The chapters on the Scottish nobility set out below are arranged in approximately chronological order of creation of the titles. The first group of seven earldoms, Angus, Atholl, Caithness, Fife, Mar, Moray and Strathearn, corresponds to the seven provinces into which Scotland north of the Firths of Forth and Clyde was divided in the 9th century, reputedly ruled by seven brothers. The ruler of each province bore the title "Ri", inferior only to the "Ardri" or Supreme King. In the 10th century, the title changed to "Mormaer" or Great Maer or Steward. During the 10th century the province of Argyll was added, and in the 11th century Buchan separated from Mar, while Caithness was conquered by the Norwegians. The earldom of Dunbar was a further creation of the early 11th century, although it was only called as such from the early 13th century. Six of these local rulers are for the first time called "comes" in the foundation charter of the monastery of Scone dated [1114/15][1]. According to Skene, the relationship between these rulers and their provinces was not purely territorial but connected with the tribes which occupied the land. After the accession of David I King of Scotland in 1124, the tie to the land was strengthened as the Mormaerships were transformed into earldoms, the earls holding the land from the Scottish crown as tenants-in-chief in accordance with the Norman feudal system. Heredity of the Mormaerships was originally in the male line only. After the introduction of the feudal system into Scotland in the 12th century, the earldoms were descendible to heirs general[2].

The lordships of Galloway and of the Isles were semi-autonomous regions which at first did not recognise the suzerainty of the Scottish crown. They were never transformed into earldoms.

The later earldoms created by King Malcolm IV and his successors are shown in the companion document SCOTLAND EARLS CREATED 1162-1398.

Chapter 1. ANGUS

Angus was one of the seven original provinces of Scotland, covering about the same territory as the modern Scottish county of Forfar. Its ruler was one of the six Mormaers who were described as "comes" in the [1114/15] charter of Scone. Gillbride was the first individual to be styled (in 1135) Earl of Angus and members of his family succeeded him in the title until the mid-13th century.

A. MORMAERS of ANGUS

1. INDECHTRAIG, son of ---. m ---. The name of Indechtraig´s wife is not known. Indechtraig & his wife had one child:

a) DUBUCAN (-935). Mormaer of Angus. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Dubucan filius Indrechtaig mormair Oengusa, Adalstan filius Advar rig Saxan, et Eochaid filius Alpini"[3], dated to [937/40] if the second person named can be identified as Æthelstan King of Wessex. m ---. The name of Dubucan´s wife is not known. Dubucan & his wife had one child:

i) MAELBRIGDE . The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Maelbrigde filius Dubican", dated to before the death of King Colin from the context[4].

1. CONCHAR . The Pictish Chronicle names Conchar Mormaer of Angus as father of Fynebole Lady of Fettercairn, who murdered Kenneth II King of Scotland in 995 in revenge for the slaughter of her only son oat Dunsinane[5]. m ---. The name of Conchar´s wife is not known. Conchar & his wife had one child:

a) FYNEBOLE . Lady of Fettercairn. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Kynnath mac Malcolm" reigned for 24 years and 2 months, was killed "a suis hominibus in Fetherkern" through the treachery of "Finuele filie filie Cunthar comitis de Anguss" whose only son had been killed by the king[6]. The Pictish Chronicle names Conchar Mormaer of Angus and father of Fynebole Lady of Fettercairn who murdered Kenneth II King of Scotland in 995 in revenge for the slaughter of her only son oat Dunsinane[7]. m ---. The name of Fynebole´s husband is not known.

1. SINILL . Mormaer of Angus. m ---. The name of Sinill´s wife is not known. Sinill & his wife had one child:

a) FINNGHUALA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m LULACH of Moray, son of GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray & his wife Gruoch of Scotland ([1032]-killed in battle Essie, Strathbogie 17 Mar 1058, bur Isle of Iona). He succeeded his stepfather in 1057 as LULACH "the Simple" King of Scotland, crowned Aug 1057 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire.

1. DUFUGAN . Mormaer of Angus. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[8]. "…Dufagan comes" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[9].

B. EARLS of ANGUS

1. GILLBRIDE, son of --- (-[1187]). Earl of Angus [1135]. David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer by undated charter witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[10]. He fought at the battle of the Standard 22 Aug 1138. He was one of the hostages for William "the Lion" King of Scotland in 1174[11]. m firstly [--- of Dunbar, daughter of GOSPATRICK Earl & his wife ---. The Complete Peerage says that Gillbride “seems to have married a daughter of Gospatrick Earl of Dunbar” but does not specify the primary source on which this is based[12]. Although it does not specify which Earl Gospatrick was her father, it is more likely from a chronological viewpoint that it was the Gospatrick who died in 1166, assuming that this parentage of Gillbride´s first wife is correct.] m secondly --- of Caithness, daughter of ERIK Slagbrellir & his wife Ingigerd Kalisdatter. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Earl Gillbride & his first wife had four children:

a) ADAM (-before 1197). He witnessed a charter in 1164 as "son of Earl Gillbride"[13]. "…Adam et Wills fil comitis de Anego…" witnessed the charter dated 1178 under which the abbot of Aberbrothoc controlled the church of Calcou[14]. He is named in [1187] as Earl of Angus[15].

b) WILLIAM (-after 1178). "…Adam et Wills fil comitis de Anego…" witnessed the charter dated 1178 under which the abbot of Aberbrothoc controlled the church of Calcou[16].

c) GILCHRIST (-[1207/11]). He succeeded his brother as Earl of Angus. "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[17].

- see below.

d) GILBERT . "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[18].

Earl Gillbride and his second wife had one child:

e) MAGNUS (-1239). Although still an infant, he was recognised as successor to his maternal uncle Harald "Ungi" Earl of Caithness in half of the Earldom[19].

- EARLS of CAITHNESS.

GILCHRIST, son of GILLBRIDE Earl of Angus & his first wife [--- de Dunbar] (-[1207/11]). He succeeded his brother as Earl of Angus. "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[20]. He witnessed a charter of Arbroath Abbey in 1198[21].

m ---. The name of Gilchrist´s wife is not known.

Gilchrist & his wife had two children:

1. DUNCAN (-[1207/14]). "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[22]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Angus[23]. "Dunecano comes de Anego" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc, as donated by "Gillecrist comes de Anego patris meis", by undated charter[24]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had two children:

a) MALCOLM (-[1237/42]). "Umfridus de Berkel" donated "terram de Balfeth" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "…Malcolmo fil comitis Dunec et Dunec fratre suo…"[25]. "…Malcolmo filio comitis Duncani…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[26]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Angus, witnessed a charter as such 22 Apr 1231[27]. "Malcolmo comes de Anego" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc, as donated by "Gillecrist comes de Anego avus meis…et Dunecano pater meis", by undated charter[28]. m MARY Berkeley, daughter and heiress of Sir HUMPHREY Berkeley & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Malcolm & his wife had one child:

i) MATILDA of Angus . She succeeded her father as Ctss of Angus, suo iure. "Matildis comitissa de Anego…in…viduitatis mee" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "dno Gilb de Haya, dno Johe de Haya, dno Willmo de Haya, dno Nigello de Mubray, dno Willmo Juuene de Haya…"[29]. "Matild comitissa de Anego" confirmed donations of "terre in territorio Kerimor" to Aberbrothoc, made by "Gillecrist…comes de Anego abavus meus…Gillecrist proavus meus…Malcolmo pater meus", by undated charter witnessed by "Dno G. de Haya, Dno Johe de Haya, Dno W. de Haya…Dno W. iuvene de Haya, Dno Malcolmo de Haya…"[30]. m firstly JOHN Comyn, son of --- (-killed in battle in France 1242). He succeeded as Earl of Angus, de iure uxoris. m secondly (1243) GILBERT de Umfraville, Lord of Prudhoe and Redesdale, co. Northumberland, son of RICHARD de Umfraville & his wife --- (-before 12 Mar 1245). He succeeded as Earl of Angus, de iure uxoris. m thirdly (before 2 Dec 1247) RICHARD Lord of Chilham, son of RICHARD FitzRoy & his wife Rohese [Rose] of Dover .

b) DUNCAN . "Umfridus de Berkel" donated "terram de Balfeth" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "…Malcolmo fil comitis Dunec et Dunec fratre suo…"[31].

2. BEATRICE . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m WALTER 3^rd High Steward of Scotland, son of ALAN FitzWalter 2^nd High Steward of Scotland & his wife Eve --- (-1241).

C. EARLS of ANGUS (UMFRAVILLE)

It is possible that Robert de Umfraville accompanied Sibyl, daughter of Henry I King of England, to Scotland when she married King Alexander I. It has so far proved impossible to reconstruct the early generations of this family from the primary source references, but the names indicate a probable succession from father to son.

1. GILBERT de Umfraville (-after 1093). The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Gilbert Humphreville" was granted "the lordship of Pen Marc" by Robert FitzHamon after the defeat of Rhys ap Tewdwr in Wales in 1093[32].

2. ROBERT de Umfraville (-after 29 Apr 1141). "…Robertus de Unfranvilla…" witnessed the charter dated to [1100/02] under which Henry I King of England confirmed the gift of Pembroke, St Nicholas to the abbey of Saint-Martin de Séez[33]. "…Roberto de Umframvilla…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[34]. "…Robto de Umfravilla…" witnessed the charter dated to [1119/24] under which "David comes filii Malcolmi regis Scotorum" founded the monastery of Kelso[35]. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Rob de Ulfranvilla" in Yorkshire, Northumberland[36]. "Robertus de Humfrancville…" witnessed the charter of Ramsey abbey dated to [1133/37] which records that "Walterus de Bolebeche…Heylenius uxor sua et Hugo filius suus" donated "terram de Waltone"[37]. "…Robto de Humfravill…" witnessed the charter dated 29 Apr 1141 under which David King of Scotland donated "terram de Eldune…Dernewic" to Melrose abbey[38].

3. ODINEL [I] de Umfraville (-after 1153). "…Odenel de Unfranuilla…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to before [1142], under which David I King of Scotland confirmed "ecclesiam de Lohworuara" to the church of Glasgow[39]. "…Odinello Unfraville…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland confirmed "decimas" to the church of Glasgow[40].

4. GILBERT de Umfraville (-after 1166). "…Gilleberto de Umfranvilla…" witnessed the undated charter under which David I King of Scotland donated "toftam in Beruwic" to the priory of the Isle of May[41]. "Gilbertus de Umframvile" donated his part of "ecclesia de Keth" to the monastery of Kelso by charter dated to [1160][42]. It is likely that Gilbert de Umfraville was related to Simon Fraser who donated the same church to Kelso around the same time[43]. "…Gillibto de Humfravilla…" witnessed the undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign, under which William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory[44]. Military fee certifications in the Red Book of the Exchequer, in 1166, record that "Gilbertus de Hunframville" held 9 knights´ fees from "Willelmi comitis Gloucestriæ" in Gloucestershire[45]. m ---. The name of Gilbert´s wife is not known. Gilbert & his wife had one child:

a) ASA de Umfraville (-after [1200]). "Gauterius Corbet" donated property "in territorio ville de Schottun" to Kelso monastery by charter dated to [1200], witnessed by "Dna Asa coniuge mea, Rob et Gautio filiis meis…"[46]. Her parentage is confirmed by the undated charter under which her son "Robertus Corbet filius filie Gilebti de Umframvilla" donated "elemosina quondam parte terre mee in territorio de Cliftun" to Melrose abbey, for the soul of "avi mei Gilebti de Umframvilla"[47]. m WALTER Corbet, son of --- (-after [1200]).

5. HENRY de Umfraville (-after 1210). The Roll of Honour dated [1186/87] records that "Henricus de Umfrancville" held land from the Earl of Gloucester[48]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Henricus de Unfranville" holding five knights´ fees from "honor Gloucestriæ" in Debonshire in [1210/12][49].

1. ODINEL [II] de Umfraville (-1182). "…Odenel de Umfravill…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesie…de terra de Machelin" to Melrose abbey made by "Walterus filius Alani"[50]. m ALICE de Lucy, daughter of RICHARD de Lucy, justiciar & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Odinel & his wife had one child:

a) RICHARD de Umfraville (-before 8 Jan 1227). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1228] under which his son "Gilbt de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei"[51]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Ricardus de Unfranville" holding land "Hameldone per dimidium militem" in Rutland, and "baroniam de Brudeho" with two and a half knights´ fees in Northumberland "per Henricum Regem primum", in [1210/12][52]. Lord of Prudhoe and Redsdale, co. Northumberland. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records "Ricardus de Umfraville" holding "baroniam de Prudehoe…villam de Parva Rihull" in Northumberland which had been granted by King Henry I to "antecessores sui", as well as "vallem de Redesdale"[53]. m ---. The name of Richard´s wife is not known. Richard & his wife had one child:

- see below.

RICHARD de Umfraville, son of ODENEL de Umfraville & his wife --- (-before 8 Jan 1227). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1228] under which his son "Gilbt de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei"[54]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Ricardus de Unfranville" holding land "Hameldone per dimidium militem" in Rutland, and "baroniam de Brudeho" with two and a half knights´ fees in Northumberland "per Henricum Regem primum", in [1210/12][55]. Lord of Prudhoe and Redsdale, co. Northumberland. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records "Ricardus de Umfraville" holding "baroniam de Prudehoe…villam de Parva Rihull" in Northumberland which had been granted by King Henry I to "antecessores sui", as well as "vallem de Redesdale"[56].

m ---. The name of Richard´s wife is not known.

Richard & his wife had two children:

1. GILBERT de Umfraville (-before 13 Mar 1245). Lord of Prudhoe and Redsdale, co. Northumberland. "Gilbt de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei" by charter dated to [1228][57]. "Gilbert de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei" by charter dated to [1228], witnessed by "dno Robto de Umframuill fratre meo…"[58]. He succeeded as Earl of Angus, de iure uxoris. m (1243) as her third husband, MATILDA Ctss of Angus, widow of JOHN Comyn Earl of Angus, daughter and heiress of MALCOLM 6^th Earl of Angus & his wife Mary Berkeley. She married thirdly (before 2 Dec 1247) Richard Lord of Chilham. Earl Gilbert & his wife had one child:

a) GILBERT de Umfraville ([1244]-before 13 Oct 1307). He is styled Earl of Angus in 1267. He was summoned to the English parliament as Lord Umfraville in 1295, and in 1307 as Earl of Angus[59]. "Gilbertus de Hunfranevilla" donated property to the abbey of Loders, Dorset, for the souls of "…filii mei Roberti", by undated charter[60]. m ELIZABETH Comyn, daughter of ALEXANDER Comyn Earl of Buchan & his wife Elizabeth de Quncy of Winchester (-before 17 Feb 1329). Earl Gilbert & his wife had two children:

i) GILBERT de Umfraville (-before 23 May 1303). He was brought before parliament for contempt for striking one of the king's ministers at the parliament held at Berwick 22 Aug 1296[61]. m (1289) as her first husband, MARGARET de Clare, daughter of Sir THOMAS de Clare Lord of Thomond, Connaught & his wife Julian FitzMaurice (-late 1333). She married secondly (before 30 Jun 1308) Sir Bartholomew Badlesmere.

ii) ROBERT de Umfraville ([1276]-Mar 1325, bur Newminster Abbey). "Gilbertus de Hunfranevilla" donated property to the abbey of Loders, Dorset, for the souls of "…filii mei Roberti", by undated charter[62]. He succeeded his father in 1307 as Earl of Angus, Lord Umfraville.

- see below.

2. ROBERT de Umfraville (-after [1228]). "Gilbert de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei" by charter dated to [1228], witnessed by "dno Robto de Umframuill fratre meo…"[63].

ROBERT de Umfraville, son of GILBERT de Umfraville Earl of Angus & his wife Elizabeth Comyn of Buchan ([1276]-Mar 1325, bur Newminster Abbey). "Gilbertus de Hunfranevilla" donated property to the abbey of Loders, Dorset, for the souls of "…filii mei Roberti", by undated charter[64]. He succeeded his father in 1307 as Earl of Angus, Lord Umfraville.

m firstly LUCY de Kyme, daughter of Sir PHILIP de Kyme 1^st Lord Kyme & his wife Joan Bigod. A manuscript genealogy of the Gant family records that "Luciæ sorori suæ, nuptæ Roberto de Umphravill comiti de Anguishe" succeeded on the death of "Willielmus de Kyma"[65].

m secondly as her first husband, ALIENOR, daughter of --- (-31 Mar 1368). She married secondly (before 16 Aug 1327) Sir Roger Matildauit of Eshot, co. Northumberland.

Earl Robert & his first wife had one child:

1. GILBERT de Umfraville ([1310]-6 Jan 1381). A manuscript genealogy of the Gant family names “Gilbertus Umphravil” as son of “Roberto de Umphravil comiti de Anguishe” and his wife “Willielmus de Kyma…Luciæ sorori suæ”, adding that he died without heirs and was succeeded by “Waltero Taylboys filio filiæ sororis suæ”[66]. He succeeded his father in 1325 as Earl of Angus, Lord Unfreville. He was disinherited in Scotland in [1329]. m firstly JOAN Willoughby, daughter of Sir ROBERT Willoughby 1^st Lord Willoughby & his wife Margaret Deincourt (-16 Jul 1350). m secondly (before Oct 1369) MATILDA de Lucy, daughter of Sir THOMAS Lucy 2^nd Lord Lucy & his wife Margaret Multon (-18 Dec 1398). She married secondly (before 3 Oct 1383) as his second wife, Henry Percy 1^st Earl of Northumberland. Earl Gilbert & his first wife had one child:

a) Sir ROBERT de Umfraville (-before 25 May 1368). m (licence 20 Jan 1340) as her first husband, MARGARET Percy, daughter of Sir HENRY Percy Lord Percy & his wife Idoine Clifford (-Gyng [Buttsbury], Essex Sep 1375). Her parentage is confirmed, and her second marriage indicated, by the testament of Thomas Percy Bishop of Norwich, dated 25 May 1368, which names "…Dame Margaret de Ferrers my sister…Matilda Nevill my sister…" among his beneficiaries[67]. She married secondly (before 25 May 1368) as his second wife, Sir William Ferrers 3^rd Lord Ferrers of Groby.

2. ELIZABETH de Umfraville . A manuscript genealogy of the Gant family records that “Gilbertus Umphravil” was succeeded by “Waltero Taylboys filio filiæ sororis suæ”[68]. m GILBERT de Boroughdon [Burdon].

Earl Robert & his second wife had two children:

3. ROBERT de Umfraville (-before 10 Oct 1379).

4. THOMAS de Umfraville of Hessle, Yorkshire, and Holmside, co. Durham (-21 May 1387). He inherited the castle of Harbottle and the manor of Otterburn 1375[69]. [m[70]] JOAN de Roddam, daughter of ADAM de Roddam & his wife ---. Thomas & his wife had two children:

a) Sir THOMAS de Umfraville of Harbottle ([1360]-12 Feb or 8 Mar 1391). m AGNES, daughter of --- (-25 Oct 1420). Sir Thomas & his wife had six children:

i) Sir GILBERT de Umfraville of Harbottle (Harbottle Castle 18 Oct 1390-killed in battle Baugé, Anjou 22 Mar 1421). m (before 3 Feb 1413) ANNE Neville, daughter of RALPH Neville 1^st Earl of Westmoreland & his first wife Margaret Stafford of Stafford.

ii) ELIZABETH de Umfraville ([1391]-23 Nov 1424). m Sir WILLIAM Elmeden of Elmeden [Embleton], co. Durham.

iii) MATILDA de Umfraville ([1393]-4 Jan 1435). m Sir WILLIAM Ryther of Ryther, Yorkshire.

iv) JOAN de Umfraville ([1395]-after 1446). m Sir THOMAS Lambert .

v) MARGARET de Umfraville ([1397]-23 Jun 1444). m firstly WILLIAM Lodington of Gunby, co. Lincoln (-9 Jan 1420). m secondly (before 26 Apr 1423) JOHN Constable of Halsham in Holderness.

vi) AGNES de Umfraville ([1399]-after 1446). m THOMAS Haggerston of Haggerston, co. Durham.

b) Sir ROBERT de Umfraville (-before 10 Oct 1379).

D. EARLS of ANGUS (STEWART)

JOHN Stewart, son of Sir ALEXANDER Stewart of Bonkyl, co. Berwick & his wife --- (-9 Dec 1331). He succeeded his father in 1319 at Bonkyl, co. Berwick. He was created Earl of Angus before 15 Jun 1329, when he is styled as such in a charter[71]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death "V Id Dec" in 1332 of "Johannes Stewart comes Angusie"[72].

m (Papal dispensation 24 Oct 1329) MARGARET Lady of Abernethy, daughter and heiress of Sir ALEXANDER of Abernethy & his wife --- (-after 1370). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Johanni Stwyarde domino de Bonkyl" and "Margarite nate quondam Alexandri de Abirnechy militis", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 24 Oct 1329[73].

Earl John & his wife had one child:

1. THOMAS Stewart ([1329/31]-Dunbarton Castle 1361). He succeeded his father in 1331 as Earl of Angus. Lord of Abernethy. He died of plague[74]. m (Papal dispensation 3 Jun 1353) as her first husband, MARGARET de St Clair, [75][daughter/sister] of Sir WILLIAM de St Clair [Sinclair] of Rosslyn & his wife Isabel of Strathearn . The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Thome Senescallis comitis Angusie" and "Margarete de Sancto Claro", issued by Pope Innocent VI, is dated 3 Jun 1353[76]. She married secondly Sir John Sinclair of Herdmanstoun. Earl Thomas & his wife had three children:

a) MARGARET Stewart (-[1417/23 Mar 1418]). She succeeded her brother in 1377 as Ctss of Angus, suo iure. She resigned the Earldom 9 Apr 1389 in favour of her illegitimate son George Douglas[77]. m ([1361/74]) as his second wife, THOMAS Earl of Mar, son of DONALD Earl of Mar & his wife Isabel Stewart ([1330]-[22 Oct 1373/21 Jun 1374]). Mistress of WILLIAM Douglas 1^st Earl of Douglas, son of Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas & his wife --- (-Douglas May 1384, bur Melrose).

b) ELIZABETH Stewart . m Sir ALEXANDER Hamilton of Innerwick. Ancestors of the Earls of Haddington.

c) THOMAS Stewart (-1377). He succeeded his father in 1361 as Earl of Angus.

E. EARLS of ANGUS (DOUGLAS)

GEORGE Douglas, illegitimate son of WILLIAM Douglas 1^st Earl of Douglas & his mistress Margaret Stewart Ctss of Angus ([1378 or before]-1402). He was created Earl of Angus.

m (contract 24 May 1397) as her first husband, Lady MARY Stewart, daughter of ROBERT III King of Scotland & his wife Annabel Drummond (-after 1458, bur Strathblane).

Earl George & his wife had one child:

1. WILLIAM Douglas (-Oct 1437). He succeeded his father as 2^nd Earl of Angus. m (betrothed 12 Dec 1410, dispensation 1425) MARGARET Hay, daughter of Sir WILLIAM Hay of Yester & his first wife Jean Gifford of Yeser (-after 22 Apr 1484). William & his wife had two children:

a) JAMES Douglas (-[before 9 Sep] 1446). He succeeded his father as 3^rd Earl of Angus.

b) GEORGE Douglas (-14 Nov 1462, bur Abernethy). He succeeded his brother as 4^th Earl of Angus. m ([before 1446]) as her first husband, ISABEL Sibbald, daughter of Sir JOHN Sibbald of Balgony, co. Fife & his wife --- ([1500/Feb 1503]). She married secondly (1477 or before) John Carmichael of Balmedie, and thirdly (after 1479) as his second wife, Sir Robert Douglas of Lechleven. George & his wife had one child:

i) ARCHIBALD Douglas (-[Priory of St Ninian/Whithorn, Galloway] [29 Nov 1513/31 Jan 1514]). He succeeded his father as 5^th Earl of Angus.

- see below.

ARCHIBALD Douglas, son of GEORGE Douglas 4^th Earl of Angus & his wife Isabel Sibbald (-Priory of St Ninian/Whithorn, Galloway [29 Nov 1513/31 Jan 1514]). He succeeded his father as 5^th Earl of Angus.

m firstly (4 Mar 1468) ELIZABETH Boyd, daughter of ROBERT Boyd Lord Boyd & his wife Mariot Maxwell of Calderwood (-before 21 Feb 1497).

m secondly ([1498], separated before 1 Jun 1501) [as her second husband,] JANET Kennedy, [widow] of Sir ALEXANDER Gordon, daughter of JOHN Kennedy Lord Kennedy & his second wife Elizabeth Gordon of Huntly Dowager Countess of Erroll (-after 1531). She was mistress of James IV King of Scotland.

m thirdly (1500, [separated [10 Aug 1510/14 May 1513]) KATHERINE Stirling, daughter of Sir WILLIAM Stirling of Keir & his wife Margaret Crichton of Ruthvendeny (-after 14 May 1513)

Earl Archibald & his first wife had two children:

1. GEORGE Douglas ([1469]-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). Master of Angus. Possibly styled Lord Douglas. m (before Mar 1488) as her second husband, ELIZABETH Drummond, widow of Sir DAVID Fleming of Monycabo, daughter of JOHN Drummond Lord Drummond & his wife Elizabeth Lindsay of the Earls of Crawford (-after 21 Aug 1514). George & his wife had two children:

a) ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1490]-Tantallon Castle Jan 1557, bur Abernethy). He succeeded his grandfather in 1514 as 6^th Earl of Angus. Member of the Council of Regency for James V King of Scotland 1517-1521, and 1523-1526. High Chancellor of Scotland Aug 1527-1528, when a sentence of forfeiture was passed against him and he retired to England. Returned to Scotland 1542, after the death of King James V. He died of erysipelas. m firstly (contract 26 Jun 1509) MARGARET or MARY Hepburn, daughter of PATRICK Hepburn Earl of Bothwell & his wife Janet Douglas of the Earls of Morton (-1513). She died in childbirth. m secondly (Kinnoul Church 6 Aug 1514, divorced 11 Mar 1527) as her second husband, MARGARET Tudor, widow of JAMES IV King of Scotland, daughter of HENRY VII King of England & his wife Elizabeth of York (Palace of Westminster 28 Nov 1489-Methven Castle, Perthshire 18 Oct 1541, bur Carthusian Monastery of St John, Perth). Queen Regent of Scotland. She married thirdly (before 2 Apr 1528) as his second wife, Henry Stewart, who was created Lord Methven 17 Jul 1528. m thirdly (9 Apr 1543) MARGARET Maxwell, daughter of ROBERT Maxwell Lord Maxwell & his wife Janet Douglas of Drumlanrig (-1593). She married secondly (before Sep 1560) Sir William Baillie of Lamington. Archibald & his first wife had one child:

i) child (1513-1513).

Archibald & his second wife had one child:

ii) MARGARET Douglas (Harbottle 18 Oct 1515-Hackney 9 Mar 1578, bur 3 Apr 1578 Westminster Abbey). Betrothed to Lord THOMAS Howard, son of THOMAS Howard Duke of Norfolk & his second wife Anne Tylney (-1537). m (St James’s Palace 29 Jun 1544) MATTHEW Stewart Earl of Lennox, son of JOHN Stuart 12^th Earl of Lennox & his wife Elizabeth Stewart of Atholl (Dunbarton Castle 21 Sep 1516-murdered Stirling 4 Sep 1571, bur Stirling).

Archibald & his third wife had one child:

iii) JAMES Douglas (-Feb 1548). Master of Angus. Possibly styled Lord Douglas.

b) Sir GEORGE Douglas of Pittendriech (-10 Sep 1547). m ELIZABETH Douglas, daughter and heiress of DAVID Douglas of Pittendriech & his wife ---. Sir George & his wife had one child:

i) DAVID Douglas ([1515]-Cockburnspath Jun 1557). He succeeded his uncle in 1557 as 7^th Earl of Angus. m (contract Linlithgow 8 May 1552) as her second husband, MARGARET or ELIZABETH Hamilton, widow of JAMES Johnstone Laird of Johnstone, daughter of Sir JOHN Hamilton of Clydesdale (illegitimate son of James Earl of Arran) & his wife Janet Home. She married thirdly Sir Patrick Whitelaw of that Ilk. David & his wife had one child:

(a) ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1555]-Smeaton near Dalkeith 4 Aug 1588). He succeeded his father as 8^th Earl of Angus. He succeeded in 1585 as Earl of Morton. m firstly (Stirling 13 Jun 1573) MARY Erskine, daughter of JOHN Erskine Earl of Mar & his wife Annabella Murray of Tullibardine (-3 May 1575, bur Holyrood). m secondly (25 Dec 1575, divorced 1587) MARGARET Leslie, daughter of GEORGE Leslie Earl of Rothes & his first wife Margaret Crichton. m thirdly (contract 29 Jul 1587) as her second husband, JEAN Lyon, widow of ROBERT Douglas [Master of Morton], daughter of JOHN Lyon Lord Glamis & his wife Elizabeth Abernethy (-[7 Aug 1607/23 Feb 1611]). She married thirdly (31 May 1590) Alexander Lindsay Lord Spynie.

2. Sir WILLIAM Douglas (-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). m ---. Sir William & his wife had one child:

a) Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas of Glenbervie, co. Kincardine (-1570). m firstly AGNES Keith, daughter of WILLIAM Keith Earl Marischal & his wife ---. Sir Archibald & his first wife had one child:

i) WILLIAM Douglas ([1532]-Glenbervie 1 Jul 1591, bur Glenbervie). He succeeded his cousin as 9^th Earl of Angus. The succeeding Earls of Angus, and Marquesses of Douglas, descend from him.

Chapter 2. ATHOLL

Atholl was one of the seven original province of Scotland, associated with Gowry, covering the north eastern parts of what was later the county of Perth. The rulers were styled Mormaers in the 10th century. The last recorded Mormaer of Atholl was Maddad, grandson of Duncan I King of Scotland, who was one of the six rulers to be referred to as "comes" in the [1114/15] charter for Scone. Members of his family succeeded him as Earls of Atholl until the earldom was inherited by the Strathbogie family in the mid-13th century.

A. MORMAERS of ATHOLL

1. DUNCAN, son of --- (-killed 965). Abthane of Dule, lay abbot of Dunkeld. From the house of the Kings of Ireland. Governor of Strathclyde. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad the abbot of Dún Caillen" was killed in 965 in "a battle between the men of Scotland themselves"[78]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Niger filius Maelcolaim" defeated "Caniculum super Dorsum Crup", in which battle "Duchad abbas Duncalden et Dubdon satrapas Athochlach" were killed, after which Niger was expelled and "Caniculus" reigned for a short time[79]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had one child:

a) DUNCAN . Mormaer of Atholl. Abthane of Dule. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had one child:

i) CRINAN "the Thane" (-killed in battle 1045). Abthane of Dule. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. Steward of the Western Isles. Mormaer of Atholl. He was killed fighting King Macbeth. m ([1000]) BETHOC, daughter of MALCOLM II King of Scotland & his wife --- . Lady of Atholl. Crinan & his wife had two children:

- KINGS of SCOTLAND.

B. EARLS of ATHOLL

1. MAELMUIRE [Melmare] (-after [1135]). According to the Complete Peerage, Melmare, who it says was the father of Madach Earl of Atholl, was Maelmuire, son of Duncan I King of Scotland & his wife ---, but it cites no corresponding primary source[80]. The primary source which confirms that this is correct has not yet been identified. The only primary source reference to Maelmuire which has so far been found is the undated charter under which David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer, which is witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[81]. From the names of the earls of Fife and Angus, it is unlikely that this document can be dated to before 1135 at the earliest. If that is correct, it is evidently impossible from a chronological point of view that Maelmuire could have been the son of King Duncan I.

2. MADDAD [Madach] (-[1142/52]). According to the Complete Peerage, Madach Earl of Atholl was the son of Maelmuire, but it cites no corresponding primary source[82]. The sources quoted below, dated to before the charter in which Maelmuire is named (see above), suggest that this affiliation cannot be correct. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Mormaer of Atholl. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[83]. He is known as the first Earl of Atholl. "…Madach comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[84]. "…Madeth comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[85]. "Madeth comite…" witnessed a charter dated 1130 by which "David…Rex Scottorum" confirmed the shire of Kirkcaldy to the church of Dunfermline[86]. "…Madd comite…" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[87]. [m firstly ---. No direct evidence has yet been found to corroborate Maddad´s first marriage. However, the chronology of his son Malcolm suggests that he was not born from Maddad´s marriage to Margaret of Orkney.] m [secondly] ([1133]) as her first husband, MARGARET of Orkney, illegitimate daughter of HAKON Paulsson Jarl of Orkney & his mistress Helga ---. Orkneyinga Saga names “Harald…Smooth-Tongue and two daughters…Ingibjorg…Margaret” as the children of Earl Hakon and his mistress Helga[88]. It is unlikely that Margaret was born after [1115] if it is correct that her son was born in 1134. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Margaret Hakon´s-Daughter” married “Earl Maddad of Atholl”[89]. She married secondly Erland "Ungi/the Young" (-killed 1156). Orkneyinga Saga records that “Erlend the Young” abducted Margaret from Orkney and took her to Shetland, and that her son eventually granted permission for their marriage[90]. Earl Maddad & his [first wife] had one child:

a) MALCOLM (-[1186/Aug 1198]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Earl of Atholl. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[91].

- see below.

Earl Maddad & his [second] wife had one child:

b) HARALD Maddadsson (1134-1206). Orkneyinga Saga names “Harald” as son of “Margaret Hakon´s-Daughter” and her husband “Earl Maddad of Atholl” when recording that his mother proposed him as earl of Orkney when he was three years old[92]. He was given ½ Orkney by Jarl Kali-Ragnvald in Dec 1139, and installed in early 1140 as Jarl of Orkney.

- JARLS of ORKNEY.

MALCOLM, son of [MADDAD Earl of Atholl & his [first wife] ---] (-[1186/Aug 1198]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Earl of Atholl. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[93]. "…Malcolmo comite de Athewethle…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after [1170], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Sconin" to St Andrew´s priory[94]. William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Login" made to Scone Abbey by "Malcolmus comes Atholie" by undated charter[95]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[96].

m firstly E---, daughter of ---. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[97].

m secondly (after 1179) as her second husband, HEXTILDA of Tynedale, widow of RICHARD Comyn, daughter of [UHTRED Lord of Tynedale & his wife Bethoc of Scotland]. The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "dñi Johannis Comyn" name "Hextilde" as daughter and heiress of "Gothrik", son of "Dovenald filius Duncani filii Erici", and "Willelmo" as her son and heir[98]. However, in the Great Roll, John Comyn traced his descent from Bethoc, daughter and heiress of Donald[99]. This conflict in the claimant´s genealogy is suspicious. In any case, the chronology for Hextilda´s supposed descent from King Donald Bane is stretched to the limit of credibility. It is suggested that the supposed parentage of Hextilda should be treated with caution. “R. Cumin” donated property to Hexham Priory, with the consent of “uxoris meæ Hextildis”, by undated charter which names “fratrem meum Walterum”[100]. "Ric Cymyn" donated "ecclesiam de Lyntunruderie" to Kelso monastery, for the souls of "Henrici comitis dni mei et…Johis filii mei quorum corpa apud eos tumulant", by charter dated to [1160], witnessed by "Hextild sponsa mea, Od filio meo…"[101]. Her second marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which “Hextildis comitissa de Eththetela” donated property to Rievall Abbey, for the soul of “domini mei Richardi Cumin”[102]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[103].

Earl Malcolm & his first wife had [three] children:

1. HENRY (-shortly before Jan 1211). "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[104]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[105]. He succeeded his father in [1190] as 3^rd Earl of Atholl. "Henricus comes de Hathodi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Comitissa Margareta sponsa mea, Alexandro de Setona, Malisio iudice, Colino nepote meo…"[106]. Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed donations to St Andrew´s priory, including the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" by "Malcolmi comitis de Hathoil et ex confirmacione Henrici filii sui", by undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign[107]. m MARGARET, daughter of ---. "Henricus comes de Hathodi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Comitissa Margareta sponsa mea, Alexandro de Setona, Malisio iudice, Colino nepote meo…"[108]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Henry´s mistress is not known. Earl Henry & his wife had two children:

a) ISABEL . She succeeded her father in [1210] as Ctss of Atholl suo iure. "Thomas de Galway comes de Athol et Isabel uxor eius comitissa Atholie" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter[109]. m firstly (before Jan 1211) THOMAS of Galloway, son of ROLAND Lord of Galloway & his wife Elena de Moreville (-1231). Earl of Atholl de iure uxoris. m secondly ([1231/33]) ALAN de Lundin, son of ---. He was "ostiarius regis". He was designated Earl of Atholl in 1233 and 1235, but probably held the earldom in wardship for his stepson[110].

b) FERNELITH (-before 1254[111]). She succeeded her nephew in 1242 as Ctss of Atholl suo iure. The earldom of Atholl passed to her daughter on her death. m (before 1242) DAVID Hastings, son of --- . Earl of Atholl de iure uxoris. He was one of the guarantors of the peace with Henry III King of England in 1244[112]. David Hastings & his wife had one child:

i) ADA Hastings . She succeeded as Ctss of Atholl, suo iure. m JOHN of Strathbogie, son of DAVID of Fife & his wife --- (-[1260]). He succeeded as Earl of Atholl, de iure uxoris.

- see below, Part C.

Henry had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

c) CONAN (-after 1211). "Conanus filius Henricus quondam comitis de Athoyle" donated property "de bosco meo Tulyhen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee et puerorum meorum", by undated charter, dated to after 1211, witnessed by "...Ewyn filio meo, Hath filio Gilbrid genero meo…"[113]. Conan must have been illegitimate as he did not succeed to the earldom on the death of his father. m ---. The name of Conan´s wife is not known. Conan & his wife had two children:

i) EWEN . "Conanus filius Henricus quondam comitis de Athoyle" donated property "de bosco meo Tulyhen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee et puerorum meorum", by undated charter, dated to after 1211, witnessed by "...Ewyn filio meo, Hath filio Gilbrid genero meo…"[114].

ii) daughter . "Conanus filius Henricus quondam comitis de Athoyle" donated property "de bosco meo Tulyhen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee et puerorum meorum", by undated charter, dated to after 1211, witnessed by "...Ewyn filio meo, Hath filio Gilbrid genero meo…"[115]. m HETH MacGilbride, son of GILBRIDE & his wife ---.

2. DUNCAN (-after [1179]). "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[116].

3. [--- . The name of Colin´s father has not been identified. He may have been Henry´s brother Duncan who is named above.] m ---. One child:

a) COLIN . "Henricus comes de Hathodi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Comitissa Margareta sponsa mea, Alexandro de Setona, Malisio iudice, Colino nepote meo…"[117].

C. EARLS of ATHOLL (STRATHBOGIE)

JOHN of Strathbogie, son of DAVID of Fife & his wife --- (-[1260]). He succeeded as Earl of Atholl, de iure uxoris.

m ADA Hastings Ctss of Atholl, daughter of DAVID Hastings Earl of Atholl & his wife Fernelith Ctss of Atholl.

Earl John & his wife had one child:

1. DAVID of Strathbogie (-Carthage 6 Aug 1270). He succeeded his father in [1260] as Earl of Atholl. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Alexander David comitem Atholiæ" was knighted "die natalis Domini" in 1264[118]. He took part in the Seventh Crusade with Louis IX King of France, during the course of which he died[119]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death, dated to [1267] from the context, "apud Cortage" of "David comes Atholiæ"[120]. m firstly HELEN, daughter of ---. m secondly ISABEL of Chilham, daughter of RICHARD Lord of Chilham & his wife Matilda Ctss of Angus (after 1245-Feb 1292). She was heiress of her brother at Chilham. She married secondly (after 7 Nov 1270) Sir Alexander Balliol of Cavers, co Roxburgh. Earl David & his second wife had one child:

a) JOHN of Strathbogie (-executed London 7 Nov 1306). He succeeded his father in 1270 as Earl of Atholl. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England in 1292 but fought for the Scots when they were defeated at Dunbar 28 Apr 1296 and taken prisoner to London. He was released 31 Jul 1297. He became a staunch supporter of Robert Bruce, who was his wife's brother-in-law. He was taken prisoner again when the English invaded Scotland in 1306 and taken to London again where he was executed. His titles were forfeited[121]. m MARGARET of Mar, daughter of DONALD Earl of Mar & his wife Helen of North Wales. A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including an order of restoration of property to "la contesse de Atheles"[122]. Earl John & his wife had two children:

i) DAVID of Strathbogie and of Chilham, Kent (-28 Dec 1326). He was restored as Earl of Atholl [21 Aug 1307/20 May 1308].

- see below.

ii) ISABEL . Mistress of EDWARD Bruce, son of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-killed in battle Dundalk 14 Oct 1318). He was created Earl of Carrick shortly before 24 Oct 1313 by his brother.

DAVID of Strathbogie and of Chilham, Kent, son of JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his second wife Isabel of Chilham (-28 Dec 1326). He was a prisoner in England 23 Dec 1300. He was restored as Earl of Atholl [21 Aug 1307/20 May 1308]. King Robert I appointed him High Constable of Scotland before Feb 1316, but Earl David rebelled against him in 1314 and his titles were forfeited. He was summoned to the English parliament as Lord Strathbogie in 1322. He commanded English troops in Gascony in 1325[123].

m JOAN Comyn, daughter of JOHN Comyn of Badenoch & his wife Joan de Valence of Pembroke ([1292]-[8 Jun/24 Jul] 1326). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that the only daughter of "John Comyn", who was killed by "Robert of Bruce, afterwards king", married "David Earl of Athol"[124].

Earl David & his wife had one child:

1. DAVID of Strathbogie (Newcastle-on-Tyne 1 Feb 1309-killed in battle Killblane 30 Nov 1335). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "David" as eldest son of "David Earl of Athol" and his wife[125]. He was summoned to the English parliament as Earl of Atholl in 1330. He was restored as Earl of Atholl by Edward Balliol King of Scotland in 1332, rebelled in 1335 but was pardoned under the treaty of peace 18 Aug 1335[126]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "the Earl of Athol" was killed in battle "in the forest of Kilblen" 30 Nov 1335[127]. m CATHERINE de Beaumont, daughter of HENRY de Beaumont Earl of Buchan & his wife Alice Comyn of Buchan (-11 Nov 1368). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "David", eldest son of "David Earl of Athol", married "the daughter of Henry of Beaumont" and his wife "the first-born daughter of…John Earl of Buchan"[128]. Earl David & his wife had one child:

a) DAVID of Strathbogie (1332-10 Oct 1369). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "David" as son of "David Earl of Athol" & his wife[129]. He succeeded his father in 1335 as Earl of Atholl. m ([24 Sep 1342/1361]) ELIZABETH Ferrers, daughter of HENRY Ferrers Lord Ferrers of Groby & his wife Isabel Verdon. Earl David & his wife had two children:

i) [130]ELIZABETH (-after 1415). m firstly ([1376/77]) Sir THOMAS Percy, son of HENRY Percy Earl of Nothumberland & his first wife Margaret de Neville of Raby (-in Spain [1388]). m secondly (before Nov 1391) Sir JOHN de Scrope, 5^th son of HENRY de Scrope 1^st Lord Scrope of Masham & his wife Joan or Agnes --- (-[18] Dec 1405). m thirdly ROBERT de Thorley .

ii) 130PHILIPPA (1362-2 Nov 1395). m firstly (before 20 Mar 1377, annulled) Sir RALPH Percy, son of HENRY Percy Earl of Northumberland & his first wife Margaret de Neville of Raby (-15 Sep 1397). m secondly as his first wife, JOHN Halsham of Cooms, Sussex (-16 Apr 1415).

D. EARLS of ATHOLL 1457-1595 (STEWART)

Sir JOHN Stewart, son of Sir JAMES Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn & his wife Joan Beaufort ([1440]-the Laighwood 15 Sep 1512, bur Dunkeld Cathedral). 1^st Earl of Atholl 1457.

m firstly ([1459/60]) as her third husband, MARGARET Douglas "the Fair Maid of Galloway", widow of WILLIAM Douglas 8^th Earl of Douglas and divorced wife (secondly) of JAMES Douglas 9^th Earl of Douglas, daughter of ARCHIBALD Douglas 5^th Earl of Douglas & his second wife Eupheme Graham of Strathearn (-[21 Jan 1473/early 1475]).

m secondly (before 19 Apr 1475) ELEANOR Sinclair, daughter of WILLIAM Sinclair 1^st Earl of Caithness & his second wife Marjory Sutherland of Dunbeath (-21 Mar 1518, bur Dunkeld Cathedral).

Earl John & his first wife had six children:

1. JANET (-Strathbogie 27 Oct 1510). m (contract 14 Oct 1474) as his first wife, ALEXANDER Gordon Master of Huntly, son of GEORGE Gordon Earl of Huntly & his first wife Elizabeth Douglas Dowager Ctss of Moray née Dunbar of the Earls of Moray (-Perth 21 Jan 1524, bur Perth Dominican Friars). He succeeded his father in 1501 as Earl of Huntly.

2. CATHERINE . m as his first wife, JOHN Forbes, son of WILLIAM Forbes Lord Forbes & his wife Christian Gordon of the Earls of Huntly (-1547).

3. three daughters .

4. ELIZABETH . m (before 1483) as his second wife, ANDREW Gray Lord Gray, son of PATRICK Gray Master of Gray & his second wife Annabel Forbes (-Feb 1514).

Earl John & his second wife had eleven children:

5. JOHN (-1521). 2^nd Earl of Atholl.

- see below.

6. ANDREW (-1542). Bishop of Caithness 1518.

7. JEAN . m as his first wife, Sir ROBERT Gordon of Pitlurgo.

8. ELSPETH . m ([1510]) ROBERT Innes of Innermarky.

9. MARJORY (-1524). m Sir COLIN Campbell of Glenurchy (-1523).

10. MARGARET . m Sir WILLIAM Murray of Tullibardine (-killed in battle 1513).

11. ISABEL . m as his second wife, ALEXANDER Robertson of Struan.

12. ELISABETH . m firstly JOHN Stuart 12^th Earl of Lennox, son of MATTHEW Stuart 11^th Earl of Lennox & his second wife Elizabeth Hamilton (-1526). m secondly (1529) as his second wife, NINIAN Lord Ross (-1556).

13. CHRISTIAN (-1538). m as his first wife, NEIL Stuart of Garth (-1554).

14. MARGARET [Isabel]. m ROBERT Robertson of Struan.

JOHN Stewart, son of Sir JOHN Stewart of Balveny 1^st Earl of Atholl & his second wife Eleanor Sinclair (-1521). 2^nd Earl of Atholl.

m JANET Campbell, daughter of ARCHIBALD Campbell 2^nd Earl of Argyll & his wife Elizabeth Stewart of the Earls of Lennox (-[2 Feb 1546]).

Earl John & his wife had six children:

1. HELEN (-1577). m firstly JOHN 5^th Lord Lindsay (-1562). m secondly THOMAS Morieux .

2. JEAN . m (1507) JAMES Arbuthnott of Arbuthnott (-before 1521).

3. ELIZABETH . m (1538) KENNETH Mackenzie of Kinkall (-1568).

4. JOHN (6 Oct 1507-[Nov] 1542). 3^rd Earl of Atholl. m firstly (1521) GRIZEL Rattray, daughter of Sir JOHN Rattray of that Ilk & his wife --- (-after 1533). m secondly (1541) as her first husband, JEAN, daughter of JOHN 6^th Lord Forbes & his third wife Elizabeth Lady Elphinstone née Barlow. She married secondly (after 17 Nov 1545) Alexander Hay of Dalgety, and thirdly (before 17 Jan 1550) as his first wife, William Leslie of Balquhar. Earl John & his first wife had eight children:

a) BARBARA . m (1536) JAMES Menzies .

b) ISABEL . m (1552) WILLIAM Stuart of Grandtully.

c) MARGARET (-1540). m (1539) JOHN Grant Lord of Freuchie.

d) HELEN . m JOHN Macfarlane .

e) JOHN (-Stirling 24 Apr 1579, bur Edinburgh St Giles´s Church). 4^th Earl of Atholl. m firstly (before 26 May 1547) ELIZABETH Gordon, daughter of GEORGE Gordon 4^th Earl of Huntly & his wife Elizabeth Keith. m secondly (contract 1 Apr 1557) as her third husband, MARGARET, widow firstly of ROBERT Graham Lord Graham and secondly of THOMAS Erskine Master of Erskine, daughter of MALCOLM 3^rd Lord Fleming & his wife Joan Stewart [of Scotland] (-after 15 Aug 1584). Earl John & his first wife had one child:

i) ELIZABETH (-1595). m firstly (1567) HUGH Fraser 5^th Lord Lovat (-1577). m secondly (1578, divorced 1581) ROBERT Stuart Earl of Lennox [Bishop of Caithness]. m thirdly (1581) JAMES Stuart Earl of Arran, son of ANDREW Stewart 2^nd Lord Ochiltree & his wife Agnes Cuningham (-1595).

Earl John & his second wife had five children:

ii) MARGARET . m (before 1578) GEORGE Abernethy 7^th Lord Saltoun .

iii) JEAN (-1593). m (1573) Sir DUNCAN Campbell of Glenorchy (-1631).

iv) JOHN (Dunkeld 22 May 1563-Perth 25 Aug 1595). 5^th Earl of Atholl. m (Perth 24 Jan 1580) as her first husband, MARY Ruthven, daughter of WILLIAM Ruthven 1^st Earl Gowrie & his wife Dorothea Stewart of Methven. She married secondly (contract 31 Mar 1596) as his second wife, John Stewart Earl of Atholl. Earl John & his wife had five children:

(a) MARGARET (-young).

(b) DOROTHEA . m (1604) WILLIAM Murray 2^nd Earl of Tullibardine .

(c) MARY Stewart . m firstly (1603) JAMES Stewart Earl of Atholl, son of JOHN Stewart 6^th Lord Innermeath, Earl of Atholl & his first wife Margaret Lindsay of Crawford (1583-1625). m secondly (1626) Captain PETER Rollock .

(d) JEAN Stewart (-1623). m firstly (1603) HENRY Stuart 1^st Lord St Colme, son of JAMES Stuart 1^st Lord Doune & his wife Margaret Campbell of Argyll (-1612). m secondly NICOL Bellenden of Standenflat.

(e) ANNE (-1635). m (1604) ANDREW Stewart Master of Ochiltree (-1639).

v) GRIZEL . m (1581) DAVID Lindsay 11^th Earl of Crawford (-1607).

vi) MARY (-[1588]). m (1587) FRANCIS Hay 9^th Earl of Erroll .

f) JEAN . m firstly JOHN Otterburn (-1595). m secondly GEORGE Crawford .

g) daughter . m --- Lord of Balfour .

h) daughter . m WALTER Wood of Balbegno .

5. ISABEL . m JAMES Herring of Lethendy.

6. JANET . m firstly (1520) ALEXANDER Gordon Master of Sutherland (1501-1530). m secondly (1532, divorced) Sir HUGH Kennedy of Girvanmaily (-after 1568). m thirdly (1546) as his third wife, HENRY Stewart Lord Methven, son of ANDREW Stewart Lord Avondale & his wife Lady Margaret Kennedy ([1495/1500]-soon after 10 Oct 1551). m fourthly (1557) as his second wife, PATRICK 2^nd Baron Ruthven .

Chapter 3. CAITHNESS

Caithness, with Sutherland, was one of the original seven provinces of Scotland in the 9th century, but does not appear to have been counted as one of the seven Mormaerships of the kingdom[131]. This is presumably because it fell under the influence of the Norsemen who had colonised Orkney. The descendants of Thorfinn Jarl of Orkney controlled Caithness until [1015]. Around that date, Malcolm II King of Scotland gave his grandson, Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney, the title of Earl of Caithness. King Malcolm invaded and seized Caithness and Sutherland on behalf of his grandson. Thorfinn's descendants ruled Caithness until 1231 when Earl John was murdered, nominally under the suzerainty of the kings of Scotland throughout this period although it is doubtful whether the king exercised much direct control in Caithness. In 1232, Magnus, son of Gillbride Earl of Angus, was installed as Earl in part of Caithness by Alexander II King of Scotland (see below, Part B). The other part of Caithness was controlled by Freskin of Moray, Lord of Duffus, who was probably the son-in-law of Earl John who was murdered in 1231 (see below, Part C). After the death of Magnus Earl of Caithness, Malise Earl of Strathearn styled himself Earl of Caithness and Orkney in 1334 which, the Complete Peerage suggests[132], he may have inherited through his mother. After his attainder in 1332, the earldom remained vacant until it was granted in [1375] to David Stewart Earl of Strathearn, son of Robert II King of Scotland. It was held by different members of the Stewart family until 1437.

A. MORMAERS of CAITHNESS

1. DUNGAD [Duncan] . Mormaer of Caithness. m GROA, daughter of [THORSTEIN "the Red"]. Dungad & his wife had one child:

a) GRELAD . Snorre names "Grelad, a daughter of Earl Dungad of Caithness…[and of] Groa, a daughter of Thorstein Raud" as mother of the five sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[133]. m (941) THORFINN "Hausakliffer/Skullcleaver" Jarl of Orkney, son of EINAR "Turf-Einar" Jarl of Orkney & his wife --- (-soon after 977). He appears to have become Jarl of Caithness.

B. EARLS of (part) CAITHNESS (ANGUS)

MAGNUS of Angus, son of GILLBRIDE Earl of Angus & his second wife --- of Caithness (-1239). Although still an infant, he was recognised as successor to his maternal uncle Harald "Ungi" Earl of Caithness in half of the Earldom of Caithness, and installed as Earl of ½ Caithness by Alexander II King of Scotland in 1232 following the murder of John Earl of Orkney and Caithness[134].

m ---. The name of Magnus´s wife is not known.

Magnus & his wife had [one probable child]:

1. [MALCOLM (-[1280]). He succeeded his father in 1239 as Earl of ½ Caithness.] m ---. The name of Malcolm´s wife is not known. Malcolm & his wife had one child:

a) JOHN (-before 28 Oct 1312). He succeeded his father in [1280] as Earl of ½ Caithness. A charter dated 5 Aug 1296 records the submission of "Johan Counte de Katteneys" to Edward I King of England[135].

2. MAGNUS (-[6 Apr 1320/1329]). His relationship to the previous Earls of Caithness is not clear, but he succeeded as Earl of ½ Caithness in [1300][136]. m KATHERINE, daughter of --- (-after 1329).

C. EARLS of CAITHNESS

1. GILBERT . Earl of Caithness and Orkney. m ---. The name of Gilbert´s wife is not known. Gilbert & his wife had one child:

a) MATILDA of Caithness (-before 1261). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (before 12 Dec 1257) as his second wife, MALISE Earl of Strathearn, son of ROBERT Earl of Strathearn & his wife --- (-[in France] [before 23 Nov] 1271, bur Dunblane).

Chapter 4. FIFE

Fife, with Forthreve, was one of the original seven provinces of Scotland in the 9th century. Its early rulers were styled "Mormaer" and in [1114/15] the ruler of Fife was one of the six signatories of the charter of Scone who signed as "comes". The earldom of Fife was held by the family of Gillemichel Macduff from [1129] until Isabel Ctss of Fife sold the earldom to Robert Stewart Earl of Menteith, son of Robert II King of Scotland, in 1371 after which it remained in the Stewart family until 1425.

A. MORMAERS of FIFE

1. BETH, son of ---. Possibly Mormaer of Fife or Moray. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[137]. "…Beth comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[138]. "Beth comite…" witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[139].

1. EDELRED, son of --- (-1130 or after). "Ed comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[140]. "Madeth comite, Malis comite, Head comite…" witnessed a charter dated 1130 by which "David…Rex Scottorum" confirmed the shire of Kirkcaldy to the church of Dunfermline[141]. The Complete Peerage suggests that he may have been Ethelred, son of King Malcolm III, who was abbot of Dunkeld[142]. However, if this is correct, it is unclear why his relationship with King David was not specified in the two charters referred to above, close family members being identified as such in other charters of the king.

B. EARLS of FIFE (MACDUFF)

1. CONSTANTINE, son of --- (-[1128/29]). "…Constantini comitis de Fyf…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Edelradus…filius Malcolmi Regis Scotiæ Abbas de Dunkeldense et insuper Comes de Fyf" made donations to the Keledei of Loch Leven[143]. He may have been Earl of Fife or Earl of Forthreve[144]. "…Constantinus comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[145].

GILLIEMATHIL [Gilliemichael] Macduff, son of --- (-before Jul 1136). Earl [of Fife]. "…Gillemichel Mac duf…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[146]. "Gillemichel comite…" witnessed a charter dated to [1130] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the monks of Dunfermline[147]. m ---. The name of Gilliemathil´s wife is not known.

Gilliemathil & his wife had three children:

1. DUNCAN Macduff (-1154). He succeeded his father in [1136] as Earl of Fife. "…Dunecano comite…" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[148]. David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer by undated charter, witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[149]. He may have been Regent of Scotland in 1153 during the minority of King Malcolm IV[150]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had three children:

a) DUNCAN Macduff (-[Aug/Dec] 1203). He succeeded his father in 1154 as Earl of Fife. "Duncano committed Fyfe…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[151].

- see below.

b) ADAM (-after 1203). "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[152]. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Marchinch" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa…Adam clerico fratre comitis…"[153]. "Malcolmus filius Dunecani comitis de Fif" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Cupre…Marking…Sconin, capellam de Katel" made to St Andrew´s priory by "Dunecanus comes pater meus", by undated charter but presumably dated to soon after his father´s death, witnessed by "…Adam fratre comitis…"[154]. "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[155]. m as her third husband, ORABILIS, separated wife firstly of ROBERT de Quincy, widow secondly of [MORGUND] Earl of Mar, daughter of NES of Mar and his wife --- (-1203). "Nesius filius Willi et Orabile filia sua heres" donated "ecclesiam de Losresc" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[156]. Her first marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which her son "Seherus de Quency comes Wintonie" donated "totam terram de Duglyn", held by "Nesus filius Willelmi avus meus" to Cambuskenneth priory[157]. Her second marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Orabilis comitissa de Mar filia Nesii filii Willi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Lochres" made by "pater meus Nesius filius Willi" to St Andrew´s priory, witnessed by "Duncano comite de Fif…"[158]. The question of the precise identity of Orabilis´s second husband is discussed below. Her third marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[159]. There seems little doubt that the witness was Orabilis, daughter of the donor, and her third husband as the name is so unusual. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[160]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[161]. Pope Innocent III confirmed the possessions of Inchaffray Abbey, including the donation of land "in territorio de Gasgt" by "quondam Orable matris Seer de Quinci", by bull dated 30 Jun 1203[162]. Orabilis presumably died before her first husband, given the undated charter under which her son "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory which was witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…"[163].

c) AFREKA . Orkneyinga Saga records that Earl Harald married “a woman called Afreka”[164]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. m (repudiated [1154/55]) as his first wife, HARALD Maddadsson Jarl of Orkney, son of MADDAD [of Scotland] Earl of Atholl & his second wife Margaret of Orkney (1134-1206).

2. HUGH . His parentage is confirmed by the undated charter, probably dated to [1165/66], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory, including a donation of "ecclesiam de Marchinche" by "militis…Egii filii Hugonis filii Gillemihel comitis de Fif"[165]. m ---. The name of Hugh´s wife is not known. Hugh & his wife had one child:

a) GILES . William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory, including a donation of "ecclesiam de Marchinche" by "militis…Egii filii Hugonis filii Gillemihel comitis de Fif", by undated charter probably dated to [1165/66][166].

3. ETE Macduff (-after 1132). [167]m GARTNACH Mormaer of Buchan, son of CAINNEACH [Kenneth] & his wife (-after 1132).

DUNCAN Macduff, son of DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife & his wife --- (-[Aug/Dec] 1203). He succeeded his father in 1154 as Earl of Fife. "Duncano committed Fyfe…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[168]. "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[169]. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[170]. Justiciar of Scotland. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death in 1204 of "Duncanus comes de Fyff"[171].

m (Edinburgh [1159/60]) ELA, daughter of ---. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[172]. "Ada comitissa mater regis Scottorum" donated "toftum in burgo meo de Hadintuna" to St Andrew´s priory, for the soul of "Henrici comitis sponsi mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Hela comitissa de Fif…"[173]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[174].

Duncan & his wife had three children:

1. MALCOLM Macduff (-1228, bur Culross [Kilenross] Abbey[175]). "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[176]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Malcomus filius eius, qui postea fundavit Culros" succeeded on the death of "Duncanus comes de Fyff"[177]. He succeeded his father in 1203 as Earl of Fife. "Malcolmus filius Dunecani comitis de Fif" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Cupre…Marking…Sconin, capellam de Katel" made to St Andrew´s priory by "Dunecanus comes pater meus", by undated charter but presumably dated to soon after his father´s death, witnessed by "…Adam fratre comitis…"[178]. "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam…in Inuerhouen" to the church of Moray by undated charter, dated to before 1223, witnessed by "Duncano et David fratribus meis…"[179]. The Complete Peerage gives contradictory information concerning the wife of Malcolm Macduff Earl of Fife. It is possible that he married twice, but it has not so far been possible to verify this against primary sources. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death in 1229 of "Malcolmus comes de Fife" and his burial "apud Culros in ecclesia sancti Servani" which he had founded[180]. [181]m MATILDA of Strathearn, daughter of GILBERT Earl of Strathearn & his first wife Matilda d'Aubigny. [182]m MARGUERITE de Tosny, daughter of ROGER [IV] de Tosny & his wife Constance de Beaumont (-16/17 Jan after 1246). Malcolm & his wife had one child:

a) DAVID (-[1223/28]). "David filio comitis…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after 1223, which settled the dispute between Andrew Bishop of Moray and "Malcolmum comitem de Fyf" concerning "terris…Adauyn"[183].

2. DUNCAN Macduff . "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam…in Inuerhouen" to the church of Moray by undated charter, dated to before 1223, witnessed by "Duncano et David fratribus meis…"[184]. m ALICE Corbet, daughter of WALTER Corbet of Makerstoun & his wife Alice ---. Duncan & his wife had one child:

a) MALCOLM Macduff (-1266). He succeeded his uncle in 1230 as Earl of Fife.

- see below.

3. DAVID (-[after 12 Feb 1236]). "David fratre meo…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1213/28], under which "Comes Malcolmus de Fyffe" confirmed "terram…de Levingstoun…et…de Hirmanstoun", which "idem Willelmus de me tenuit", to "Archebaldo de Douglas filio Willelmi de Douglas"[185]. "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam…in Inuerhouen" to the church of Moray by undated charter, dated to before 1223, witnessed by "Duncano et David fratribus meis…"[186]. Andrew Bishop of Moray and "David de Strathbolgyn filium inclyte memorie Duncani comitis de Fif" reached agreement concerning the boundaries of "terrarum…ecclesiarum de Rynyn et de Dunbanan…" by charter dated 10 Oct 1232[187]. Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed donations to Kinloss, including the donation of "totam illam partem terre de Belach" by "David filii comitis Dunecani de Fif", by charter dated 12 Feb 1236[188]. The charter does not indicate that the donor was deceased at the time of the confirmation. m ---. The name of David´s wife is not known. David & his wife had one child:

a) JOHN of Strathbogie (-[1260]). Earl of Atholl. m ADA Hastings Ctss of Atholl, daughter of DAVID Hastings Earl of Atholl & his wife Fernelith Ctss of Atholl.

- EARLS of ATHOLL.

MALCOLM Macduff, son of DUNCAN Macduff of Fife & his wife Alice Corbet (-1266). He succeeded his uncle in 1230 as Earl of Fife. He was one of the Guardians of the Realm in 1255[189]. A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[190].

m as her first husband, HELEN of Wales, illegitimate daughter of LLEWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales & his mistress --- (-after [Feb 1295]). She married secondly Donald Earl of Mar.

Earl Malcolm & his wife had one child:

1. COLBRAN Macduff (-1270). The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Colvanum filium Malcolmi comitis de Fife" was knighted "die natalis Domini" in 1264[191]. He succeeded his father in 1266 as Earl of Fife. A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[192]. m ANNE, daughter of [Sir ALAN Durward & his wife ---]. Earl Colbran & his wife had two children:

a) DUNCAN Macduff ([1262]-murdered Petpolloch 25 Sep 1288). A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[193]. He succeeded his father in 1270 as Earl of Fife. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "filius Colbani" was eight years old when his father died[194]. He was appointed one of the six guardians of the kingdom on the death of King Alexander III in 1286[195]. According to the Chronicle of Lanercost "as a young man he was cruel and greedy beyond all that we commonly have seen"[196]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Duncan Earl of Fife son of Colban son of Malcolm" was "slain at Petpolloch by Patrick of Abernethy and Walter de Percy knights, with the advice and consent of William of Abernethy knight" 7 Apr 1288[197]. He was murdered by Sir Patrick Abernethy. m as her first husband, (1284) JOAN de Clare, daughter of GILBERT de Clare Earl of Gloucester & his first wife Alix de Lusignan (1264-after 1322). A charter dated 6 Jun 1292 records that King Edward I granted permission to "Johanna de Clare comitissa de Fif uxor quondam Duncani comitis de Fif" to marry whom she pleases on payment of a fine of 1000 marks[198]. She married secondly (after 23 Apr 1299) Sir Gervase Avenell. Earl Duncan & his wife had two children:

i) ISABEL Macduff . The English imprisoned her in an iron cage at Berwick in 1306. She was released in Apr 1313[199]. m JOHN Comyn Earl of Buchan, son of ALEXANDER Comyn Earl of Buchan & his wife Elizabeth de Quincy ([1259]-in England [11 Aug/3 Dec] 1308).

ii) DUNCAN Macduff ([1285]-1353). He succeeded his father in 1288 as Earl of Fife. A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[200]. He was taken prisoner at Dupplin 12 Aug 1332 and submitted to Edward Balliol, but finally joined David II King of Scotland. He was taken prisoner at Durham 12 Oct 1346, condemned as a traitor but pardoned and released for a ransom of £1000. m (Papal dispensation 4^o Nov 1307) MARY Monthermer, daughter of RALPH Lord Monthermer & his wife Joan [of Acre] of England ([1298]-after 1371). Earl Duncan & his wife had one child:

(a) ISABEL Macduff (-after 12 Aug 1389). She succeeded her father in 1353 as Ctss of Fife. She resigned the earldom of Fife to Robert Stewart Earl of Menteith 30 Mar 1371[201]. m firstly Sir WILLIAM Ramsay of Colluthie (-after Mar 1360). He succeeded as Earl of Fife, de iure uxoris. m secondly ([1360/61]) WALTER Stewart, son of ROBERT [later ROBERT II King of Scotland] & his first wife Eupheme of Ross (-1362 after 14 Aug). He succeeded as Earl of Fife, de iure uxoris. m thirdly (after 10 Jan 1363) Sir THOMAS Byset of Upsetlington (-17 Apr 1365). He succeeded as Earl of Fife, de iure uxoris. m fourthly ([after Apr 1365]) JOHN Dunbar, son of [PATRICK Dunbar E<arl of Dunbar & his first wife Ermengarde ---] (-before Jul 1368). Ctss Isabel & her first husband had one child:

(1) [202]ELIZABETH Ramsay (-before 30 Mar 1371). It is assumed that she died before her mother sold the earldom. Betrothed (Papal dispensation 27 Jun 1358) to DAVID de Berclay .

b) --- Macduff . The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that King John Balliol "sought to deprive Macduff, brother of Duncan the lately murdered Earl of Fife, of his lands and property of Kilconquhar", which was appealed to the English king[203].

Chapter 5. MAR

Mar, with Buchan, was one of the original seven provinces of Scotland in the 9th century. It covered the territory of the future counties of Aberdeen and Banff. Buchan separated from Mar, probably at the same time as Caithness was conquered by the Norwegians[204]. The early rulers of Mar were styled "Mormaer". In [1114/15] the ruler of Mar was one of the six signatories of the charter of Scone who signed as "comes".

A. MORMAERS of MAR

1. CAINNECH [Kenneth]. m ---. The name of Cainnech´s wife is not known. Cainnech & his wife had one child:

a) EMKIN . m ---. The name of Emkin´s wife is not known. Emkin & his wife had one child:

i) DONALD MacEmkin MacCainnech (-killed in battle Clontarf 1014). Mormaer of Mar. He is said to have been one of the 10 Mormaers who crossed to Ireland to assist Brian Boroihme against the Danes. The Annals of Ulster record that "Domnall son of Eimen son of Cainnech, earl of Marr in Scotland" was killed in battle at Clontarf in 1014[205].

1. ROTHRI, son of --- (-after [1131/32]). His relationship with the earlier Mormaers is not known. Mormaer of Mar. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[206]. "…Rothri comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[207]. "…Rotheri comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[208].

1. WILLIAM [of Leuchars] . No source has yet been identified which names William in his own right. His name suggests that he was a Norman immigrant to Scotland but no information has so far been found which could indicate his origin. m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known. The names of the couple´s sons suggest that she may have been from a Celtic family. William & his wife had two children:

a) NES [of Mar] (-after [1177]). "…Neis fil Wil, Constantino fratre suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland donated "Ledmaedunegil" to Dunfermline monastery[209]. "…Nes filio Willmi…" witnessed the undated charter under which property in "villa de Bolgyne" was donated to St Andrew´s priory[210]. "…Nees filio Willi…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam…in Kilrimund cum terra Kindargog" to St Andrew´s priory[211]. "…Nes filio Willi…" witnessed the undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign, under which William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory[212]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam sancti M´Huluoch de Tharuelund" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Dunecano comite de Fif, Marleswano, Nesio filio Willi, Galfredo de Maleuill…"[213]. "…Nesio filio Willi…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after [1170], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Sconin" to St Andrew´s priory[214]. "Nesius filius Willi et Orabile filia sua heres" donated "ecclesiam de Losresc" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[215]. "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[216]. William King of Scotland confirmed donations to St Andrew´s priory, including the donation of "ecclesiam de Louchref" by "Neisi filii Willi", by undated charter[217]. m ---. The name of Nes´s wife is not known. Nes & his wife had one child:

i) ORABILIS (-before 30 Jun 1203). "Nesius filius Willi et Orabile filia sua heres" donated "ecclesiam de Losresc" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[218]. Her first marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which her son "Seherus de Quency comes Wintonie" donated "totam terram de Duglyn", held by "Nesus filius Willelmi avus meus" to Cambuskenneth priory[219]. Her second marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Orabilis comitissa de Mar filia Nesii filii Willi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Lochres" made by "pater meus Nesius filius Willi" to St Andrew´s priory, witnessed by "Duncano comite de Fif…"[220]. Her third marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[221]. There seems little doubt that the witness was Orabilis, daughter of the donor, and her third husband as the name is so unusual. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[222]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[223]. Pope Innocent III confirmed the possessions of Inchaffray Abbey, including the donation of land "in territorio de Gasgt" by "quondam Orable matris Seer de Quinci", by bull dated 30 Jun 1203[224]. Orabilis presumably died before her first husband, given the undated charter under which her son "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory which was witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…"[225]. m firstly ([1160/70], separated) as his first wife, ROBERT de Quincy, son of SAHER de Quincy & his wife Maud de Senlis ([1140]-after 1200). m secondly --- Earl of Mar, son of ---. The Complete Peerage says that "it has been asserted" that Orabilis´s second husband was Gilchrist Earl of Mar, but adds that "the chronology is difficult"[226]. The chronology in fact appears impossible: Earl Gilchrist is recorded up to 1199, whereas Orabilis is named with her [third] husband in a charter of her father which, although undated, is probably not dated much later than 1177. It seems more likely that Orabilis´s second husband was Morgund Earl of Mar (-[1177/30 Mar 1183]), which if correct means that she was his second wife. m thirdly ADAM of Fife, son of DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife & his wife ---.

Nes had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress or mistresses:

ii) CONSTANTINE (-after [1202/03]). "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…Constant et Patricio filiis Nesii avi mei…"[227]. Constantine is unlikely to have been legitimate as Nes´s daughter Orabilis is noted in the charter quoted above as her father´s heir.

iii) PATRICK (-after 1218). "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[228]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[229]. "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…Constant et Patricio filiis Nesii avi mei…"[230]. "Seyerus de Quinci comes Wintonie" donated revenue from "molendino meo de Locres" to St Andrew´s priory, with the consent of "Rogeri filii et heredis mei", by undated charter, dated to [1217/18], witnessed by "Rogero de Quinci herede meo, Simone de Quinci persona de Louchres, Patricio filio Nesii…Simonis de Quinci"[231]. "Rogerus de Quinci filius Seyeri comitis Wintonie" confirmed his father´s donation of a mill to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter, dated to [1217/18], witnessed by "Dño Seyero patre meo comite Wintonie, Symone de Quinci persona de Louchres, Patricio filio Nesii…Gilleberto clerico, Symonis de Quinci, Henrico clerico, Symonis de Quinci"[232]. Patrick is unlikely to have been legitimate as Nes´s daughter Orabilis is noted in the charter quoted above as her father´s heir.

b) CONSTANTINE (-after 1153). "…Neis fil Wil, Constantino fratre suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland donated "Ledmaedunegil" to Dunfermline monastery[233].

B. EARLS of MAR

1. MORGUND [Morgrund] MacGylocher (-[1177/30 Mar 1183]). He succeeded as Earl of Mar, witnessing charters before 1152 and [1154/58]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam sancti M´Huluoch de Tharuelund" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Dunecano comite de Fif, Marleswano, Nesio filio Willi, Galfredo de Maleuill…"[234]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[235]. m [firstly] AGNES, daughter of ---. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam sancti M´Huluoch de Tharuelund" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Dunecano comite de Fif, Marleswano, Nesio filio Willi, Galfredo de Maleuill…"[236]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[237]. "Agnes comitissa de Mar" donated "dimidiam carucatam terre in ville de Inuerinche" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "mee et Morgrundi comitis sponsi mei", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard…"[238]. [m secondly as her second husband, ORABILIS, separated wife of ROBERT de Quincy, daughter of NES of Mar and his wife --- (-1203). This marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Orabilis comitissa de Mar filia Nesii filii Willi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Lochres" made by "pater meus Nesius filius Willi" to St Andrew´s priory, witnessed by "Duncano comite de Fif…"[239]. The Complete Peerage says that "it has been asserted" that Orabilis´s second husband was Gilchrist Earl of Mar, but adds that "the chronology is difficult"[240]. The chronology in fact appears impossible: Earl Gilchrist is recorded up to 1199, whereas Orabilis is named with her [third] husband in a charter of her father which, although undated, is probably not dated much later than 1177. It seems more likely that Orabilis´s second husband was Earl Morgund, who died soon after her marriage, after which she married her third husband. Orabilis married thirdly Adam of Fife. Her third marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[241]. There seems little doubt that the witness was Orabilis, daughter of the donor, and her third husband as the name is so unusual. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[242]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[243]. Pope Innocent III confirmed the possessions of Inchaffray Abbey, including the donation of land "in territorio de Gasgt" by "quondam Orable matris Seer de Quinci", by bull dated 30 Jun 1203[244]. Orabilis presumably died before her first husband, given the undated charter under which her son "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory which was witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…"[245].] Morgund & his wife had [four] children:

a) MALCOLM (-after [1182/99]). He and his brother James witnessed the [1182/99] foundation charter of the hospital of St Peter in Aberdeen250.

b) JAMES (-after [1182/99]). He and his brother Malcolm witnessed the [1182/99] foundation charter of the hospital of St Peter in Aberdeen250.

c) DUNCAN (-[1242/7 Feb 1244]). He witnessed a charter of St Andrew's dated 29 Aug 1228 as Earl Duncan son of Morgund[246], from which he is assumed to have succeeded as Earl of Mar before that date. "Duncanus comes de Marr" donated "ecclesiam de Loychel" to St Andrew´s priory, for the soul of "patris mei Morgrund et matris mee Agnetis", by undated charter[247]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had [two] children:

i) WILLIAM (-1281 before 25 Jul). "…Willelmo filio Duncani comitis de Mar…" subscribed the undated charter, dated to [1223/40], under which "Fergusius filius Gilberti quondam comitis de Stathern" donated "terram…de Beny" to Lindores Abbey[248]. He succeeded his father in [1243] as Earl of Mar, first recorded as such as witness of a royal charter dated 7 Feb 1244.

- see below.

ii) [JOHN . "…Johanne filio comitis de Mar…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1213/28], under which "Comes Malcolmus de Fyffe" confirmed "terram…de Levingstoun…et…de Hirmanstoun", which "idem Willelmus de me tenuit", to "Archebaldo de Douglas filio Willelmi de Douglas"[249]. The name of John´s father is not known with certainty. From a chronological point of view, it appears likely that he was the son of Earl Duncan.]

1. GILCHRIST . He succeeded as Earl of Mar in [1182]. Although his paternity is not known, as Earl of Mar he witnessed the [1182/99] foundation charter of the hospital of St Peter in Aberdeen [250], with the brothers Malcolm and James, sons of Earl Morgund, which could indicate that he was also the son of Earl Morgund. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[251]. "Gilcrist comes de Marr" donated "ecclesiam de Loychel" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[252]. m ---. Gilchrist & his wife had one child:

a) daughter. [253]m MALCOLM of Lundie, son of ---. He was ancestor of the Durward family.

WILLIAM, son of DUNCAN Earl of Mar & his wife --- (-1281 before 25 Jul). "…Willelmo filio Duncani comitis de Mar…" subscribed the undated charter, dated to [1223/40], under which "Fergusius filius Gilberti quondam comitis de Stathern" donated "terram…de Beny" to Lindores Abbey[254]. He succeeded his father in [1243] as Earl of Mar, first recorded as such as witness of a royal charter dated 7 Feb 1244. "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[255]. He was appointed Chamberlain of Alexander III King of Scotland in [1252] and from 1262 to 1264[256].

m firstly ELIZABETH Comyn, daughter of WILLIAM Comyn Earl of Buchan & his second wife Margaret Ctss of Buchan (-1267).

m secondly (after 1267) MURIEL of Strathearn, daughter of MALISE Earl of Strathearn & his first wife Marjory de Muschamp of Wooler ([1244]-[16 May/12 Nov] 1291). A charter dated 16 May 1291 records the homage sworn to King Edward by "Muriellæ quæ fuit uxor Willelmi quondam comitis de Mar, filiæ et heredis Margeriæ filiæ Roberti de Muschaumps defunctæ" for the lands of "Margeria mater sua"[257].

Earl William & his first wife had two children:

1. DONALD (-after 25 Jul 1297). "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[258]. He succeeded his father in 1281 as Earl of Mar. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England as his overlord 13 Jun 1291, but was active in the Scottish revolt against England. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Dunbar 27 Apr 1296, but did homage to the English king after the submission of John Balliol in Jul 1296[259].

- see below.

2. DUNCAN . "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[260].

DONALD, son of WILLIAM Earl of Mar & his first wife Elizabeth Comyn of Buchan (-after 25 Jul 1297). "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[261]. He succeeded his father in 1281 as Earl of Mar. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England as his overlord 13 Jun 1291, but was active in the Scottish revolt against England. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Dunbar 27 Apr 1296, but did homage to the English king after the submission of John Balliol in Jul 1296[262].

m (after 1266) as her second husband, HELEN of Wales, widow of MALCOLM Macduff Earl of Fife, illegitimate daughter of LLEWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales & his mistress --- (-after Feb 1295).

Earl Donald & his wife had [four] children:

1. GRATNEY (-before Sep 1305). He succeeded his father in 1297 as Earl of Mar. m (1292 or after) as her first husband, CHRISTIAN Bruce, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-[1356/27 Jan 1357], bur Dunfermline). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that the eldest daughter of "Robert Earl of Carrick" married "Gartnay Earl of Mar"[263]. She married secondly Sir Christopher Seton, and thirdly (dispensation 20 Sep 1326, Cambuskenneth 1326) Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the marriage of "the lady Christina [the] king´s sister" and "Andrew of Moray" at "Cambuskenneth" in 1326[264]. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Andree de Moravia domino de Bothvile" and "Cristiane de Setono nate quondam Robert de Bruys", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 20 Sep 1326[265]. The same source records the death in 1357 of "the Lady Christiana of Bruce, King Robert´s sister" and her burial "at Dunfermline with her parents"[266]. Earl Gratney & his wife had --- children:

a) DONALD (-killed in battle Duplin 12 Aug 1332). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Donald called Bane Earl of Mar" as son of "Gartnay Earl of Mar" and his wife, adding that he was killed at the battle of Duplin "shortly after having been appointed warden of Scotland"[267]. He succeeded his father in [1305] as Earl of Mar. He was brought up at the English court and remained in England after the English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314. He left for Scotland after the deposition of Edward II King of England. He was appointed Regent for David II King of Scotland in 1332. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Donaldus comes de Marre" was chosen "apud Pertht IV Non Aug" in 1332 to succeed "comite Morauie" as regent for King David[268]. He was killed in battle fighting the invading Edward Balliol[269]. m as her first husband, ISABEL Stewart, daughter of --- (-[15 Jun 1347/15 Jan 1348]). She married secondly (before 15 Sep 1334, divorced before Easter 1336) Geoffrey Mourray, and thirdly (licence 3 Jun 1339) William Careswell. Earl Donald & his wife had two children:

i) THOMAS ([1330]-[22 Oct 1373/21 Jun 1374]). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Thomas Earl of Mar" as son of "Donald called Bane Earl of Mar"[270]. He succeeded his father in 1332 as Earl of Mar. He was appointed Great Chamberlain of Scotland 1358 and 1359. m firstly (Papal dispensations 15 Aug 1352 and 29 May 1354, divorced before Feb 1359) as her second husband, MARGARET Graham Ctss of Menteith, widow of Sir JOHN Moray of Bothwell, daughter of Sir JOHN Graham & his wife Mary Ctss of Menteith (-[20 Jul 1372/4 May 1380]). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Thomas Earl of Mar" was betrothed to "the heiress of Menteith" but "by trumping up colourable pretexts and untrue pleas got a divorce without their being any offspring between them"[271]. She married thirdly (1359 or before) Sir John Drummond of Concraig, and fourthly (Papal dispensation 9 Sep 1361) as his first wife, Robert Stewart, later Earl of Fife and Duke of Albany. m secondly ([1361/74]) MARGARET Stewart of Angus, daughter of THOMAS Stewart Earl of Angus, Lord of Abernethy & his wife Margaret St Clair (-[1417/23 Mar 1418]). She succeeded her brother in 1377 as Ctss of Angus, suo iure. She was the mistress of William Douglas 1^st Earl of Douglas, and resigned the earldom of Angus 9 Apr 1389 in favour of her illegitimate son by him George Douglas[272].

ii) MARGARET (-[5 Dec 1389/19 Oct 1393]). She succeeded her brother in [1374] as Ctss of Mar, suo iure. m firstly (before 13 Nov 1357) Sir WILLIAM Douglas of Douglas, son of Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas, Regent of Scotland & his wife Beatrice Lindsay of Crawford (-Douglas May 1384, bur Melrose). He was created Earl of Douglas in 1358. m secondly ([1385/27 Jul 1388]) as his first wife, Sir JOHN Swinton of Swinton (-killed in battle Homildon Hill 14 Sep 1402).

b) ELLEN of Mar . m JOHN de Menteith of Strathgartney and Arran, son of Sir JOHN de Menteith of Rusky & his wife --- (-before 1344).

2. ISABEL of Mar (-before 1302). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "King Robert when he was Earl of Carrick" married "Isabella sister of…Gartnay Earl of Mar"[273]. m ([1295]) as his first wife, ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick, son of Sir ROBERT de Brus, Earl of Carrick, Lord of Annandale & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (Writtle, near Chelmsford, Essex 11 Jul 1274-Cardross Castle, Dumbartonshire 7 Jun 1329, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He succeeded in 1306 as ROBERT I King of Scotland.

3. MARGARET of Mar . m JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, son of DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his second wife Isabel of Chilham (-executed London 7 Nov 1306).

4. [MARGARET of Mar . She is named as wife of Malcolm Earl of Lennox by Fraser[274]. She may have been the daughter or the sister of Donald Earl of Mar. m MALCOLM Earl of Lennox, son of MALCOLM Earl of Lennox & his wife --- (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333).]

Chapter 6. MORAY

Moray was the territory of the northern Picts who maintained their independence when Kenneth MacAlpin became King of the Scots in [843/44]. Together with Ross, it was one of the seven original provinces of Scotland, covering the territory of what later became the counties of Inverness and Ross. Although the Mormaership of Moray was conquered by the Scots in 1130, it was not until 1312 that Robert I King of Scotland created the earldom of Moray, installing Thomas Randolph as first earl. Irish genealogies show the descent of Findlaech from "cenel Loairn, one of the ruling kindreds of Dalriada…in the 8th century"[275], but it is unknown how accurate this may be.

A. MORMAERS of MORAY

RUAIDHRI . Mormaer of Moray.

m ---. The name of Ruaidhri´s wife is not known.

Ruadhri & his wife had two children:

1. FINDLAECH MacRory (-[1018/20]). Thane of Angus, Mormaer of Moray. Orkneyinga Saga records that Sigurd Jarl of Orkney defeated “a Scottish earl called Finnleik”[276]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Findlaech mac Ruaidhrí mormaer Moreb” was killed “a filiis fratris sui MaelBrighdi” in [1018/20][277]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1020 of "Finnlaech son of Ruadrí king of Alba…killed by his own people"[278]. m ---. The name of Findlaech´s wife is not known. Many secondary sources name the wife of Findlaech as Donada of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland & his wife ---, adding that she was the mother of King Macbeth. It seems that the proof for this connection is slim. The only source so far identified which refers to Macbeth´s maternal origin is the Chronicle of Huntingdon which names "Maket Regem [=King Macbeth] nepotem dicti Malcolmi" when recording that he was expelled from Scotland after ruling 15 years[279]. The word "nepos" is of course treacherous, and could indicate a variety of relationships in addition to grandson. However, it appears that early historians assumed that "grandson" was the correct translation. For example, Ralph Holinshed´s 1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth"[280]. Another variation is provided by the Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun, which records that "Makbeth-Fynlak, his systyr sowne" murdered King Duncan[281]. From a chronological point of view, it is unlikely that Macbeth could have been a nephew of King Duncan, but it is possible that the passage represents an interpretation of "nepos" from an earlier source and has confused the king with whom Macbeth enjoyed this relationship. No source earlier than Holinshed has been found which names her Donada. Mormaer Findlaech & had one child:

a) MACBETH ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Macheth filius Findleg xvii…" as king[282]. The Annals of Tigernach names “Mac bethadh son of Findlaech overking of Scotland” when recording his death[283]. Mormaer of Moray [1029/32]. He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. He was defeated in battle 27 Jul 1054 by the army of Siward Earl of Northumbria who had invaded Scotland to support the claim to the throne of Malcolm son of King Duncan I. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mac Bethad son of Finnlaech, over-king of Scotland was killed by Mael Sechlainn son of Donnchad in battle" in 1058[284]. m (after 1032) as her second husband, GRUOCH, widow of GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray, daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] of Scotland & his wife --- ([1015]-).

2. MAELBRIGTE . The Annals of Tigernach record that “Findlaech mac Ruaidhrí mormaer Moreb” was killed “a filiis fratris sui MaelBrighdi” in [1018/20][285]. m ---. The name of Maelbrigte´s wife is not known. Maelbrigte & his wife had two children:

a) MALCOLM (-1029). A grant by "Maelcoluim son of Maelbrigte" to the church of Deer is recalled in a notice of grants between 565 and 1100[286]. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 1029 of “Mael Colaim mac Mael-Brighdi maic Ruaidrí, rí Alban”[287].

b) GILLACOMGAIN (-burned alive 1032). Mormaer of Moray. The Annals of Ulster record that "Gilla Comgán son of Mael Brigte, earl of Moray was burned together with fifty people" in 1032[288]. m as her first husband, GRUOCH, daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] & his wife --- ([1015]-). She married secondly (after 1032) Macbeth, who succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. Mormaer Gillacomgain & his wife had one child:

i) LULACH ([1032]-killed in battle Essie, Strathbogie 17 Mar 1058, bur Isle of Iona). He succeeded his stepfather in 1057 as LULACH "the Simple" King of Scotland, crowned Aug 1057 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. The Annals of Ulster record that "Lulach son of Gilla Comgain, over-king of Scotland was killed in battle by Mael Coluim son of Donnchad" in 1058[289]. m FINNGHUALA, daughter of SINILL Mormaer of Angus & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Lulach & his wife had two children:

(a) MAELSNECHTAI (-1085). A grant by "Maelsnecte son of Luloeg" to the church of Deer is recalled in a notice of grants between 565 and 1100[290]. Mormaer of Moray until 1078. Monk.

(b) daughter . Her parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death in 1130 of "Angus son of the daughter of Lulach” in a battle “between the men of Scotland and the men of Moray”[291]. m AEDH [Heth] Mormaer of Moray. 1078. Aedh & his wife had two children:

(1) GRUOLDH . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m as his first wife, WILLIAM FitzDuncan, son of DUNCAN II King of Scotland & his wife Ethelreda of Northumberland (-[1153/54]). He maybe claimed the Mormaership of Moray in 1130 after the defeat of his brother-in-law Angus Mormaer of Moray, by right of his first wife.

(2) ANGUS (-killed in battle Strickathrow 1130). Mormaer of Moray. Moray was conquered by the Scots in 1130 after Mormaer Angus's defeat at Strickathrow[292]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1130 of "Angus son of the daughter of Lulach” in a battle “between the men of Scotland and the men of Moray”[293]. m ---.

B. MORAY FAMILY

WILLIAM, son of FRESKIN & his wife --- (-after 1204). "…Willelmo filio Freskini…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation by "Johanni heremite" to the church of Moray[294]. "…Willelmo filio Fresekini…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland donated "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[295]. "…Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[296]. "…Hugone Freskyn et Willelmo fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated 25 Aug (no year) under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Kynguscy cum capella de Benchory" to the church of Moray by "Bricio Moraviensi episcopo"[297]. "Hugo Freskyn" donated "terram meam de Scelbol in Sutherland" to the church of Moray by charter dated to [1203/14], witnessed by "Willelmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo…Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas…"[298].

m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known.

William & his wife had three children:

1. HUGH de Moray (-before Oct 1226, bur Duffus). "…Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[299]. "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol…exceptis decimis…juxta castellum meum de Bucharm" to the church of Moray by undated charter witnessed by "…Hugone fratre meo…"[300]. m ---. The name of Hugh´s wife is not known. Hugh & his wife had one child:

a) WALTER de Moray (-after 19 Sep 1240). A charter dated 7 Oct 1226 records a dispute between "Andreas episcopus Moraviensis" and "Walterum de Moravia filium quondam Willelmi de Moravia" concerning "terris de Ardtrillen et Lunnin et Duldaui et Croyn…et super advocatione ecclesiarum de Croyn, Abirlouer, Buthrothyn et Arteldol", signed by "Walteri de Moravia filii quondam Hugonis de Moravia", witnessed by "…Alexandro vicecomite de Elgyn, H. de Duglas fratre eius…"[301]. "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[302]. "Walterus de Moravia filius Hugonis de Moravia" confirmed revenue to the chapel of St Peter of Duffus by charter dated 19 Sep 1240[303]. m EUPHEME, daughter of --- (-after 3 Feb 1263). "Fergus de Ardrossen miles" founded the chapel of Clon, for the soul of "quondam Friskini de Moravia domini mei domini de Duffus", by charter dated 16 Mar 1262 which names "domine Eufamie matris dicti Friskini"[304]. "Domina Eufemia quondam sponsa domini Walteri de Moravia domini de Duffus" confirmed "terram…in Ros…dotis mee…de Clonys juxta Dyngvall" to the church of Elgin by charter dated 3 Feb 1263[305]. Walter & his wife had one child:

i) FRESKIN de Moray (-before 16 Mar 1262, bur Duffus). A charter dated 20 Mar 1248 records an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Freskynum de Moravia dominum de Duffus" concerning "Spyny et…Fynroffy", confirming an earlier agreement between Bishop Andrew and "Walterum de Moravia dicti Freskyni genitorem"[306]. "Fergus de Ardrossen miles" founded the chapel of Clon, for the soul of "quondam Friskini de Moravia domini mei domini de Duffus", by charter dated 16 Mar 1262 which names "domine Eufamie matris dicti Friskini"[307]. m JOAN of Orkney, daughter of JOHN Jarl of Orkney and Caithness & his wife ---. She was taken hostage by Alexander II King of Scotland in [Aug 1214 or 1222]. A charter dated 1269 confirmed a donation to the church of Moray by "domino Reginaldo le Chen minori domino de Duffus et Marie sponse sue filie quondam Friskyni de Moravia" and named "domina Johanna quondam sponsa domini Friskyni de Moravia"[308]. Freskin & his wife had two children:

(a) MARY (-after 1312). A charter dated 1269 confirmed a donation to the church of Moray by "domino Reginaldo le Chen minori domino de Duffus et Marie sponse sue filie quondam Friskyni de Moravia" and named "domina Johanna quondam sponsa domini Friskyni de Moravia"[309]. m Sir REGINALD de Chen, son of ---. He possessed ¼ Caithness, de iure uxoris, after the death of his father-in-law, but acquired another ¼ from his brother-in-law [310].

(b) CHRISTIANA (-after Oct 1294). "Willelmus de Fedreth et Cristina de Moravia uxor sua" donated "ecclesia Sancti Petri de Doffus" to the church of Moray by charter dated Oct 1294[311]. m WILLIAM de Federeth, son of ---. Constable of Roxburgh 1262. He possessed ¼ Caithness, de iure uxoris, after the death of his father-in-law, but acquired another ¼ from his brother-in-law[312].

2. WILLIAM de Moray (-before Oct 1226). "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol…exceptis decimis…juxta castellum meum de Bucharm" to the church of Moray by undated charter witnessed by "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo, Hugone fratre meo, Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…"[313]. m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known. William & his wife had two children:

a) WALTER de Moray (-after 1242, bur Duffus). A charter dated 7 Oct 1226 records a dispute between "Andreas episcopus Moraviensis" and "Walterum de Moravia filium quondam Willelmi de Moravia" concerning "terris de Ardtrillen et Lunnin et Duldaui et Croyn…et super advocatione ecclesiarum de Croyn, Abirlouer, Buthrothyn et Arteldol", signed by "Walteri de Moravia filii quondam Hugonis de Moravia", witnessed by "…Alexandro vicecomite de Elgyn, H. de Duglas fratre eius…"[314]. "…Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Willelmi de Moravia, Willelmo de Moravia milite…" witnessed the charter dated 31 Oct 1226 which confirmed an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Gylbertum Hostiarium" about "terra de Strathboc et…Buleske"[315]. "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[316].

b) WILLIAM de Moray . "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[317]. Canon at Moray.

3. ANDREW (-after 1213). Richard Bishop of Moray confirmed the donation of "Logynauedal et le Logyndykis" made by "Willelmo filio Freskyni" by undated charter confirmed by "Andree persone clerico nostro et filio suo"[318]. Parson of Duffus.

1. WALTER de Moray (-after 1278). The editor of the cartulary of the bishopric of Moray suggests that Walter was the son of Walter de Moray, son of William de Moray, who died after 1242 (see above) but he cites no primary source on which he bases this speculation[319]. A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[320]. Lord of Bothwell. m ---. The name of Walter´s wife is not known. Walter & his wife had [four] children:

a) WILLIAM de Moray (-[1294]).

b) ANDREW de Moray (-killed in battle 1297). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[321].

- see below.

c) ALAN de Moray (-after [1275]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[322].

d) [ALEXANDER de Moray . The primary source which confirms Alexander´s parentage has not yet been identified, but from a chronological point of view it appears possible that he was another son of Walter de Moray. m as her first husband, EVA, daughter of --- (-after 3 Sep 1296). She married secondly (before 1295) Alexander Comyn. A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including by "Eva ´uxor´domini Alexandri Comyn de Badenaghe", who was captured "apud Dunbar", who requested restoration of "terræ de dote domini Alexandri de Morreve, quondam viri sui"[323].]

ANDREW de Moray, son of WALTER de Moray & his wife --- (-killed in battle 1297). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[324]. A charter dated 11 Nov 1286 records redress sought by the six Guardians of Scotland from the Guardian of England for "Sir Andrew de Moray and Euphemia his wife"[325].

m EUPHEMIA, daughter of --- (-after 11 Nov 1286). A charter dated 11 Nov 1286 records redress sought by the six Guardians of Scotland from the Guardian of England for "Sir Andrew de Moray and Euphemia his wife"[326].

Andrew & his wife had two children:

1. ANDREW de Moray of Bothwell (-Davach 1338, bur Rosmarkin). The Liber Pluscardensis records the death "apud locum de Davach" in 1338 of "dominus Andreas de Moravia, custos Scociæ" and his burial "apud Rosmarkin"[327]. Regent of Scotland. m (Papal dispensation 20 Sep 1326, Cambuskenneth 1326) as her third husband, CHRISTIAN Bruce, widow firstly of GRATNEY Earl of Mar and secondly of Sir CHRISTOPHER Seton, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-[1356/27 Jan 1357], bur Dunfermline). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Andree de Moravia domino de Bothvile" and "Cristiane de Setono nate quondam Robert de Bruys", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 20 Sep 1326[328]. Andrew & his wife had two children:

a) JOHN de Moray (-after 1351). "Thomas de Moravia panetarius Scotie" confirmed a donation by "bone memorie Johannis de Moravia fratris mei senioris" to Moray, for the soul of "bone memorie domini Andree de Moravia patris mei", by charter dated 8 May 1353[329].

b) THOMAS de Moray of Bothwell (-1361). "Thomas de Moravia panetarius Scotie" confirmed a donation by "bone memorie Johannis de Moravia fratris mei senioris" to Moray, for the soul of "bone memorie domini Andree de Moravia patris mei", by charter dated 8 May 1353[330]. m as her first husband, JOAN Moray of Drumsagard, daughter of MAURICE Moray Earl of Strathearn & his wife Joan Menteith (-[Jan 1403/Aug 1409]). She married secondly (Papal dispensation 23 Jul 1362) Archibald Douglas "the Grim", who succeeded in 1388 as 3^rd Earl of Douglas. "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[331].

2. JOHN de Moray . According to the editor of the cartulary of the bishopric of Moray, John son of Andrew was ancestor of the "De Moravias of Drumsargard and Abercairney" but he cites no corresponding primary source[332].

C. EARLS of MORAY (RANDOLPH)

1. THOMAS Randolph of Strathdon, son of --- . He was present at John Balliol's homage to Edward I King of England in 1292[333]. Chamberlain of Scotland. m --- Bruce, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 12 Apr 1316 under which Robert I King of Scotland granted annual revenue from the farms of Perth to Perth Blackfriars witnessed by "…Thoma Randulph comite Moraviæ nepote nostro…"[334]. Thomas Randolph & his wife had one child:

a) THOMAS Randolph (-Musselburgh 20 Jul 1332). He was present with his father at John Balliol's homage to Edward I King of England in 1292, but rebelled with Robert Bruce. He was taken prisoner by the English at Methven 19 Jun 1306. He was created Earl of Moray [12 Apr/29 Oct] 1312. "…Thoma Randulph comite Moraviæ nepote nostro…" witnessed the charter dated 12 Apr 1316 under which Robert I King of Scotland granted annual revenue from the farms of Perth to Perth Blackfriars[335]. He captured Edinburgh Castle from the English in Mar 1314 and commanded the left wing at the battle of Bannockburn 24 Jun 1314. He took part in Edward Bruce's invasion of Ireland 1315-1317, and captured Berwick by surprise in 1318. He became Regent of Scotland for David II King of Scotland in 1329[336]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the death 20 Jul 1332 of "Thomas Randolph Earl of Moray and warden of Scotland"[337]. m ISABEL Stewart Lady of Gailies, daughter of JOHN Stewart of Bonkyl & his wife Margaret Bonkyl (-after 16 Jul 1351). Earl Thomas & his wife had four children:

i) THOMAS Randolph (-killed in battle 12 Aug 1332). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Thomas Randolph, son and heir of Thomas Earl of Moray" was knighted in 1331[338]. He succeeded his father in 1332 as Earl of Moray.

ii) JOHN Randolph (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346). He succeeded his brother in 1332 as Earl of Moray. He was made Regent for David II King of Scotland in [1333], jointly with Robert Stewart, but was captured in Aug 1335 and kept in captivity by the English until early 1342 when he was exchanged for the Earl of Salisbury[339]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "John of Randolph Earl of Moray" was killed in battle "at Durham" 17 Oct 1346[340]. m as her first husband, EUPHEME of Ross, daughter of HUGH Earl of Ross & his second wife Margaret Graham. She married secondly (Papal dispensation 2 May 1355) as his second wife, Robert Stewart Earl of Atholl, who later succeeded as Robert II King of Scotland. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Roberti Stivardi Senescalli Scocie" and "Eufemie comitisse Moravie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Moravie", issued by Pope Innocent VI, is dated 2 May "anno tertio" (1355)[341].

iii) AGNES Randolph (-after 24 May 1367). She was co-heiress of her brother in 1346. m (after Sep 1320) as his second wife, PATRICK Dunbar Earl of Dunbar, son of PATRICK Dunbar 7^th Earl of Dunbar & his wife Marjorie Comyn ([1285]-11 Nov 1368).

iv) ISABEL Randolph . She was co-heiress of her brother in 1346. Her issue became sole heirs after the death of her older sister Agnes Ctss of Dunbar without surviving issue in [1367]. m Sir PATRICK Dunbar of Dunbar, son of Sir ALEXANDER Dunbar & his wife --- (-Candia, Crete [Oct/Dec] 1356).

D. EARLS of MORAY (DUNBAR)

JOHN Dunbar, son of Sir PATRICK Dunbar & his wife Isabel Randolph of Moray (-before 15 Feb 1392). He was created Earl of Moray by his father-in-law Robert II King of Scotland 9 Mar 1372. He was chief of the commission which met the English in Ayton church, near Berwick, in Jul 1384 to arrange truce terms[342].

m (Papal dispensation 11 Jul 1370) as her first husband, Lady MARJORIE Stewart, daughter of ROBERT II King of Scotland & his first wife Elizabeth Mure (-after 6 May 1417). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Johannis de Dovibar" and "Mariorie Senescalli", issued by Pope Urban V, is dated 11 Jul 1370[343]. She married secondly (before 24 Apr 1403) Sir Alexander Keith of Grandown.

Earl John & his wife had three children:

1. THOMAS Dunbar (-after early 1415). Sheriff of Inverness. He succeeded his father as 2^nd Earl of Moray before 15 Feb 1392, when he was declared himself as such in an exchange of lands which names both his parents and his wife. He was taken prisoner by the English at the battle of Homildon Hill in 1402[344]. m (before Feb 1392) MARGARET, daughter of --- (-before Jan 1422). Earl Thomas & his wife had three children:

a) THOMAS Dunbar (-[1427/29]). He succeeded his father after early 1415 as 3^rd Earl of Moray. [345]Betrothed (1415) to EUPHEME Leslie Ctss of Ross, daughter of ALEXANDER Leslie Earl of Ross & his wife Isabel Stewart of Albany. m MARGARET Seton, daughter of Sir WILLIAM Seton of Seton or of WILLIAM Seton 1^st Lord Seton (-before 1471). She married secondly (before 1447) Sir John Ogilvy of Lintrathen.

b) JAMES Dunbar (-[10 Aug 1429]). He succeeded his cousin in [1427] as 4^th Earl of Moray. m [KATHERINE or JANET] Seton, daughter of Sir ALEXANDER Seton of Gordon & his wife ---. Mistress (1): [346][ISOBEL of Innes]. Earl James & his wife had two children:

i) Lady JANET Dunbar (-[18 Mar 1494/1506]). She succeeded her father in Frendraught. After the death of her first husband, she continued to style herself Ctss of Moray despite the earldom being conferred on David Stewart, son of James II King of Scotland, in Feb 1456[347]. She resigned the Barony of Frendraught to her grandson Sir James Crichton in 1493[348]. m firstly ([1442/46]) JAMES Crichton, son of WILLIAM Crichton 1^st Lord Crichton & his wife Agnes --- (-Dunbar Aug 1454). He was installed as Earl of Moray 12 Jun 1452 after the rebellion of his brother-in-law Archibald Douglas Earl of Moray[349]. He succeeded his father in 1454 as 2^nd Lord Crichton. m secondly (before 17 Jan 1459) JOHN Sutherland, son of ---.

ii) Lady ELIZABETH Dunbar (-before 17 Feb 1486). m firstly ([Aug 1434/26 Apr 1442]) ARCHIBALD Douglas, son of JAMES Douglas 7^th Earl of Douglas & his [second] wife Beatrice Sinclair of Orkney (-killed Arkinholm 1 May 1455). He was installed in parliament as Earl of Moray 3 Jul 1445, a reflection of the power of the Douglas family rather than his wife's hereditary right. He rebelled against the king following the murder of his brother William Earl of Douglas. He was attainted posthumously and his assets and title declared forfeited[350]. [351]m secondly (contract 20 May 1455, divorced before 10 Mar 1460) as his first wife, GEORGE Gordon Master of Huntly, son of ALEXANDER Seton [later Gordon] Earl of Huntly & his second wife Lady Elizabeth Crichton (-Stirling [8] Jun 1501, bur Cambuskenneth). He succeeded his father in 1470 as 2^nd Earl of Huntly. [352]m thirdly ([1462]) as his second wife, Sir JOHN Colquhoun of Luss, son of MALCOLM Colquhoun & his wife --- (-[1478/79]).

Earl James had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

iii) Sir ALEXANDER Dunbar of Westfield, Morayshire (-10 Mar 1498). He inherited Carnoustie and Cluny from his father Hereditary Sheriff of Moray. [353]m (contract 3 Jan 1452) ISOBEL Sutherland, daughter of ALEXANDER Sutherland of Duffus & his wife Muriel Chisholm. Their descendants are set out in Burke's Peerage, Dunbar of Mochrum, baronetcy created 29 Mar 1694[354].

c) [355]JANET Dunbar . m HUGH Fraser 8^th of Lovat, son of HUGH Fraser 6^th of Lovat & his first wife Janet de Fenton of Beaufort ([1417]-[1450]).

2. [356]ALEXANDER Dunbar of Frendraught .

Chapter 7. STRATHEARN

Strathearn was, with Menteith, one of the seven original provinces of Scotland in the 9th century. It covered what was later the southern part of the county of Perth. Nothing is known of the Mormaers of Strathearn until the early 12th century when Mallus [Malise] was one of the six signatories of the [1114/15] charter of Scone who signed as "comes".

A. MORMAER and EARLS of STRATHEARN

1. MALLUS [Malise], son of --- (-after 14 Jun 1141). Mormaer of Strathearn. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[357]. "…Mallus comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[358]. "…Malis comite…" witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[359]. "…Malise comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[360]. "…Malis comite…" witnessed a charter dated 1130 by which "David…Rex Scottorum" confirmed the shire of Kirkcaldy to the church of Dunfermline[361]. m ---. The name of Mallus´s wife is not known. Mallus & his wife had one child:

a) FERTETH [Ferquhard] (-before Dec 1170). He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn. He rebelled against Malcolm IV King of Scotland in 1160, besieging him in his castle at Perth[362]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the death in 1171 of "Ferchet earl of Strathern"[363]. m (before 1150) ETHEN, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1198] under which her son "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen"[364]. Ferteth & his wife had [three] children:

i) GILBERT ([1150 or before]-1223). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1198] under which "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen"[365]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn.

- see below.

ii) MALISE (after [1150]-after [1211]). "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[366]. "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[367]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[368]. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[369]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[370]. "…Malisio filio comitis Fertheth, W. Olifart…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scocie" donated "Culsamuel et…Munkegyn" to Lindores Abbey[371]. "Malisius filius comitis Fertheth frater comitis Gilberti de Strathern" donated "Rathangothen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee filie comitis David", by undated charter, witnessed by "Waltero Olifard, David de Lindeseia…David Olifard…"[372]. "…M. fratre meo, M. comitissa, Roberto filio et herede meo et aliis filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated 1210 under which "G. comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Beani de Foulis" to Inchaffray Abbey[373]. "G. comite, Malisio fratre eius, Roberto filio comitis, Fergus fratre eius…" subscribed the charter dated to [1211] under which confirms the donation by "G. comitis de Strathern" of "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberrotheuin" to Inchaffray Abbey[374]. m ADA, daughter of DAVID of Scotland Earl of Huntingdon & his [first wife ---]. The undated charter, dated to before 1203 from the names of the subscribers, under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey refers to land "in villa de Neutile" donated by "Ada filia mea, uxor Malisii filii comitis Fertheth"[375]. "Malisius filius comitis Fertheth frater comitis Gilberti de Strathern" donated "Rathangothen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee filie comitis David", by undated charter, witnessed by "Waltero Olifard, David de Lindeseia…David Olifard…"[376]. "Ada filia comitis David uxor Malisii filii comitis Fertheth" donated land "in villa de Balemagh" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter[377]. Malise & his wife had [two] children (there is no direct proof that the father of these two children was the brother of Earl Gilbert, but the proximity of their names in the charter subscriptions quoted below suggests that this might be the case):

(a) [DUNCAN (-after 1223). "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[378]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[379]. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[380]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Doncano filio Malisi…" subscribed the charter dated 1218 under which confirms the donation by "Gillebertus comes de Strathern" donated "Maresii" to Inchaffray Abbey[381]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[382]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[383]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[384]. ]

(b) [GILLETHOMA (-after 1223). "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[385]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[386]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[387]. ]

iii) [ETHEN . It is possible that the wife of David de Haye was the daughter of Ferteth Earl of Strathearn and his wife Ethen ---. This is suggested by the undated charter under which her son "Gilbertus de Haya" confirmed the donation of "terciam partem piscarie…de Glesbanin…[et] de Rugesablun" to Lindores Abbey, made by "bone memorie David de Haya pater meus", which is witnessed by "…Malisio de Strathern consanguineo meo…"[388]. The name "Ethen" is unusual, and it is possible that the relationship with Malise was through Gilbert´s mother. If the subscriber Malise of Strathearn was the son of Earl Gilbert, this possibility would present no chronological difficulties. If the hypothesis was correct, Gilbert was born from this first marriage of his father. m as his first wife, DAVID de Haye, son of --- (-1230).]

GILBERT of Strathearn, son of FERTETH Earl of Strathearn & his wife Ethen --- ([1150 or before]-1223). He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn. "…Gillebto comite de Stradtherin…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after [1170], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Sconin" to St Andrew´s priory[389]. "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[390]. "Gilbertus comes de Stratheryn" donated property "apud Fowlis" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1195], witnessed by "Matildis comitissa de Stratheryn, Gilbertus filius comitis Gilberti…"[391]. "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[392]. "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[393]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Gilbertus comes de Stratherne" divided his county in three equal parts, between the bishopric of Dunblane, the canons of Inchaffray, and keeping the third part for himself and his heirs[394]. "…Gilberto comite de Strathern…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[395]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[396]. The prominent position accorded in the list of subscribers to this charter to the members of the Quincy family (see the document ENGLAND EARLS 1207-1466) suggests a close connection with the family of the earls of Strathearn, which has not yet been explained. "Rogerius de Quinci" confirmed donations of land "in territorio de Gasc", where the men of "domini patris mei comitis Wintonie" pastured animals, to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], witnessed by "Gilberto comite de Stratherne, Roberto et Fergus filiis suis…"[397]. "Ysenda sponsa comitis Gilleberti de Strathern" donated land "in villa mea de Abercharni", over which "…domino Ricardo milite et Galfrido de Gasc fratribus meis…" had rights of passage, by charter dated to [1221/23], confirmed by "comes dominus meus"[398]. "Robertus filius Gilberti comitis de Stratheryn" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1221/23][399]. These last two documents suggest that Earl Gilbert may have been incapacitated in some way towards the end of his life and handed control of affairs to his second wife and his son.

m firstly MATILDA de Albini, daughter of WILLIAM de Albini ["Brito"] & his wife [Matilda de Senlis] (-after 1210). "Gilbertus comes de Stratheryn" donated property "apud Fowlis" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1195], witnessed by "Matildis comitissa de Stratheryn, Gilbertus filius comitis Gilberti…"[400]. "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[401]. "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[402]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis"[403]. No more precise information has been found about the parentage of Matilda, first wife of Gilbert Earl of Strathearn. From a chronological point of view, it is possible that "Willelmi de Aubengni" was William de Albini Brito, who died in 1168. If this is correct, Matilda must have been born not long before her father´s death as she gave birth to her last child after Oct 1198. It appears that William, son of William who died in 1168, would have been too young to have been Matilda´s father. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[404]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[405]. "…M. fratre meo, M. comitissa, Roberto filio et herede meo et aliis filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated 1210 under which "G. comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Beani de Foulis" to Inchaffray Abbey[406].

m secondly YSENDE of Gask, sister of Sir RICHARD and GEOFFREY of Gask, daughter of ---. "Ysenda sponsa comitis Gilleberti de Strathern" donated land "in villa mea de Abercharni", over which "…domino Ricardo milite et Galfrido de Gasc fratribus meis…" had rights of passage, by charter dated to [1221/23], confirmed by "comes dominus meus"[407].

Earl Gilbert & his first wife had six children:

1. GILCHRIST (-5 Oct 1198, bur Inchaffray Abbey). "Gilbertus comes de Stratheryn" donated property "apud Fowlis" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1195], witnessed by "Matildis comitissa de Stratheryn, Gilbertus filius comitis Gilberti…"[408]. The following charters suggest that "Gilbertus filius comitis" in this document was an error for "Gillecrist filius…", particularly the 1200 charter which refers to Gilchrist as "primogeniti nostri". "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[409]. His father granted him the lands of Kinveachy and Glencairnie[410]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[411].

2. WILLIAM (-before 1210). "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[412]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[413]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[414]. He died before 1210, the date of his father´s charter subscribed by "…Roberto filio et herede meo…"[415].

3. FERTETH (-before 1210). "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[416]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[417]. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[418]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[419]. He died before 1210, the date of his father´s charter subscribed by "…Roberto filio et herede meo…"[420].

4. ROBERT (-before Aug 1244). "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[421]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[422]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[423]. "…M. fratre meo, M. comitissa, Roberto filio et herede meo et aliis filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated 1210 under which "G. comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Beani de Foulis" to Inchaffray Abbey[424]. "G. comite, Malisio fratre eius, Roberto filio comitis, Fergus fratre eius…" subscribed the charter dated to [1211] under which confirms the donation by "G. comitis de Strathern" of "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberrotheuin" to Inchaffray Abbey[425]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Doncano filio Malisi…" subscribed the charter dated 1218 under which confirms the donation by "Gillebertus comes de Strathern" donated "Maresii" to Inchaffray Abbey[426]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[427]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[428]. "Rogerius de Quinci" confirmed donations of land "in territorio de Gasc", where the men of "domini patris mei comitis Wintonie" pastured animals, to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], witnessed by "Gilberto comite de Stratherne, Roberto et Fergus filiis suis…"[429]. "Robertus filius Gilberti comitis de Stratheryn" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1221/23][430]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[431]. m --- (-after 1247). The name of Robert´s wife is not known. A charter of her son "M. comes de Stratherin" dated 1247 refer to the rights "in vita comitisse matris nostre" and provides for after her death[432]. Robert & his wife had [six] children:

a) [FERGUS . "Domini mei Roberti comitis de Stradhern, domino Fergus filio comitis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1226/34] under which "Thebaldus filius Willelmi filii Clementis" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[433]. However, "Domino R. comite de Stradhern, domino F. fratre ipsius…" subscribed the charter dated to [1226/34] under which "Robertus de Meggefen" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[434], which suggests that "filio comitis" in the former charter may have been an error for "fratre comitis".]

b) MALISE (-[in France] [before 23 Nov] 1271, bur Dunblane). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 1247 under which "M. comes de Stratherin" confirmed the donations made by "Gilberti avi nostri et…bone memorie Roberti patris nostri comitum de Stratherin" to Inchaffray Abbey[435]. He succeeded his father in 1244 as Earl of Strathearn.

- see below.

c) GILBERT (-after 1268). "Malisius comes de Strathernt" donated a serf to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated 1258, witnessed by "Malisio filio comitis…Gilberto fratre comitis…[436]. "M. comes Strathernie" granted rights to "domine Marie sorori nostri" by charter dated 1268, witnessed by "dominis M. avunculo nostro, G. fratre nostro…"[437]. "Malicius comes" granted "terra to Kelou in Syro de Soulis" to "Cecilie filie sue" by undated charter witnessed by "…dño Gilberto fratre meo…"[438].

d) ANNABELLA . m Sir DAVID Graham .

e) LUCIA . m Sir WILLIAM Sinclair .

f) MARY (-after 1284). "M. comes Strathernie" granted rights to "domine Marie sorori nostri" by charter dated 1268, witnessed by "dominis M. avunculo nostro, G. fratre nostro…"[439]. "Johannes de Jonstone miles" ratified the donation by "domina Maria sponsa mea" of "tenemento suo de Strathy" to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated 1284[440]. m Sir JOHN de Jonstone, son of --- (-after 1284).

5. MATILDA of Strathearn . "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[441]. m MALCOLM Earl of Fife, son of DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife & his wife Ada [Ella] --- (-1228, bur Culross [Kilenross] Abbey[442]).

6. FERGUS of Strathearn (-after [1247]). "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[443]. "G. comite, Malisio fratre eius, Roberto filio comitis, Fergus fratre eius…" subscribed the charter dated to [1211] under which confirms the donation by "G. comitis de Strathern" of "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberrotheuin" to Inchaffray Abbey[444]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Doncano filio Malisi…" subscribed the charter dated 1218 under which confirms the donation by "Gillebertus comes de Strathern" donated "Maresii" to Inchaffray Abbey[445]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[446]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[447]. "Rogerius de Quinci" confirmed donations of land "in territorio de Gasc", where the men of "domini patris mei comitis Wintonie" pastured animals, to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], witnessed by "Gilberto comite de Stratherne, Roberto et Fergus filiis suis…"[448]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[449]. "Domino R. comite de Stradhern, domino F. fratre ipsius…" subscribed the charter dated to [1226/34] under which "Robertus de Meggefen" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[450]. "Fergus filius comitis Gilberti" donated revenue to Lindores Abbey, "quam de hure ex donacione domini Malisii patrui mei", by undated charter, subscribed by "Domino Roberto comite de Strathern fratre meo, Waltero Oliphard…Gilberto fratre meo…"[451]. "…Domino Fergus filio comitis Gilberti, Malisio fratre eius…" subscribed the charter dated 1234 under which the bishop of Dunblane granted remissions from decimarum to Inchaffray Abbey[452]. "Fergus filius G. quondam comitis de Stratherne" donated "terram…Cotken in Kather Mothel" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter, dated to after 1244, witnessed by "domino M. comite de Strathern, Malisio fratre meo…"[453]. "Fergusius filius Gilberti quondam comitis de Stratheryn" donated property at Ouchtirmachan to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1247], witnessed by "…Malisio nepoti meo"[454].

7. MALISE of Strathearn (-after [1272]). "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[455]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Doncano filio Malisi…" subscribed the charter dated 1218 under which confirms the donation by "Gillebertus comes de Strathern" donated "Maresii" to Inchaffray Abbey[456]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[457]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[458]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[459]. "…Domino Fergus filio comitis Gilberti, Malisio fratre eius…" subscribed the charter dated 1234 under which the bishop of Dunblane granted remissions from decimarum to Inchaffray Abbey[460]. "Gilbertus de Haya" confirmed the donation of "terciam partem piscarie…de Glesbanin…[et] de Rugesablun" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter witnessed by "…Malisio de Strathern consanguineo meo…"[461]. "Fergus filius G. quondam comitis de Stratherne" donated "terram…Cotken in Kather Mothel" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter, dated to after 1244, witnessed by "domino M. comite de Strathern, Malisio fratre meo…"[462]. "…Domino Malisio avunculo domini M. comitis de Stratherin…" subscribed the charter dated to [1246] under which "Gillecrist filius Malcolmi Macnacthan" donated "ecclesiam sancti Mordaci de Kellemurthe" to Inchaffray abbey[463]. "M. comes de Stratherin" confirmed the donations made by "Gilberti avi nostri et…bone memorie Roberti patris nostri comitum de Stratherin" to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated 1247, witnessed by "…domino Malisio avunculo domini M. comitis…"[464]. "M. comes Strathernie" granted rights to "domine Marie sorori nostri" by charter dated 1268, witnessed by "dominis M. avunculo nostro, G. fratre nostro…"[465]. "…Domino Ewgenio de Argadia, Domino M. avunculo nostro…" subscribed the charter dated 4 Apr "1218" (suggested redating to 1268 by the editor of the cartulary) under which "Malisius comes de Stratheryn" donated property at Abircarnich to Inchaffray[466]. "Malisius filius G. quondam comitis de Statheryn miles" donated land "in tenemento de Rossy" to Inchaffray Abbey, for the soul of "Malisii filii mei", by charter dated to [1272], witnessed by "…domino N rectore ecclesie de Creffe filio meo…"[467]. m ---. The name of Malise´s wife is not known. Malise & [his wife] had two children:

a) MALISE (-after [1272]). "Malisius filius G. quondam comitis de Statheryn miles" donated land "in tenemento de Rossy" to Inchaffray Abbey, for the soul of "Malisii filii mei", by charter dated to [1272], witnessed by "…domino N rectore ecclesie de Creffe filio meo…"[468].

b) N--- (-after [1272]). "Malisius filius G. quondam comitis de Statheryn miles" donated land "in tenemento de Rossy" to Inchaffray Abbey, for the soul of "Malisii filii mei", by charter dated to [1272], witnessed by "…domino N rectore ecclesie de Creffe filio meo…"[469].

8. GILCHRIST [Gilbert] of Strathearn (after Oct 1198-after [1233]). "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[470]. It is assumed that Gilchrist was born after the death in 1198 of his older brother of the same name. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Doncano filio Malisi…" subscribed the charter dated 1218 under which confirms the donation by "Gillebertus comes de Strathern" donated "Maresii" to Inchaffray Abbey[471]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[472]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[473]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[474]. "Fergus filius comitis Gilberti" donated revenue to Lindores Abbey, "quam de hure ex donacione domini Malisii patrui mei", by undated charter, subscribed by "Domino Roberto comite de Strathern fratre meo, Waltero Oliphard…Gilberto fratre meo…"[475].

MALISE, son of ROBERT Earl of Strathearn & his wife --- (-[in France] [before 23 Nov] 1271, bur Dunblane). He succeeded his father in 1244 as Earl of Strathearn. "Fergus filius G. quondam comitis de Stratherne" donated "terram…Cotken in Kather Mothel" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter, dated to after 1244, witnessed by "domino M. comite de Strathern, Malisio fratre meo…"[476]. "M. comes de Stratherin" confirmed the donations made by "Gilberti avi nostri et…bone memorie Roberti patris nostri comitum de Stratherin" to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated 1247, witnessed by "…domino Malisio avunculo domini M. comitis…"[477]. He was one of the Regents of Scotland from 14 Sep 1255 to 1262. "Malisius comes de Strathernt" donated a serf to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated 1258, witnessed by "Malisio filio comitis…Gilberto fratre comitis…[478]. "M. comes Strathernie" granted rights to "domine Marie sorori nostri" by charter dated 1268, witnessed by "dominis M. avunculo nostro, G. fratre nostro…"[479].

m firstly (1244 or before) MARJORY de Muschamp, daughter of ROBERT de Muschamp of Wooler & his wife Isabel --- ([1226]-[12 Oct 1251/20 Mar 1255]). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the undated charter under which "Robertus de Muscampo" confirmed a donation to Melrose abbey of property "in territorio ville de Halsington", given in maritagium to "dño Willmo filio Johnis cum Gilia quondam sorore mea", and held by "qd. Malys comes de Strathern de Margeria filia mea", by undated charter[480].

m secondly (before 12 Dec 1257) MATILDA of Caithness, daughter of GILBERT Earl of Caithness and Orkney & his wife ---.

m thirdly ([1261/62] or before) EMMA, daughter of ---.

m fourthly ([1268]) as her second husband, MARY of Argyll, widow of MAGNUS King of Man, daughter of EWEN of Argyll & his wife --- (-[28 Sep 1300/10 Oct 1303], bur London, Grey Friars Church). The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage of "regulus Manniæ…viduam…filiam domini de Arcadia" and "comes de Strathern Malisius"[481]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death of "Rex Mannie" and the marriage of "eius relictam, filiam comitis Ergadie Eugenii" to "Malisius comes de Stratherne", among passages dealing with events in 1268[482]. She married thirdly (before 5 Apr 1281) Sir Hugh Abernethy of that Ilk, and fourthly (before 10 Apr 1299) as his second wife, William FitzWarin. "Maria Regina de Man quondam uxor domini Willelmi filii Warini" is named in the Wardrobe Accounts in Dec 1299[483]. The deaths of “dñs Willm Fizwarryn Baro et Isabella ux sua quoda Regina Man” are recorded in Grey Friars Church, London[484].

Earl Malise & his first wife had [three] children:

1. MURIEL ([1244]-[16 May/12 Nov] 1291). A charter dated 16 May 1291 records the homage sworn to King Edward by "Muriellæ quæ fuit uxor Willelmi quondam comitis de Mar, filiæ et heredis Margeriæ filiæ Roberti de Muschaumps defunctæ" for the lands of "Margeria mater sua"[485]. The Inquisitions on the death of "Muriella quondam comitissa de Mar" are dated 23 Nov 1291 and name "Maria uxor Nicholai de Graham [soror] dictæ Muriellæ…propinquor heres" aged 40[486]. m (after 1267) as his second wife, WILLIAM Earl of Mar, son of DUNCAN Earl of Mar & his wife --- (-1281 before 25 Jul).

2. MARJORY ([1250/51]-after 1306). The Inquisitions on the death of "Muriella quondam comitissa de Mar" are dated 23 Nov 1291 and name "Maria uxor Nicholai de Graham [soror] dictæ Muriellæ…propinquor heres" aged 40[487]. m NICHOLAS de Graham Lord of Dalkeith, son of HENRY de Graham & his wife --- (-after 20 Jan 1292).

3. [CECILIA . "Malicius comes" granted "terra to Kelou in Syro de Soulis" to "Cecilie filie sue" by undated charter witnessed by "…dño Gilberto fratre meo…"[488]. The identity of Cecilia´s mother is not known. As Earl Malise died in 1271, it is likely that she would have been too young to have been granted property, presumably providing for her future marriage although this is not specified in the document, if she had been born from his second, third or fourth marriages. Another possibility is that she was illegitimate.]

Earl Malise & his second wife had one child:

4. MALISE ([1257]-[28 Jan/25 Mar] 1313, bur Inchaffray Abbey). "Malisius comes de Strathernt" donated a serf to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated 1258, witnessed by "Malisio filio comitis…Gilberto fratre comitis…[489]. He succeeded his father in 1271 as Earl of Strathearn. "Malisius filius quondam Malisii comitis de Stratherne" donated "advocacionem ecclesie de Struy" to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1282/83][490]. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England at Stirling 12 Jul 1291, and did homage to King Edward in 1296. He was imprisoned in Rochester Castle in Nov 1306 for his alleged submission to Robert Bruce, but freed in Dec 1308 provided he lived in England. He is said to have been captured by his son, who fought for the Scots, at Perth 28 Jan 1313. m (1275 or before) AGNES Comyn, daughter of ALEXANDER Comyn Earl of Buchan & his wife Elizabeth de Quincy of Winchester (-after [28 Jan/25 Mar] 1313). Malise & his wife had four children:

a) MALISE ([1275/80]-before 1329). He succeeded his father in 1313 as Earl of Strathearn. m firstly AGNES --- (-after 1311). m secondly ([1323]) as her first husband, JOAN Menteith, daughter of Sir JOHN Menteith of Rusky & his wife --- (-after 20 Mar 1367). She married secondly John Campbell Earl of Atholl, thirdly Maurice Moray Earl of Strathearn, and fourthly (before 9 Nov 1347) as his second wife, William Sutherland 5^th Earl of Sutherland. Earl Malise & his first wife had two children:

i) MALISE (-killed in battle Neville´s Cross 17 Oct 1346). He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn. He succeeded his cousin Magnus as Earl of Caithness and Orkney in [1323/29]. He resigned the earldom of Strathearn [24 Sep/16 Dec] 1332 into the hands of Edward Balliol, was tried for treason in 1344 for so doing, but found innocent[491]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "the Earl of Stratherne" was killed in battle "at Durham" 17 Oct 1346[492]. [493]m firstly MARY, daughter of ---. m secondly ([1325/28]) MATILDA [Marjory] of Ross, daughter of HUGH Earl of Ross & his first wife Matilda Bruce (-after 1350). Earl Malise & his first wife had four children:

(a) MATILDA . m --- de la Arde .

(b) EUPHEME .

(c) AGNES (-before 1360). m ERNGILS ---. He was granted the title of Earl of Orkney by the king of Norway in right of his wife but forfeited it in 1375[494].

(d) ISABEL . m Sir WILLIAM St Clair, son of ---. Lord St Clair.

ii) MARY . [495]m ([1319/22]) as his second wife, Sir JOHN Moray of Drumsagard, co. Lanark, son of ---.

b) MATILDA (-[1340/48]). A charter dated 2 May 1293 records the recognisance of "Radulpho de Tony…versus Malisium comitem de Stratherne" (respecting his marriage, although the document does not specify that this is the case)[496]. m (contract 28 Apr 1293, after 2 May 1293) ROBERT de Tosny, son of RAOUL [VII] de Tosny & his wife Mary --- (Thornby, Scotland 4 Apr 1276-before 28 Nov 1309). He was summoned to parliament in 1299, whereby he is held to have become Lord Tosny/Tony.

c) GILBERT (-after 13 Aug 1296). The Wardrobe Accounts of King Edward I for 1296/97 include payments to "Gilberto filio comitis de Straderne" for his expenses in coming to London in August, dated 13 Aug, and payments to "Gilberto et Roberto filiis comitis de Straterne" dated 17 Jul[497].

d) ROBERT (-after 17 Jul 1296). The Wardrobe Accounts of King Edward I for 1296/97 include payments to "Gilberto et Roberto filiis comitis de Straterne" dated 17 Jul[498].

Sir JOHN Moray of Drumsagard, co. Lanark, son of --- .

m firstly ---.

m secondly ([1319/22]) MARY of Strathearn, daughter of MALISE Earl of Strathearn & his first wife Agnes ---.

Sir John & his first wife had one child:

1. MAURICE Moray of Drumsagard, co. Lanark (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346). He was created Earl of Strathearn 9 Feb 1344. m (Papal dispensation 11 Jul 1339) as her third husband, JOAN Menteith, widow firstly of MALISE Earl of Strathearn and secondly of JOHN Campbell Earl of Atholl, daughter of Sir JOHN Menteith of Rusky & his wife --- (-after 20 Mar 1367). She married fourthly (before 9 Nov 1347) as his second wife, William Sutherland 5^th Earl of Sutherland. Maurice & his wife had one child:

a) JOAN Moray of Drumsagard (-[Jan 1403/Aug 1409]). "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[499]. m firstly Sir THOMAS Moray of Bothwell, son of Sir ANDREW Moray of Bothwell & his wife (-1361). m secondly (Papal dispensation 23 Jul 1362) ARCHIBALD Douglas "the Grim", illegitimate son of Sir JAMES Douglas & his mistress --- (-Threave [24 Dec 1400/9 Feb 1401], bur Bothwell). He succeeded in 1388 as 3^rd Earl of Douglas.

Chapter 8. ORKNEY

The foundation of the medieval Orkney state, allegedly in the late 9th century by Norse settlers who were granted the title “jarl” by the Norwegian kings, and the succession of Norwegian leaders in the islands until the mid-12th century is described in Orkneyinga Saga[500]. This work was probably written not long after 1200 and predates Snorre´s Heimskringla, although the precise evolution of each work is complicated because the later reviser of Orkneyinga Saga made use of Snorre´s text[501]. The Saga provides genealogical details which purport to link the successive jarls of Orkney into a single family whose ancestry is traced back to “Earl Rognwald the Powerful”, a leading supporter of Harald I "Hårfagre" King of Norway[502]. However, no corroboration has been found in other primary sources to indicate that the individuals whose exploits are narrated in the early chapters of the Saga were actual historical figures. They are placed against an authentic historical backdrop, as the Saga recounts their supposed interfaces with the early Norwegian kings whose existence can be corroborated from other sources. However, the narrative is embellished with colourful adventures and reported dialogue which, while ensuring that the work is a compulsive read, do not create confidence in its historical accuracy. In addition, even it could be established that all of these early Jarls of Orkney were truly historical figures, the emphasis on social continuity in the narratives of the Sagas suggests that reported family relationships could have been simplified or even fabricated by the author in order to emphasise the impression that succession was seamless within the same family.

Precise chronology also presents a significant problem in the early chapters of Orkneyinga Saga, which adds to the sense that it is a work of historical semi-fiction. This problem of chronology is best illustrated by working backwards through the generations from Jarl Thorfinn “the Black”, whose date of birth is fixed with some accuracy in the text, which records that he was five years old when Jarl Sigurd, his father, was killed in Ireland in the battle of Clontarf, dated in other primary sources to 1014. Thorfinn is reported in the Saga as his father´s youngest son, and as having much older brothers, which suggests that his father was born in [965/70]. Working backwards through the family, with a suggested cumulative 20 to 30 year spread between generations, Thorfinn´s paternal grandfather (named Hlodvir in the Saga), great-grandfather (Thorfinn) and great-great-grandfather (Einar) would likely have been born in [935/50], [905/30] and [875/910] respectively. Orkneyinga Saga records Einar as a “grown man” when his legitimate brothers were born. However, the dating of the death in battle of the oldest of these legitimate brothers is estimated to the early 870s, consistent with the dating of other parts of the narrative of the Saga (details of Einar´s ancestors are recorded in the document NORWEGIAN NOBILITY). The arithmetic therefore fails to compute, clearly demonstrating the likelihood of one missing generation in the Saga´s narrative, if not two, assuming that the individuals were related at all.

The inevitable conclusion is that the tight family network of Jarls of Orkney, described in such detail in the Sagas, is unlikely to be accurate and that the relationships in the first few generations of this family at least should be treated with considerable caution. As with all the Sagas, it is impossible to distinguish the precise point where fiction gives way to historical fact in the narrative. For purposes of presentation in this document, the generation of Jarl Thorfinn “the Black” has been selected as a reasonable transition point. The descent of the family is therefore shown in two parts in this chapter. Part A shows what is described as “uncertain early lineage” which represents the first four generations as described only in Orkneyinga Saga. Part B sets out the later generations descended from Jarl Thorfinn which appear to have a greater chance of historical accuracy.

A. NORWEGIAN JARLS of ORKNEY [893]-[1030] – UNCERTAIN EARLY LINEAGE

1. RAGNVALD "the Wise", son of [EYSTEIN "Glumra/Clatterer" Jarl in Norway & his wife ---] (-[894]). Orkneyinga Saga names “Eystein the Clatterer, father of the wise counsellor Earl Rognwald the Powerful…”, adding that “Earl Rognwald campaigned with King Harald Fine-Hair who gave him charge of North More, South More and Romsdale”[503]. Snorre names "Ragnvald Earl of More, a son of Eystein "Glumra" when recording that he had become a supporter of King Harald who had invested him with the districts of North More and Raumsdal[504]. Snorre records that he was created Jarl of North and South Möre and of Raumsdal in Norway by Harald I "Hårfagre" King of Norway after his victory at Solskiel [869] against Hunthiof King of Möre and Nokve King of Raumsdal[505]. Orkneyinga Saga and Snorre both record that King Harald granted Shetland and Orkney to Ragnvald in compensation for the death of his son Ivar[506]. The Historia Norwegie records that "principi Rogwaldi" crossed the Solund Sea, destroyed the peoples of the Orkney islands, in the days of "Haraldi Comati regis…Norwegie"[507]. Snorre records that Ragnvald was ambushed in his hall and burned alive by Halfdan Haaleg and Gudred Liomi, two of King Harald's sons[508].

a) other children: NORWEGIAN NOBILITY.

[Ragnvald had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:]

b) [HALLAD . Orkneyinga Saga names “Hallad, Hrollaug and the youngest Einar” as “natural sons” of “Earl Rognwald”[509]. Snorre names "Hallad, the second Einar, the third Hrollaug" as the three sons of "Earl Ragnvald" by concubines, adding that they were all "grown men" when their legitimate brothers were still children[510]. Jarl [of Orkney]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Ragnvald sent “his son Hallad west to the islands” after hearing of the death of his brother and nephew, and that Harald I "Hårfagre" King of Norway gave “the title of earl” to Hallad who “came to Orkney and took up residence on Mainland”[511]. Snorre records that Earl Ragnvald installed his son Hallad as Jarl of Orkney after the death of his brother Sigurd, but that he resigned the earldom and returned to Norway[512]. Orkneyinga Saga records that, following complaints by farmers about Viking raids, Hallad “tiring of his rule, gave up the earldom and went back to Norway as a common landholder” which “made him a laughing stock”[513].

c) [EINAR "Turf-Einar” . Orkneyinga Saga names “Hallad, Hrollaug and the youngest Einar” as “natural sons” of “Earl Rognwald”[514]. Snorre names "Hallad, the second Einar, the third Hrollaug" as the three sons of "Earl Ragnvald" by concubines, adding that they were all "grown men" when their legitimate brothers were still children[515]. Jarl [of Orkney]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Ragnvald sent his “youngest son Einar” to “the islands” after his brother Hallad returned to Norway and that Harald I "Hårfagre" King of Norway gave “the title of earl”, adding that his mother was “slave-born on each side of her family”, and stating that he killed “Thorir Tree-Beard and Kalf Scurvy” and succeeded in imposing his authority in Orkney where “he was the first man to dig peat for fuel…at Tarbat Ness in Scotland”, and that he “was tall and ugly…and…one-eyed”[516].]

- JARLS of ORKNEY.

2. [SIGURD "Riki/the Mighty" (-[892], bur Sydero, Dornoch Firth). Orkneyinga Saga records that Ragnvald gave “all the islands” (indicating Shetland and Orkney from the context) to “his brother Sigurd, the forecastleman on King Harald´s ship” and that Harald I "Hårfagre" King of Norway gave “the title of earl” to Sigurd who remained in the islands after the king returned to Norway[517]. Jarl [of Orkney]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Sigurd “joined forces with Thorstein the Red, the son of Olaf the White and Aud the Deep-Minded” and together conquered “the whole of Caithness and a large part of Argyll, Moray and Ross”, Sigurd building “a stronghold…in the south of Moray”[518]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Sigurd defeated and beheaded “Mælbrigte Earl of the Scots” but that he died from an infected wound because a tooth in Mælbrigte´s head, strapped to Sigurd´s saddle, scratched his leg, and was buried “in a mound on the bank of the River Oykel”[519]. The Complete Peerage identifies the place as “Sydero on the Dornoch Firth at the estuary of the Ekkialsbakki”[520]. The Complete Peerage dates Sigurd´s appointment as Jarl to [875] and his death to [892][521], but there seems no basis for either date apart from internal consistency with its reconstruction of events in the lives of this family. Both dates should therefore be considered as extremely approximate.] [One child:]

a) [GUTHORM (-[893]). Orkneyinga Saga records that Sigurd was succeeded by his son “Guthorm who ruled the earldom for a year but died childless”[522]. Jarl [of Orkney]. According to Snorre´s Harald Harfager´s Saga, Sigurd died “without children” but his Saga of Olaf Haraldson names Guthorm as son of Sigurd, recording that he succeeded his father as earl for one year[523].]

EINAR "Turf-Einar", illegitimate son of RAGNVALD "the Wise" Jarl of North and South Möre & his mistress ---. Orkneyinga Saga names “Hallad, Hrollaug and the youngest Einar” as “natural sons” of “Earl Rognwald”[524]. Snorre names "Hallad, the second Einar, the third Hrollaug" as the three sons of "Earl Ragnvald" by concubines, adding that they were all "grown men" when their legitimate brothers were still children[525]. Jarl [of Orkney]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Ragnvald sent his “youngest son Einar” to “the islands” after his brother Hallad returned to Norway and that Harald I "Hårfagre" King of Norway gave “the title of earl”, adding that his mother was “slave-born on each side of her family”, and stating that he killed “Thorir Tree-Beard and Kalf Scurvy” and succeeded in imposing his authority in Orkney where “he was the first man to dig peat for fuel…at Tarbat Ness in Scotland”, and that he “was tall and ugly…and…one-eyed”[526]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Halfdan Long-Leg and Gudrod Gleam, King Harald´s sons by Snæfrid” attacked “Earl Rognvald of More, killed him and assumed his authority”, that Halfdan left for Orkney and “conquered the islands and set himself up as king over them”, Jarl Einar “fled the islands over to Scotland” but returned “later in the year…[and] came out as victor”, and that Halfdan´s body was found in the sea and mutilated (including graphic details of the mutilation)[527]. Orkneyinga Saga records that the ensuing dispute with King Harald was settled by payment of a tax of “sixty gold marks” to the king, which Einar paid “out of his own pocket on condition that he should hold all the estates [in Orkney] in fee”[528]. It should be noted that there are considerable chronological difficulties with the career of Turf-Einar and his sons, as reported in Orkneyinga Saga. The starting point for the analysis of these problems is the date of the battle in Northumbria in which Turf-Einar´s two oldest sons were killed, which can with reasonable accuracy be placed in the early 950s. If these two sons were at least in their late thirties or forties when they died (a difficult assumption to make considering that they had no reported direct heirs), their births could not be placed before [905/15] at the earliest. The likelihood would then be that their father, Turf-Einar, was not born much earlier than [975/95]. The difficulty is that this date is completely incompatible with (a) the fact that the illegitimate sons of Ragnvald were reported as “grown men” when their legitimate half-brothers were children, and (b) that the date when Ivar, the oldest legitimate son, was killed is estimated to [874] (see NORWEGIAN NOBILITY for further details concerning the reported events in the lives of Turf-Einar´s ancestors).

m ---. The name of Einar´s wife is not known.

Einar [& his wife] had [three] children:

1. [ARNKEL (-killed Stainmore, Westmoreland 954). Orkneyinga Saga names “Arnkel…Erlend and…Thorfinn Skull-Splitter” as the three sons of Einar[529]. Snorre names "Earls Arnkel and Erlend, the sons of Earl Torfeinar" when recording that they accompanied King Eirik "Blodøks" from Orkney to plunder the Hebrides and Ireland, but were defeated and killed with King Eirik[530]. Joint Jarl of Orkney with his brothers. Snorre records that "Arnkel, Erlend and Thorfin Hausakljufer" succeeded their father but that the first two were killed "in a war expedition"[531]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Earls Arnkel and Erlend, the sons of Turf-Einar” joined ex-King Eirik after he was expelled from Northumbria by Edmund King of England and that they sailed to the Hebrides, looted in Ireland and Strathclyde, until they were killed in battle against Olaf King of Northumbria[532].]

2. [ERLEND (-killed Stainmore, Westmoreland 954). Orkneyinga Saga names “Arnkel…Erlend and…Thorfinn Skull-Splitter” as the three sons of Einar[533]. Snorre names "Earls Arnkel and Erlend, the sons of Earl Torfeinar" when recording that they accompanied King Eirik "Blodøks" from Orkney to plunder the Hebrides and Ireland, but were defeated and killed with King Eirik[534]. Joint Jarl of Orkney with his brothers. Snorre records that "Arnkel, Erlend and Thorfin Hausakljufer" succeeded their father but that the first two were killed "in a war expedition"[535]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Earls Arnkel and Erlend, the sons of Turf-Einar” joined ex-King Eirik after he was expelled from Northumbria by Edmund King of England and that they sailed to the Hebrides, looted in Ireland and Strathclyde, until they were killed in battle against Olaf King of Northumbria[536].]

3. [THORFINN "Hausakliffer/Skullcleaver" ([910/20]-[soon after 977], bur Hoxa, North Ronaldsway). Orkneyinga Saga names “Arnkel…Erlend and…Thorfinn Skull-Splitter” as the three sons of Einar[537]. Snorre names "Thorfin Hausakljufer, a son of Torfeinar" when recording that he was Jarl in Orkney when the islands were invaded by the sons of King Eirik "Blodøks"[538]. Joint Jarl of Orkney with his brothers. Sole Jarl of Orkney 954, and 955-976. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Earl Thorfinn Skull-Splitter…died in his bed” and was “laid in a burial mound at Hoxa in North Ronaldsway”[539]. The Complete Peerage estimates Thorfinn´s death to “soon after 977” which appears broadly consistent with the events in which his children are reported as involved[540]. m ([941]) GRELAD of Caithness, daughter of DUNGAD [Duncan] Mormaer of Caithness & his wife Groa. Snorre names "Grelad, a daughter of Earl Dungad of Caithness…[and of] Groa, a daughter of Thorstein Raud" as mother of the five sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[541].] Thorfinn & [his wife] had [seven] children:

a) [daughter . If the reports of the plots involving her son are correct, she was probably older than her brothers. m ---. One child:]

i) [EINAR "Klining/Buttered-Bread" (-murdered). Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ragnhild Eirik´s daughter” plotted her second husband´s death with his “nephew…Einar Buttered-Bread” (whom she promised to marry), that she then plotted with “Einar Hardmouth, the son of another of Havard´s sisters” to kill Einar Buttered-Bread[542].]

b) [daughter . If the reports of the plots involving her son are correct, she was probably older than her brothers. m ---. One child:]

i) [EINAR "Hardchaft/Hard-Jaw" (-murdered). Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ragnhild Eirik´s daughter” plotted her second husband´s death with his “nephew…Einar Buttered-Bread” (whom she promised to marry), that she then plotted with “Einar Hardmouth, the son of another of Havard´s sisters” to kill Einar Buttered-Bread, but that she finally married “Ljot the brother of Arnfinn and Havard” who “had Einar Hard-Mouth put to death”[543].]

c) [ARNFINN Torfinnsson (-murdered Murkle, Caithness ----). Orkneyinga Saga names (in order) “Arnfinn…Havard the Fecund…Hlodvir…Ljot…Skuli” as the five sons of Thorfinn[544]. Snorre names "the Earls Hlodver, Arnfid, Ljot and Skule, the sons of Thorfin Hausakljufer" as rulers in Orkney when Queen Gunhild and her sons returned to Orkney[545]. In a later saga, Snorre names (in order) "Arnfin, Havard, Hlodver, Liot and Skule" as sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[546]. He succeeded his father in [976] as Jarl of Orkney [and Caithness]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ragnhild Eirik´s daughter plotted the death of her husband Arnfinn at Murkle in Caithness” before marrying “his brother Havard the Fecund who succeeded to the earldom”[547]. m ([954/55]) as her first husband, RAGNHILD Eiriksdatter, daughter of ERIK I "Blodøks/Blood-axe" King of Norway & his wife Gunhild Gormsdatter. Orkneyinga Saga records that Gunnhild, widow of ex-King Eirik of Norway, arranged the marriage of their daughter Ragnhild to “Earl Thorfinn Skull-Splitter” before she and her sons left Orkney[548], which can probably be dated to [955] or soon after. Snorre records the marriage of "King Eirik's daughter, Ragnhild" and "Arnfin, a son of Thorfin Hausakljufer" at the time the ex-king's sons left Orkney[549]. She married secondly her brother-in-law, Havard Jarl of Orkney. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ragnhild Eirik´s daughter plotted the death of her husband Arnfinn at Murkle in Caithness” before marrying “his brother Havard the Fecund who succeeded to the earldom”, but that she plotted her second husband´s death with his “nephew…Einar Buttered-Bread” (whom she promised to marry), that she then plotted with “Einar Hardmouth, the son of another of Havard´s sisters” to kill Einar Buttered-Bread, but that she finally married “Ljot the brother of Arnfinn and Havard”[550]. She married thirdly her brother-in-law, Ljot Jarl of Orkney.]

d) [HAVARD Torfinnsson "Season-prosperous" (-murdered, bur Stennis, Hrossey). Orkneyinga Saga names (in order) “Arnfinn…Havard the Fecund…Hlodvir…Ljot…Skuli” as the five sons of Thorfinn[551]. Snorre names "the Earls Hlodver, Arnfid, Ljot and Skule, the sons of Thorfin Hausakljufer" as rulers in Orkney when Queen Gunhild and her sons returned to Orkney[552]. In a later saga, Snorre names (in order) "Arnfin, Havard, Hlodver, Liot and Skule" as sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[553]. He succeeded his brother as Jarl of Orkney. Orkneyinga Saga records that Havard was killed by his “nephew…Einar Buttered-Bread” at “Stenness on Mainland”[554]. m as her second husband, RAGNHILD Eiriksdatter, widow of ARNFINN Torfinnsson Jarl of Orkney, daughter of ERIK I "Blodøks/Blood-axe" King of Norway & his wife Gunhild Gormsdatter. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ragnhild Eirik´s daughter plotted the death of her husband Arnfinn at Murkle in Caithness” before marrying “his brother Havard the Fecund who succeeded to the earldom”, but that she plotted her second husband´s death with his “nephew…Einar Buttered-Bread” (whom she promised to marry), that she then plotted with “Einar Hardmouth, the son of another of Havard´s sisters” to kill Einar Buttered-Bread, but that she finally married “Ljot the brother of Arnfinn and Havard”[555]. She married thirdly her brother-in-law, Ljot Jarl of Orkney.]

e) [LJOT Torfinnsson (-killed in battle). Orkneyinga Saga names (in order) “Arnfinn…Havard the Fecund…Hlodvir…Ljot…Skuli” as the five sons of Thorfinn[556]. Snorre names "the Earls Hlodver, Arnfid, Ljot and Skule, the sons of Thorfin Hausakljufer" as rulers in Orkney when Queen Gunhild and her sons returned to Orkney[557]. In a later saga, Snorre names (in order) "Arnfin, Havard, Hlodver, Liot and Skule" as sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[558]. He succeeded his brother as Jarl of Orkney. Orkneyinga Saga records that, after the death of “Skuli, Ljot´s brother” whose invasion of Orkney was repelled, “Earl Ljot took over in Caithness” and defeated “Earl Macbeth [who] came north from Scotland with a large army…at Skitten in Caithness” but died from his wounds after returning to Orkney[559]. It is assumed that “Earl Macbeth” was not the future Scottish King Macbeth, who was Mormaer of Moray in the early 1030s, but an earlier earl of the same name who has not yet been identified in other primary sources. Otherwise the chronology of Orkneyinga Saga must be even more shaky than appears, and the family relationships of the Jarls of Orkney as described therein even less likely to be correct. m as her third husband, RAGNHILD Eiriksdatter, widow firstly of ARNFINN Torfinnsson Jarl of Orkney and secondly of HAVARD Torfinnsson Jarl of Orkney, daughter of ERIK I "Blodøks/Blood-axe" King of Norway & his wife Gunhild Gormsdatter. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ragnhild Eirik´s daughter plotted the death of her husband Arnfinn at Murkle in Caithness” before marrying “his brother Havard the Fecund who succeeded to the earldom”, but that she plotted her second husband´s death with his “nephew…Einar Buttered-Bread” (whom she promised to marry), that she then plotted with “Einar Hardmouth, the son of another of Havard´s sisters” to kill Einar Buttered-Bread, but that she finally married “Ljot the brother of Arnfinn and Havard”[560].]

f) [HLODVIR Torfinnsson ([945/50]-[988], bur Hofn, Caithness). Orkneyinga Saga names (in order) “Arnfinn…Havard the Fecund…Hlodvir…Ljot…Skuli” as the five sons of Thorfinn[561]. Snorre names "the Earls Hlodver, Arnfid, Ljot and Skule, the sons of Thorfin Hausakljufer" as rulers in Orkney when Queen Gunhild and her sons returned to Orkney[562]. In a later saga, Snorre names (in order) "Arnfin, Havard, Hlodver, Liot and Skule" as sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[563]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “after Ljot´s death, Hlodvir took charge of the earldom”, presumably indicating Ljot´s brother but this is not explicitly stated in the text, recording that “he died in his bed” and was buried “in a burial mound at Ham in Caithness”[564]. m EITHNE, daughter of KIARVAL King of Ireland & his wife ---. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Hlodvir” married “Eithne, the daughter of King Kjarval of Ireland”, adding in a later passage that “Sigurd´s mother was a sorceress”[565]. Hlodve´s supposed father-in-law has not been identified among known Irish kings. Hlodve & his wife had [three] children:

i) [SIGURD "Digri/the Stout" ([965/70]-killed in battle Clontarf 23 Apr 1014). Orkneyinga Saga names “Sigurd the Stout” as the son of Hlodvir and his wife, adding that he “took over the earldom” after his father died[566]. Snorre names "Sigurd the Thick" as the son of Hlodver[567]. He succeeded his father [988] as Jarl of Orkney and Caithness.]

- see below.

ii) [SVANLAUG or Nereid. m (Orkney 990) GILLI Jarl of the Hebrides 988-1014.]

iii) [daughter . m HAVARD (-winter 988/89). Steward of Caithness for Jarl Sigurd. Killed by Jarls Melsnati and Hundi, who were defeated when Jarl Sigurd attacked them in revenge.]

g) [SKULI Torfinnsson (-killed in battle). Orkneyinga Saga names (in order) “Arnfinn…Havard the Fecund…Hlodvir…Ljot…Skuli” as the five sons of Thorfinn[568]. Snorre names "the Earls Hlodver, Arnfid, Ljot and Skule, the sons of Thorfin Hausakljufer" as rulers in Orkney when Queen Gunhild and her sons returned to Orkney[569]. In a later saga, Snorre names (in order) "Arnfin, Havard, Hlodver, Liot and Skule" as sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[570]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Skuli, Ljot´s brother” was given “the title earl by the King of Scots”, before going north to Caithness from where he sailed to Orkney to claim the islands, but was defeated and fled “first over to Caithness and then south to Scotland” and later killed[571]. The uncertain chronology of events recorded in Orkneyinga Saga make it difficult to be certain about the identity of the Scottish king in question, although Kenneth II (who ruled from 971 to 995) appears the most likely possibility. It is interesting to note that the text does not specify that Skuli was made “Earl of Caithness” just earl without a territorial epithet, reminiscent of the position in many other European countries at the time where the title was not linked to the landholding.]

SIGURD "Digri/the Stout", son of [HLODVIR Torfinnsson Jarl of Orkney & his wife Eithne of Ireland] ([965/70]-killed in battle Clontarf 23 Apr 1014). Orkneyinga Saga names “Sigurd the Stout” as the son of Hlodvir and his wife, adding that he “took over the earldom” after his father died[572]. Snorre names "Sigurd the Thick" as the son of Hlodver[573]. His birth date is estimated from the fact that his older sons were already sufficiently mature in 1014 to be placed in charge of Orkney by their father when he left for war in Ireland. He succeeded his father in [988] as Jarl of Orkney and Caithness. He defeated Findlaech Mormaer of Moray before 995 at the second battle of Skidmoor in Caithness, consolidating his power on the Scottish mainland. Orkneyinga Saga records Sigurd´s battle against “a Scottish earl called Finnleik”[574]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Olaf Tryggvason” pressured Sigurd to accept baptism and returned to Norway with Sigurd´s son as a hostage[575]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Sigurd went to Ireland “five years after the Battle of Svoldur” to support “King Sigtrygg Silk-Beard” against “King Brian of Ireland”, and left “his elder sons in charge of the earldom”, but was killed in the battle in which King Brian was killed[576]. Snorre records that "Sigurd the Thick" went to Ireland and fell "in Brian's battle"[577].

m firstly ---. The name of Sigurd´s first wife is not known.

m ([1005 or after]) --- of Scotland, daughter of MALCOLM II King of Scotland & his wife ---. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Earl Sigurd” married “the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots” (whose succession is recorded in 1005)[578]. Snorre records the marriage of "Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm"[579]. It appears unlikely that Sigurd´s wife could have been King Malcolm´s daughter Donada (as shown in many secondary sources, including the Complete Peerage[580]) if it is correct that Donada´s recorded husband Findlaech was killed in 1020 and that their son was born in [1005][581].

Sigurd & his [first wife] had four children:

1. SOMERLED (-[1015/20]). Orkneyinga Saga records that Earl Sigurd had “three other sons…Sumarlidi, Brusi and Einar Wry-Mouth”, adding that he left them “in charge of the earldom” when he left for Ireland and that they divided the earldom between them after he was killed[582]. Snorre names "Sumarlide, Bruse and Einar Rangmund" as "older sons" of "Sigurd the Thick", recording that they succeeded on the death of their father when the country was divided into three parts[583]. He succeeded his father 1014 as Jarl of ¹/₃ Orkney. Orkneyinga Saga records that Somerled “had the shortest life” of the brothers, “dying in his bed”[584].

2. BRUSI (-[1030/35]). Orkneyinga Saga records that Earl Sigurd had “three other sons…Sumarlidi, Brusi and Einar Wry-Mouth”, adding that he left them “in charge of the earldom” when he left for Ireland and that they divided the earldom between them after he was killed[585]. Snorre names "Sumarlide, Bruse and Einar Rangmund" as "older sons" of "Sigurd the Thick", recording that they succeeded on the death of their father when the country was divided into three parts[586]. He succeeded his father 1014 as Jarl of ¹/₃ Orkney, and disputed the share of his deceased brother Einar with his half-brother Thorfinn. Orkneyinga Saga records the death of “Brusi”, dated from the context to after the death of Malcolm II King of Scotland[587]. m ---. The name of Brusi´s wife is not known. Brusi & his wife had one child:

a) RAGNVALD Brusason ([1010/15]-Dec 1046, bur Papa Westray). Orkneyinga Saga names “Rognvald” as son of Brusi, adding that he was two years old when his father took him to Norway after the death of his brother Einar[588]. A later passage records that Olaf II King of Norway kept Ragnvald in Norway when his father returned to Orkney and that “at an early age he grew to be tall and strong…and he stayed with King Olaf for a long time”[589]. As King Olaf´s reign ended in 1028, this passage is inconsistent with Ragnvald having been two years old when he arrived in Norway. The best estimate that can be made is that Ragnvald must have been at least 15 years old in 1030, so must have been born in [1010/15]. Snorre names Ragnvald son of Earl Bruse when recording that he was given as a hostage to Olav King of Norway in 1021, and accompanied the king into exile in Novgorod[590]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Rognvald Brusason” took part “in the battle of Stiklestad in which King Olaf the Saint was killed” (elsewhere dated to 29 Jul 1030), then travelled to Novgorod “where King Jaroslav gave them a kindly welcome”, before returning to Norway with King Magnus II (who succeeded in 1035), and eventually sailing to Orkney to claim his father´s inheritance[591]. Morkinskinna records “Rognvaldr Brúsason…a very valiant and popular man” as leader of the “Russian defence forces” under “King Yaroslav”[592]. Morkinskinna records that Magnus King of Norway “put Rognvaldr Brúsason in authority to the west in Orkney and gave him the title of jarl” but that “great strife broke out between Rognvaldr jarl and Thorfinnr jarl his uncle”[593]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Ragnvald left Orkney to seek help from Magnus King of Norway after a dispute with his uncle, was defeated when he returned to Orkney, succeeded in expelling Thorfinn after returning with a second invasion fleet, but was murdered by Thorfinn´s forces, and buried at “Papa Westray”[594]. The Complete Peerage dates Ragnvald´s death to Dec 1046 but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[595].

3. EINAR "Rangmund/Wrymouth" (-murdered Sandwick [1023/25]). Orkneyinga Saga records that Earl Sigurd had “three other sons…Sumarlidi, Brusi and Einar Wry-Mouth”, adding that he left them “in charge of the earldom” when he left for Ireland and that they divided the earldom between them after he was killed[596]. Snorre names "Sumarlide, Bruse and Einar Rangmund" as "older sons" of "Sigurd the Thick", recording that they succeeded on the death of their father when the country was divided into three parts[597]. He succeeded his father 1014 as Jarl of ¹/₃ Orkney. Orkneyinga Saga records that Thorfinn unsuccessfully claimed a share of Orkney from his half-brother Einar after the death of their brother Somerled, but that “when Earl Thorfinn came of age” he reasserted his claim and a settlement was reached through the intervention of their brother Brusi[598]. Assuming that he came of age when around 15 years old, this event would be dated to [1023/24]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Einar was killed at “Sandwick” by Thorkel Amundsson[599]. It is difficult to date this event precisely, but references in the text to “King Olaf” must indicate Olaf II King of Norway who ruled from 1016 to 1028.

4. HUNDI [Hlodvir] ([990]-[996/1000]). Orkneyinga Saga records that “Olaf Tryggvason” pressured Sigurd to accept baptism and returned to Norway with Sigurd´s son “Hvelp or Hundi…baptised…[as] Hlodvir” as a hostage, adding that “Hlodvir didn´t live long” and that his father refused to pay homage to King Olaf after his son died[600]. He was taken to Norway as a hostage by Olaf Tryggvesson [995], baptised as Hlodve, but died there soon after[601].

Sigurd & his second wife had one child:

5. THORFINN "the Black" ([1009]-[1060/65], bur Birsay, Christchurch). Orkneyinga Saga names “Earl Thorfinn” as the son of Sigurd and his wife “the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots”, adding that his father sent him to Scotland “to be fostered by the King, the boy´s maternal grandfather” when he left for Ireland, and that he was five years old when his father was killed[602]. Snorre names Thorfin as son of "Sigurd the Thick" & his wife, recording that he was five years old when his father was killed[603]. He succeeded [1030] as sole Jarl of Orkney.

- see below.

B. NORWEGIAN JARLS of ORKNEY [1030]-1156

THORFINN "the Black", son of SIGURD "Digri" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness & his wife Donada of Scotland ([1009]-[1060/65], bur Birsay, Christchurch). Orkneyinga Saga names “Earl Thorfinn” as the son of Sigurd and his wife “the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots”, adding that his father sent him to Scotland “to be fostered by the King, the boy´s maternal grandfather” when he left for Ireland, and that he was five years old when his father was killed[604]. Snorre names Thorfin as son of "Sigurd the Thick" & his wife, recording that he was five years old when his father was killed[605]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “his grandfather King Malcolm of Scotland” gave “Caithness and Sutherland…[with] the title earl” to Thorfinn and “appointed counsellors to govern with him”