The chapters on the Scottish nobility set out below are arranged in approximately chronological order of creation of the titles. The first group of seven earldoms, Angus, Atholl, Caithness, Fife, Mar, Moray and Strathearn, corresponds to the seven provinces into which Scotland north of the Firths of Forth and Clyde was divided in the 9th century, reputedly ruled by seven brothers. The ruler of each province bore the title "Ri", inferior only to the "Ardri" or Supreme King. In the 10th century, the title changed to "Mormaer" or Great Maer or Steward. During the 10th century the province of Argyll was added, and in the 11th century Buchan separated from Mar, while Caithness was conquered by the Norwegians. The earldom of Dunbar was a further creation of the early 11th century, although it was only called as such from the early 13th century. Six of these local rulers are for the first time called "comes" in the foundation charter of the monastery of Scone dated [1114/15][1]. According to Skene, the relationship between these rulers and their provinces was not purely territorial but connected with the tribes which occupied the land. After the accession of David I King of Scotland in 1124, the tie to the land was strengthened as the mormaerships were transformed into earldoms, the earls holding the land from the Scottish crown as tenants-in-chief in accordance with the Norman feudal system. Heredity of the mormaerships was originally in the male line only. After the introduction of the feudal system into Scotland in the 12th century, the earldoms were descendible to heirs general[2].

The lordships of Galloway and of the Isles were semi-autonomous regions which at first did not recognise the suzerainty of the Scottish crown. They were never transformed into earldoms.

The later earldoms created by King Malcolm IV and his successors are shown in the companion document SCOTLAND EARLS CREATED 1162-1398.

Chapter 1. ANGUS

Angus was one of the seven original provinces of Scotland, covering about the same territory as the modern Scottish county of Forfar. Its ruler was one of the six Mormaers who were described as "comes" in the [1114/15] charter of Scone. Gillbride was the first individual to be styled (in 1135) Earl of Angus and members of his family succeeded him in the title until the mid-13th century.

A. MORMAERS of ANGUS

1. INDECHTRAIG, son of ---. m ---. The name of Indechtraig´s wife is not known. Indechtraig & his wife had one child:

a) DUBUCAN (-935). Mormaer of Angus. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Dubucan filius Indrechtaig mormair Oengusa, Adalstan filius Advar rig Saxan, et Eochaid filius Alpini"[3], dated to [937/40] if the second person named can be identified as Æthelstan King of Wessex. m ---. The name of Dubucan´s wife is not known. Dubucan & his wife had one child:

i) MAELBRIGDE . The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Maelbrigde filius Dubican", dated to before the death of King Colin from the context[4].

1. CONCHAR . The Pictish Chronicle names Conchar Mormaer of Angus as father of Fynebole Lady of Fettercairn, who murdered Kenneth II King of Scotland in 995 in revenge for the slaughter of her only son oat Dunsinane[5]. m ---. The name of Conchar´s wife is not known. Conchar & his wife had one child:

a) FYNEBOLE . Lady of Fettercairn. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Kynnath mac Malcolm" reigned for 24 years and 2 months, was killed "a suis hominibus in Fetherkern" through the treachery of "Finuele filie filie Cunthar comitis de Anguss" whose only son had been killed by the king[6]. The Pictish Chronicle names Conchar Mormaer of Angus and father of Fynebole Lady of Fettercairn who murdered Kenneth II King of Scotland in 995 in revenge for the slaughter of her only son oat Dunsinane[7]. m ---. The name of Fynebole´s husband is not known.

1. DUFUGAN . Mormaer of Angus. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[8]. "…Dufagan comes" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[9].

B. EARLS of ANGUS

1. GILLBRIDE, son of --- (-[1187]). Earl of Angus [1135]. David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer by undated charter witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[10]. He fought at the battle of the Standard 22 Aug 1138. "…Comite Duncano, Gillebrid comite de Anegus, M. comite de Ethoel, Gillecrist comite de Meneteth, Gillberto filio comitis Ferteth, Merlefwano Adam filio comitis de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated 1164 under which "Malcolmus rex Scottorum" confirmed the foundation of Scone abbey[11]. He was one of the hostages for William "the Lion" King of Scotland in 1174[12]. "…Gylbride comite de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated to [1187/89] under which William King of Scotland granted the churches of Elgin and Eren to the bishopric of Moray[13]. m [firstly] [--- of Dunbar, daughter of GOSPATRICK Earl & his wife ---. The Complete Peerage says that Gillbride “seems to have married a daughter of Gospatrick Earl of Dunbar” but does not specify the primary source on which this is based[14]. Although it does not specify which Earl Gospatrick was her father, it is more likely from a chronological viewpoint that, if the information is correct, he was the Gospatrick who died in 1166.] [m secondly --- of Caithness, daughter of ERIK Slagbrellir & his wife Ingigerd Kalisdatter. According to the Complete Peerage, Gillbride Earl of Angus married as his second wife "the heiress of the earls of Caithness", in another passage stating that she was "sister of Harald Ungi Earl of Caithness"[15]. No primary source is cited in support of these statements and it is possible that this marriage, and the supposed parentage of the bride, are entirely speculative, in an attempt to explain the transmission of the half of the earldom of Caithness to Earl Magnus (see below). Skene says that "the probability is that the half of Caithness which belonged to the Angus family was that half possessed by the earls of the line of Erlend, and was given by King Alexander with the title of Earl to Magnus, as the son of one of Earl Harald "Ungi"´s sisters" and that "the Norwegian name of Magnus indicates that [Earl Magnus] had a Norwegian mother"[16]. He cites no primary source either, and the implication is that Skene is speculating on all the points which he makes. Concerning the supposed parentage of Earl Magnus´s mother, it appears unlikely that Magnus´s right to Caithness was derived from the junior branch of the comital family of Orkney/Caithness, to which Erik Slagbrellir belonged, as it ceased to hold any interest in the county after 1198, while Magnus´s grant appears to be dated to the 1230s (as discussed more fully below). A more sensible suggestion is that, assuming Magnus´s right to Caithness was inherited from his mother, she was related to the last Earl John, who died in 1232, and whose rights would have been divided between his two heiresses.] Earl Gillbride & his [first] wife had four children:

a) ADAM (-after [1187]). "…Comite Duncano, Gillebrid comite de Anegus, M. comite de Ethoel, Gillecrist comite de Meneteth, Gillberto filio comitis Ferteth, Merlefwano Adam filio comitis de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated 1164 under which "Malcolmus rex Scottorum" confirmed the foundation of Scone abbey[17]. "…Adam et Wills fil comitis de Anego…" witnessed the charter dated 1178 under which the abbot of Aberbrothoc controlled the church of Calcou[18]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Angus. "…Comit Ada de Anego…" witnessed the charter dated to [1187] which confirms the donation of "ecclesiam de Foethmures" to Aberbrothoc[19].

b) WILLIAM (-after 1178). "…Adam et Wills fil comitis de Anego…" witnessed the charter dated 1178 under which the abbot of Aberbrothoc controlled the church of Calcou[20].

c) GILCHRIST (-[1207/11]). He succeeded his brother as Earl of Angus. "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[21].

- see below.

d) GILBERT . "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[22]. Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage states that William King of Scotland granted lands of "Purin, Ogguluin and Kinminethen" [Powrie, Ogilvie and Kilmundie] all in Forfarshire to "Gilbert son of the Earl of Angus" by charter dated to [1172/77], and that "from him are descended the Ogilvies of that Ilk, Airlie with its cadets, and Inverquharity"[23].

Earl Gillbride & his [second] wife had [two] children:

e) [MAGNUS ([1175/85]-1239). His birth date range is estimated on the assumption that he was the father of his successor, Earl Gillbride/Gibbon/Gilbert (see below). "Domino Magnus filio Comitis…domino Anegus filio Comitis…" witnessed the charter, dated to [1226/39], which confirmed the donation of "terra de Othirlony…terram de Kenny" to Aberbrothoc by "Valterum filium Turpini"[24]. A charter dated 1351 which confirmed the donation of "terram de Kenny" to Aberbrothoc by "Walterum filium Turpini" quotes a document witnessed by "Domino Magno filio Comitis…Domino Anegus filio Comitis…"[25]. He was apparently installed as Earl of (part) Caithness. There appears to be no surviving contemporary evidence concerning the grant of the earldom. However, Balfour Paul refers to a charter "noted in an old Inventory of Oliphant writs, made about 1594, and preserved in the General Register House" which states that King Alexander II granted "the erledom of South Kaythnes" to "Magnus sone to Gylcryst sum tyme erle of Angus"[26]. The inventory note does not date the charter in question. However, the grant, if the report is accurate, must have taken place after 1231, the date of the death of Earl John, last of the previous lines of earls of Orkney and Caithness. It was presumably after 7 Oct 1232, the date of a charter under which Alexander II King of Scotland donated revenue from mills in Invernarn to the bishopric of Moray which was witnessed by "…M comite de Anegus et Katania…"[27]. Although the name of the witness is given only in abbreviated form, the reference to the county of Angus suggests that it must be Malcolm Earl of Angus who is shown above. It is assumed therefore that Earl Malcolm resigned Caithness, or his claims thereto, in favour of Magnus. The precise parentage of Earl Magnus has been the subject of considerable speculation. According to the Complete Peerage, "Magnus Jarl of Orkney and Earl of Caithness is stated to have been the son of Gillbride Earl of Angus by his second wife sister of Harald Ugni, to whom Magnus, though an infant, was apparently recognised as successor in his half of the Earldom"[28]. It does not cite the source on which this statement is based and, as discussed further above under the possible second wife of Earl Gilbride, the hypothesis appears to be entirely speculative. Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage says that "Magnus…is usually designed son of Gillebride Earl of Angus", adding that the "statement was first made by Sir James Dalrymple in his Collections, but he gives no proof"[29]. The Complete Peerage says that "it seems…quite probable that [Magnus] was the same person as Malcolm Earl of Angus, son of Duncan, son of Gilchrist, son of Gillbride…[who] is named as Earl of Angus and Caithness in 1232 [see above]", although conceding that "the whole matter is, however, very obscure"[30]. The separate primary source references to an individual named Magnus indicate that this suggestion is probably incorrect. From a chronological point of view, Magnus´s estimated birth date range as shown above suggests that he was either the son of Gillbride Earl of Angus by a second marriage or that he was the son of Earl Gilchrist. The fact that Magnus´s successor was named [Gillbride] suggests that this was the name of Magnus´s father. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1239 of "Magnus earl in the Orkneys"[31].]

- EARLS of CAITHNESS.

f) [ANGUS . "…Anego fil com…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1204/11], under which "Dunecano comes de Anego" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc, as donated by "Gillecrist comes de Anego patris meis"[32]. "…Anego fil comit et Ada filio eius…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1214/26], under which "Malcolmo comes de Anego" confirmed donations to Aberbrothoc made by "Gillecrist comes de Anego…et Dunecan patris mei"[33]. "Domino Magnus filio Comitis…domino Anegus filio Comitis…" witnessed the charter, dated to [1226/39], which confirmed the donation of "terra de Othirlony…terram de Kenny" to Aberbrothoc by "Valterum filium Turpini"[34]. A charter dated 1351 which confirmed the donation of "terram de Kenny" to Aberbrothoc by "Walterum filium Turpini" quotes a document witnessed by "Domino Magno filio Comitis…Domino Anegus filio Comitis…"[35]. The same difficulties relating to the parentage of the witness Magnus, as discussed above, also apply to Angus. It is not even known whether Angus was a brother of Magnus, although if he was his junior position in the list of witnesses indicates that he must have been younger.] m ---. The name of Angus´s wife is not known. Angus & his wife had one child:

i) ADAM . "…Anego fil comit et Ada filio eius…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1214/26], under which "Malcolmo comes de Anego" confirmed donations to Aberbrothoc made by "Gillecrist comes de Anego…et Dunecan patris mei"[36].

GILCHRIST, son of GILLBRIDE Earl of Angus & his first wife [--- de Dunbar] (-[1207/11]). He succeeded his brother as Earl of Angus. "…Com Gillcrist de Anego et Dunec fil eius…" witnessed a charter dated to 1198 under which Roger Bishop of St Andrew´s confirmed agreement with Aberbrothoc over various churches[37]. "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[38]. He witnessed a charter of Arbroath Abbey in 1198[39]. "Davidem Ruffum de Forfar" donated "tota terra mea de Kinefe que fuit Ede" to Cupar abbey, for the souls of "Domini mei Willielmi et filii eius Alexandri", by undated charter witnessed by "Comite Duncano, Comite Gartneto, Comite Gilchristo de Anegus, Philippo Camerario, Villielmo Cumyn, David de Haya"[40].

m ---. The name of Gilchrist´s wife is not known. If Magnus Earl of (part) Caithness was the son of Earl Gilchrist as speculated below, his Norwegian name may have come from his mother. As noted above, there has been some speculation about the parentage of Magnus´s mother, assuming that she was the second wife of Earl Gillbride. However, the junior line of the earls of Orkney and Caithness ceased to hold the earldom in 1198, many years before the alleged grant of Caithness to Magnus. A more sensible suggestion is that, assuming Magnus´s right to Caithness was inherited from his mother, she was related to the last Earl John, who died in 1232, and whose rights would have been divided between his two heiresses.

Gilchrist & his wife had one child:

1. DUNCAN (-[1207/14]). "…Com Gillcrist de Anego et Dunec fil eius…" witnessed a charter dated to 1198 under which Roger Bishop of St Andrew´s confirmed agreement with Aberbrothoc over various churches[41]. "Gillecrist comes de Anego" donated "ecclesiam de Monifod" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "Gilb fratre meo, Dun fil meo…"[42]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Angus[43]. "Dunecano comes de Anego" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc, as donated by "Gillecrist comes de Anego patris meis", by undated charter[44]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had three children:

a) MALCOLM (-[1237/42]). "Umfridus de Berkel" donated "terram de Balfeth" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "…Malcolmo fil comitis Dunec et Dunec fratre suo…"[45]. "…Malcolmo filio comitis Duncani…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[46]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Angus, witnessed a charter as such 22 Apr 1231[47]. "Malcolmo comes de Anego" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc, as donated by "Gillecrist comes de Anego avus meis…et Dunecano pater meis", by undated charter[48]. "…M comite de Anegus et Katania…" witnessed the charter dated 7 Oct 1232 under which Alexander II King of Scotland donated revenue from mills in Invernarn to the bishopric of Moray[49]. m MARY Berkeley, daughter and heiress of Sir HUMPHREY Berkeley & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are shown in the Complete Peerage without citing the corresponding primary source[50]. Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage does not name the wife of Earl Malcolm[51]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Malcolm & his wife had one child:

i) MATILDA of Angus . She succeeded her father as Ctss of Angus, suo iure. The Complete Peerage records her first marriage without citing the corresponding primary source[52], although it is implied from the Chronicle of Melrose which records the death in 1242 of "John Cumin earl of Angus…in France"[53]. The Chronicle of Melrose records that "the lord Gillebert de Humframville took the countess of Angus to wife" in 1243[54]. "Matildis comitissa de Anego…in…viduitatis mee" confirmed its churches to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "dno Gilb de Haya, dno Johe de Haya, dno Willmo de Haya, dno Nigello de Mubray, dno Willmo Juuene de Haya…"[55]. "Matild comitissa de Anego" confirmed donations of "terre in territorio Kerimor" to Aberbrothoc, made by "Gillecrist…comes de Anego abavus meus…Gillecrist proavus meus…Malcolmo pater meus", by undated charter witnessed by "Dno G. de Haya, Dno Johe de Haya, Dno W. de Haya…Dno W. iuvene de Haya, Dno Malcolmo de Haya…"[56]. Her third marriage is confirmed by letters close dated 2 Dec 1247 under which Henry III King of England granted four bucks from Eleham Park to "the countess of Angus, the wife of Richard of Dover"[57]. m firstly JOHN Comyn, son of --- (-killed in battle in France 1242). He succeeded as Earl of Angus, de iure uxoris. m secondly (1243) GILBERT de Umfraville, Lord of Prudhoe and Redesdale, co. Northumberland, son of RICHARD de Umfraville & his wife --- (-[Apr 1245]). He succeeded as Earl of Angus, de iure uxoris. m thirdly (before 2 Dec 1247) RICHARD Lord of Chilham, son of RICHARD FitzRoy & his wife Rohese [Rose] of Dover .

b) DUNCAN . "Umfridus de Berkel" donated "terram de Balfeth" to Aberbrothoc by undated charter witnessed by "…Malcolmo fil comitis Dunec et Dunec fratre suo…"[58].

c) HUGH (-after [1242/43]). "…Hug fratre meo…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1214/26], under which "Malcolmo comes de Anego" confirmed "terram inter Aldenkonkro et Aldhendonen in territorio de Kerimor" to Aberbrothoc[59]. "…Hug avunculo…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1242/43], under which "Matildis comitissa de Anego" confirmed "terram ex australi parte ecclesie de Monifod quam Kelledei tenuut" to Aberbrothoc[60].

C. EARLS of ANGUS (UMFRAVILLE)

It is possible that Robert de Umfraville accompanied Sibyl, daughter of Henry I King of England, to Scotland when she married King Alexander I. It has so far proved impossible to reconstruct the early generations of this family from the primary source references, but the names indicate a probable succession from father to son.

1. GILBERT de Umfraville (-after 1093). The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Gilbert Humphreville" was granted "the lordship of Pen Marc" by Robert FitzHamon after the defeat of Rhys ap Tewdwr in Wales in 1093[61].

2. ROBERT de Umfraville (-after 29 Apr 1141). "…Robertus de Unfranvilla…" witnessed the charter dated to [1100/02] under which Henry I King of England confirmed the gift of Pembroke, St Nicholas to the abbey of Saint-Martin de Séez[62]. "…Roberto de Umframvilla…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[63]. "…Robto de Umfravilla…" witnessed the charter dated to [1119/24] under which "David comes filii Malcolmi regis Scotorum" founded the monastery of Kelso[64]. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Rob de Ulfranvilla" in Yorkshire, Northumberland[65]. "Robertus de Humfrancville…" witnessed the charter of Ramsey abbey dated to [1133/37] which records that "Walterus de Bolebeche…Heylenius uxor sua et Hugo filius suus" donated "terram de Waltone"[66]. "…Robto de Humfravill…" witnessed the charter dated 29 Apr 1141 under which David King of Scotland donated "terram de Eldune…Dernewic" to Melrose abbey[67].

3. ODINEL [I] de Umfraville (-after 1153). "…Odenel de Unfranuilla…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to before [1142], under which David I King of Scotland confirmed "ecclesiam de Lohworuara" to the church of Glasgow[68]. "…Odinello Unfraville…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland confirmed "decimas" to the church of Glasgow[69].

4. GILBERT de Umfraville (-after 1166). "…Gilleberto de Umfranvilla…" witnessed the undated charter under which David I King of Scotland donated "toftam in Beruwic" to the priory of the Isle of May[70]. "Gilbertus de Umframvile" donated his part of "ecclesia de Keth" to the monastery of Kelso by charter dated to [1160][71]. It is likely that Gilbert de Umfraville was related to Simon Fraser who donated the same church to Kelso around the same time[72]. "…Gillibto de Humfravilla…" witnessed the undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign, under which William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory[73]. Military fee certifications in the Red Book of the Exchequer, in 1166, record that "Gilbertus de Hunframville" held 9 knights´ fees from "Willelmi comitis Gloucestriæ" in Gloucestershire[74]. m ---. The name of Gilbert´s wife is not known. Gilbert & his wife had one child:

a) ASA de Umfraville (-after [1200]). "Gauterius Corbet" donated property "in territorio ville de Schottun" to Kelso monastery by charter dated to [1200], witnessed by "Dna Asa coniuge mea, Rob et Gautio filiis meis…"[75]. Her parentage is confirmed by the undated charter under which her son "Robertus Corbet filius filie Gilebti de Umframvilla" donated "elemosina quondam parte terre mee in territorio de Cliftun" to Melrose abbey, for the soul of "avi mei Gilebti de Umframvilla"[76]. m WALTER Corbet, son of --- (-after [1200]).

5. HENRY de Umfraville (-after 1210). The Roll of Honour dated [1186/87] records that "Henricus de Umfrancville" held land from the Earl of Gloucester[77]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Henricus de Unfranville" holding five knights´ fees from "honor Gloucestriæ" in Debonshire in [1210/12][78].

1. ODINEL [II] de Umfraville (-1182). "…Odenel de Umfravill…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesie…de terra de Machelin" to Melrose abbey made by "Walterus filius Alani"[79]. m ALICE de Lucy, daughter of RICHARD de Lucy, justiciar & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Odinel & his wife had one child:

a) RICHARD de Umfraville (-before 8 Jan 1227). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1228] under which his son "Gilbt de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei"[80]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Ricardus de Unfranville" holding land "Hameldone per dimidium militem" in Rutland, and "baroniam de Brudeho" with two and a half knights´ fees in Northumberland "per Henricum Regem primum", in [1210/12][81]. Lord of Prudhoe and Redsdale, co. Northumberland. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records "Ricardus de Umfraville" holding "baroniam de Prudehoe…villam de Parva Rihull" in Northumberland which had been granted by King Henry I to "antecessores sui", as well as "vallem de Redesdale"[82]. m ---. The name of Richard´s wife is not known. Richard & his wife had one child:

- see below.

RICHARD de Umfraville, son of ODENEL de Umfraville & his wife --- (-before 8 Jan 1227). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1228] under which his son "Gilbt de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei"[83]. The Red Book of the Exchequer records "Ricardus de Unfranville" holding land "Hameldone per dimidium militem" in Rutland, and "baroniam de Brudeho" with two and a half knights´ fees in Northumberland "per Henricum Regem primum", in [1210/12][84]. Lord of Prudhoe and Redsdale, co. Northumberland. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records "Ricardus de Umfraville" holding "baroniam de Prudehoe…villam de Parva Rihull" in Northumberland which had been granted by King Henry I to "antecessores sui", as well as "vallem de Redesdale"[85].

m ---. The name of Richard´s wife is not known.

Richard & his wife had two children:

1. GILBERT de Umfraville (-[Apr 1245]). Lord of Prudhoe and Redsdale, co. Northumberland. "Gilbt de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei" by charter dated to [1228][86]. "Gilbert de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei" by charter dated to [1228], witnessed by "dno Robto de Umframuill fratre meo…"[87]. He succeeded as Earl of Angus, de iure uxoris. Matthew of Paris records the death "tempore…septimana Passionis Dominicæ…partium Angliæ borealium custos" of "Gilebertus de Humfranvilla" leaving "parvulum suum" as his heir, dated to 1245 from the context[88]. m (1243) as her third husband, MATILDA Ctss of Angus, widow of JOHN Comyn Earl of Angus, daughter and heiress of MALCOLM 6^th Earl of Angus & his wife Mary Berkeley. The Chronicle of Melrose records that "the lord Gillebert de Humframville took the countess of Angus to wife" in 1243[89]. She married thirdly (before 2 Dec 1247) Richard Lord of Chilham. Earl Gilbert & his wife had one child:

a) GILBERT de Umfraville ([1244]-before 13 Oct 1307). Matthew of Paris records that "Gilebertus de Humfranvilla" left "parvulum suum" as his heir when he died[90]. He is styled Earl of Angus in 1267. He was summoned to the English parliament as Lord Umfraville in 1295, and in 1307 as Earl of Angus[91]. "Gilbertus de Hunfranevilla" donated property to the abbey of Loders, Dorset, for the souls of "…filii mei Roberti", by undated charter[92]. m ELIZABETH Comyn, daughter of ALEXANDER Comyn Earl of Buchan & his wife Elizabeth de Quncy of Winchester (-before 17 Feb 1329). Andrew Wyntoun´s Cronykil records that "Jhon and Alysandyre" had five sisters, the third of which married "Schyr Gylbert Wmfrayvyle" by whom she had "Robert…othir brethyr"[93]. Earl Gilbert & his wife had two children:

i) GILBERT de Umfraville (-before 23 May 1303). He was brought before parliament for contempt for striking one of the king's ministers at the parliament held at Berwick 22 Aug 1296[94]. m (1289) as her first husband, MARGARET de Clare, daughter of Sir THOMAS de Clare Lord of Thomond, Connaught & his wife Julian FitzMaurice (-late 1333). She married secondly (before 30 Jun 1308) Sir Bartholomew Badlesmere.

ii) ROBERT de Umfraville ([1276]-Mar 1325, bur Newminster Abbey). Andrew Wyntoun´s Cronykil records that "Jhon and Alysandyre" had five sisters, the third of which married "Schyr Gylbert Wmfrayvyle" by whom she had "Robert…othir brethyr"[95]. "Gilbertus de Hunfranevilla" donated property to the abbey of Loders, Dorset, for the souls of "…filii mei Roberti", by undated charter[96]. He succeeded his father in 1307 as Earl of Angus, Lord Umfraville.

- see below.

2. ROBERT de Umfraville (-after [1228]). "Gilbert de Umfravill" confirmed donations to Kelso monastery by "dni Odenell de Umfravill avi mei" by charter dated to [1228], witnessed by "dno Robto de Umframuill fratre meo…"[97].

Parents not yet identified:

1. INGELRAM de Umfraville (-after 1295). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that John Balliol King of Scotland sent "Johannes de Soulis et Ingelramus Umfraville" to France in 1295 to negotiate the betrothal of his son Edward[98].

ROBERT de Umfraville, son of GILBERT de Umfraville Earl of Angus & his wife Elizabeth Comyn of Buchan ([1276]-Mar 1325, bur Newminster Abbey). "Gilbertus de Hunfranevilla" donated property to the abbey of Loders, Dorset, for the souls of "…filii mei Roberti", by undated charter[99]. He succeeded his father in 1307 as Earl of Angus, Lord Umfraville.

m firstly LUCY de Kyme, daughter of Sir PHILIP de Kyme 1^st Lord Kyme & his wife Joan Bigod. A manuscript genealogy of the Gant family records that "Luciæ sorori suæ, nuptæ Roberto de Umphravill comiti de Anguishe" succeeded on the death of "Willielmus de Kyma"[100].

m secondly as her first husband, ALIENOR, daughter of --- (-31 Mar 1368). She married secondly (before 16 Aug 1327) Sir Roger Matildauit of Eshot, co. Northumberland.

Earl Robert & his first wife had two children:

1. GILBERT de Umfraville ([1310]-6 Jan 1381). A manuscript genealogy of the Gant family names “Gilbertus Umphravil” as son of “Roberto de Umphravil comiti de Anguishe” and his wife “Willielmus de Kyma…Luciæ sorori suæ”, adding that he died without heirs and was succeeded by “Waltero Taylboys filio filiæ sororis suæ”[101]. He succeeded his father in 1325 as Earl of Angus, Lord Unfreville. He was disinherited in Scotland in [1329]. m firstly JOAN Willoughby, daughter of Sir ROBERT Willoughby 1^st Lord Willoughby & his wife Margaret Deincourt (-16 Jul 1350). m secondly (before Oct 1369) MATILDA de Lucy, daughter of Sir THOMAS Lucy 2^nd Lord Lucy & his wife Margaret Multon (-18 Dec 1398). She married secondly (before 3 Oct 1383) as his second wife, Henry Percy 1^st Earl of Northumberland. Earl Gilbert & his first wife had one child:

a) Sir ROBERT de Umfraville (-before 25 May 1368). m (licence 20 Jan 1340) as her first husband, MARGARET Percy, daughter of Sir HENRY Percy Lord Percy & his wife Idoine Clifford (-Gyng [Buttsbury], Essex Sep 1375). Her parentage is confirmed, and her second marriage indicated, by the testament of Thomas Percy Bishop of Norwich, dated 25 May 1368, which names "…Dame Margaret de Ferrers my sister…Matilda Nevill my sister…" among his beneficiaries[102]. She married secondly (before 25 May 1368) as his second wife, Sir William Ferrers 3^rd Lord Ferrers of Groby.

2. ELIZABETH de Umfraville . A manuscript genealogy of the Gant family records that “Gilbertus Umphravil” was succeeded by “Waltero Taylboys filio filiæ sororis suæ”[103]. m GILBERT de Boroughdon [Burdon].

Earl Robert & his second wife had two children:

3. ROBERT de Umfraville (-before 10 Oct 1379).

4. THOMAS de Umfraville of Hessle, Yorkshire, and Holmside, co. Durham (-21 May 1387). He inherited the castle of Harbottle and the manor of Otterburn 1375[104]. [m[105]] JOAN de Roddam, daughter of ADAM de Roddam & his wife ---. Thomas & his wife had two children:

a) Sir THOMAS de Umfraville of Harbottle ([1360]-12 Feb or 8 Mar 1391). m AGNES, daughter of --- (-25 Oct 1420). Sir Thomas & his wife had six children:

i) Sir GILBERT de Umfraville of Harbottle (Harbottle Castle 18 Oct 1390-killed in battle Baugé, Anjou 22 Mar 1421). m (before 3 Feb 1413) ANNE Neville, daughter of RALPH Neville 1^st Earl of Westmoreland & his first wife Margaret Stafford of Stafford.

ii) ELIZABETH de Umfraville ([1391]-23 Nov 1424). m Sir WILLIAM Elmeden of Elmeden [Embleton], co. Durham.

iii) MATILDA de Umfraville ([1393]-4 Jan 1435). m Sir WILLIAM Ryther of Ryther, Yorkshire.

iv) JOAN de Umfraville ([1395]-after 1446). m Sir THOMAS Lambert .

v) MARGARET de Umfraville ([1397]-23 Jun 1444). m firstly WILLIAM Lodington of Gunby, co. Lincoln (-9 Jan 1420). m secondly (before 26 Apr 1423) JOHN Constable of Halsham in Holderness.

vi) AGNES de Umfraville ([1399]-after 1446). m THOMAS Haggerston of Haggerston, co. Durham.

b) Sir ROBERT de Umfraville (-before 10 Oct 1379).

D. EARLS of ANGUS (STEWART)

JOHN Stewart, son of Sir ALEXANDER Stewart of Bonkyl, co. Berwick & his wife --- (-9 Dec 1331). He succeeded his father in 1319 at Bonkyl, co. Berwick. He was created Earl of Angus before 15 Jun 1329, when he is styled as such in a charter[106]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Johannem Stewart comitem Angusiæ, Thomam Ranulphi filium et heredum recolendæ memoriæ D. Thomas comitis Moraviæ" were knighted in 1331[107]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death "V Id Dec" in 1332 of "Johannes Stewart comes Angusie"[108].

m (Papal dispensation 24 Oct 1329) MARGARET Lady of Abernethy, daughter and heiress of Sir ALEXANDER of Abernethy & his wife --- (-after 1370). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Johanni Stwyarde domino de Bonkyl" and "Margarite nate quondam Alexandri de Abirnechy militis", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 24 Oct 1329[109].

Earl John & his wife had one child:

1. THOMAS Stewart ([1329/31]-Dunbarton Castle 1361). He succeeded his father in 1331 as Earl of Angus. Lord of Abernethy. He died of plague[110]. m (Papal dispensation 3 Jun 1353) as her first husband, MARGARET de St Clair, [111][daughter/sister] of Sir WILLIAM de St Clair [Sinclair] of Rosslyn & his wife Isabel of Strathearn . The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Thome Senescallis comitis Angusie" and "Margarete de Sancto Claro", issued by Pope Innocent VI, is dated 3 Jun 1353[112]. She married secondly Sir John Sinclair of Herdmanstoun. Earl Thomas & his wife had three children:

a) MARGARET Stewart (-[1417/23 Mar 1418]). She succeeded her brother in 1377 as Ctss of Angus, suo iure. She resigned the Earldom 9 Apr 1389 in favour of her illegitimate son George Douglas[113]. m ([1361/74]) as his second wife, THOMAS Earl of Mar, son of DONALD Earl of Mar & his wife Isabel Stewart ([1330]-[22 Oct 1373/21 Jun 1374]). Mistress of WILLIAM Douglas 1^st Earl of Douglas, son of Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas & his wife --- (-Douglas May 1384, bur Melrose).

b) ELIZABETH Stewart . m Sir ALEXANDER Hamilton of Innerwick. Ancestors of the Earls of Haddington.

c) THOMAS Stewart (-1377). He succeeded his father in 1361 as Earl of Angus.

E. EARLS of ANGUS (DOUGLAS)

GEORGE Douglas, illegitimate son of WILLIAM Douglas 1^st Earl of Douglas & his mistress Margaret Stewart Ctss of Angus ([1378 or before]-1402). He was created Earl of Angus.

m (contract 24 May 1397) as her first husband, Lady MARY Stewart, daughter of ROBERT III King of Scotland & his wife Annabel Drummond (-after 1458, bur Strathblane).

Earl George & his wife had one child:

1. WILLIAM Douglas (-Oct 1437). He succeeded his father as 2^nd Earl of Angus. m (betrothed 12 Dec 1410, dispensation 1425) MARGARET Hay, daughter of Sir WILLIAM Hay of Yester & his first wife Jean Gifford of Yeser (-after 22 Apr 1484). William & his wife had two children:

a) JAMES Douglas (-[before 9 Sep] 1446). He succeeded his father as 3^rd Earl of Angus.

b) GEORGE Douglas (-14 Nov 1462, bur Abernethy). He succeeded his brother as 4^th Earl of Angus. m ([before 1446]) as her first husband, ISABEL Sibbald, daughter of Sir JOHN Sibbald of Balgony, co. Fife & his wife --- ([1500/Feb 1503]). She married secondly (1477 or before) John Carmichael of Balmedie, and thirdly (after 1479) as his second wife, Sir Robert Douglas of Lechleven. George & his wife had one child:

i) ARCHIBALD Douglas (-[Priory of St Ninian/Whithorn, Galloway] [29 Nov 1513/31 Jan 1514]). He succeeded his father as 5^th Earl of Angus.

- see below.

ARCHIBALD Douglas, son of GEORGE Douglas 4^th Earl of Angus & his wife Isabel Sibbald (-Priory of St Ninian/Whithorn, Galloway [29 Nov 1513/31 Jan 1514]). He succeeded his father as 5^th Earl of Angus.

m firstly (4 Mar 1468) ELIZABETH Boyd, daughter of ROBERT Boyd Lord Boyd & his wife Mariot Maxwell of Calderwood (-before 21 Feb 1497).

m secondly ([1498], separated before 1 Jun 1501) [as her second husband,] JANET Kennedy, [widow] of Sir ALEXANDER Gordon, daughter of JOHN Kennedy Lord Kennedy & his second wife Elizabeth Gordon of Huntly Dowager Countess of Erroll (-after 1531). She was mistress of James IV King of Scotland.

m thirdly (1500, [separated [10 Aug 1510/14 May 1513]) KATHERINE Stirling, daughter of Sir WILLIAM Stirling of Keir & his wife Margaret Crichton of Ruthvendeny (-after 14 May 1513)

Earl Archibald & his first wife had two children:

1. GEORGE Douglas ([1469]-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). Master of Angus. Possibly styled Lord Douglas. m (before Mar 1488) as her second husband, ELIZABETH Drummond, widow of Sir DAVID Fleming of Monycabo, daughter of JOHN Drummond Lord Drummond & his wife Elizabeth Lindsay of the Earls of Crawford (-after 21 Aug 1514). George & his wife had two children:

a) ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1490]-Tantallon Castle Jan 1557, bur Abernethy). He succeeded his grandfather in 1514 as 6^th Earl of Angus. Member of the Council of Regency for James V King of Scotland 1517-1521, and 1523-1526. High Chancellor of Scotland Aug 1527-1528, when a sentence of forfeiture was passed against him and he retired to England. Returned to Scotland 1542, after the death of King James V. He died of erysipelas. m firstly (contract 26 Jun 1509) MARGARET or MARY Hepburn, daughter of PATRICK Hepburn Earl of Bothwell & his wife Janet Douglas of the Earls of Morton (-1513). She died in childbirth. m secondly (Kinnoul Church 6 Aug 1514, divorced 11 Mar 1527) as her second husband, MARGARET Tudor, widow of JAMES IV King of Scotland, daughter of HENRY VII King of England & his wife Elizabeth of York (Palace of Westminster 28 Nov 1489-Methven Castle, Perthshire 18 Oct 1541, bur Carthusian Monastery of St John, Perth). Queen Regent of Scotland. She married thirdly (before 2 Apr 1528) as his second wife, Henry Stewart, who was created Lord Methven 17 Jul 1528. m thirdly (9 Apr 1543) MARGARET Maxwell, daughter of ROBERT Maxwell Lord Maxwell & his wife Janet Douglas of Drumlanrig (-1593). She married secondly (before Sep 1560) Sir William Baillie of Lamington. Archibald & his first wife had one child:

i) child (1513-1513).

Archibald & his second wife had one child:

ii) MARGARET Douglas (Harbottle 18 Oct 1515-Hackney 9 Mar 1578, bur 3 Apr 1578 Westminster Abbey). Betrothed to Lord THOMAS Howard, son of THOMAS Howard Duke of Norfolk & his second wife Anne Tylney (-1537). m (St James’s Palace 29 Jun 1544) MATTHEW Stewart Earl of Lennox, son of JOHN Stuart 12^th Earl of Lennox & his wife Elizabeth Stewart of Atholl (Dunbarton Castle 21 Sep 1516-murdered Stirling 4 Sep 1571, bur Stirling).

Archibald & his third wife had one child:

iii) JAMES Douglas (-Feb 1548). Master of Angus. Possibly styled Lord Douglas.

b) Sir GEORGE Douglas of Pittendriech (-10 Sep 1547). m ELIZABETH Douglas, daughter and heiress of DAVID Douglas of Pittendriech & his wife ---. Sir George & his wife had one child:

i) DAVID Douglas ([1515]-Cockburnspath Jun 1557). He succeeded his uncle in 1557 as 7^th Earl of Angus. m (contract Linlithgow 8 May 1552) as her second husband, MARGARET or ELIZABETH Hamilton, widow of JAMES Johnstone Laird of Johnstone, daughter of Sir JOHN Hamilton of Clydesdale (illegitimate son of James Earl of Arran) & his wife Janet Home. She married thirdly Sir Patrick Whitelaw of that Ilk. David & his wife had one child:

(a) ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1555]-Smeaton near Dalkeith 4 Aug 1588). He succeeded his father as 8^th Earl of Angus. He succeeded in 1585 as Earl of Morton. m firstly (Stirling 13 Jun 1573) MARY Erskine, daughter of JOHN Erskine Earl of Mar & his wife Annabella Murray of Tullibardine (-3 May 1575, bur Holyrood). m secondly (25 Dec 1575, divorced 1587) MARGARET Leslie, daughter of GEORGE Leslie Earl of Rothes & his first wife Margaret Crichton. m thirdly (contract 29 Jul 1587) as her second husband, JEAN Lyon, widow of ROBERT Douglas [Master of Morton], daughter of JOHN Lyon Lord Glamis & his wife Elizabeth Abernethy (-[7 Aug 1607/23 Feb 1611]). She married thirdly (31 May 1590) Alexander Lindsay Lord Spynie.

2. Sir WILLIAM Douglas (-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). m ---. Sir William & his wife had one child:

a) Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas of Glenbervie, co. Kincardine (-1570). m firstly AGNES Keith, daughter of WILLIAM Keith Earl Marischal & his wife ---. Sir Archibald & his first wife had one child:

i) WILLIAM Douglas ([1532]-Glenbervie 1 Jul 1591, bur Glenbervie). He succeeded his cousin as 9^th Earl of Angus. The succeeding Earls of Angus, and Marquesses of Douglas, descend from him.

Chapter 2. ATHOLL

Atholl was one of the seven original province of Scotland, associated with Gowry, covering the north eastern parts of what was later the county of Perth. The rulers were styled Mormaers in the 10th century. The last recorded Mormaer of Atholl was Maddad, grandson of Duncan I King of Scotland, who was one of the six rulers to be referred to as "comes" in the [1114/15] charter for Scone. Members of his family succeeded him as Earls of Atholl until the earldom was inherited by the Strathbogie family in the mid-13th century.

A. MORMAERS of ATHOLL

1. DUNCAN, son of --- (-killed 965). Abthane of Dule, lay abbot of Dunkeld. From the house of the Kings of Ireland. Governor of Strathclyde. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad the abbot of Dún Caillen" was killed in 965 in "a battle between the men of Scotland themselves"[114]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Niger filius Maelcolaim" defeated "Caniculum super Dorsum Crup", in which battle "Duchad abbas Duncalden et Dubdon satrapas Athochlach" were killed, after which Niger was expelled and "Caniculus" reigned for a short time[115]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had one child:

a) DUNCAN . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Mormaer of Atholl. Abthane of Dule. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had one child:

i) CRINAN "the Thane" (-killed in battle 1045). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Abthane of Dule. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. Steward of the Western Isles. Mormaer of Atholl. He was killed fighting King Macbeth. m ([1000]) BETHOC, daughter of MALCOLM II King of Scotland & his wife --- . The "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani"[116]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan[117]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm II had "an only daughter…Beatrice who married Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles…in some annals, by a blunder of the writer…abbot of Dul"[118]. Lady of Atholl. Crinan & his wife had two children:

- KINGS of SCOTLAND.

B. EARLS of ATHOLL

1. MAELMUIRE [Melmare] (-after [1135]). According to the Complete Peerage, Melmare, who it says was the father of Madach Earl of Atholl, was Maelmuire, son of Duncan I King of Scotland & his wife ---, but it cites no corresponding primary source[119]. The primary source which confirms that this is correct has not yet been identified. The only primary source reference to Maelmuire which has so far been found is the undated charter under which David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer, which is witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[120]. From the names of the earls of Fife and Angus, it is unlikely that this document can be dated to before 1135 at the earliest. If that is correct, it is evidently impossible from a chronological point of view that Maelmuire could have been the son of King Duncan I.

2. MADDAD [Madach] (-[1142/52]). According to the Complete Peerage, Madach Earl of Atholl was the son of Maelmuire, but it cites no corresponding primary source[121]. The sources quoted below, dated to before the charter in which Maelmuire is named (see above), suggest that this affiliation cannot be correct. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Mormaer of Atholl. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[122]. He is known as the first Earl of Atholl. "…Madach comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[123]. "…Madeth comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[124]. "Madeth comite…" witnessed a charter dated 1130 by which "David…Rex Scottorum" confirmed the shire of Kirkcaldy to the church of Dunfermline[125]. "…Madd comite…" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[126]. [m firstly ---. No direct evidence has yet been found to corroborate Maddad´s first marriage. However, the chronology of his son Malcolm suggests that he was not born from Maddad´s marriage to Margaret of Orkney.] m [secondly] ([1133]) as her first husband, MARGARET of Orkney, illegitimate daughter of HAKON Paulsson Jarl of Orkney & his mistress Helga ---. Orkneyinga Saga names “Harald…Smooth-Tongue and two daughters…Ingibjorg…Margaret” as the children of Earl Hakon and his mistress Helga[127]. It is unlikely that Margaret was born after [1115] if it is correct that her son was born in 1134. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Margaret Hakon´s-Daughter” married “Earl Maddad of Atholl”[128]. She married secondly Erland "Ungi/the Young" (-killed 1156). Orkneyinga Saga records that “Erlend the Young” abducted Margaret from Orkney and took her to Shetland, and that her son eventually granted permission for their marriage[129]. Earl Maddad & his [first wife] had one child:

a) MALCOLM (-[1186/Aug 1198]). His parentage is confirmed by the Liber Vitæ of Durham, as corrected by Balfour Paul (see below). Earl of Atholl. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[130].

- see below.

Earl Maddad & his [second] wife had one child:

b) HARALD Maddadsson (1134-1206). Orkneyinga Saga names “Harald” as son of “Margaret Hakon´s-Daughter” and her husband “Earl Maddad of Atholl” when recording that his mother proposed him as earl of Orkney when he was three years old[131]. He was given ½ Orkney by Jarl Kali-Ragnvald in Dec 1139, and installed in early 1140 as Jarl of Orkney.

- JARLS of ORKNEY.

MALCOLM, son of [MADDAD Earl of Atholl & his [first wife] ---] (-[1186/Aug 1198]). His parentage is confirmed by the Liber Vitæ of Durham, as corrected by Balfour Paul (see below). Earl of Atholl. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[132]. "…Comite Duncano, Gillebrid comite de Anegus, M. comite de Ethoel, Gillecrist comite de Meneteth, Gillberto filio comitis Ferteth, Merlefwano Adam filio comitis de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated 1164 under which "Malcolmus rex Scottorum" confirmed the foundation of Scone abbey[133]. "…Malcolmo comite de Athewethle…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after [1170], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Sconin" to St Andrew´s priory[134]. William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Login" made to Scone Abbey by "Malcolmus comes Atholie" by undated charter[135]. "Malcolmi comitis Atholie" donated property to Cupar abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Henrico filio comitis, Malcolmo et Dunecano fratribus eius…"[136]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[137]. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[138]. Balfour Paul corrects the first name in the list to "Malcolmus filius Madi. comes Athodlie" after comparing the printed version to "a fine autotype of folio 60…lent by Sir Archibald Hamilton Dunbar of Northfield"[139].

m firstly [E---], daughter of ---. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[140]. It is not certain that this document refers to Earl Malcolm´s first wife. "E" could also be an abbreviation which refers to his second wife "[H]extilda".

m secondly (after 1179) as her second husband, HEXTILDA of Tynedale, widow of RICHARD Comyn, daughter of [UHTRED Lord of Tynedale & his wife Bethoc of Scotland]. The proofs relating to the claim to the Scottish throne in 1291 made by "dñi Johannis Comyn" name "Hextilde" as daughter and heiress of "Gothrik", son of "Dovenald filius Duncani filii Erici", and "Willelmo" as her son and heir[141]. However, in the Great Roll, John Comyn traced his descent from Bethoc, daughter and heiress of Donald[142]. This conflict in the claimant´s genealogy is suspicious. In any case, the chronology for Hextilda´s supposed descent from King Donald Bane is stretched to the limit of credibility. It is suggested that the supposed parentage of Hextilda should be treated with caution. “R. Cumin” donated property to Hexham Priory, with the consent of “uxoris meæ Hextildis”, by undated charter which names “fratrem meum Walterum”[143]. "Ric Cymyn" donated "ecclesiam de Lyntunruderie" to Kelso monastery, for the souls of "Henrici comitis dni mei et…Johis filii mei quorum corpa apud eos tumulant", by charter dated to [1160], witnessed by "Hextild sponsa mea, Od filio meo…"[144]. Her second marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which “Hextildis comitissa de Eththetela” donated property to Rievall Abbey, for the soul of “domini mei Richardi Cumin”[145]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[146]. The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Hextild, Willelmus, Odenellus, Simon, Ricardus Cumin…", and in a later passage "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius…"[147].

Earl Malcolm & his first wife had [eight] children:

1. [SIMON . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[148]. It is possible that Simon was the same person as the son of Hextilda by her first marriage.]

2. HENRY (-before Jan 1211). The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[149]. "Malcolmus comes Atholie…sponsa mea E. comitissa" donated "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter witnessed by "…H filio meo…"[150]. "Malcolmi comitis Atholie" donated property to Cupar abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Henrico filio comitis, Malcolmo et Dunecano fratribus eius…"[151]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[152]. He succeeded his father in [1190] as Earl of Atholl. "Henricus comes de Hathodi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Comitissa Margareta sponsa mea, Alexandro de Setona, Malisio iudice, Colino nepote meo…"[153]. Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed donations to St Andrew´s priory, including the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" by "Malcolmi comitis de Hathoil et ex confirmacione Henrici filii sui", by undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign[154]. m MARGARET, daughter of --- (-after 9 Aug 1232). "Henricus comes de Hathodi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Comitissa Margareta sponsa mea, Alexandro de Setona, Malisio iudice, Colino nepote meo…"[155]. Balfour Paul suggests that she may have been a member of the Comyn family because "Walter Comyn Earl of Menteith took an interest in her affairs after Earl Henry´s death"[156]. He also cites John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which describes "heres de Buchan et Johannes Ruffus nepos eius" [referring to Alexander Comyn heir of Buchan and John Comyn "the Red") as "cognati comitis Atholiæ"[157]. "Walterus Cumyn comes de Menteith et Margaretta comitissa uxor comitis Henrici…" donated property to Cupar abbey by charter dated 9 Aug 1232 "coram nobis Isabell comitissa, heres legittima Atholiæ…post obitum domini sui Thomæ comitis de Galawayea"[158]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Henry´s mistress is not known. Earl Henry & his wife had two children:

a) ISABEL (-before 1242). She succeeded her father in [1210] as Ctss of Atholl suo iure. "Thomas de Galway comes de Athol et Isabel uxor eius comitissa Atholie" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter[159]. "Willelmi Olifard" donated property to Cupar abbey by undated charter, with the consent of "domini mei Thomæ comitis Atholiæ et Isabellæ sponsæ suæ"[160]. "Walterus Cumyn comes de Menteith et Margaretta comitissa uxor comitis Henrici…" donated property to Cupar abbey by charter dated 9 Aug 1232 "coram nobis Isabell comitissa, heres legittima Atholiæ…post obitum domini sui Thomæ comitis de Galawayea"[161]. Her possible second marriage is discussed by Sir Noel Paton[162]. m [firstly] (before Jan 1211) THOMAS of Galloway, son of ROLAND Lord of Galloway & his wife Elena de Moreville (-1231). Earl of Atholl de iure uxoris. m secondly ([1231/33]) [as his first wife,] ALAN Durward, son of THOMAS de Lundie & his wife --- (-[1268/75], bur Cuprose). He was designated Earl of Atholl in 1233 and 1235, but may have held the earldom in wardship for his supposed stepson[163]. "…A hostiar comite Athol…" witnessed the charter dated 5 Jan 1234 under which Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed "terram…de Kalentyr" to Holyrood abbey[164].]

b) FERNELITH (-before 1254[165]). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the Chronicle of Melrose which states that "David de Hastings…in right of his wife who was aunt by the mother´s side of the murdered youth" succeeded as earl of Atholl after the death of Patrick of Galloway[166]. She succeeded her nephew in 1242 as Ctss of Atholl suo iure. The earldom of Atholl passed to her daughter on her death. "Nessi medici domini regis" donated "terra de Dunfolemthim" to Cupar abbey, for the souls of "Domini David de Hasting comitis Atholiæ et Forflisæ sponsæ suæ" who granted me the land in question, by undated charter[167]. m (before 1242) DAVID de Hastings, son of JOHN de Hastings & his wife --- . Earl of Atholl de iure uxoris. Balfour Paul names "John of Hasting who…apparently…held the lands of Dun in Forfarshire and was a frequent witness to the charters by King William the Lion to the monks of Aberbrothoc and to those of Cupar Angus…" as father of David Hastings[168]. He was one of the guarantors of the peace with Henry III King of England in 1244[169]. David Hastings & his wife had one child:

i) ADA Hastings . Balfour Paul says that Ada "is said to have married John of Strathbogie, son of David of Strathbogie…third son of Duncan sixth Earl of Fife…there is no proof of this statement, but it is rendered probable by the fact that the later Earls of Atholl designed themselves as of Strathbogie, and the evidence of seals"[170]. She succeeded as Ctss of Atholl, suo iure. m JOHN of Strathbogie, son of DAVID of Fife & his wife --- (-[1260]). He succeeded as Earl of Atholl, de iure uxoris.

- see below, Part C.

Henry had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

c) CONAN (-after 1211). "Conanus filius Henricus quondam comitis de Athoyle" donated property "de bosco meo Tulyhen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee et puerorum meorum", by undated charter, dated to after 1211, witnessed by "Dominis Colino de Lundyn, Radulfo de Fefwerel, militibus, Johanne de Hastinges, Ewyn filio meo, Hath filio Gilbrid genero meo…"[171]. Conan must have been illegitimate as he did not succeed to the earldom on the death of his father. "Cumingi filii Henrici comitis Atholiæ" donated "bosci mei, de toto Glenherthy et de Tolikyne" to Cupar abbey by undated charter[172]. m ---. The name of Conan´s wife is not known. Conan & his wife had two children:

i) EWEN . "Conanus filius Henricus quondam comitis de Athoyle" donated property "de bosco meo Tulyhen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee et puerorum meorum", by undated charter, dated to after 1211, witnessed by "...Ewyn filio meo, Hath filio Gilbrid genero meo…"[173]. "Eugenius filius Cumingi filius Henrici comitis Atholiæ" confirmed his father´s donation to Cupar abbey by undated charter[174]. m MARY, daughter of CONVALL of Tullibardine & his wife ---. "Maria relicta quondam Eugenii filii Coning" complained about the interference by "dominum Willelmum de Moravia militem filium domini Malcolmi de Moravia militis…dominam Adam sponsam suam neptem meam" in "ville de Tulybardin" by undated charter[175]. According to Balfour Paul, Mary was "daughter and co-heiress of Convall, son of Duncan, Laird of Tullibardine", but he cites no primary source apart from the charter just quoted which does not name her father[176]. However, other related charters in the Liber Insule Missarum refer to donations by (her presumed sister) "Muriela quondam filia Coneuall filii Duncani" and her grandson "domino Willelmo de Moravia militi filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia" (see Chapter 6.B of the present document)[177].

ii) daughter . "Conanus filius Henricus quondam comitis de Athoyle" donated property "de bosco meo Tulyhen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee et puerorum meorum", by undated charter, dated to after 1211, witnessed by "...Ewyn filio meo, Hath filio Gilbrid genero meo…"[178]. m HETH MacGilbride, son of GILBRIDE & his wife ---.

3. MALCOLM . "Malcolmi comitis Atholie" donated property to Cupar abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Henrico filio comitis, Malcolmo et Dunecano fratribus eius…"[179].

4. DUNCAN (-after [1179]). The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[180]. "Malcolmi comitis Atholie" donated property to Cupar abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Henrico filio comitis, Malcolmo et Dunecano fratribus eius…"[181]. "Malcolmus comes de Athoil" donated "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif, Hextilda comitissa sponsa mea…Henrico et Dunecano filiis meis…"[182].

5. BEDOCH . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[183]. m ---. The name of Bedoch´s husband is not known. One child:

a) COLIN . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[184]. "Henricus comes de Hathodi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Dul" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Comitissa Margareta sponsa mea, Alexandro de Setona, Malisio iudice, Colino nepote meo…"[185].

6. [CHRISTINA . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[186]. In the case of the last three names on the list, it is difficult to identify "eius" applied to each name, but it is reasonable to suppose that it refers back to Henry and Duncan, and that Christina, Margaret and the unidentified parent of Constantine were siblings of the two brothers.]

7. [MARGARET . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[187]. In the case of the last three names on the list, it is difficult to identify "eius" applied to each name, but it is reasonable to suppose that it refers back to Henry and Duncan, and that Christina, Margaret and the unidentified parent of Constantine were siblings of the two brothers.]

8. [--- . m ---.] One child:

a) CONSTANTINE . The Liber Vitæ of Durham lists (in order) "Malcolmus filius Mal. et comes Athodlie, Hextilda filia Ucthredi uxor eius, Simon filius eius, Henricus filius eius, Dunecanus frater eius, Bedoch soror eius, Kelethaoni filius eius, Cristina soror eius, Margareta soror eius, Constantinus nepos eius…"[188]. In the case of the last three names on the list, it is difficult to identify "eius" applied to each name, but it is reasonable to suppose that it refers back to Henry and Duncan, and that Christina, Margaret and the unidentified parent of Constantine were siblings of the two brothers.]

C. EARLS of ATHOLL (STRATHBOGIE)

JOHN of Strathbogie, son of DAVID of Fife & his wife --- (-[1260]). He succeeded as Earl of Atholl, de iure uxoris.

m ADA Hastings Ctss of Atholl, daughter of DAVID Hastings Earl of Atholl & his wife Fernelith Ctss of Atholl. Balfour Paul says that Ada "is said to have married John of Strathbogie, son of David of Strathbogie…third son of Duncan sixth Earl of Fife…there is no proof of this statement, but it is rendered probable by the fact that the later Earls of Atholl designed themselves as of Strathbogie, and the evidence of seals"[189].

Earl John & his wife had one child:

1. DAVID of Strathbogie (-Carthage 6 Aug 1270, bur Scotland). He succeeded his father in [1260] as Earl of Atholl. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Alexander David comitem Atholiæ" was knighted "die natalis Domini" in 1264[190]. "David de Strathbolgy comes Atholiæ" confirmed the donation of "terra de Dunfolemthim" to Cupar abbey made by "Nessus medicus domini regis" [see above], for the souls of "Domini David de Hastings quondam comitis Atholiæ et Forflissæ comitissæ suæ et Elenæ quondam sponsæ nostræ", by undated charter witnessed by "…Domino Alano Hostiario…Domino Thoma Hostiario…"[191]. He took part in the Seventh Crusade with Louis IX King of France, during the course of which he died[192]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death, dated to [1267] from the context, "apud Cortage" of "David comes Atholiæ"[193]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "VIII Id Aug, in Carthagine" in 1270 of "David comes de Atholia", adding in a later passage that his bones were returned to Scotland[194]. m firstly HELEN, daughter of ---. "David de Strathbolgy comes Atholiæ" confirmed the donation of "terra de Dunfolemthim" to Cupar abbey made by "Nessus medicus domini regis" [see above], for the souls of "Domini David de Hastings quondam comitis Atholiæ et Forflissæ comitissæ suæ et Elenæ quondam sponsæ nostræ", by undated charter witnessed by "…Domino Alano Hostiario…Domino Thoma Hostiario…"[195]. m secondly ISABEL of Chilham, daughter of RICHARD Lord of Chilham & his wife Matilda Ctss of Angus (after 1245-Feb 1292). She was heiress of her brother at Chilham. She married secondly (after 7 Nov 1270) Sir Alexander Balliol of Cavers, co Roxburgh. "Alexander de Balliol and Isabella his wife…going to Scotland" appointed attorneys for their affairs in England[196]. A charter dated 1 May 1292 ordered the valuation of the assets of "the late Isabella countess of Athol to her husband Alexander de Balliol"[197]. Earl David & his second wife had one child:

a) JOHN of Strathbogie (-executed London 7 Nov 1306). He succeeded his father in 1270 as Earl of Atholl. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England in 1292 but fought for the Scots when they were defeated at Dunbar 28 Apr 1296 and taken prisoner to London. He was released 31 Jul 1297. He became a staunch supporter of Robert Bruce, who was his wife's brother-in-law. He was taken prisoner again when the English invaded Scotland in 1306 and taken to London again where he was executed. His titles were forfeited[198]. m MARGARET of Mar, daughter of DONALD Earl of Mar & his wife Helen [of North Wales] (-after 1306). A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including an order of restoration of property to "la contesse de Atheles"[199]. "Gilbertus de Haia constabularius Scotie" confirmed donations to Cupar abbey, including the donation made by "Mariore comitisse Atholie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Atholie et confirmatione David filii sui primogeniti et heredis", by charter dated 5 Oct 1309[200]. Earl John & his wife had three children:

i) DAVID of Strathbogie and of Chilham, Kent (-28 Dec 1326). "Gilbertus de Haia constabularius Scotie" confirmed donations to Cupar abbey, including the donation made by "Mariore comitisse Atholie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Atholie et confirmatione David filii sui primogeniti et heredis", by charter dated 5 Oct 1309[201]. He was restored as Earl of Atholl [21 Aug 1307/20 May 1308].

- see below.

ii) JOHN (-after 1316). Malise Earl of Strathearn and John de Inchmartyn were ordered to produce "Andrew son of the Steward of Scotland and John son of John Earl of Athol" by charter dated 25 Aug 1306[202].

iii) ISABEL . Mistress of EDWARD Bruce, son of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-killed in battle Dundalk 14 Oct 1318). He was created Earl of Carrick shortly before 24 Oct 1313 by his brother.

DAVID of Strathbogie and of Chilham, Kent, son of JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his second wife Isabel of Chilham (-28 Dec 1326). He was a prisoner in England 23 Dec 1300. "Gilbertus de Haia constabularius Scotie" confirmed donations to Cupar abbey, including the donation made by "Mariore comitisse Atholie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Atholie et confirmatione David filii sui primogeniti et heredis", by charter dated 5 Oct 1309[203]. He was restored as Earl of Atholl [21 Aug 1307/20 May 1308]. King Robert I appointed him High Constable of Scotland before Feb 1316, but Earl David rebelled against him in 1314 and his titles were forfeited. He was summoned to the English parliament as Lord Strathbogie in 1322. He commanded English troops in Gascony in 1325[204].

m JOAN Comyn, daughter of JOHN Comyn of Badenoch & his wife Joan de Valence of Pembroke ([1292]-[8 Jun/24 Jul] 1326). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Johannem…Comyn…filiam" married "David comiti Atholiæ"[205].

Earl David & his wife had two children:

1. DAVID of Strathbogie (Newcastle-on-Tyne 1 Feb 1309-killed in battle Killblane 30 Nov 1335). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "David" as eldest son of "Johannem…Comyn…filiam" and her husband "David comiti Atholiæ"[206]. He was summoned to the English parliament as Earl of Atholl in 1330. He was restored as Earl of Atholl by Edward Balliol King of Scotland in 1332, rebelled in 1335 but was pardoned under the treaty of peace 18 Aug 1335[207]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "the Earl of Athol" was killed in battle "in the forest of Kilblen" 30 Nov 1335[208]. m CATHERINE de Beaumont, daughter of HENRY de Beaumont Earl of Buchan & his wife Alice Comyn of Buchan (-11 Nov 1368). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "David", eldest son of "Johannem…Comyn…filiam" and her husband "David comiti Atholiæ", married "filiam Henrici de Bellomonte…ex filia primogenita…comitis Johannis de Buchan"[209]. Earl David & his wife had one child:

a) DAVID of Strathbogie (1332-10 Oct 1369). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "David" as son of "David", eldest son of "Johannem…Comyn…filiam" and her husband "David comiti Atholiæ", and his wife "filiam Henrici de Bellomonte…ex filia primogenita…comitis Johannis de Buchan"[210]. He succeeded his father in 1335 as Earl of Atholl. m ([24 Sep 1342/1361]) ELIZABETH Ferrers, daughter of HENRY Ferrers Lord Ferrers of Groby & his wife Isabel Verdon (-22 Oct 1375). Earl David & his wife had two children:

i) [211]ELIZABETH (-after 1415). m firstly ([1376/77]) Sir THOMAS Percy, son of HENRY Percy Earl of Nothumberland & his first wife Margaret de Neville of Raby (-in Spain [1388]). m secondly (before Nov 1391) Sir JOHN de Scrope, 5^th son of HENRY de Scrope 1^st Lord Scrope of Masham & his wife Joan or Agnes --- (-[18] Dec 1405). m thirdly ROBERT de Thorley, son of ---.

ii) [212]PHILIPPA (1362-2 Nov 1395). m firstly (before 20 Mar 1377, annulled) Sir RALPH Percy, son of HENRY Percy Earl of Northumberland & his first wife Margaret de Neville of Raby (-15 Sep 1397). m secondly as his first wife, JOHN Halsham of Coombs, Sussex (-16 Apr 1415).

2. ADOMAR of Atholl (-after 1381). m MARY, daughter of ---. Adomar & his wife had two children:

a) ISABEL . m RALPH de Euer, son of ---.

b) MARY . A charter dated 26 Jun 1365 confirmed lands to "Robert de Insula of Wodburn for life" and after his death to "Robert consanguineo of said Robert de Insula, son and heir of Robert son of the said Robert de Insula and Marie daughter of Adamar D´athels knight"[213]. m ROBERT de l´Isle, son of ROBERT de l´Isle & his wife ---.

D. EARLS of ATHOLL 1457-1595 (STEWART)

Sir JOHN Stewart, son of Sir JAMES Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn & his wife Joan Beaufort ([1440]-the Laighwood 15 Sep 1512, bur Dunkeld Cathedral). 1^st Earl of Atholl 1457.

m firstly ([1459/60]) as her third husband, MARGARET Douglas "the Fair Maid of Galloway", widow of WILLIAM Douglas 8^th Earl of Douglas and divorced wife (secondly) of JAMES Douglas 9^th Earl of Douglas, daughter of ARCHIBALD Douglas 5^th Earl of Douglas & his second wife Eupheme Graham of Strathearn (-[21 Jan 1473/early 1475]).

m secondly (before 19 Apr 1475) ELEANOR Sinclair, daughter of WILLIAM Sinclair 1^st Earl of Caithness & his second wife Marjory Sutherland of Dunbeath (-21 Mar 1518, bur Dunkeld Cathedral).

Earl John & his first wife had six children:

1. JANET (-Strathbogie 27 Oct 1510). m (contract 14 Oct 1474) as his first wife, ALEXANDER Gordon Master of Huntly, son of GEORGE Gordon Earl of Huntly & his first wife Elizabeth Douglas Dowager Ctss of Moray née Dunbar of the Earls of Moray (-Perth 21 Jan 1524, bur Perth Dominican Friars). He succeeded his father in 1501 as Earl of Huntly.

2. CATHERINE . m as his first wife, JOHN Forbes, son of WILLIAM Forbes Lord Forbes & his wife Christian Gordon of the Earls of Huntly (-1547).

3. three daughters .

4. ELIZABETH . m (before 1483) as his second wife, ANDREW Gray Lord Gray, son of PATRICK Gray Master of Gray & his second wife Annabel Forbes (-Feb 1514).

Earl John & his second wife had eleven children:

5. JOHN (-1521). 2^nd Earl of Atholl.

- see below.

6. ANDREW (-1542). Bishop of Caithness 1518.

7. JEAN . m as his first wife, Sir ROBERT Gordon of Pitlurgo.

8. ELSPETH . m ([1510]) ROBERT Innes of Innermarky.

9. MARJORY (-1524). m Sir COLIN Campbell of Glenurchy (-1523).

10. MARGARET . m Sir WILLIAM Murray of Tullibardine (-killed in battle 1513).

11. ISABEL . m as his second wife, ALEXANDER Robertson of Struan.

12. ELISABETH . m firstly JOHN Stuart 12^th Earl of Lennox, son of MATTHEW Stuart 11^th Earl of Lennox & his second wife Elizabeth Hamilton (-1526). m secondly (1529) as his second wife, NINIAN Lord Ross (-1556).

13. CHRISTIAN (-1538). m as his first wife, NEIL Stuart of Garth (-1554).

14. MARGARET [Isabel]. m ROBERT Robertson of Struan.

JOHN Stewart, son of Sir JOHN Stewart of Balveny 1^st Earl of Atholl & his second wife Eleanor Sinclair (-1521). 2^nd Earl of Atholl.

m JANET Campbell, daughter of ARCHIBALD Campbell 2^nd Earl of Argyll & his wife Elizabeth Stewart of the Earls of Lennox (-[2 Feb 1546]).

Earl John & his wife had six children:

1. HELEN (-1577). m firstly JOHN 5^th Lord Lindsay (-1562). m secondly THOMAS Morieux .

2. JEAN . m (1507) JAMES Arbuthnott of Arbuthnott (-before 1521).

3. ELIZABETH . m (1538) KENNETH Mackenzie of Kinkall (-1568).

4. JOHN (6 Oct 1507-[Nov] 1542). 3^rd Earl of Atholl. m firstly (1521) GRIZEL Rattray, daughter of Sir JOHN Rattray of that Ilk & his wife --- (-after 1533). m secondly (1541) as her first husband, JEAN, daughter of JOHN 6^th Lord Forbes & his third wife Elizabeth Lady Elphinstone née Barlow. She married secondly (after 17 Nov 1545) Alexander Hay of Dalgety, and thirdly (before 17 Jan 1550) as his first wife, William Leslie of Balquhar. Earl John & his first wife had eight children:

a) BARBARA . m (1536) JAMES Menzies .

b) ISABEL . m (1552) WILLIAM Stuart of Grandtully.

c) MARGARET (-1540). m (1539) JOHN Grant Lord of Freuchie.

d) HELEN . m JOHN Macfarlane .

e) JOHN (-Stirling 24 Apr 1579, bur Edinburgh St Giles´s Church). 4^th Earl of Atholl. m firstly (before 26 May 1547) ELIZABETH Gordon, daughter of GEORGE Gordon 4^th Earl of Huntly & his wife Elizabeth Keith. m secondly (contract 1 Apr 1557) as her third husband, MARGARET, widow firstly of ROBERT Graham Lord Graham and secondly of THOMAS Erskine Master of Erskine, daughter of MALCOLM 3^rd Lord Fleming & his wife Joan Stewart [of Scotland] (-after 15 Aug 1584). Earl John & his first wife had one child:

i) ELIZABETH (-1595). m firstly (1567) HUGH Fraser 5^th Lord Lovat (-1577). m secondly (1578, divorced 1581) ROBERT Stuart Earl of Lennox [Bishop of Caithness]. m thirdly (1581) JAMES Stuart Earl of Arran, son of ANDREW Stewart 2^nd Lord Ochiltree & his wife Agnes Cuningham (-1595).

Earl John & his second wife had five children:

ii) MARGARET . m (before 1578) GEORGE Abernethy 7^th Lord Saltoun .

iii) JEAN (-1593). m (1573) Sir DUNCAN Campbell of Glenorchy (-1631).

iv) JOHN (Dunkeld 22 May 1563-Perth 25 Aug 1595). 5^th Earl of Atholl. m (Perth 24 Jan 1580) as her first husband, MARY Ruthven, daughter of WILLIAM Ruthven 1^st Earl Gowrie & his wife Dorothea Stewart of Methven. She married secondly (contract 31 Mar 1596) as his second wife, John Stewart Earl of Atholl. Earl John & his wife had five children:

(a) MARGARET (-young).

(b) DOROTHEA . m (1604) WILLIAM Murray 2^nd Earl of Tullibardine .

(c) MARY Stewart . m firstly (1603) JAMES Stewart Earl of Atholl, son of JOHN Stewart 6^th Lord Innermeath, Earl of Atholl & his first wife Margaret Lindsay of Crawford (1583-1625). m secondly (1626) Captain PETER Rollock .

(d) JEAN Stewart (-1623). m firstly (1603) HENRY Stuart 1^st Lord St Colme, son of JAMES Stuart 1^st Lord Doune & his wife Margaret Campbell of Argyll (-1612). m secondly NICOL Bellenden of Standenflat.

(e) ANNE (-1635). m (1604) ANDREW Stewart Master of Ochiltree (-1639).

v) GRIZEL . m (1581) DAVID Lindsay 11^th Earl of Crawford (-1607).

vi) MARY (-[1588]). m (1587) FRANCIS Hay 9^th Earl of Erroll .

f) JEAN . m firstly JOHN Otterburn (-1595). m secondly GEORGE Crawford .

g) daughter . m --- Lord of Balfour .

h) daughter . m WALTER Wood of Balbegno .

5. ISABEL . m JAMES Herring of Lethendy.

6. JANET . m firstly (1520) ALEXANDER Gordon Master of Sutherland (1501-1530). m secondly (1532, divorced) Sir HUGH Kennedy of Girvanmaily (-after 1568). m thirdly (1546) as his third wife, HENRY Stewart Lord Methven, son of ANDREW Stewart Lord Avondale & his wife Lady Margaret Kennedy ([1495/1500]-soon after 10 Oct 1551). m fourthly (1557) as his second wife, PATRICK 2^nd Baron Ruthven .

Chapter 3. CAITHNESS

Caithness, with Sutherland, was one of the original seven provinces of Scotland in the 9th century, but does not appear to have been counted as one of the seven Mormaerships of the kingdom[214]. This is presumably because it fell under the influence of the Norsemen who had colonised Orkney. The descendants of Thorfinn Jarl of Orkney controlled Caithness until [1015]. Around that date, Malcolm II King of Scotland gave his grandson, Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney, the title of Earl of Caithness, and the king invaded and seized Caithness and Sutherland on his behalf. Thorfinn's descendants ruled Caithness until 1231 when Earl John was murdered, nominally under the suzerainty of the kings of Scotland throughout this period although it is doubtful whether the king exercised much direct control in Caithness. In 1232, Magnus, related to the earls of Angus, was installed as earl in part of Caithness by Alexander II King of Scotland (see below, Part B). The other part of Caithness was controlled by Freskin of Moray, Lord of Duffus, who was probably the son-in-law of Earl John who was murdered in 1231 (see Chapter 6.B). After the death of Magnus Earl of Caithness, Malise Earl of Strathearn styled himself Earl of Caithness and Orkney in 1334 which, the Complete Peerage suggests[215], he may have inherited through his mother. After his attainder in 1332, the earldom remained vacant until it was granted in [1375] to David Stewart Earl of Strathearn, son of Robert II King of Scotland. It was held by different members of the Stewart family until 1437.

A. MORMAERS of CAITHNESS

1. DUNGAD [Duncan] . Mormaer of Caithness. m GROA, daughter of [THORSTEIN "the Red"]. Dungad & his wife had one child:

a) GRELAD . Snorre names "Grelad, a daughter of Earl Dungad of Caithness…[and of] Groa, a daughter of Thorstein Raud" as mother of the five sons of Thorfin "Hausakljufer"[216]. m (941) THORFINN "Hausakliffer/Skullcleaver" Jarl of Orkney, son of EINAR "Turf-Einar" Jarl of Orkney & his wife --- (-soon after 977). He appears to have become Jarl of Caithness.

B. EARLS of (part) CAITHNESS (ANGUS)

1. MAGNUS of Angus, son of [GILLBRIDE Earl of Angus & his [second] wife ---] ([1175/85]-1239). His birth date range is estimated on the assumption that he was the father of his successor, Earl Gillbride/Gibbon/Gilbert (see below). "Domino Magnus filio Comitis…domino Anegus filio Comitis…" witnessed the charter, dated to [1226/39], which confirmed the donation of "terra de Othirlony…terram de Kenny" to Aberbrothoc by "Valterum filium Turpini"[217]. A charter dated 1351 which confirmed the donation of "terram de Kenny" to Aberbrothoc by "Walterum filium Turpini" quotes a document witnessed by "Domino Magno filio Comitis…Domino Anegus filio Comitis…"[218]. He was apparently installed as Earl of (part) Caithness. There appears to be no surviving contemporary evidence concerning the grant of the earldom. However, Balfour Paul refers to a charter "noted in an old Inventory of Oliphant writs, made about 1594, and preserved in the General Register House" which states that King Alexander II granted "the erledom of South Kaythnes" to "Magnus sone to Gylcryst sum tyme erle of Angus"[219]. The inventory note does not date the charter in question. However, the grant, if the report is accurate, must have taken place after 1231, the date of the death of Earl John, last of the previous lines of earls of Orkney and Caithness. It was presumably after 7 Oct 1232, the date of a charter under which Alexander II King of Scotland donated revenue from mills in Invernarn to the bishopric of Moray which was witnessed by "…M comite de Anegus et Katania…"[220]. Although the name of the witness is given only in abbreviated form, the reference to the county of Angus suggests that it must be Malcolm Earl of Angus who is shown above. It is assumed therefore that Earl Malcolm resigned Caithness, or his claims thereto, in favour of Magnus. The precise parentage of Earl Magnus has been the subject of considerable speculation. According to the Complete Peerage, "Magnus Jarl of Orkney and Earl of Caithness is stated to have been the son of Gillbride Earl of Angus by his second wife sister of Harald Ugni, to whom Magnus, though an infant, was apparently recognised as successor in his half of the Earldom"[221]. It does not cite the source on which this statement is based and, as discussed further above under the possible second wife of Earl Gilbride, the hypothesis appears to be entirely speculative. Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage says that "Magnus…is usually designed son of Gillebride Earl of Angus", adding that the "statement was first made by Sir James Dalrymple in his Collections, but he gives no proof"[222]. The Complete Peerage says that "it seems…quite probable that [Magnus] was the same person as Malcolm Earl of Angus, son of Duncan, son of Gilchrist, son of Gillbride…[who] is named as Earl of Angus and Caithness in 1232 [see above]", although conceding that "the whole matter is, however, very obscure"[223]. The separate primary source references to an individual named Magnus indicate that this suggestion is probably incorrect. From a chronological point of view, Magnus´s estimated birth date range as shown above suggests that he was either the son of Gillbride Earl of Angus by a second marriage or that he was the son of Earl Gilchrist. The fact that Magnus´s successor was named [Gillbride] suggests that this was the name of Magnus´s father. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1239 of "Magnus earl in the Orkneys"[224].

1. [GILLBRIDE] [Gibbon/Gilbert] ([1205/10]-1256). The identity of [Gillbride]´s father is not known. However, assuming that his name, recorded in the sources as Gibbon and Gilbert, can be correctly interpreted as Gillbride, this suggests a close relationship with the earls of Argyll and that he was probably the son of Earl Magnus whose death is recorded in 1239. It is unlikely that [Gillbride] was born before [1205/10], considering that the marriage of his daughter can be estimated to [1252/55]. Earl of Caithness and Orkney. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1256 of "Gibbon earl in the Orkneys"[225]. m ---. The name of [Gillbride]´s wife is not known. [Gillbride] & his wife had two children:

a) MAGNUS (-1273). Earl [of Caithness]. Frisbok´s Saga records that "Magnus earl of the Orkneys went with king Hakon from Bergen, and the king gave him a good long-ship" and in a later passage that he sailed with the king across the Pentland Firth, dated to 1263 from the context[226]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1273 of "Magnus, Gibbon´s son, earl in the Orkneys"[227]. m ---. The name of Magnus´s wife is not known. Magnus & his wife had two children:

i) MAGNUS (-1284). The Icelandic Annals record in 1276 that "Magnus, the king of Norway, gave the title of earl to Magnus, the son of Magnus, earl of the Orkneys"[228]. He succeeded his father in 1273 as Earl of [part] Caithness. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1284 of "Magnus earl in the Orkneys"[229].

ii) JOHN (-before 28 Oct 1312). A diploma dated 4 May 1403 Concerning the Genealogies of the Ancient Earls or Counts of Orkney records that Magnus was succeeded as earl by "John his brother"[230]. He succeeded his brother in 1284 as Earl of [part] Caithness. A charter dated 5 Aug 1296 records the submission of "Johan Counte de Katteneys" to Edward I King of England[231]. m ---. The name of John´s wife is not known. John & his wife had [two] children:

(a) MAGNUS (-[6 Apr 1320/1329]). A diploma dated 4 May 1403 Concerning the Genealogies of the Ancient Earls or Counts of Orkney records that Earl John was father of "Magnus the fifth earl"[232]. He succeeded as Earl of [part] Caithness in [1300][233]. A diploma dated 4 May 1403 Concerning the Genealogies of the Ancient Earls or Counts of Orkney records that Earl Magnus was succeeded by "Lord Malis Earl of Stratherne, as legitimate heir, by hereditary right"[234]. m KATHERINE, daughter of --- (-after 1329). "Katerin cunncteis j Orkn/oe/yium oc Katanese" purchased lands at "Stufum…Kuikobba…Klaete…Thordar…Borgh…Leika…Lidh…Haughs æidhi…Petlandz skær" from "herra Erlings Vidkunnar sonar Noreghs konongs drotzeta" [high steward of the king of Norway] by charter dated 4 Apr 1329[235].

(b) [MARGARET . Fraser records that Simon Fraser married "Margaret co-heiress of an Earl of Caithness", suggesting that her father must have been Earl Magnus[236]. From his text, it is difficult to ascertain the source on which this information is based. From a chronological point of view, assuming that her parentage is correctly stated, it seems more likely that she was the daughter of Earl John. m SIMON Fraser, son of ANDREW Fraser & his wife --- (-killed in battle Halidon 19 Jul 1333).]

b) MATILDA of Caithness (-before 1261). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 12 Dec 1257 under which "Malisius comes de Stratherne" granted the advowson of the church of Cortachy to Inchaffray, obliging "heredes nostros quos habuerimus de Matilda sponsa nostra filia domini Gilleberti quondam comitis Kattanie et Orkadie"[237]. m ([1252/55]) as his second wife, MALISE Earl of Strathearn, son of ROBERT Earl of Strathearn & his wife --- (-[in France] [before 23 Nov] 1271, bur Dunblane).

Chapter 4. FIFE

Fife, with Forthreve, was one of the original seven provinces of Scotland in the 9th century. Its early rulers were styled "Mormaer" and in [1114/15] the ruler of Fife was one of the six signatories of the charter of Scone who signed as "comes". The earldom of Fife was held by the family of Gillemichel Macduff from [1129] until Isabel Ctss of Fife sold the earldom to Robert Stewart Earl of Menteith, son of Robert II King of Scotland, in 1371 after which it remained in the Stewart family until 1425.

A. MORMAERS [of FIFE]

1. BETH, son of --- (-after 1124). Possibly Mormaer of Fife or Moray. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[238]. "…Beth comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[239]. "Beth comite…" witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[240]. same person as…? HETH (-1130 or after). "Ed comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[241]. "Madeth comite, Malis comite, Head comite…" witnessed a charter dated 1130 by which "David…Rex Scottorum" confirmed the shire of Kirkcaldy to the church of Dunfermline[242]. The Complete Peerage suggests that he may have been Ethelred, son of King Malcolm III, who was abbot of Dunkeld[243]. However, if this is correct, it is unclear why his relationship with King David was not specified in the two charters referred to above, close family members being identified as such in other charters of the king. In any case, the death of Ethelred is estimated to before 1107. David King of Scotland instructed "Constantinus comes" to respect the rights of the church of Dunfermline by undated charter witnessed by "…Madeth comit, Malis comit, Head comit, Hug de Morevill, Herbt cancell, Rob Corbet…"[244]. m ---. The name of Heth´s wife is not known. Heth & his wife had [two children]:

a) [MALCOLM MacHeth (-23 Oct 1168[245]). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Malcolmus filius Macheth" lied to claim he was "filium Angusii comitis Moraviæ" who was killed "tempore…regis David…apud Strucathroth a Scotis" and, after his alleged father´s death, rebelled against King David who imprisoned him "in turre castri de Marchemond, quond nunc Roxburgh nuncupator"[246]. Duncan suggests that Malcolm MacHeth was the son of "Heth" who witnessed two charters in the early years of the reign of King David I[247]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Malcolm Macheth" made peace with the king the year after his son was captured[248]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that Malcolm MacHeth made peace with King Malcolm the year after his son was captured[249]. He was created Earl of Ross in 1162 or before[250].]

- EARLS of ROSS.

b) [GILLCOMDED Macheth . David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer by undated charter, witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[251].]

B. EARLS of FIFE (MACDUFF)

1. CONSTANTINE, son of --- (-[1128/29]). "…Constantini comitis de Fyf…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Edelradus…filius Malcolmi Regis Scotiæ Abbas de Dunkeldense et insuper Comes de Fyf" made donations to the Keledei of Loch Leven[252]. He may have been Earl of Fife or Earl of Forthreve[253]. "…Constantinus comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[254]. David King of Scotland instructed "Constantinus comes" to respect the rights of the church of Dunfermline by undated charter witnessed by "…Madeth comit, Malis comit, Head comit, Hug de Morevill, Herbt cancell, Rob Corbet…"[255].

1. GILLIEMATHIL [Gilliemichael] Macduff, son of --- (-before [1135]). Earl [of Fife]. "…Gillemichel Mac duf…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[256]. "Gillemichel comite…" witnessed a charter dated to [1130] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the monks of Dunfermline[257]. m ---. The name of Gilliemathil´s wife is not known. Gilliemathil & his wife had [three] children:

a) [DUNCAN (-1154). No primary source has been identified which confirms his parentage but as, apparently, he was the successor of Earl Gilliemathil it is likely that he was his son. Earl of Fife. "…Dunecano comite…" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[258]. David I King of Scotland granted protection to the clerics of Deer by undated charter, witnessed by "Donchado comite de Fib et Malmori d´Athotla et Ggillebrite comite d´Engus et Ghgillcomded Mac Aed…"[259]. He may have been Regent of Scotland in 1153 during the minority of King Malcolm IV[260]. m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had [three] children:

i) DUNCAN Macduff (-[Aug/Dec] 1203). He succeeded his father in 1154 as Earl of Fife. "Duncano committed Fyfe…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[261].

- see below.

ii) ADAM ). "William Masculus de Foules" donated "capellam de Foules" to the church of St Andrew´s by undated charter witnessed by "Comite Duncano, Adam fratre comitis…"[262]. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[263]. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Marchinch" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa…Adam clerico fratre comitis…"[264]. "Malcolmus filius Dunecani comitis de Fif" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Cupre…Marking…Sconin, capellam de Katel" made to St Andrew´s priory by "Dunecanus comes pater meus", by undated charter but presumably dated to soon after his father´s death, witnessed by "…Adam fratre comitis…"[265]. "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[266]. The date of his death is not known. m as her [third] husband, ORABILIS, separated wife firstly of ROBERT de Quincy, widow [secondly] of [MORGUND] Earl of Mar, daughter of NES of Mar and his wife --- (-before 30 Jun 1203). "Nesius filius Willi et Orabile filia sua heres" donated "ecclesiam de Losresc" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[267]. Her first marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which her son "Seherus de Quency comes Wintonie" donated "totam terram de Duglyn", held by "Nesus filius Willelmi avus meus" to Cambuskenneth priory[268]. Her second marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Orabilis comitissa de Mar filia Nesii filii Willi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Lochres" made by "pater meus Nesius filius Willi" to St Andrew´s priory, witnessed by "Duncano comite de Fif…"[269]. The question of the precise identity of Orabilis´s second husband is discussed below. Her third marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[270]. There seems little doubt that the witness was Orabilis, daughter of the donor, and her third husband, as the name is so unusual. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[271]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[272]. Pope Innocent III confirmed the possessions of Inchaffray Abbey, including the donation of land "in territorio de Gasgt" by "quondam Orable matris Seer de Quinci", by bull dated 30 Jun 1203[273]. Orabilis presumably died before her first husband, given the undated charter under which her son "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory which was witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…"[274].

iii) [AFREKA . Orkneyinga Saga records that Earl Harald married “a woman called Afreka”[275]. Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage states that she was the daughter of Duncan Earl of Fife but cites no primary source apart from the Orkneyinga Saga, as shown previously which does not state the parentage of Jarl Harald´s wife[276]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. m (repudiated [1154/55]) as his first wife, HARALD Maddadsson Jarl of Orkney, son of MADDAD [of Scotland] Earl of Atholl & his second wife Margaret of Orkney (1134-1206).]

b) HUGH . His parentage is confirmed by the undated charter, probably dated to [1165/66], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory, including a donation of "ecclesiam de Marchinche" by "militis…Egii filii Hugonis filii Gillemihel comitis de Fif"[277]. m ---. The name of Hugh´s wife is not known. Hugh & his wife had one child:

i) GILES . William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory, including a donation of "ecclesiam de Marchinche" by "militis…Egii filii Hugonis filii Gillemihel comitis de Fif", by undated charter probably dated to [1165/66][278].

c) ETE Macduff (-after 1132). [279]m GARTNACH Mormaer of Buchan, son of CAINNEACH [Kenneth] & his wife (-after 1132).

DUNCAN Macduff, son of DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife & his wife --- (-[Aug/Dec] 1203). He succeeded his father in 1154 as Earl of Fife. "…Comite Duncano, Gillebrid comite de Anegus, M. comite de Ethoel, Gillecrist comite de Meneteth, Gillberto filio comitis Ferteth, Merlefwano Adam filio comitis de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated 1164 under which "Malcolmus rex Scottorum" confirmed the foundation of Scone abbey[280]. "Duncano committed Fyfe…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[281]. "Dunecan…comes de Fif" confirmed "terram…Gillecamstone", donated by "comes Dunecan pat meus", to North Berwick St Mary by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Malcolmo filio comitis…Adam fratre comitis…"[282]. "William Masculus de Foules" donated "capellam de Foules" to the church of St Andrew´s by undated charter witnessed by "Comite Duncano, Adam fratre comitis…"[283]. "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[284]. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[285]. Justiciar of Scotland. "Davidem Ruffum de Forfar" donated "tota terra mea de Kinefe que fuit Ede" to Cupar abbey, for the souls of "Domini mei Willielmi et filii eius Alexandri", by undated charter witnessed by "Comite Duncano, Comite Gartneto, Comite Gilchristo de Anegus, Philippo Camerario, Villielmo Cumyn, David de Haya"[286]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death in 1204 of "Duncanus comes de Fyff"[287].

m (Edinburgh [1159/60]) ELA, daughter of ---. Malcolm IV King of Scotland granted "Scradimigglock et Falecklen et Radhulit et Strathbranen et totam firmam meam de Cattel…in maritagium" to "Duncano comiti et heredi suo qui de uxore sua Ada nepte mea nasceretur" by charter dated 1160 ("anno septimo regni regis")[288]. King Malcolm was too young to have had a niece who married around the date of this charter. However, it is possible that "nepte" should be interpreted more loosely in this document and that the bride was a more remote relative of the king, maybe his first cousin, daughter of an otherwise unrecorded paternal uncle or aunt. The following charters demonstrate that the wife of Earl Duncan was named Ela not Ada, presumably indicating a mistranscription in the reproduction of the 1160 charter. "Dunecanus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam de Cupre" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Hela comitissa, Adam fratre comitis…"[289]. "Ada comitissa mater regis Scottorum" donated "toftum in burgo meo de Hadintuna" to St Andrew´s priory, for the soul of "Henrici comitis sponsi mei", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Hela comitissa de Fif…"[290]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[291].

Duncan & his wife had four children:

1. MALCOLM Macduff (-1228, bur Culross [Kilenross] Abbey[292]). "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[293]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Malcomus filius eius, qui postea fundavit Culros" succeeded on the death of "Duncanus comes de Fyff"[294]. He succeeded his father in 1203 as Earl of Fife. "Malcolmus filius Dunecani comitis de Fif" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Cupre…Marking…Sconin, capellam de Katel" made to St Andrew´s priory by "Dunecanus comes pater meus", by undated charter but presumably dated to soon after his father´s death, witnessed by "…Adam fratre comitis…"[295]. "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated various properties to North Berwick St Mary by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano et dd fratribus meis…"[296]. "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam…in Inuerhouen" to the church of Moray by undated charter, dated to before 1223, witnessed by "Duncano et David fratribus meis…"[297]. The Chronicle of Lanercost records the death in 1229 of "comes de Fif, Malcolmus" and his burial "apud Cullenros"[298]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death in 1229 of "Malcolmus comes de Fife" and his burial "apud Culros in ecclesia sancti Servani" which he had founded[299]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1228 of "Malcolmus comes de Fyfe" and his burial "in ecclesia Sancti Servani de Culenros"[300]. m [firstly] MARJORY, [illegitimate daughter of WILLIAM I King of Scotland & his mistress ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by an undated charter under which Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed the donation by "Malcolmus comes de Fyf" of "terras de Petgornoc et de Drundol in Fyf", given by the donor to "Marjerie cognate nostre…quas dominus Willelmus Rex pater noster dedit predicte Marjerie in liberum maritagium", after the death of "dicte Marjorie comitisse", to Balmerino Abbey[301]. m [secondly] MATILDA of Strathearn, daughter of GILBERT Earl of Strathearn & his first wife Matilda de Albini. "Comes Gilbertus de Straderne" confirmed "cum Matilda filia mea…terras…Glendouan" to "Malcolmo filio comitis Duncani" by undated charter[302]. [[303]m [thirdly] MARGUERITE de Tosny, daughter of ROGER [IV] de Tosny & his wife Constance de Beaumont (-16/17 Jan after 1246).] Malcolm & his wife had one child:

a) DAVID (-[1223/28]). "David filio comitis…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after 1223, which settled the dispute between Andrew Bishop of Moray and "Malcolmum comitem de Fyf" concerning "terris…Adauyn"[304].

2. DUNCAN Macduff . "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam…in Inuerhouen" to the church of Moray by undated charter, dated to before 1223, witnessed by "Duncano et David fratribus meis…"[305]. "…Dunecano filio comitis Dunecani, Willo filio comitis Patricii marito meo…Dunecano filio comit Alwino de Aberbutennauth…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Cristina filia Walteri Corbet" donated serfs to St Andrew´s priory, with the consent of "Willi filii comitis Patricii mariti mei et Aliiz de Valoniis matris mee"[306]. m ALICE Corbet, daughter of WALTER Corbet of Makerstoun & his wife Alice de Valognes. "Wills filius comitis Patricii et Cristina Corbet sponsa eius" confirmed the donation made by his wife to St Andrew´s, with the consent of "dni Dunecani filii comitis Dunec et dne Aliz Corbet uxoris eius" donated serfs to St Andrew´s priory, by undated charter[307]. Duncan & his wife had one child:

a) MALCOLM Macduff (-1266). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1228 of "Malcolmus comes de Fyfe" and the succession of "Malcolmus nepos eius, filius…fratris eius"[308]. He succeeded his uncle in 1230 as Earl of Fife.

- see below.

3. DAVID (-[after 12 Feb 1236]). "David fratre meo…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1213/28], under which "Comes Malcolmus de Fyffe" confirmed "terram…de Levingstoun…et…de Hirmanstoun", which "idem Willelmus de me tenuit", to "Archebaldo de Douglas filio Willelmi de Douglas"[309]. "Malcolmus comes de Fif" donated "ecclesiam…in Inuerhouen" to the church of Moray by undated charter, dated to before 1223, witnessed by "Duncano et David fratribus meis…"[310]. A charter dated 18 Mar 1226 records an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "David filium Duncani quondam comitis de Fyf" concerning "advocationibus ecclesiarum de Strathbolgyn…in feudo suo de Strathbolgyn"[311]. Andrew Bishop of Moray and "David de Strathbolgyn filium inclyte memorie Duncani comitis de Fif" reached agreement concerning the boundaries of "terrarum…ecclesiarum de Rynyn et de Dunbanan…" by charter dated 10 Oct 1232[312]. Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed donations to Kinloss, including the donation of "totam illam partem terre de Belach" by "David filii comitis Dunecani de Fif", by charter dated 12 Feb 1236[313]. The charter does not indicate that the donor was deceased at the time of the confirmation. m ---. The name of David´s wife is not known. David & his wife had one child:

a) [JOHN of Strathbogie (-[1260]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Earl of Atholl, de iure uxoris. m ADA Hastings Ctss of Atholl, daughter of DAVID Hastings Earl of Atholl & his wife Fernelith Ctss of Atholl. Balfour Paul says that Ada "is said to have married John of Strathbogie, son of David of Strathbogie…third son of Duncan sixth Earl of Fife…there is no proof of this statement, but it is rendered probable by the fact that the later Earls of Atholl designed themselves as of Strathbogie, and the evidence of seals"[314].]

- EARLS of ATHOLL.

4. daughter . Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage states that "in 1188 Earl Duncan gave 500 marks to the king of England for the custody of Roger de Merlay´s land in Northumberland and the ward of his son, and for leave that the son might marry the earl´s daughter"[315]. It is not known whether the marriage ever took place. [m (1188) --- de Merlay, son of ROGER de Merlay & his wife ---.]

MALCOLM Macduff, son of DUNCAN Macduff of Fife & his wife Alice Corbet (-1266). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1228 of "Malcolmus comes de Fyfe" and the succession of "Malcolmus nepos eius, filius…fratris eius"[316]. He succeeded his uncle in 1230 as Earl of Fife. He was one of the Guardians of the Realm in 1255[317]. A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[318].

m [firstly] as her first husband, --- of Wales, [illegitimate] daughter of LLEWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales & [his mistress ---] (before [1230]-). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1228 of "Malcolmus comes de Fyfe" and the succession of "Malcolmus nepos eius, filius…fratris eius", adding that the latter later married "filiam Leulini regis Walliæ"[319]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the death in 1230 of "Malcolm earl of Fife" and the succession of "his nephew Malcolm, the son of his brother", adding that the latter "afterwards married the daughter of Leulin"[320]. The Chronicle of Lanercost records the death in 1229 of "comes de Fif, Malcolmus", the succession of "nepos eiusdem…Malcolmus", adding that the latter married "filia Leulini senioris domini Walliæ"[321]. The last source is the only one of the three which does not state that the new earl´s marriage was later than his succession. Her birth date is estimated from her having given birth to her known son in [1244/46], which suggests that the couple married at least ten years after Malcolm became earl. It is assumed that she was illegitimate. If she had been her father´s legitimate daughter, the absence in the sources of any reference to her descent from John King of England would be surprising.

[m secondly HELEN, daughter of --- (-after 16 Feb 1295). The second marriage of the widow of Malcolm Earl of Fife is confirmed by the documents under which "Elenæ comitissæ de Marre" accounted for payment of "xl s pro parte dotis suæ" in the accounts of lands formerly belonging to Duncan Earl of Fife 20 Nov 1293 and 16 Feb 1294[322]. However, it is not certain that this widow of Earl Malcolm was the same person as his wife who was the daughter of Prince Llywelyn. The birth of Earl Malcolm´s son Colban is estimated to [1244/46]. However, Earl Malcolm´s widow had four known children by her second husband. This would mean that she gave birth to children over an approximately thirty year span, which although not impossible would be unusual. In addition, it seems unlikely that Earl Donald would have married, as his first marriage, a woman who would have been more than 35 years old. She married secondly Donald Earl of Mar.]

Earl Malcolm & his [first] wife had one child:

1. COLBAN Macduff ([1244/46]-1270). The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Colvanum filium Malcolmi comitis de Fife" was knighted "die natalis Domini" in 1264[323]. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was between 18 and 20 years old at the time. He succeeded his father in 1266 as Earl of Fife. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1270 of "Colbanus comes de Fyfe" and the succession of "filius Colbani…puer octo annorum"[324]. A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[325]. m as her first husband, ANNE, daughter of ---. She married secondly (1270) as his first wife, Sir William Ferrers of Groby, Leicestershire. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the marriage in 1270 of "Willelmus Ferreris, filius comitissæ de Ferreris quæ fuit filia Rogeri de Quinci constabularii Scotiæ" and "relictam Colbani nuper defuncti et dignitatem constabulariæ"[326]. Earl Colban & his wife had two children:

a) DUNCAN Macduff ([1262/63]-murdered Petpolloch 25 Sep [1288/89], bur Cuprose). A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[327]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1270 of "Colbanus comes de Fyfe" and the succession of "filius Colbani…puer octo annorum"[328]. He succeeded his father in 1270 as Earl of Fife. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "filius Colbani" was eight years old when his father died[329]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the appointment of "domino Willelmo Fraser episcopo Sancti Andreæ, Duncano comite de Fyfe, et Johanne Comyn comite de Buchan, ex parte boreali aquæ de Forth, Roberto episcopo Glasguensi, domino Johanne Comyn, et Jacobo senescallo Scotiæ, ex parte australi eiusdem" as the six guardians of the realm after the death in 1286 of King Alexander III[330]. The Chronicle of Lanercost records the death "infra beatæ Virginis nativitatem…apud Wytyngham" in 1289 of "comes…de Fife Dunekanus…interfectus" and his burial "in abbatia de Cupir", adding that he was "cum effet adolescens supra omnes…crudelis et cupidus"[331]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Duncanus comes de Fyfe filius Colbani filii Malcolmi" was killed "VII Id Sep…apud Petpolloch" in 1288 by "Patricio de Abirnethy et Waltero de Percy militibus", with the consent of "domini Willelmi de Abirnethy militis"[332]. m as her first husband, (1284) JOAN de Clare, daughter of GILBERT de Clare Earl of Gloucester & his first wife Alix de Lusignan (1264-after 1322). The Chronicle of Lanercost records that "comes…de Fife Dunekanus" had recently married "dominam Johannam, filiam comitis Gloverniæ" when he was killed, adding that she gave birth to a son posthumously who succeeded his father[333]. A charter dated 6 Jun 1292 records that King Edward I granted permission to "Johanna de Clare comitissa de Fif uxor quondam Duncani comitis de Fif" to marry whom she pleases on payment of a fine of 1000 marks[334]. She married secondly (after 23 Apr 1299) Sir Gervase Avenell. Earl Duncan & his wife had two children:

i) ISABEL Macduff . Orders for the "farther…custody of the countesses of Carrick and Buchan, Marie and Christine the sisters, and Margerie the daughter, of Robert de Brus", specifying that "three of the ladies to be in kages", are dated 7 Nov 1306[335]. She was released in Apr 1313[336]. m JOHN Comyn Earl of Buchan, son of ALEXANDER Comyn Earl of Buchan & his wife Elizabeth de Quincy ([1259]-in England [11 Aug/3 Dec] 1308).

ii) DUNCAN Macduff (after 25 Sep [1288/89]-1353). The Chronicle of Lanercost records that "comes…de Fife Dunekanus" had recently married "dominam Johannam, filiam comitis Gloverniæ" when he was killed, adding that she gave birth to a son posthumously who succeeded his father[337]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Fife. A charter dated 1316 records an inquiry into the homage sworn by the earls of Fife to Dunfermline monastery and names "predecessores dni Duncani tunc comitis de Fif" as "dñs Malcolm…comitis de Fif…dñs Colban comes de Fif filius et heres predicti dni Malcolmi…Dunc comes de Fyf fil predicti dni Colbani"[338]. He was taken prisoner at Dupplin 12 Aug 1332 and submitted to Edward Balliol, but finally joined David II King of Scotland. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Duncanus comes de Fyfe…cum uxore et filia eiusdem comitis" were captured when Perth was captured from King Edward Balliol "Non Oct" in 1332[339]. He was taken prisoner at Durham 12 Oct 1346, condemned as a traitor but pardoned and released for a ransom of £1000. m (Papal dispensation 4^o Nov 1307) MARY Monthermer, daughter of RALPH Lord Monthermer & his wife Joan [of Acre] of England ([1298]-after 1371). Earl Duncan & his wife had one child:

(a) ISABEL Macduff (-after 12 Aug 1389). She succeeded her father in 1353 as Ctss of Fife. She resigned the earldom of Fife to Robert Stewart Earl of Menteith 30 Mar 1371[340]. m firstly Sir WILLIAM Ramsay of Colluthie (-after Mar 1360). He succeeded as Earl of Fife, de iure uxoris. m secondly ([1360/61]) WALTER Stewart, son of ROBERT [later ROBERT II King of Scotland] & his first wife Eupheme of Ross (-1362 after 14 Aug). He succeeded as Earl of Fife, de iure uxoris. m thirdly (after 10 Jan 1363) Sir THOMAS Byset of Upsetlington (-17 Apr 1365). He succeeded as Earl of Fife, de iure uxoris. m fourthly ([after Apr 1365]) JOHN Dunbar, son of [PATRICK Dunbar E<arl of Dunbar & his first wife Ermengarde ---] (-before Jul 1368). Ctss Isabel & her first husband had one child:

(1) [341]ELIZABETH Ramsay (-before 30 Mar 1371). It is assumed that she died before her mother sold the earldom. Betrothed (Papal dispensation 27 Jun 1358) to DAVID de Berclay .

b) --- Macduff (-killed in battle Falkirk 22 Jul 1298). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that King John Balliol "sought to deprive Macduff, brother of Duncan the lately murdered Earl of Fife, of his lands and property of Kilconquhar", which was appealed to the English king[342].

Chapter 5. MAR

Mar, with Buchan, was one of the original seven provinces of Scotland in the 9th century. It covered the territory of the future counties of Aberdeen and Banff. Buchan separated from Mar, probably at the same time as Caithness was conquered by the Norwegians[343]. The early rulers of Mar were styled "Mormaer". In [1114/15] the ruler of Mar was one of the six signatories of the charter of Scone who signed as "comes".

A. MORMAERS of MAR

1. CAINNECH [Kenneth]. m ---. The name of Cainnech´s wife is not known. Cainnech & his wife had one child:

a) EMKIN . His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death of his son "Domnall son of Eimen son of Cainnech, earl of Marr in Scotland" in 1014[344]. m ---. The name of Emkin´s wife is not known. Emkin & his wife had one child:

i) DONALD MacEmkin MacCainnech (-killed in battle Clontarf 1014). Mormaer of Mar. He is said to have been one of the 10 Mormaers who crossed to Ireland to assist Brian Boroihme against the Danes. The Annals of Ulster record that "Domnall son of Eimen son of Cainnech, earl of Marr in Scotland" was killed in battle at Clontarf in 1014[345].

1. ROTHRI, son of --- (-after [1131/32]). His relationship with the earlier Mormaers is not known. Mormaer of Mar. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[346]. "…Rothri comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[347]. "…Rotheri comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[348].

1. WILLIAM [of Leuchars] . No source has yet been identified which names William in his own right. His name suggests that he was a Norman immigrant to Scotland but no information has so far been found which could indicate his origin. m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known. The names of the couple´s sons suggest that she may have been from a Celtic family. William & his wife had two children:

a) NES [of Mar] (-after [1177]). "…Neis fil Wil, Constantino fratre suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland donated "Ledmaedunegil" to Dunfermline monastery[349]. "…Nes filio Willmi…" witnessed the undated charter under which property in "villa de Bolgyne" was donated to St Andrew´s priory[350]. "…Nees filio Willi…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam…in Kilrimund cum terra Kindargog" to St Andrew´s priory[351]. "…Nes filio Willi…" witnessed the undated charter, probably dated to the start of his reign, under which William King of Scotland confirmed the property of St Andrew´s priory[352]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam sancti M´Huluoch de Tharuelund" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Dunecano comite de Fif, Marleswano, Nesio filio Willi, Galfredo de Maleuill…"[353]. "…Nesio filio Willi…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after [1170], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Sconin" to St Andrew´s priory[354]. "Nesius filius Willi et Orabile filia sua heres" donated "ecclesiam de Losresc" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[355]. "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[356]. William King of Scotland confirmed donations to St Andrew´s priory, including the donation of "ecclesiam de Louchref" by "Neisi filii Willi", by undated charter[357]. m ---. The name of Nes´s wife is not known. Nes & his wife had one child:

i) ORABILIS (-before 30 Jun 1203). "Nesius filius Willi et Orabile filia sua heres" donated "ecclesiam de Losresc" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[358]. Her first marriage is confirmed by the undated charter under which her son "Seherus de Quency comes Wintonie" donated "totam terram de Duglyn", held by "Nesus filius Willelmi avus meus" to Cambuskenneth priory[359]. Her second marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Orabilis comitissa de Mar filia Nesii filii Willi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Lochres" made by "pater meus Nesius filius Willi" to St Andrew´s priory, witnessed by "Duncano comite de Fif…"[360]. Her third marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[361]. There seems little doubt that the witness was Orabilis, daughter of the donor, and her third husband, as the name is so unusual. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[362]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[363]. Pope Innocent III confirmed the possessions of Inchaffray Abbey, including the donation of land "in territorio de Gasgt" by "quondam Orable matris Seer de Quinci", by bull dated 30 Jun 1203[364]. Orabilis presumably died before her first husband, given the undated charter under which her son "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory which was witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…"[365]. m firstly ([1160/70], separated) as his first wife, ROBERT de Quincy, son of SAHER de Quincy & his wife Maud de Senlis ([1140]-after 1200). m secondly --- Earl of Mar, son of ---. The Complete Peerage says that "it has been asserted" that Orabilis´s second husband was Gilchrist Earl of Mar, but adds that "the chronology is difficult"[366]. The chronology in fact appears impossible: Earl Gilchrist is recorded up to 1199, whereas Orabilis is named with her [third] husband in a charter of her father which, although undated, is probably not dated much later than 1177. It seems more likely that Orabilis´s second husband was Morgund Earl of Mar (-[1177/30 Mar 1183]), which if correct means that she was his second wife. An alternative possibility is that Orabilis´s second and third husbands were in fact reversed, which is the assumption of Balfour Paul[367]. m thirdly ADAM of Fife, son of DUNCAN Macduff Earl of Fife & his wife ---.

Nes had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress or mistresses:

ii) CONSTANTINE (-after [1202/03]). "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…Constant et Patricio filiis Nesii avi mei…"[368]. Constantine is unlikely to have been legitimate as Nes´s daughter Orabilis is noted in the charter quoted above as her father´s heir.

iii) PATRICK (-after 1218). "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[369]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[370]. "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…Constant et Patricio filiis Nesii avi mei…"[371]. "Seyerus de Quinci comes Wintonie" donated revenue from "molendino meo de Locres" to St Andrew´s priory, with the consent of "Rogeri filii et heredis mei", by undated charter, dated to [1217/18], witnessed by "Rogero de Quinci herede meo, Simone de Quinci persona de Louchres, Patricio filio Nesii…Simonis de Quinci"[372]. "Rogerus de Quinci filius Seyeri comitis Wintonie" confirmed his father´s donation of a mill to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter, dated to [1217/18], witnessed by "Dño Seyero patre meo comite Wintonie, Symone de Quinci persona de Louchres, Patricio filio Nesii…Gilleberto clerico, Symonis de Quinci, Henrico clerico, Symonis de Quinci"[373]. Patrick is unlikely to have been legitimate as Nes´s daughter Orabilis is noted in the charter quoted above as her father´s heir.

b) CONSTANTINE (-after 1153). "…Neis fil Wil, Constantino fratre suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland donated "Ledmaedunegil" to Dunfermline monastery[374].

B. EARLS of MAR

1. MORGUND [Morgrund] MacGylocher (-[1177/30 Mar 1183]). He succeeded as Earl of Mar, witnessing charters before 1152 and [1154/58]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam sancti M´Huluoch de Tharuelund" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Dunecano comite de Fif, Marleswano, Nesio filio Willi, Galfredo de Maleuill…"[375]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[376]. Morgund´s right to the earldom of Mar was challenged, maybe by Gilchrist Earl of Mar (see below)[377]. However, Morgund was later restored as earl of Mar, as shown by a memorandum dated 1291 which records that, when William King of Scotland returned "comitatum suum de Mar" to "Morgundo M[ac] Gyloclery predecessori Domini Donenaldi comitis de Marre", certain portions of land were omitted[378]. Selden published a document which purports to record the regrant of his earldom (as well as the earldom of Moray) by King William to "Morgund son of Gillocher, formerly Earl of Mar", confirming him as the lawful son and heir of "Gillocher, Earl of Mar…[Earl] of Moray", dated 23 May 1171[379]. Skene recites the arguments which indicate the spurious nature of this document, concluding that it is "open to serious objections" while admitting that "it is difficult to devise a motive for inventing such a document"[380]. Nevertheless the 1291 memorandum quoted above suggests some historical basis for the factual background of the spurious 1171 document. The question was revived in 1257 when Alan Durward, most likely a descendant of Gilchrist Earl of Mar, challenged the possession of Duncan Earl of Mar (see below) on the basis of his father´s claimed illegitimacy. This was presumably the occasion when the alleged 1171 document was produced. The date of Morgund´s death is confirmed by a bull of Pope Lucius III dated 30 Mar 1183 which confirms donations to St Andrew´s and including donations by "Murgundi quondam comitis de Mar"[381]. m [firstly] AGNES, daughter of ---. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam sancti M´Huluoch de Tharuelund" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Dunecano comite de Fif, Marleswano, Nesio filio Willi, Galfredo de Maleuill…"[382]. "Morgrundus comes de Mar" donated "ecclesiam Miggehwith" to St Andrew´s priory, confirmed by "Agnetis comitisse sponse mee", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard, Willo Giffard…Willo filio Hugonis Giffard…"[383]. "Agnes comitissa de Mar" donated "dimidiam carucatam terre in ville de Inuerinche" to St Andrew´s priory, for the souls of "mee et Morgrundi comitis sponsi mei", by undated charter witnessed by "Ada comitissa, Hela comitissa, Alexandro de sco Martino, Hugone Giffard…"[384]. [m secondly as her second husband, ORABILIS, separated wife of ROBERT de Quincy, daughter of NES of Mar and his wife --- (-before 30 Jun 1203). Her marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Orabilis comitissa de Mar filia Nesii filii Willi" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Lochres" made by "pater meus Nesius filius Willi" to St Andrew´s priory, witnessed by "Duncano comite de Fif…"[385]. The Complete Peerage says that "it has been asserted" that Orabilis´s second husband was Gilchrist Earl of Mar, but adds that "the chronology is difficult"[386]. The chronology in fact appears impossible: Earl Gilchrist is recorded after 1204, whereas Orabilis is named with her [third] husband in a charter of her father which, although undated, is probably not dated much later than 1177. It seems more likely that Orabilis´s second husband was Earl Morgund, who died soon after her marriage, after which she married her third husband. An alternative possibility is that Orabilis´s second and third husbands were in fact reversed, which is the assumption of Balfour Paul[387]. Orabilis married thirdly Adam of Fife. Her third marriage is indicated by the undated charter under which "Nesius filius Willelmi" donated "ecclesiam de Lochres" to St Andrew´s priory witnessed by "Dunecano comite de Fif…Adam filio Dunec et Horabili sponsa sua…"[388]. There seems little doubt that the witness was Orabilis, daughter of the donor, and her third husband, as the name is so unusual. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated property to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…Patricio filio Nesii, Dunc filio Elin…"[389]. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[390]. Pope Innocent III confirmed the possessions of Inchaffray Abbey, including the donation of land "in territorio de Gasgt" by "quondam Orable matris Seer de Quinci", by bull dated 30 Jun 1203[391]. Orabilis presumably died before her first husband, given the undated charter under which her son "Seerus de Quinci" confirmed the donation of "Davac Icthar Hathyn" made by "matris mea" to St Andrew´s priory which was witnessed by "…Roberto de Quincy patre meo…"[392].] Morgund & his [first] wife had three children:

a) MALCOLM (-after [1207]). "…Gillechristo comite de Mar, Fergusio comite de Buchan, Malcolmo Jacobo filiis Margundi……" witnessed the charter dated to [1182/89] under which the bishop of Aberdeen confirmed the foundation of the hospital of St Peter[393]. "Malcolmus filius Moregrundi comitis de Mar" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam Sancti Muluoch de Tarueland" to St Andrew´s made by "pater meus" by charter dated to [1207/28], witnessed by "…Jacobo filio Moregrundi, Dunecane fratre ipsius"[394].

b) DUNCAN (-[1242/7 Feb 1244]). "Malcolmus filius Moregrundi comitis de Mar" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam Sancti Muluoch de Tarueland" to St Andrew´s made by "pater meus" by charter dated to [1207/28], witnessed by "…Jacobo filio Moregrundi, Dunecane fratre ipsius"[395]. A charter dated 1222 records an agreement between St Andrew´s and "Gillemor Scolgo de Tarualont" and "hominem eorum ligium…I. filio bone memorie M. quondam comitis de Mar…", witnessed by "domino D. filio M. quondam comitis de Mar, domino I. fratre eius…"[396]. He was installed as Earl of Mar in [1222/28]: Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed property of St Andrew´s by charter dated 29 Aug 1228, including the donation of "terram pratum de Dolfgmuld" made by "Dunecani comitis filii Morgrunt"[397].

- see below.

c) JAMES (-after 9 Oct 1232). "…Gillechristo comite de Mar, Fergusio comite de Buchan, Malcolmo Jacobo filiis Margundi……" witnessed the charter dated to [1182/89] under which the bishop of Aberdeen confirmed the foundation of the hospital of St Peter[398]. "Malcolmus filius Moregrundi comitis de Mar" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam Sancti Muluoch de Tarueland" to St Andrew´s made by "pater meus" by charter dated to [1207/28], witnessed by "…Jacobo filio Moregrundi, Dunecane fratre ipsius"[399]. A charter dated 1222 records an agreement between St Andrew´s and "Gillemor Scolgo de Tarualont" and "hominem eorum ligium…I. filio bone memorie M. quondam comitis de Mar…", witnessed by "domino D. filio M. quondam comitis de Mar, domino I. fratre eius…"[400]. "James the son of Morgund" witnessed the charter dated 9 Oct 1232 under which King Alexander II granted property in Alyth, Banff to Ness his physician[401].

1. GILCHRIST (-after 1204). Earl Morgund´s right to the earldom of Mar was challenged. Skene suggests that the challenge was made by Gilchrist Earl of Mar who replaced him briefly as Earl of Mar[402]. However, he cites no contemporary primary source which confirms that this supposition is correct. Balfour Paul also states that there is "no valid evidence that Gilchrist was Earl before 1182"[403]. Whatever the position of Earl Gilchrist before the death of Earl Morgund, he succeeded as Earl of Mar some time before [1182/89]: "…Gillechristo comite de Mar, Fergusio comite de Buchan, Malcolmo Jacobo filiis Margundi……" witnessed the charter dated to [1182/89] under which the bishop of Aberdeen confirmed the foundation of the hospital of St Peter[404]. The question remains, what was the hereditary basis for Gilchrist´s succession? Documents connected with the challenge made in 1257 by Alan Durward to the position of William Earl of Mar rely on a claim that William´s paternal grandfather Earl Morgund was illegitimate. However, if as shown above Earl Morgrund was restored as Earl of Mar by William King of Scotland towards the end of his life, it would seem surprising that his supposed illegtitimacy would be revived as the basis for the debarring the succession of his son after Morgrund died. One possibility is that all the later claims were completely fabricated and that Gilchrist was simply the oldest son of Earl Morgrund. "Orabilis filia et heres Dñi Nesii" donated "Davach ictar Hathyn" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter witnessed by "…G. com de Mar…Patricio filio Nesii, Duncan filio Emelin…"[405]. "Gilcrist comes de Marr" donated "ecclesiam de Loychel" to St Andrew´s priory by undated charter[406]. William Bishop of St Andrew´s confirmed property donations to the church of Munimusc by undated charter, which recites earlier donations including donations made by "Gilcrist com de Marr"[407]. An undated charter records the donation of the church of Loychel to the church of Munimusc, for the health of "dñi mei Willi reg et filii", a later undated charter confirming that the donor was "Gilcrist comit de Marr"[408]. "Thomæ filii Malcolmi de Lyndyne, hostiarii domini regis Scotiæ" donated "terra mea de Balelmeryremath" to Cupar abbey by undated charter witnessed by "Malcolmo comite de Fyffe, Gartneo comite de Mar et Malcolmo filio eius, Villielmo de Bois, Valtero hostiario de Lundyn"[409]. William King of Scotland confirmed the previous donation by charter dated 3 Apr [no year, dated to 1204/11] witnessed by "Gartneo comite de Mar, Malcolmo filio comitis Gartnei, David Mariscallo, Philippo de Lundyne, Alexandro filio Thore"[410]. "Davidem Ruffum de Forfar" donated "tota terra mea de Kinefe que fuit Ede" to Cupar abbey, for the souls of "Domini mei Willielmi et filii eius Alexandri", by undated charter witnessed by "Comite Duncano, Comite Gartneto, Comite Gilchristo de Anegus, Philippo Camerario, Villielmo Cumyn, David de Haya"[411]. Burnett points out that in these abbreviated forms of the last charters the name "G. comes de Mar" has been wrongly extended to "Gartneo" instead of Gilchrist[412]. No later information has been found concerning Earl Gilchrist and his date of death is unknown. It is possible that the earldom of Mar was confiscated from him, which would explain why it was restored to the descendants of Earl Morgrund before 1228 (see below). m ---. The name of Gilchrist´s wife is not known. As noted above, it has been suggested that she was Orabilis, who is shown above as the suggested second wife of Morgund Earl of Mar. The various related arguments are discussed more fully above. In addition, Earl Gilchrist´s supposed grandson Thomas de Lundie issued a charter dated to [1204/11] (see below). Presuming that he was adult at the time, Thomas could not therefore have been born much later than 1285. This would place the birth of his mother in [1270] or before, probably when Orabilis was still married to her first husband. Another possibility is that, if Orabilis was the wife of Earl Gilchrist, she was not the mother of his children. Gilchrist & his wife had [two] children:

a) MALCOLM (-after 1204). "Thomæ filii Malcolmi de Lyndyne, hostiarii domini regis Scotiæ" donated "terra mea de Balelmeryremath" to Cupar abbey by undated charter witnessed by "Malcolmo comite de Fyffe, Gartneo [error for Gilchrist, see above] comite de Mar et Malcolmo filio eius, Villielmo de Bois, Valtero hostiario de Lundyn"[413]. William King of Scotland confirmed the previous donation by charter dated 3 Apr [no year, dated to 1204/11] witnessed by "Gartneo [error for Gilchrist, see above] comite de Mar, Malcolmo filio comitis Gartnei, David Mariscallo, Philippo de Lundyne, Alexandro filio Thore"[414]. He presumably predeceased his father as there is no record of his having succeeded to the earldom of Mar, unless the earldom was confiscated from Earl Gilchrist before it was restored to the descendants of Earl Morgrund.

b) [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are suggested by the undated charter under which her son "Thom hostiar dñi regis" confirmed donations to the church of Munimusc made by "avus meus et matre mea"[415]. Other charters quoted above indicate donations to the same church by Gilchrist Earl of Mar. The reference in the charter quoted to the donor´s mother indicates that "avus meus" must have been his maternal grandfather, suggesting in turn that he was Earl Gilchrist. This hypothesis appears supported by the claim made in 1257 by her grandson Alan Durward to the earldom of Mar. [416]m MALCOLM de Lundie, son of ---.]

DUNCAN, son of MORGUND Earl of Mar & his [first wife Agnes ---] (-[1242/7 Feb 1244]). "Malcolmus filius Moregrundi comitis de Mar" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam Sancti Muluoch de Tarueland" to St Andrew´s made by "pater meus" by charter dated to [1207/28], witnessed by "…Jacobo filio Moregrundi, Dunecane fratre ipsius"[417]. A charter dated 1222 records an agreement between St Andrew´s and "Gillemor Scolgo de Tarualont" and "hominem eorum ligium…I. filio bone memorie M. quondam comitis de Mar…", witnessed by "domino D. filio M. quondam comitis de Mar, domino I. fratre eius…"[418]. He was installed as Earl of Mar in [1222/28]: Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed property of St Andrew´s by charter dated 29 Aug 1228, including the donation of "terram pratum de Dolfgmuld" made by "Dunecani comitis filii Morgrunt"[419]. "Duncanus comes de Marr" donated "ecclesiam de Loychel" to St Andrew´s priory, for the soul of "patris mei Morgrund et matris mee Agnetis", by undated charter[420].

m ---. The name of Duncan´s wife is not known.

Duncan & his wife had [two] children:

1. WILLIAM (-1281 before 25 Jul). "…Willelmo filio Duncani comitis de Mar…" subscribed the undated charter, dated to [1223/40], under which "Fergusius filius Gilberti quondam comitis de Stathern" donated "terram…de Beny" to Lindores Abbey[421]. He succeeded his father in [1243] as Earl of Mar, first recorded as such as witness of a royal charter dated 7 Feb 1244. However, he cites no contemporary primary source which confirms that this supposition is correct. Alan Durward claimed the earldom of Mar in 1257, impugning the legitimacy of his predecessors, a bull of Pope Alexander IV dated 4 Oct 1257 detailing the whole case[422]. "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[423]. He was appointed Chamberlain of Alexander III King of Scotland in [1252] and from 1262 to 1264[424]. m firstly ELIZABETH Comyn, daughter of WILLIAM Comyn Earl of Buchan & his second wife Margaret Ctss of Buchan (-[1265/66]). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death, dated to [1265/66] from the context, of "comitissa de Mar, soror comitis de Buchania"[425]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m secondly (after 1267) MURIEL of Strathearn, daughter of MALISE Earl of Strathearn & his first wife Marjory de Muschamp of Wooler ([1244]-[16 May/12 Nov] 1291). A charter dated 16 May 1291 records the homage sworn to King Edward by "Muriellæ quæ fuit uxor Willelmi quondam comitis de Mar, filiæ et heredis Margeriæ filiæ Roberti de Muschaumps defunctæ" for the lands of "Margeria mater sua"[426]. Earl William & his first wife had two children:

a) DONALD (-after 25 Jul 1297). "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[427]. He succeeded his father in 1281 as Earl of Mar. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England as his overlord 13 Jun 1291, but was active in the Scottish revolt against England. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Dunbar 27 Apr 1296, but did homage to the English king after the submission of John Balliol in Jul 1296[428].

- see below.

b) DUNCAN (-before Aug 1296). "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[429]. m CHRISTINE, daughter of ---. The Ragman Roll names "…Cristine de Mar wido of Duncan de Mar…" among those who swore allegiance to Edward I King of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed 28 Aug 1296[430].

2. [JOHN . "…Johanne filio comitis de Mar…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1213/28], under which "Comes Malcolmus de Fyffe" confirmed "terram…de Levingstoun…et…de Hirmanstoun", which "idem Willelmus de me tenuit", to "Archebaldo de Douglas filio Willelmi de Douglas"[431]. The name of John´s father is not known with certainty. From a chronological point of view, it appears likely that he was the son of Earl Duncan.]

DONALD, son of WILLIAM Earl of Mar & his first wife Elizabeth Comyn of Buchan (-after 25 Jul 1297). "Willelmus comes de Mar" confirmed the donations of "ecclesiam de Taruelond…de Migueth" made by "dñs Morgrundus avus noster…dña Agnes avia nostra quondam comitissa de Mar" to St Andrew´s priory by charter dated 23 Jan 1267 witnessed by "…Douenaldo Duncano filiis eiusdem comitis…"[432]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Dovenaldus filius Willelmi comitis de Mar" was knighted "die Sancti Michaelis apud Sconam" in 1270[433]. He succeeded his father in 1281 as Earl of Mar. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England as his overlord 13 Jun 1291, but was active in the Scottish revolt against England. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Dunbar 27 Apr 1296, but did homage to the English king after the submission of John Balliol in Jul 1296[434].

m (after 1266) as her second husband, HELEN, widow of MALCOLM Macduff Earl of Fife, daughter of --- (-after 16 Feb 1295). The second marriage of the widow of Malcolm Earl of Fife is confirmed by the documents under which "Elenæ comitissæ de Marre" accounted for payment of "xl s pro parte dotis suæ" in the accounts of lands formerly belonging to Duncan Earl of Fife 20 Nov 1293 and 16 Feb 1294[435]. However, it is not certain that this widow of Earl Malcolm was the same person as his wife who was the daughter of Prince Llywelyn. The birth of Earl Malcolm´s son Colban is estimated to [1244/46]. However, Earl Malcolm´s widow had four known children by her second husband. This would mean that she gave birth to children over an approximately thirty year span, which although not impossible would be unusual. In addition, it seems unlikely that Earl Donald would have married, as his first marriage, a woman who would have been more than 35 years old.

Earl Donald & his wife had [five] children:

1. GRATNEY (-before Sep 1305). He succeeded his father in 1297 as Earl of Mar. m (1292 or after) as her first husband, CHRISTIAN Bruce, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-[1356/27 Jan 1357], bur Dunfermline). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Robertum comitem de Carric…filia…seniore" married "Garthenai comiti de Marria"[436]. She married secondly Sir Christopher Seton, and thirdly (dispensation 20 Sep 1326, Cambuskenneth 1326) Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the marriage of "Andreas de Moravia" and "dominam Christianam sororem…regis" at Cambuskenneth in 1326[437]. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Andree de Moravia domino de Bothvile" and "Cristiane de Setono nate quondam Robert de Bruys", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 20 Sep 1326[438]. The same source records the death in 1357 of "the Lady Christiana of Bruce, King Robert´s sister" and her burial "at Dunfermline with her parents"[439]. Earl Gratney & his wife had --- children:

a) DONALD (-killed in battle Duplin 12 Aug 1332). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Dovenaldum comitem" as son of "Garthenai comiti de Marria", adding that he was killed "in bello de Duplyn"[440]. He succeeded his father in [1305] as Earl of Mar. He was brought up at the English court and remained in England after the English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314. He left for Scotland after the deposition of Edward II King of England. He was appointed Regent for David II King of Scotland in 1332. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Donaldus comes de Marre" was chosen "apud Pertht IV Non Aug" in 1332 to succeed "comite Morauie" as regent for King David[441]. He was killed in battle fighting the invading Edward Balliol[442]. m as her first husband, ISABEL Stewart, daughter of --- (-[15 Jun 1347/15 Jan 1348]). She married secondly (before 15 Sep 1334, divorced before Easter 1336) Geoffrey Mourray, and thirdly (licence 3 Jun 1339) William Careswell. Earl Donald & his wife had two children:

i) THOMAS ([1330]-[22 Oct 1373/21 Jun 1374]). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Thomam comitem de Marr" as son of "Dovenaldum comitem", son of "Garthenai comiti de Marria"[443]. He succeeded his father in 1332 as Earl of Mar. He was appointed Great Chamberlain of Scotland 1358 and 1359. m firstly (Papal dispensations 15 Aug 1352 and 29 May 1354, divorced before Feb 1359) as her second husband, MARGARET Graham Ctss of Menteith, widow of Sir JOHN Moray of Bothwell, daughter of Sir JOHN Graham & his wife Mary Ctss of Menteith (-[20 Jul 1372/4 May 1380]). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Thomam comitem de Marr", son of "Dovenaldum comitem", married "heredem de Meneteth" but that he divorced her[444]. She married thirdly (1359 or before) Sir John Drummond of Concraig, and fourthly (Papal dispensation 9 Sep 1361) as his first wife, Robert Stewart, later Earl of Fife and Duke of Albany. m secondly ([1361/74]) MARGARET Stewart of Angus, daughter of THOMAS Stewart Earl of Angus, Lord of Abernethy & his wife Margaret St Clair (-[1417/23 Mar 1418]). She succeeded her brother in 1377 as Ctss of Angus, suo iure. She was the mistress of William Douglas 1^st Earl of Douglas, and resigned the earldom of Angus 9 Apr 1389 in favour of her illegitimate son by him George Douglas[445].

ii) MARGARET (-[5 Dec 1389/19 Oct 1393]). She succeeded her brother in [1374] as Ctss of Mar, suo iure. m firstly (before 13 Nov 1357) Sir WILLIAM Douglas of Douglas, son of Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas, Regent of Scotland & his wife Beatrice Lindsay of Crawford (-Douglas May 1384, bur Melrose). He was created Earl of Douglas in 1358. m secondly ([1385/27 Jul 1388]) as his first wife, Sir JOHN Swinton of Swinton (-killed in battle Homildon Hill 14 Sep 1402).

b) ELLEN of Mar . m JOHN de Menteith of Strathgartney and Arran, son of Sir JOHN de Menteith of Rusky & his wife --- (-before 1344).

2. DUNCAN (-after Aug 1296). The Ragman Roll names "…Duncan fiz le Comte de Mar…" among those who swore allegiance to Edward I King of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed 28 Aug 1296[446].

3. ISABEL of Mar (-before 1302). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Robertus…rex, quuando fuit comes de Carric" married "Isabellam sororem Garthenai comitis de Marr"[447]. m ([1295]) as his first wife, ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick, son of Sir ROBERT de Brus, Earl of Carrick, Lord of Annandale & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (Writtle, near Chelmsford, Essex 11 Jul 1274-Cardross Castle, Dumbartonshire 7 Jun 1329, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He succeeded in 1306 as ROBERT I King of Scotland.

4. MARGARET of Mar (-after 1306). A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including an order of restoration of property to "la contesse de Atheles"[448]. "Gilbertus de Haia constabularius Scotie" confirmed donations to Cupar abbey, including the donation made by "Mariore comitisse Atholie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Atholie et confirmatione David filii sui primogeniti et heredis", by charter dated 5 Oct 1309[449]. m JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, son of DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his second wife Isabel of Chilham (-executed London 7 Nov 1306).

5. [MARGARET of Mar . She is named as wife of Malcolm Earl of Lennox by Fraser[450]. She may have been the daughter or the sister of Donald Earl of Mar. m MALCOLM Earl of Lennox, son of MALCOLM Earl of Lennox & his wife --- (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333).]

Chapter 6. MORAY

Moray was the territory of the northern Picts who maintained their independence when Kenneth MacAlpin became King of the Scots in [843/44]. Together with Ross, it was one of the seven original provinces of Scotland, covering the territory of what later became the counties of Inverness and Ross. Although the Mormaership of Moray was conquered by the Scots in 1130, it was not until 1312 that Robert I King of Scotland created the earldom of Moray, installing Thomas Randolph as first earl. Irish genealogies show the descent of Findlaech from "cenel Loairn, one of the ruling kindreds of Dalriada…in the 8th century"[451], but it is unknown how accurate this may be.

A. MORMAERS of MORAY

RUAIDHRI . Mormaer of Moray.

m ---. The name of Ruaidhri´s wife is not known.

Ruadhri & his wife had two children:

1. FINDLAECH MacRory (-[1018/20]). Thane of Angus, Mormaer of Moray. Orkneyinga Saga records that Sigurd Jarl of Orkney defeated “a Scottish earl called Finnleik”[452]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Findlaech mac Ruaidhrí mormaer Moreb” was killed “a filiis fratris sui MaelBrighdi” in [1018/20][453]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1020 of "Finnlaech son of Ruadrí king of Alba…killed by his own people"[454]. m ---. The name of Findlaech´s wife is not known. Many secondary sources name the wife of Findlaech as Donada of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland & his wife ---, adding that she was the mother of King Macbeth. It seems that the proof for this connection is slim. The only source so far identified which refers to Macbeth´s maternal origin is the Chronicle of Huntingdon which names "Maket Regem [=King Macbeth] nepotem dicti Malcolmi" when recording that he was expelled from Scotland after ruling 15 years[455]. The word "nepos" is of course treacherous, and could indicate a variety of relationships in addition to grandson. However, it appears that early historians assumed that "grandson" was the correct translation. For example, Ralph Holinshed´s 1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth"[456]. Another variation is provided by the Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun, which records that "Makbeth-Fynlak, his systyr sowne" murdered King Duncan[457]. From a chronological point of view, it is unlikely that Macbeth could have been a nephew of King Duncan, but it is possible that the passage represents an interpretation of "nepos" from an earlier source and has confused the king with whom Macbeth enjoyed this relationship. No source earlier than Holinshed has been found which names her Donada. Mormaer Findlaech & had one child:

a) MACBETH ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Macheth filius Findleg xvii…" as king[458]. The Annals of Tigernach names “Mac bethadh son of Findlaech overking of Scotland” when recording his death[459]. Mormaer of Moray [1029/32]. He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. He was defeated in battle 27 Jul 1054 by the army of Siward Earl of Northumbria who had invaded Scotland to support the claim to the throne of Malcolm son of King Duncan I. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mac Bethad son of Finnlaech, over-king of Scotland was killed by Mael Sechlainn son of Donnchad in battle" in 1058[460]. m ([after 1032]) [as her second husband,] GRUOCH, [widow of GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray,] daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] of Scotland & his wife --- ([1015]-). "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity[461]. Her possible first marriage appears to be based on the following logic. The Continuation of the Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach records Lulach as son of Macbeth[462]. Dunbar, basing his argument on this and the other sources which are quoted in this section, states that "from the above it seems most probable that Lulach was son of Gillacomgan and step-son of Macbeth"[463]. In addition, the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Lulac nepos filii Boide" ["nephew of the son of Boite"] as successor of King Macbeth[464]. However, there does not appear to be a surviving source which more specifically confirms that Macbeth´s queen was the widow of Gillacomgain and mother of Lulach.

2. MAELBRIGTE . The Annals of Tigernach record that “Findlaech mac Ruaidhrí mormaer Moreb” was killed “a filiis fratris sui MaelBrighdi” in [1018/20][465]. m ---. The name of Maelbrigte´s wife is not known. Maelbrigte & his wife had two children:

a) MALCOLM (-1029). A grant by "Maelcoluim son of Maelbrigte" to the church of Deer is recalled in a notice of grants between 565 and 1100[466]. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 1029 of “Mael Colaim mac Mael-Brighdi maic Ruaidrí, rí Alban”[467].

b) GILLACOMGAIN (-burned alive 1032). Mormaer of Moray. The Annals of Ulster record that "Gilla Comgán son of Mael Brigte, earl of Moray was burned together with fifty people" in 1032[468]. m [as her first husband, GRUOCH, daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] & his wife --- ([1015]-)]. Her possible first marriage appears to be based on the following logic. The Continuation of the Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach records Lulach as son of Macbeth[469]. Dunbar, basing his argument on this and the other sources which are quoted in this section, states that "from the above it seems most probable that Lulach was son of Gillacomgan and step-son of Macbeth"[470]. In addition, the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Lulac nepos filii Boide" ["nephew of the son of Boite"] as successor of King Macbeth[471]. However, there does not appear to be a surviving source which more specifically confirms that Macbeth´s queen was the widow of Gillacomgain and mother of Lulach. She married [secondly] ([after 1032]) Macbeth, who succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity[472]. Mormaer Gillacomgain & his [wife] had [one child]:

i) [LULACH ([1032]-killed in battle Essie, Strathbogie 17 Mar 1058, bur Isle of Iona). He succeeded [his stepfather] in 1057 as LULACH "the Simple" King of Scotland, crowned Aug 1057 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. The Annals of Ulster record that "Lulach son of Gilla Comgain, over-king of Scotland was killed in battle by Mael Coluim son of Donnchad" in 1058[473].] m ---. The name of Lulach´s wife is not known. Lulach & his wife had two children:

(a) MAELSNECHTAI (-1085). A grant by "Maelsnecte son of Luloeg" to the church of Deer is recalled in a notice of grants between 565 and 1100[474]. Mormaer of Moray until 1078. Monk.

(b) daughter . Her parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death in 1130 of "Angus son of the daughter of Lulach” in a battle “between the men of Scotland and the men of Moray”[475]. The name of her husband is not known. m ---. One child:

(1) ANGUS (-killed in battle Strickathrow 1130). Mormaer of Moray. Moray was conquered by the Scots in 1130 after Mormaer Angus's defeat at Strickathrow[476]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1130 of "Angus son of the daughter of Lulach” in a battle “between the men of Scotland and the men of Moray”[477]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Malcolmus filius Macheth" lied to claim he was "filium Angusii comitis Moraviæ" who was killed "tempore…regis David…apud Strucathroth a Scotis"[478].

B. MORAY FAMILY

WILLIAM, son of FRESKIN & his wife --- (-after 1204). "…Willelmo filio Freskini…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation by "Johanni heremite" to the church of Moray[479]. "…Willelmo filio Fresekini…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland donated "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[480]. "…Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[481]. "…Hugone Freskyn et Willelmo fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated 25 Aug (no year) under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Kynguscy cum capella de Benchory" to the church of Moray by "Bricio Moraviensi episcopo"[482]. "Hugo Freskyn" donated "terram meam de Scelbol in Sutherland" to the church of Moray by charter dated to [1203/14], witnessed by "Willelmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo…Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas…"[483].

m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known.

William & his wife had three children:

1. HUGH de Moray (-before Oct 1226, bur Duffus). "…Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[484]. "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol…exceptis decimis…juxta castellum meum de Bucharm" to the church of Moray by undated charter witnessed by "…Hugone fratre meo…"[485]. Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed the foundation of "in una trium ecclesiarum…Brennath et de Spyny et de Kenedor" by undated charter which reserves the rights of "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "terris…Lynyn et Duldauy" and of "Hugonis filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "Duffus"[486]. m ---. The name of Hugh´s wife is not known. Hugh & his wife had one child:

a) WALTER de Moray (-after 19 Sep 1240). A charter dated 7 Oct 1226 records a dispute between "Andreas episcopus Moraviensis" and "Walterum de Moravia filium quondam Willelmi de Moravia" concerning "terris de Ardtrillen et Lunnin et Duldaui et Croyn…et super advocatione ecclesiarum de Croyn, Abirlouer, Buthrothyn et Arteldol", signed by "Walteri de Moravia filii quondam Hugonis de Moravia", witnessed by "…Alexandro vicecomite de Elgyn, H. de Duglas fratre eius…"[487]. "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[488]. "Walterus de Moravia filius Hugonis de Moravia" confirmed revenue to the chapel of St Peter of Duffus by charter dated 19 Sep 1240[489]. m EUPHEME, daughter of --- (-after 3 Feb 1263). "Fergus de Ardrossen miles" founded the chapel of Clon, for the soul of "quondam Friskini de Moravia domini mei domini de Duffus", by charter dated 16 Mar 1262 which names "domine Eufamie matris dicti Friskini"[490]. "Domina Eufemia quondam sponsa domini Walteri de Moravia domini de Duffus" confirmed "terram…in Ros…dotis mee…de Clonys juxta Dyngvall" to the church of Elgin by charter dated 3 Feb 1263[491]. Walter & his wife had one child:

i) FRESKIN de Moray (-before 16 Mar 1262, bur Duffus). A charter dated 20 Mar 1248 records an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Freskynum de Moravia dominum de Duffus" concerning "Spyny et…Fynroffy", confirming an earlier agreement between Bishop Andrew and "Walterum de Moravia dicti Freskyni genitorem"[492]. "Fergus de Ardrossen miles" founded the chapel of Clon, for the soul of "quondam Friskini de Moravia domini mei domini de Duffus", by charter dated 16 Mar 1262 which names "domine Eufamie matris dicti Friskini"[493]. m JOAN, daughter of [JOHN Jarl of Orkney and Caithness & his wife ---]. According to the Complete Peerage, Joan wife of Freskin of Moray was "possibly…daughter and heiress of Earl John"[494]. Skene says that "the probability is that…half [of the earldom of Caithness]" was inherited by the Moray family from "Johanna…as indicated by her name, the daughter of John Earl of Caithness of the line of Paul"[495]. Neither source cites any primary source which confirms Joan´s parentage, which presumably is just speculative. She was taken hostage by Alexander II King of Scotland in [Aug 1214 or 1222]. A charter dated 1269 confirmed a donation to the church of Moray by "domino Reginaldo le Chen minori domino de Duffus et Marie sponse sue filie quondam Friskyni de Moravia" and named "domina Johanna quondam sponsa domini Friskyni de Moravia"[496]. Freskin & his wife had two children:

(a) MARY (-after 1312). A charter dated 1269 confirmed a donation to the church of Moray by "domino Reginaldo le Chen minori domino de Duffus et Marie sponse sue filie quondam Friskyni de Moravia" and named "domina Johanna quondam sponsa domini Friskyni de Moravia"[497]. m Sir REGINALD de Chen, son of ---. He possessed ¼ Caithness, de iure uxoris, after the death of his father-in-law, but acquired another ¼ from his brother-in-law [498].

(b) CHRISTIANA (-after Oct 1294). "Willelmus de Fedreth et Cristina de Moravia uxor sua" donated "ecclesia Sancti Petri de Doffus" to the church of Moray by charter dated Oct 1294[499]. m WILLIAM de Federeth, son of ---. Constable of Roxburgh 1262. He possessed ¼ Caithness, de iure uxoris, after the death of his father-in-law, but acquired another ¼ from his brother-in-law[500].

2. WILLIAM de Moray (-before Oct 1226). "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol…exceptis decimis…juxta castellum meum de Bucharm" to the church of Moray by undated charter witnessed by "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo, Hugone fratre meo, Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…"[501]. Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed the foundation of "in una trium ecclesiarum…Brennath et de Spyny et de Kenedor" by undated charter which reserves the rights of "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "terris…Lynyn et Duldauy" and of "Hugonis filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "Duffus"[502]. m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known. William & his wife had two children:

a) WALTER de Moray (-after 1242, bur Duffus). A charter dated 7 Oct 1226 records a dispute between "Andreas episcopus Moraviensis" and "Walterum de Moravia filium quondam Willelmi de Moravia" concerning "terris de Ardtrillen et Lunnin et Duldaui et Croyn…et super advocatione ecclesiarum de Croyn, Abirlouer, Buthrothyn et Arteldol", signed by "Walteri de Moravia filii quondam Hugonis de Moravia", witnessed by "…Alexandro vicecomite de Elgyn, H. de Duglas fratre eius…"[503]. "…Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Willelmi de Moravia, Willelmo de Moravia milite…" witnessed the charter dated 31 Oct 1226 which confirmed an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Gylbertum Hostiarium" about "terra de Strathboc et…Buleske"[504]. "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[505].

b) WILLIAM de Moray . "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[506]. Canon at Moray.

3. ANDREW (-after 1213). Richard Bishop of Moray confirmed the donation of "Logynauedal et le Logyndykis" made by "Willelmo filio Freskyni" by undated charter confirmed by "Andree persone clerico nostro et filio suo"[507]. Parson of Duffus.

1. WALTER de Moray (-after 1278). The editor of the cartulary of the bishopric of Moray suggests that Walter was the son of Walter de Moray, son of William de Moray, who died after 1242 (see above) but he cites no primary source on which he bases this speculation[508]. A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[509]. Lord of Bothwell. m ---. The name of Walter´s wife is not known. Walter & his wife had [four] children:

a) WILLIAM de Moray (-[29 Sep 1299/10 Nov 1300]). Inquisitions dated 28 Nov 1300 (writ 10 Nov 1300) following the death of "William de Moray" record that "Andrew de Moray, slain at Stirling against the king, son of the late Sir Andrew de Moray, has a lawful son…Andrew who dwells in Moray…two years of age at Pentecost last" was his heir[510].

b) ANDREW de Moray (-[6 Nov 1297/10 Nov 1300]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[511].

- see below.

c) ALAN de Moray (-after [1275]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[512].

d) [ALEXANDER de Moray . The primary source which confirms Alexander´s parentage has not yet been identified, but from a chronological point of view it appears possible that he was another son of Walter de Moray. m as her first husband, EVA, daughter of --- (-after 3 Sep 1296). She married secondly (before 1295) Alexander Comyn. A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including by "Eva ´uxor´domini Alexandri Comyn de Badenaghe", who was captured "apud Dunbar", who requested restoration of "terræ de dote domini Alexandri de Morreve, quondam viri sui"[513].]

ANDREW de Moray, son of WALTER de Moray & his wife --- (-[6 Nov 1297/10 Nov 1300]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[514]. A charter dated 11 Nov 1286 records redress sought by the six Guardians of Scotland from the Guardian of England for "Sir Andrew de Moray and Euphemia his wife"[515]. A charter dated 16 May 1296 names "…Andrew de Moray…" among those captured at Dunbar castle (27 Apr 1296[516]) and sent to the Tower of London[517]. A charter dated 6 Nov 1297 ordered the Sheriffs of London to pay "…Andrew de Moray…knights, Scottish prisoners in the Tower" for their sustenance[518].

m firstly --- Comyn, daughter of JOHN Comyn Lord of Badenoch & his first wife Eva ---. Andrew Wyntoun´s Cronykil records that "the Red Cwmyn" had four daughters, of whom the fourth married "the Lord…off Murrawe" by whom she had "Andrew off Murrawe, that efftyr that wes at the Bryg off Stryvelyne slayne"[519].

m secondly (after [1283]) as her second husband, EUPHEMIA, widow of WILLIAM Comyn of Kilbride, daughter of --- (-before Jan 1289). The Fine Roll 25 May 1289 states that "Eufemia quæ fuit uxor Willelmi Comyn de Kyrkebride" married "Andreæ de Murreve sine licentia regis"[520]. A charter dated 11 Nov 1286 records redress sought by the six Guardians of Scotland from the Guardian of England for "Sir Andrew de Moray and Euphemia his wife"[521]. The Inquisitions after the death of "Eufemiæ quæ fuit uxor Willelmi Comyn de Killebridge" are dated 27 Jan 1289, 7 Feb 1289 and 10 Mar 1289, and name "Johannes filius dicti Willelmi et dictæ Eufemiæ…heres ipsius Eufemiæ" aged 23[522].

Andrew & his first wife had two children:

1. ANDREW de Moray (-after 11 Oct 1297). Andrew Wyntoun´s Cronykil records that "the Red Cwmyn" had four daughters, of whom the fourth married "the Lord…off Murrawe" by whom she had "Andrew off Murrawe, that efftyr that wes at the Bryg off Stryvelyne slayne"[523]. A charter dated 16 May 1296 names "…Andrew de Moray…" among those captured at Dunbar castle (27 Apr 1296[524]) and sent to Chester castle[525]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Andreas de Moravia, pater Andreæ nobilis" was fatally wounded "III Id Sep" in 1297 "apud pontem de Strivelyne"[526]. Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage states that "Andrew of Moray and William Wallace as leaders of the army of the kingdom of Scotland" wrote to the mayor and commons of Lübeck and Hamburg 11 Oct 1297[527]. m ---. The name of Andrew´s wife is not known. Andrew & his wife had one child:

a) ANDREW Moray of Bothwell (1298-Avoch 1338, bur Rosemarkie in Moray, transferred to Dunfermline). His parentage is confirmed by John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which records that "Andreas de Moravia, pater Andreæ nobilis" was killed "III Id Sep" in 1297 "apud pontem de Strivelyne"[528]. Inquisitions dated 28 Nov 1300 (writ 10 Nov 1300) following the death of "William de Moray" record that "Andrew de Moray, slain at Stirling against the king, son of the late Sir Andrew de Moray, has a lawful son…Andrew who dwells in Moray…two years of age at Pentecost last" was his heir[529]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "nobilis Andreas de Moravia custos Scotiæ, post obsidionem castri de Edinburgh" died in 1338 "apud Davach" and was buried "in Rosmarky", his bones later transferred to "Dunfermelyn…altari B. Virginis"[530]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death "apud locum de Davach" in 1338 of "dominus Andreas de Moravia, custos Scociæ" and his burial "apud Rosmarkin"[531]. Regent of Scotland. [m firstly ---. As Andrew´s known wife was probably past child-bearing age when they married, it is likely that his two sons were born from an otherwise unrecorded first marriage.] m [secondly] (Papal dispensation 20 Sep 1326, Cambuskenneth 1326) as her third husband, CHRISTIAN Bruce, widow firstly of GRATNEY Earl of Mar and secondly of Sir CHRISTOPHER Seton, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-[1356/27 Jan 1357], bur Dunfermline). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the marriage of "Andreas de Moravia" and "dominam Christianam sororem…regis" at Cambuskenneth in 1326[532]. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Andree de Moravia domino de Bothvile" and "Cristiane de Setono nate quondam Robert de Bruys", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 20 Sep 1326[533]. Andrew & his [first] wife had two children:

i) JOHN de Moray (-[20 Apr/5 Sep] 1351). Lord of Bothwell. "Thomas de Moravia panetarius Scotie" confirmed a donation by "bone memorie Johannis de Moravia fratris mei senioris" to Moray, for the soul of "bone memorie domini Andree de Moravia patris mei", by charter dated 8 May 1353[534]. m (Papal dispensation 21 Nov 1348) as her first husband, MARGARET Graham Ctss of Menteith, widow of firstly of Sir JOHN Moray of Bothwell, divorced wife secondly of THOMAS Earl of Mar, and widow thirdly of Sir JOHN Drummond of Concraig, daughter of Sir JOHN Graham & his wife Mary Ctss of Menteith (-[21 Jul 1372/4 May 1380]). She married secondly (Papal dispensations 15 Aug 1352 and 29 May 1354, divorced before Feb 1359) as his first wife, Thomas Earl of Mar, thirdly (Papal dispensation 1360) John Drummond of Concraig, and fourthly (Papal dispensation 9 Sep 1361) as his first wife, Robert Stewart, who succeeded as Earl of Menteith in 1361, de iure uxoris, and was appointed Duke of Albany in 1398.

ii) THOMAS de Moray of Bothwell (-1361). "Thomas de Moravia panetarius Scotie" confirmed a donation by "bone memorie Johannis de Moravia fratris mei senioris" to Moray, for the soul of "bone memorie domini Andree de Moravia patris mei", by charter dated 8 May 1353[535]. m as her first husband, JOAN Moray of Drumsagard, daughter of MAURICE Moray Earl of Strathearn & his wife Joan Menteith (-[Jan 1403/Aug 1409]). She married secondly (Papal dispensation 23 Jul 1362) Archibald Douglas "the Grim", who succeeded in 1388 as 3^rd Earl of Douglas. "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[536].

2. JOHN de Moray . According to the editor of the cartulary of the bishopric of Moray, John son of Andrew was ancestor of the "De Moravias of Drumsargard and Abercairney" but he cites no corresponding primary source[537].

1. MALCOLM de Moray (-before 1289). "Domino Alexandro Comyn comite de Buchan tunc Justiciario Scotie, domino Freskyno de Moravia…domino Reginaldo le Chen…domino Malcolmo de Moravia…" witnessed the charter [dated to 1251/63[538]] under which Malise Earl of Strathearn donated property to the bishopric of Moray[539]. "Alexandro Comyne comite de Bochane iusticiario Scocie, Fergusi fratre eius, Malcolmo de Moravia tunc vicecomite de Perth…Ranulpho de Laceles…Willielmo de Moravia filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia, Duncano filii Fergusii, Lorne fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated to [1270/82] under which Malise Earl of Strathearn granted property to "domino Malisio de Logy, filio quondam domini Malisii senescalli de Stratherene"[540]. "Malcolmo de Moravia miles" donated "terram meam de Beth occidentali" held "de domino Alex de Moravia tenui herediarie" to Dunfermline by charter dated 20 Jul 1274[541]. Alexander III King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "terra de Beth occidentali" made to Dunfermline by "Malcomo de Moravia miles…de Alex de Moravia milite" by charter dated 10 Mar 1277[542]. m ---. The name of Malcolm´s wife is not known. Malcolm & his wife had two children:

a) JOHN de Moray (-after 29 Oct 1289). "Johannes de Moravia filius domini Malcolmi de Moravia" donated lands in Perth to Balmerino Abbey by charter dated 29 Oct 1289 witnessed by "domino Alexandro Comyn, Willelmo de Moravia herede meo…"[543].

b) WILLIAM de Moray (-after 24 May 1297). "Alexandro Comyne comite de Bochane iusticiario Scocie, Fergusi fratre eius, Malcolmo de Moravia tunc vicecomite de Perth…Ranulpho de Laceles…Willielmo de Moravia filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia, Duncano filii Fergusii, Lorne fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated to [1270/82] under which Malise Earl of Strathearn granted property to "domino Malisio de Logy, filio quondam domini Malisii senescalli de Stratherene"[544]. "Muriella quondam filia Coneuall filii Duncani" confirmed the donation of "terram meam de Tulibardyn" made to the bishopric of Moray by "domino Willelmo de Moravia militi filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia militis…et Ade filie mee sponse dicti domini Willelmi de Moravia" by charter dated Oct 1284[545]. m ADA, daughter of Sir MALISE Seneschal of Strathearn & his wife Muriel --- (-after Oct 1284). "Muriella quondam filia Coneuall filii Duncani" confirmed the donation of "terram meam de Tulibardyn" made to the bishopric of Moray by "domino Willelmo de Moravia militi filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia militis…et Ade filie mee sponse dicti domini Willelmi de Moravia" by charter dated Oct 1284[546]. m ---. The name of William´s wife is not known. William & his wife had one child:

i) ANDREW de Moray (-executed [7] Oct 1332). "Andreas de Moravia de Tulybardyn" donated "unius marce annui redditus" from his lands to Inchaffrary by charter dated 16 Dec 1329[547]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Andreas de Tullibardin" was captured when Perth was captured from King Edward Balliol "Non Oct" in 1332 and executed[548]. m ---. The name of Andrew´s wife is not known. Andrew & his wife had one child:

(a) WILLIAM de Moray (-[10 Nov 1358/3 Dec 1362]). "Malisius comes Strathern" confirmed "terram de Tulibardy…infra comitatum nostrum de Strathern que fuit domine Ade de Moravia sponsa quondam domini Willelmi de Moravia de Tulibardy militis" to "Willelmo de Moravia filio Andree de Moravia de Tulibardy" by undated charter, witnessed by "…domino Johanne de Moravia de Dromfergarth…"[549]. m MARGARET, daughter of --- (-after Nov 1358). "Walterus de Moravia dominus de Tulybardy" donated "terras meas de Stratherne…Tulybardy, Nethyr, Gask, Dalreaghy, Aldy…" to "dilectam meam Margaretam…in libera dote", with the consent of "domini mei domini Roberti Sen. Scocie tunc comitis de Stratherni", by charter dated 10 Nov 1358[550]. William & his wife had [one child]:

(1) [WALTER de Moray (-[1390]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. David II King of Scotland confirmed the grant by "nepos nostri Roberti senescall Scocie comes de Stratherne" of "terris de Tolibardyne, Petver, Aldy, Dundovane…" to "Waltero de Moravia de Tolibardyne", by charter dated 3 Dec 1362[551].] m MARGARET le Barde, daughter of --- (-1412 or after).

- MURRAY FAMILY of TULLIBARDINE, later EARLS, DUKES of ATHOLL[552].

(b) MARGARET Moray . Robertson indexes a charter from David II King of Scotland which records a grant "of the thanedom of Collie…[which] was Alexander Frazer´s his father´s" to "William Frazer and Margaret Murray his spouse"[553]. m WILLIAM Fraser, son of ALEXANDER Fraser & his wife Mary Bruce (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346).

2. JOHN de Moray of Drumsagard, co. Lanark . He was presumably related to the Moray family of Tullibardine, as shown by the undated charter under which "Malisius comes Strathern" confirmed "terram de Tulibardy…infra comitatum nostrum de Strathern que fuit domine Ade de Moravia sponsa quondam domini Willelmi de Moravia de Tulibardy militis" to "Willelmo de Moravia filio Andree de Moravia de Tulibardy", witnessed by "…domino Johanne de Moravia de Dromfergarth…"[554], but the precise relationship has not yet been ascertained. "Malisius comes Strathern" granted "terram de Abbercarny…que fuit Roberti filii Magni dicti de Strathern" to "Johanni de Moravia de Dromsygart…[et] heredibus suis de Maria filia nostra" by undated charter[555].

- EARLS of STRATHERN.

C. EARLS of MORAY (RANDOLPH)

1. RANDOLPH . m ---. The name of Randolph´s wife is not known. Randolph & his wife had one child:

a) THOMAS (-after 3 Feb 1231). "…Thoma filio Randulfi…" witnessed the charter dated 3 Feb 1231 under which Alexander II King of Scotland founded Balmerino Abbey[556].

2. THOMAS Randolph of Strathdon, son of --- . He was present at John Balliol's homage to Edward I King of England in 1292[557]. Chamberlain of Scotland. m --- Bruce, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 12 Apr 1316 under which Robert I King of Scotland granted annual revenue from the farms of Perth to Perth Blackfriars witnessed by "…Thoma Randulph comite Moraviæ nepote nostro…"[558]. Thomas Randolph & his wife had three children:

a) THOMAS Randolph (-Musselburgh 20 Jul 1332). He was present with his father at John Balliol's homage to Edward I King of England in 1292, but rebelled with Robert Bruce. Barbour´s The Brus records "Schir Thomas Randol…Shir Alexander Fraser and Schir David the Berclay…and Hew de la Hay" amolng those who were taken prisoner at the battle of Methven in 1306[559]. He was created Earl of Moray [12 Apr/29 Oct] 1312. "…Thoma Randulph comite Moraviæ nepote nostro…" witnessed the charter dated 12 Apr 1316 under which Robert I King of Scotland granted annual revenue from the farms of Perth to Perth Blackfriars[560]. He captured Edinburgh Castle from the English in Mar 1314 and commanded the left wing at the battle of Bannockburn 24 Jun 1314. He took part in Edward Bruce's invasion of Ireland 1315-1317, and captured Berwick by surprise in 1318. He became Regent of Scotland for David II King of Scotland in 1329[561]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "XIII Kal Aug" in 1332 of "Thomas Ranulphi comes Moraviæ et custos Scotiæ"[562]. m ISABEL Stewart Lady of Gailies, daughter of JOHN Stewart of Bonkyl & his wife Margaret Bonkyl (-after 16 Jul 1351). Earl Thomas & his wife had four children:

i) THOMAS Randolph (-killed in battle 12 Aug 1332). John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Johannem Stewart comitem Angusiæ, Thomam Ranulphi filium et heredum recolendæ memoriæ D. Thomas comitis Moraviæ" were knighted in 1331[563]. He succeeded his father in 1332 as Earl of Moray. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Thomas Randulphi junior, comes Moraviæ…" were killed at Duplin Moor 11 Aug 1332 fighting Edward Balliol[564].

ii) JOHN Randolph (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346). He succeeded his brother in 1332 as Earl of Moray. He was made Regent for David II King of Scotland in [1333], jointly with Robert Stewart, but was captured in Aug 1335 and kept in captivity by the English until early 1342 when he was exchanged for the Earl of Salisbury[565]. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Johannes Ranulphi comes Moraviæ ac etiam comes de Strathern constabularius Scotiæ…David filius et heres David de Lindsay…Willelmus Fraser…" were killed at Durham 17 Oct 1346[566]. m as her first husband, EUPHEME of Ross, daughter of HUGH Earl of Ross & his second wife Margaret Graham. She married secondly (Papal dispensation 2 May 1355) as his second wife, Robert Stewart Earl of Atholl, who later succeeded as Robert II King of Scotland. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Roberti Stivardi Senescalli Scocie" and "Eufemie comitisse Moravie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Moravie", issued by Pope Innocent VI, is dated 2 May "anno tertio" (1355)[567].

iii) AGNES Randolph (-after 24 May 1367). She was co-heiress of her brother in 1346. m (after Sep 1320) as his second wife, PATRICK Dunbar Earl of Dunbar, son of PATRICK Dunbar 7^th Earl of Dunbar & his wife Marjorie Comyn ([1285]-11 Nov 1368).

iv) ISABEL Randolph . She was co-heiress of her brother in 1346. Her issue became sole heirs after the death of her older sister Agnes Ctss of Dunbar without surviving issue in [1367]. m Sir PATRICK Dunbar of Dunbar, son of Sir ALEXANDER Dunbar & his wife --- (-Candia, Crete [Oct/Dec] 1356).

b) NICHOLAS Randolph . A charter dated 16 May 1296 names "…Nicholas Randolf son of Thomas Randolf…" among those captured at Dunbar castle (27 Apr 1296[568]) and sent to the Tower of London[569].

c) daughter . Balfour Paul´s Scots Peerage states that "Sir William Murray…said to be the first of this family" married "the sister of Thomas Randolph Earl of Moray"[570]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by an undated charter under which "Thomas Randolph Earl of Moray" granted land "de Cumlungan et de Ryvel in Valle Anandie" to "Willelmo de Moravia nepoti nostro…Patricium fratrem suum"[571]. m Sir WILLIAM Murray, son of ---.

D. EARLS of MORAY (DUNBAR)

JOHN Dunbar, son of Sir PATRICK Dunbar & his wife Isabel Randolph of Moray (-before 15 Feb 1392). He was created Earl of Moray by his father-in-law Robert II King of Scotland 9 Mar 1372. He was chief of the commission which met the English in Ayton church, near Berwick, in Jul 1384 to arrange truce terms[572].

m (Papal dispensation 11 Jul 1370) as her first husband, Lady MARJORIE Stewart, daughter of ROBERT II King of Scotland & his first wife Elizabeth Mure (-after 6 May 1417). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Johannis de Dovibar" and "Mariorie Senescalli", issued by Pope Urban V, is dated 11 Jul 1370[573]. She married secondly (before 24 Apr 1403) Sir Alexander Keith of Grandown.

Earl John & his wife had three children:

1. THOMAS Dunbar (-after early 1415). Sheriff of Inverness. He succeeded his father as 2^nd Earl of Moray before 15 Feb 1392, when he was declared himself as such in an exchange of lands which names both his parents and his wife. He was taken prisoner by the English at the battle of Homildon Hill in 1402[574]. m (before Feb 1392) MARGARET, daughter of --- (-before Jan 1422). Earl Thomas & his wife had three children:

a) THOMAS Dunbar (-[1427/29]). He succeeded his father after early 1415 as 3^rd Earl of Moray. [575]Betrothed (1415) to EUPHEME Leslie Ctss of Ross, daughter of ALEXANDER Leslie Earl of Ross & his wife Isabel Stewart of Albany. m MARGARET Seton, daughter of Sir WILLIAM Seton of Seton or of WILLIAM Seton 1^st Lord Seton (-before 1471). She married secondly (before 1447) Sir John Ogilvy of Lintrathen.

b) JAMES Dunbar (-[10 Aug 1429]). He succeeded his cousin in [1427] as 4^th Earl of Moray. m [KATHERINE or JANET] Seton, daughter of Sir ALEXANDER Seton of Gordon & his wife ---. Mistress (1): [576][ISOBEL of Innes]. Earl James & his wife had two children:

i) Lady JANET Dunbar (-[18 Mar 1494/1506]). She succeeded her father in Frendraught. After the death of her first husband, she continued to style herself Ctss of Moray despite the earldom being conferred on David Stewart, son of James II King of Scotland, in Feb 1456[577]. She resigned the Barony of Frendraught to her grandson Sir James Crichton in 1493[578]. m firstly ([1442/46]) JAMES Crichton, son of WILLIAM Crichton 1^st Lord Crichton & his wife Agnes --- (-Dunbar Aug 1454). He was installed as Earl of Moray 12 Jun 1452 after the rebellion of his brother-in-law Archibald Douglas Earl of Moray[579]. He succeeded his father in 1454 as 2^nd Lord Crichton. m secondly (before 17 Jan 1459) JOHN Sutherland, son of ---.

ii) Lady ELIZABETH Dunbar (-before 17 Feb 1486). m firstly ([Aug 1434/26 Apr 1442]) ARCHIBALD Douglas, son of JAMES Douglas 7^th Earl of Douglas & his [second] wife Beatrice Sinclair of Orkney (-killed Arkinholm 1 May 1455). He was installed in parliament as Earl of Moray 3 Jul 1445, a reflection of the power of the Douglas family rather than his wife's hereditary right. He rebelled against the king following the murder of his brother William Earl of Douglas. He was attainted posthumously and his assets and title declared forfeited[580]. [581]m secondly (contract 20 May 1455, divorced before 10 Mar 1460) as his first wife, GEORGE Gordon Master of Huntly, son of ALEXANDER Seton [later Gordon] Earl of Huntly & his second wife Lady Elizabeth Crichton (-Stirling [8] Jun 1501, bur Cambuskenneth). He succeeded his father in 1470 as 2^nd Earl of Huntly. [582]m thirdly ([1462]) as his second wife, Sir JOHN Colquhoun of Luss, son of MALCOLM Colquhoun & his wife --- (-[1478/79]).

Earl James had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

iii) Sir ALEXANDER Dunbar of Westfield, Morayshire (-10 Mar 1498). He inherited Carnoustie and Cluny from his father Hereditary Sheriff of Moray. [583]m (contract 3 Jan 1452) ISOBEL Sutherland, daughter of ALEXANDER Sutherland of Duffus & his wife Muriel Chisholm. Their descendants are set out in Burke's Peerage, Dunbar of Mochrum, baronetcy created 29 Mar 1694[584].

c) [585]JANET Dunbar . m HUGH Fraser 8^th of Lovat, son of HUGH Fraser 6^th of Lovat & his first wife Janet de Fenton of Beaufort ([1417]-[1450]).

2. [586]ALEXANDER Dunbar of Frendraught .

Chapter 7. STRATHEARN

Strathearn was, with Menteith, one of the seven original provinces of Scotland in the 9th century. It covered what was later the southern part of the county of Perth. Nothing is known of the Mormaers of Strathearn until the early 12th century when Mallus [Malise] was one of the six signatories of the [1114/15] charter of Scone who signed as "comes".

A. MORMAER and EARLS of STRATHEARN

1. MALLUS [Malise], son of --- (-after 14 Jun 1141). Mormaer of Strathearn. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[587]. "…Mallus comes…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[588]. "…Malis comite…" witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[589]. "…Malise comes…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of Dunfermline[590]. "…Malis comite…" witnessed a charter dated 1130 by which "David…Rex Scottorum" confirmed the shire of Kirkcaldy to the church of Dunfermline[591]. m ---. The name of Mallus´s wife is not known. Mallus & his wife had one child:

a) FERTETH [Ferquhard] (-before Dec 1170). He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn. John of Fordun´s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "sex comites, Ferchard…comes de Strathern et alii quinque" conspired against King Malcolm IV after the accession of Henry II King of England[592]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the death in 1171 of "Ferchet earl of Strathern"[593]. m (before 1150) ETHEN, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1198] under which her son "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen"[594]. Ferteth & his wife had two children:

i) GILBERT ([1150 or before]-1223). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1198] under which "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen"[595]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn.

- see below.

ii) MALISE (after [1150]-after [1211]). "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[596]. "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[597]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[598]. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[599]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[600]. "…Malisio filio comitis Fertheth, W. Olifart…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scocie" donated "Culsamuel et…Munkegyn" to Lindores Abbey[601]. "Malisius filius comitis Fertheth frater comitis Gilberti de Strathern" donated "Rathangothen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee filie comitis David", by undated charter, witnessed by "Waltero Olifard, David de Lindeseia…David Olifard…"[602]. "…M. fratre meo, M. comitissa, Roberto filio et herede meo et aliis filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated 1210 under which "G. comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Beani de Foulis" to Inchaffray Abbey[603]. "G. comite, Malisio fratre eius, Roberto filio comitis, Fergus fratre eius…" subscribed the charter dated to [1211] under which confirms the donation by "G. comitis de Strathern" of "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberrotheuin" to Inchaffray Abbey[604]. m ADA, daughter of DAVID of Scotland Earl of Huntingdon & his [first wife ---]. The undated charter, dated to before 1203 from the names of the subscribers, under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey refers to land "in villa de Neutile" donated by "Ada filia mea, uxor Malisii filii comitis Fertheth"[605]. "Malisius filius comitis Fertheth frater comitis Gilberti de Strathern" donated "Rathangothen" to Lindores Abbey, for the soul of "uxoris mee filie comitis David", by undated charter, witnessed by "Waltero Olifard, David de Lindeseia…David Olifard…"[606]. "Ada filia comitis David uxor Malisii filii comitis Fertheth" donated land "in villa de Balemagh" to Lindores Abbey by undated charter[607]. Malise & his wife had [two] children (there is no direct proof that the father of these two children was the brother of Earl Gilbert, but the proximity of their names in the charter subscriptions quoted below suggests that this might be the case):

(a) [DUNCAN (-after 1223). "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[608]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[609]. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[610]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Doncano filio Malisi…" subscribed the charter dated 1218 under which confirms the donation by "Gillebertus comes de Strathern" donated "Maresii" to Inchaffray Abbey[611]. "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[612]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[613]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[614]. ]

(b) [GILLETHOMA (-after 1223). "…Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto filiis meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii…" subscribed the charter dated 1219 under which "Gillebertus comes de Stratheren" donated numerous properties to Inchaffray Abbey[615]. "Robertus filius Gilleberti comitis" confirmed donations of numerous churches to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], subscribed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Dunecano et Gilletoma filiis Malisii…"[616]. "Robertus comes de Stratheren" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1223/24], witnessed by "…Fergus, Malisio, Gilleberto fratribus meis…Donecano et Gillethoma filiis Malisii"[617]. ]

GILBERT of Strathearn, son of FERTETH Earl of Strathearn & his wife Ethen --- ([1150 or before]-1223). "…Comite Duncano, Gillebrid comite de Anegus, M. comite de Ethoel, Gillecrist comite de Meneteth, Gillberto filio comitis Ferteth, Merlefwano Adam filio comitis de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated 1164 under which "Malcolmus rex Scottorum" confirmed the foundation of Scone abbey[618]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Strathearn. "…Gillebto comite de Stradtherin…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to after [1170], under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Sconin" to St Andrew´s priory[619]. "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[620]. "Gilbertus comes de Stratheryn" donated property "apud Fowlis" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1195], witnessed by "Matildis comitissa de Stratheryn, Gilbertus filius comitis Gilberti…"[621]. "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[622]. "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[623]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Gilbertus comes de Stratherne" divided his county in three equal parts, between the bishopric of Dunblane, the canons of Inchaffray, and keeping the third part for himself and his heirs[624]. "…Gilberto comite de Strathern…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Comes David frater regis Scottorum" founded Lindores Abbey[625]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis", the dating clause of which refers to "ad obitu prenominati filii nostri Gillecrist anno secundo, obiit autem III Non Oct", witnessed by "…Robertus de Quinci, Seierus de Quinci, Malisius frater comitis, Willelmus, Ferthead et Robertus filii comitis…Dunecanus filius Malisii…"[626]. The prominent position accorded in the list of subscribers to this charter to the members of the Quincy family (see the document ENGLAND EARLS 1207-1466) suggests a close connection with the family of the earls of Strathearn, which has not yet been explained. "Rogerius de Quinci" confirmed donations of land "in territorio de Gasc", where the men of "domini patris mei comitis Wintonie" pastured animals, to Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1220], witnessed by "Gilberto comite de Stratherne, Roberto et Fergus filiis suis…"[627]. "Ysenda sponsa comitis Gilleberti de Strathern" donated land "in villa mea de Abercharni", over which "…domino Ricardo milite et Galfrido de Gasc fratribus meis…" had rights of passage, by charter dated to [1221/23], confirmed by "comes dominus meus"[628]. "Robertus filius Gilberti comitis de Stratheryn" confirmed possessions of Inchaffray Abbey by charter dated to [1221/23][629]. These last two documents suggest that Earl Gilbert may have been incapacitated in some way towards the end of his life and handed control of affairs to his second wife and his son.

m firstly MATILDA de Albini, daughter of WILLIAM de Albini ["Brito"] & his wife [Matilda de Senlis] (-after 1210). "Gilbertus comes de Stratheryn" donated property "apud Fowlis" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1195], witnessed by "Matildis comitissa de Stratheryn, Gilbertus filius comitis Gilberti…"[630]. "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"[631]. "Gilebertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam de Madernin" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1199], witnessed by "Malisio fratre meo, Mathilde comitissa, Willelmo et Ferthed et Roberto filiis meis…"[632]. A charter dated 1200 records the foundation of Inchaffray Abbey by "Gilbertus filius Ferthead…comes de Stradern et…Matilidis filia Willelmi de Aubengni comitissa", for the soul of "Gillecrist primogeniti nostri ibidem quiescentis"[633]. No more precise information has been found about the parentage of Matilda, first wife of Gilbert Earl of Strathearn. From a chronological point of view, it is possible that "Willelmi de Aubengni" was William de Albini Brito, who died in 1168. If this is correct, Matilda must have been born not long before her father´s death as she gave birth to her last child after Oct 1198. It appears that William, son of William who died in 1168, would have been too young to have been Matilda´s father. "…M. comitissa de Stratherr, Malisio fratre comitis, Ferthet filio comitis, Matilda filia comitis…Dunecano filio Malihs…" subscribed the charter dated to [1200] under which "Gilbertus comes de Stratheren" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[634]. "…Malisio fratre comitis, Matilda comissa…Willelmo, Fertet, Roberto, Fergus, Malisio, Gillecrist filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated to [1203/08] under which "Gilebertus comes de Stradhern" donated property to Inchaffray Abbey[635]. "…M. fratre meo, M. comitissa, Roberto filio et herede meo et aliis filiis meis…" subscribed the charter dated 1210 under which "G. comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Beani de Foulis" to Inchaffray Abbey[636].

m secondly YSENDE of Gask, sister of Sir RICHARD and GEOFFREY of Gask, daughter of ---. "Ysenda sponsa comitis Gilleberti de Strathern" donated land "in villa mea de Abercharni", over which "…domino Ricardo milite et Galfrido de Gasc fratribus meis…" had rights of passage, by charter dated to [1221/23], confirmed by "comes dominus meus"[637].

Earl Gilbert & his first wife had [ten] children:

1. GILCHRIST (-5 Oct 1198, bur Inchaffray Abbey). "Gilbertus comes de Stratheryn" donated property "apud Fowlis" to Inchaffray by charter dated to [1195], witnessed by "Matildis comitissa de Stratheryn, Gilbertus filius comitis Gilberti…"[638]. The following charters suggest that "Gilbertus filius comitis" in this document was an error for "Gillecrist filius…", particularly the 1200 charter which refers to Gilchrist as "primogeniti nostri". "Gilbertus comes de Strathern" donated "ecclesiam sancti Cathani de Aberruadeuien" to Inchaffray, for the souls of "pater meus Ferthet et mater mea Ethen", by charter dated to [1198], witnessed by "Malis fratre comitis, Gillecrist filio comitis…Dunecano filio Malisii, Maulde comitissa de Strathern…"