a) HUMPHREY ([1381]-2 Sep 1399, bur Walden Abbey, Essex). Called Earl of Buckingham, but because of his father's attainder he never succeeded to the peerage. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the death “1399 IV Non Sep” of “Humfridus de Boun filius Thomæ Woodstoke ducis Gloucestriæ” and his burial at Walden[642].

b) ANNE (Apr 1383-16 Oct 1438, bur Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire). She was recognised as Ctss of Buckingham, Hereford and Northampton, Lady of Brecknock and Holderness, from 1399. m firstly ([1390], not consummated) THOMAS de Stafford Earl of Stafford, son of HUGH de Stafford Earl of Stafford & Philippa de Beauchamp (1368 or before-Westminster 4 Jul 1392, bur Stone, Staffordshire). m secondly (before 28 Jun 1398) her brother-in-law, EDMUND de Stafford Earl of Stafford, son of HUGH de Stafford Earl of Stafford & Philippa de Beauchamp (2 Mar 1378-killed in battle Shrewsbury 21 Jul 1403, bur Stafford, Church of the Austin Friars). He succeeded his brother in 1395 as Earl of Stafford. Appointed Constable of England 21 Jul 1403. m thirdly (before 20 Nov 1405) Sir WILLIAM Bourchier, son of Sir WILLIAM Bourchier & his wife Eleanor de Lovayne [Louvain] (-Troyes 28 May 1420, bur Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire). He was appointed Constable of the Tower of London 26 Nov 1415. Comte d'Eu 10 Jun 1419.

c) JOAN (1384-16 Aug 1400, bur Walden Abbey, Essex). The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the death in 1400 of “Johanna filia Thomæ Woodstoke ducis Gloucestriæ” and her burial at Walden[643]. Betrothed ([20 May 1392]) to GILBERT Talbot, son of RICHARD Talbot Lord Talbot & his wife Ankaret Lestrange (1383-Rouen 19 Oct 1418). He succeeded his father in 1396 as Lord Talbot. He succeeded his mother 1 Jun 1413 as Lord Strange [of Blackmere]. He died at the siege of Rouen.

d) ISABELLA (12 Mar 1386-[Apr 1402]). Nun at the Minoresses’ Convent, Aldgate, London.

e) PHILIPPA ([1389]-before 3 Oct 1399).

King Edward had three illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

14. JOHN de Southeray ([1364/65]-after 1383). Knighted in Apr 1377. During the campaign in Portugal 1381/82, he led a mutiny against his half-brother Edmund of Langley. m (Jan 1377) MAUD de Percy, daughter of HENRY de Percy Lord Percy & his first wife Mary of Lancaster.

15. JOAN . m ROBERT Skerne (-Apr 1437). Lawyer of Kingston-upon-Thames, lived at Down Hall, Kingston.

16. JANE . m RICHARD Northland .

B. EARLS of LANCASTER, descendants of EDMUND "Crouchback", son of King HENRY III

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

EDMUND “Crouchback/Gibbosus”, son of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (London 16 Jan 1245-Bayonne 5 Jun 1296, bur Westminster Abbey). According to Matthew of Paris, after his uncle Richard Earl of Cornwall refused the kingdom of Sicily, the Pope offered it to King Henry who accepted it on behalf of his son Edmund[644]. Nominated King of Sicily by Pope Innocent IV 14 May 1254, in opposition to Manfred von Hohenstaufen, invested 18 Oct 1255[645], although he never arrived in the country and was absolved of all his obligations with respect to Sicily by the Pope 8 Aug 1264. Created Earl of Leicester 26 Oct 1265, in succession to Simon de Montfort, and Earl of Lancaster 30 Jun 1267, although never referred to as Earl. Appointed Steward of England for life 9 May 1269, renounced 20 Aug 1274. He was on crusade in Palestine 1270-1272. Comte de Champagne et de Brie, in right of his second wife, 1276. Commander in Wales 8 Aug 1277. He captured Llywellyn Prince of Wales in 1282, beheaded him and set up his head in the Tower of London. He died during the siege of Bordeaux. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the death "in Gasconiam contra gentes regis Franciæ...apud Baionam" in 1296 of "Emundus regis Angliæ frater"[646].

m firstly (contract 6 Apr 1269, Westminster Abbey 8/9 Apr 1269) AVELINE de Forz, daughter of WILLIAM de Forz Lord of Holderness, titular Comte d'Aumâle & his wife Isabel de Reviers (Burstwick, Yorkshire 20 Jan 1259-Stockwell, Surrey 10 Nov 1274, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "VI Id Apr" of "Eadmundus filius Henrici regis" and "filiam et hæredem comitis Aubemarliæ" at Westminster[647]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in 1274 of "Avelina uxor domini Eadmundi regis filii comitissa Aubermarliæ"[648]. The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the death “circa festum Sancti Martini” in 1274 of “uxor domini Edmundi fratris…regis nostri”[649].

m secondly (before 3 Feb 1276, or [27 Jul/29 Oct] 1276) as her second husband, BLANCHE d'Artois, widow of don ENRIQUE I King of Navarre HENRI III Comte de Champagne, daughter of ROBERT I Comte d’Artois [Capet] & his wife Mathilde de Brabant (1248-Paris 2 May 1302, probably bur Minoresses Convent, Aldgate, London). The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the marriage in 1275 of “dominus Edmundus frater domini regis Anglorum” and “dominam reginam Naveriæ”[650]. The Gesta Philippi Tertia Francorum Regis of Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in 1275 of "comes Attrebati Robertus...sororem...relictam regis Navarræ Henrici" and "Edmundo fratri regis Angliæ Edoardi"[651]. William of Tyre (Continuation) states that she was sister of the Comte d'Artois when recording the death of her first husband and remarriage in 1276 with Edmund[652]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in 1276 of "Eadmundus comes Lancastriæ dominis regis frater" and "reginam Navarræ"[653].

Earl Edmund & his second wife had four children:

1. THOMAS of Lancaster ([1277/80]-executed Pontefract, Yorkshire 22 Mar 1322, bur Pontefract, Priory of St John). He succeeded his father 1296 as 2^nd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester, declared of full age 8 Sep 1298. Sheriff of Lancashire 1298. Styled Earl Ferrers (Derby) from 1301. Created Steward of England 2 May 1308. He was one of the most active of the Barons opposing King Edward II, and the influence of the latter's favourite Piers Gaveston. Leader of the Lords Ordainers appointed to control the King, he lacked the real ability to enforce the reforms needed. Earl of Lincoln 5 Feb 1311, and Earl of Salisbury, both in right of his wife, he renounced these Earldoms when he divorced his wife [1318]. His relations with Edward II continued to deteriorate. In Aug 1321 Thomas forced the banishment of Edward's favourites, the Despensers father and son. By then in open rebellion against the King, his goods in the city of London were confiscated 16 Feb 1322 and his castle at Pontefract besieged 15 Mar 1322. He was beheaded there in the King's presence a few days later. The Book of Lacock records that “comiti de Lancaster, Leicester et de Ferrers, Thomæ” was captured “1321 XI Kal Apr”, taken to Pontefract, and condemned to death in his own castle[654]. He was rehabilitated posthumously by Parliament 3 Feb 1327, after the deposition of Edward II. Edward III even asked Pope John XXII to canonise Thomas. m (on or before 28 Oct 1294, divorced [1318]) as her first husband, ALICE de Lacy, daughter of HENRY de Lacy 3^rd Earl of Lincoln & his first wife Margaret Longespee Ctss of Salisbury ([Denbigh Castle] 25 Dec 1281-2 Oct 1348, bur Barlings Abbey, Birling, Kent). The Book of Lacock names “Alesiam” as the daughter of “d´no Henrico de Lacy comiti Lincolniæ” and his wife Margaret, adding that she married “comiti de Lancaster, Leicester et de Ferrers, Thomæ”[655]. A manuscript narrating the descent of Hugh Earl of Chester to Alice Ctss of Lincoln names “Edmundum…et filiam Aleseiam” as children of “Henricum Lacy comitem Lincolniæ”, adding that Alice married “domino Thomæ comiti Lancastriæ et Leicestriæ” and after his death “domino Ebuloni de Strange”[656]. A manuscript history of the Lacy family names “Alicia” as daughter of “Henricus de Lacy comes Lincolniæ”, adding that she married “Thomæ filio comitis Lancastriæ”[657]. She succeeded her mother as Ctss of Salisbury before 16 Jun 1310, and her father 5 Feb 1311 as Ctss of Lincoln. She married secondly (before 10 Nov 1324) Sir Ebles Lestraunge, the squire of the Earl of Surrey who had abducted her in 1317, triggering her divorce from her first husband. She married thirdly (before 23 Mar 1336) Sir Hugh de Frene, Lord Frene.

2. HENRY of Lancaster "Tortcol/Wryneck" (Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire [1281]-Leicester 22 Sep 1345, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). Known as Lord of Monmouth from 20 Mar 1297. He was summoned to Parliament as Lord Lancaster from 6 Feb 1299. He used the title Earl of Lancaster from 26 Oct 1326, and was restored to that Earldom 3 Feb 1327 on his brother's rehabilitation.

- see below.

3. JOHN of Lancaster (before May 1286-in France before 1327). He succeeded his mother in May 1302 as Seigneur de Beaufort-en-Champagne et de Nogent-Lartauld. m (before Jul 1312) as her second husband, ALIX de Joinville, widow of JEAN Sire d'Arcis-sur-Aube et de Chacenay, daughter of JEAN Seigneur de Joinville, Sénéchal de Champagne [historian of Louis IX King of France] & his second wife Alix de Reynel (-after Mar 1336). "Jean de Lancastre seigneur de Beaufort et sa femme Alix de Joinville" made donations to the abbey of Chapelle-aux-Planches for masses, by charter dated Jul 1312[658]. "Aaliz de Jainville dame de Biaufort et d'Arsis" donated property to the abbey of la Chapelle-aux-Planches by charter dated 19 Apr 1336[659].

4. MARY of Lancaster (-in France young).

HENRY of Lancaster "Tortcol/Wryneck", son of EDMUND "Crouchback" Earl of Lancaster and Leicester & his second wife Blanche d'Artois [Capet] (Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire [1281]-Leicester 22 Sep 1345, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). Known as Lord of Monmouth from 20 Mar 1297. Summoned to Parliament as Lord Lancaster from 6 Feb 1299. He was among the barons who forced King Edward II to agree to the appointment of the Ordainers, the leader of whom was his older brother. Although he joined the confederacy against the Despencers in 1320, he took no part in the rebellion of his brother Thomas. He was restored to the Earldom of Leicester 29 Mar 1324. In Sep 1326, he joined the queen's party and Roger Mortimer against the king. He was sent to in pursuit of Edward, who had fled to Wales, captured him at Neath and was responsible for his custody at Kenilworth castle until 4 Apr 1327. Used the title Earl of Lancaster from 26 Oct 1326, restored to that Earldom 3 Feb 1327 on his brother's rehabilitation. Appointed Guardian of the young King Edward III on his accession. He went blind some time in 1330. He was a close friend and supporter of Edward III after the fall of Mortimer. He succeeded his brother John as Seigneur de Beaufort et de Nogent.

m (before 2 Mar 1297) MAUD Chaworth, daughter and heiress of Sir PATRICK de Chaworth of Kidwelly & his wife Isabel Beauchamp (1282 or 1288-before 3 Dec 1322, bur Mottisfont Priory).

Earl Henry & his wife had seven children:

1. HENRY "of Grosmont" (Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire [1300]-Leicester Castle 24 Mar 1360/1, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). His father granted him the Lordship of Kidwelly (inherited from his mother) 28 Sep 1333. Created Earl of Derby 16 Mar 1337. Succeeded his father 22 Sep 1345 as Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester and Seigneur de Beaufort et de Nogent. Created Seigneur de Bergerac 1 Jun 1347. He was a founder knight of the Order of the Garter, his name being second on the list after the Prince of Wales. Created Earl of Lincoln 20 Aug 1349, and Duke of Lancaster 6 Mar 1351. Created Earl of Moray by David II King of Scotland 5 Apr 1359, but never so styled. An active military man, he led campaigns in Scotland, Flanders, Brittany and France. He died of bubonic plague. m ([1337]) ISABEL de Beaumont, daughter of HENRY 1^st Lord Beaumont and Earl of Buchan & his wife Alice Comyn (-Leicester 1361, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). She died of bubonic plague. Duke Henry & his wife had [three] children:

a) MAUD of Lancaster ([4 Apr 1339/1341]-in England 10 Apr 1362, bur Rijnsburg Abbey). Co-heir of her father, she inherited the earldom of Leicester and the lordship of Kidwelly. She returned to England to claim her inheritance, but succumbed to bubonic plague. m firstly (1 Nov 1344) RALPH de Stafford, son of RALPH Lord Stafford [later created 1^st Earl of Stafford] & his second wife Margaret de Audley (-1347 or before). No children. m secondly (King’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster 1352) WILLEM V Count of Holland Duke of Bavaria, son of LUDWIG IV Duke of Bavaria King of Germany & his second wife Marguerite de Hainaut Ctss of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland (Frankfurt-am-Main 12 May 1330-Le Quesnoy 15 Apr 1388, bur Valenciennes). He was confirmed 26 Feb 1357 as GUILLAUME V Comte de Hainaut, following the death of his mother. He became insane in [1356/57], and was detained at the château du Quesnoy 1358. No children.

b) [