Sicily was held by the Byzantines in the 8th century but was conquered by the North African Aghlabids, who captured Palermo, followed by Messina in 842, and Syracuse in 878[1]. During the succeeding hundred years or so, the Muslim conquerors threatened continental southern Italy with their raids and even established some permanent settlements, at Garigliano, Agropoli and Bari. However, by the early 11th century, the Muslims had lost all their territory in Southern Italy, although they still held Sicily[2]. On the other hand, Byzantium then controlled the whole of Puglia, the land of Otranto, and the major part of Calabria. A Papal bull dated 1024, organising the ecclesiastical province of Canosa-Bari, shows that the Byzantines held Bari, Canosa, Meduno, Giovenazzo, Melfi, Rubo, Trani, Canne, Minervino, Aquatecta, Montemelo, Lavello, Cisterna, Bitalbi, Salpi, Conversano, Polignano, and Ecatera at that date[3]. Two charters dated 1003 and 1005 show that Venosa was held by the Byzantines[4]. Liutprand, describing the province of Otranto, shows Otranto, Turcico, Gravina, Matera and Tricarico as Byzantine possessions[5]. Taranto, Brindisi and Acerenza were also Byzantine territory in the early 11th century[6]. At that time, the Lombard principalities and duchies of Benevento, Salerno, Capua, Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta still existed in southern Italy, see the document SOUTHERN ITALY (1), but in a weakened state.

The first rebellion against the Byzantine rulers in southern Italy was led by Melus in [1009/10]. He was defeated in [1017] and sought help from Emperor Heinrich II, who created him duke of Apulia but does not appear to have intervened at that time with practical help. The family of Melus is shown in Chapter 1 of the present document. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis and Amatus both record the arrival in southern Italy around the same time from Normandy of five brothers, Gilbert, Rainulf, Asclettin, Osmond and Rodolphe, who supported Melus in his rebellion[7]. The family of these brothers in shown in the sub-chapter dealing with the Conti di Aversa, in the province of Campania, in the document SOUTHERN ITALY (2). Their expedition represented the first intervention of the Normans in the affairs of southern Italy. Orderic Vitalis records that one of the brothers, Osmond, was the first Norman to settle there and that he was granted "oppidum" by "principe Beneventanorum", although his report is a little garbled on points of detail[8].

A second wave of arrivals from Normandy in the mid-1030s included the sons of Tancred de Hauteville who emerged as leaders of the Norman immigrants. Tancred´s son, Guillaume, was elected count in Sep 1042[9], but at that stage he was vassal of Guaimar IV Principe di Salerno, who is accorded the title "Duke of Apulia and Calabria" in charters dated between Jan 1043 and 1047[10]. His county developed into the county of Apulia, which was elevated to the status of a duchy by the Pope in 1059. The Normans, from their base in Apulia, extended their rule and carved out a new country for themselves. Their conquest of Sicily was completed by 1091, and in 1127 the duchy of Apulia and county of Sicily were combined under the rule of Count Roger II who, in 1130, was able to pressure the pope to invest him as king.

The emergence of the kingdom of Sicily as a new power in the 12th century changed the diplomatic balance of the European medieval world. It was seen by the declining empire of Byzantium as a significant threat to its security, and by the Pope as a useful counterbalance to the troublesome kings of Germany.

Chapter 1. DUKE of APULIA

MELUS 1017-1019

1. MELUS [Melo] (-Bamberg 23 Apr 1020, bur Bamberg). The Annales Barenses record that "Longobardia cum Mele" rebelled in 1010, captured "Curcua" (Kourkouas, Byzantine katepan) 9 May, made war "in Betete" {Bitetto, near Bari} where many Barenses were killed, adding that "Ismael" made war against the Greeks "in Monte Peluso" where Pasiano fell[11]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "rebellio" started in May 1009, without mentioning the leaders, adds that the Muslims captured Cosenza in the same year, that "Curcus" died in 1010 and "Basilius catepanus Marsedonici" arrived in Mar 1010[12]. The Chronicon Barensi records that "Ismaël" made war "in Monte Pelusio" with the Greeks in 1011 and captured "Pasiano"[13]. Cedrenus records that "Basilium Argyrum Sami et Contoleonem Cephalleniæ præfectos" were defeated by "Meles" whom Emperor Basileios had sent them to attack in southern Italy[14]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Melus…Barensium civium immo totius Apuliæ primus…cum Dato…ipsiusque Meli cognato" rebelled against the Greeks[15]. The Annales Barenses record that "catepano Basilio cognomento Sardonti" besieged Bari in Apr 1013 for 61 days before the town surrendered[16]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that the Norman brothers "Giselbertus…[cum] quatuor fratribus suis, Rainulfo, Asclittino, Osmundo, atque Rodulfo" arrived in Capua where they joined "Melus", dated to [1015/16] from the context[17]. Amatus records that the brothers "Gilbert…Rainulf, Asclettin, Osmund and Rodulf" went to Capua “where they found a man of Apulia named Melus, who had fled there because he had rebelled against the emperor of Constantinople” with whom they crossed into Apulia and helped fight the Greeks, placing Melus “on the throne of his honor because of the strength of the Normans”[18]. It is unclear whether this passage means that Melus was recognised from that time as duke of Apulia, a title later granted to him by Emperor Heinrich II. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Turnichi catepani" fought "cum Mele et Normannis Leo Patiano exubitus" in 1017, and 22 Jun of the same year defeated "Melem et Normannos" when "Patiano" died[19]. Amatus records that Melus "went to the court of the [German] emperor to beg for aid" but died soon after and was buried “in the church of Bamberg”[20]. It is assumed that it was some time during his visit to Germany that Emperor Heinrich II created him Duke of Apulia, a title which is attributed to Melus in later German sources (see below) but which he could never have used in Southern Italy as he died while still in Germany. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Mel cum aliquantis Francis" fled "ad Enerichum imperatorem" in 1019, and that "Melis dux Apuliæ" died in 1020[21]. The Notæ Sepulcrales Babenbergenses record that "Ysmahel, quem sanctus Heinricus constituit ducem Apullie" was buried in Bamberg[22]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" commanded on the request of "Argiro" that no other burials take place in the grave of "patris sui…Ismahel ducis Apulie qui et Melo vocabatur" at Bamberg, by charter dated 29 May 1054[23]. m ---. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that, after the recapture of Bari (dated to mid-1013 in the Annales Barenses, see above[24]), the Byzantines captured "uxorem ipsius Maraldam [=Melus] et filium Argyro" and sent them to the emperor in Constantinople[25]. The name of Melus's wife is not known. However, the name attributed to Melus's son suggests that she may have been --- Argyre, daughter of ---. Melus & his wife had [three] children:

a) [--- Argyros (-Constantinople 1034). Lupus Protospatarius records the death at Constantinople in 1034 of "Argiro Barensis"[26]. No other record has been found of this person. It is not known whether he was an older son of Melus. If that was the case, he presumably made peace with the Byzantines as the source makes no reference to his dying in captivity.]

a) ARGIRO (-after 1057). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that, after the recapture of Bari (dated to mid-1013 in the Annales Barenses, see above[27]), the Byzantines captured "uxorem ipsius Maraldam [=Melus] et filium Argyro" and sent them to the emperor in Constantinople[28]. It is assumed that "Argiro" was originally a family name, maybe inherited from his mother as suggested above. The Annales Barensis record that Byzantine forces with "Argiro filio Meli" arrived in Bari in 1040[29]. Prince of Bari. The Annales Barensis record that "Normanni et cives Barisani" chose "Argiro, qui et Meli" as their "principem et seniorem" in Feb 1042[30]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Argiro" was made "Barensis princeps et dux Italiæ" in Feb 1042[31]. Amatus records that "when the Normans had lost their faithless leader [Atenulf, brother of Pandulf VI Prince of Benevento], they turned to Argyrus son of Melus…and they elected him their prince", dated to [1041] from the context, but also records that "Argyrus spoiled the victory [at Trani] by his folly, for he opposed the victorious wrath of the Normans"[32]. Argyros´s leadership over the Normans must have been short-lived as the next passage in Amatus records their choice of Guillaume, son of Tancred d´Hauteville, as their leader, dated to early 1042. Patrikios, katepan: the Annales Barensis record that "Argiro" defected to the Byzantines and was granted "patriciatus an cathepanatus vel vestati honoribus" in 1042[33]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Argyrus Bariensis imperialis catapanus et dux Græcorum" defeated the Normans at Taranto in 1045[34]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Argiro patricius" left for Constantinople in 1046[35]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Argiro magister vesti et dux Italiæ, filius Melis" left Bari in Mar 1051, and defeated "Romoaldus…et Petri fratres" who were sent in chains to Constantinople[36]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Argyro catapano Græcorum" was defeated by the Normans and forced to flee near Taranto in 1052[37]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" commanded on the request of "Argiro" that no other burials take place in the grave of "patris sui…Ismahel ducis Apulie qui et Melo vocabatur" at Bamberg, by charter dated 29 May 1054[38]. The Chronicon Farfense records that "Argiro…magister vestis et dux Italie, Calabrie, Sicilie, Paflagonie, qui et Melis" granted letters to Farfa dated 1057[39]. The Anonymi Barensis Chronicon records that Argyros died as proedros[40].

b) [IOANNACUS . No reference to Ioannacus has been found apart from the entry for his son (see below), whose name suggests a connection with the family of Melus. If this is correct, it is possible that he was the same person as Melus´s son "Argyros" named above.] m ---. The name of Ioannacus´s wife is not known. Ioannacus & his wife had one child:

i) --- Argyros (-after 1079). Lupus Protospatarius records that "Argirichi, filii Ioannaci" killed "Bisantius cognomento Guirdeliku in Baro"[41]. [m ---.] [Two] children:

(a) daughter . The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Argiricius" married his daughter to "Abagelardus, filius Unfredi"[42]. m (after 3 Feb 1079) ABELARD, son of ONFROI Conte di Apulia & his wife --- di Salerno (-Constantinople after 1082).

(b) [JACINTA [Jakvinta] (-Constantinople after 1115). Du Cange states that "Jacinthæ…Archyrizzi nobilis filiam" was the wife of Konstantin Bodin but the primary source which he cites has not yet been traced[43]. She was the daughter of the leader of the pro-Norman party in Bari, Apulia[44]. She ordered the capture of her husband's first cousin Branislav in [1093/95], anxious to safeguard the rights of her children over Branislav's family in case her husband died. It is likely that these events took place during King Konstantin's imprisonment by the Byzantines[45]. She poisoned Vladimir King of Duklja in [1114], installing her son Djordje as king in his place. When the latter was deposed in [1118], Jakvinta was arrested and sent to Constantinople where she died[46]. m (Apr 1081[47]) KONSTANTIN BODIN King of Duklja, son of MIHAILO King of Duklja & his wife --- (-[1101/08]).]

2. [daughter . It is not certain that Datus was married to a sister of Melus. It would also be consistent with Amatus´s text (see below) if he had been the brother of Melus´s wife.] m DATO, son of ---. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Melus…Barensium civium immo totius Apuliæ primus…cum Dato…ipsiusque Meli cognato" rebelled against the Greeks[48]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that, after the recapture of Bari (dated to mid-1013 in the Annales Barenses, see above[49]), "Dattus" fled to the abbey of Montecassino, and from thence to Pope Benedict VIII who granted him "turre de Gariliano"[50]. Amatus records that Melus "had a brother-in-law called Dattus" who “on the order of the Pope…was given the tower of Garigliano near the river [in Capua]” but was attacked by “Pandulf [of Capua]” who handed him to the Greeks who drowned him at sea[51]. Dato & his wife had three children:

a) STEFANO (-after 1022). Amatus records that Emperor Heinrich II gave "the territory called Comino and its castello" to “Melus´s…nephews” together with the support of “Turstain and twenty four Normans”[52]. Conte di Comino. Chalandon identifies these Normans as "Gilbert, Osmond, Asclettin, Toustain le Bègue, Gautier de Canisy et Hugues Falluca"[53]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Stephano autem, Melo et Petro nepotibus præfati Melo" were granted "comitatum Cominensis" (by Emperor Heinrich II) together with "in auxilium Normannos, Giselbertum, Gosmannum, Stigandum, Torstainum balbum, Gualterium de Canosa et Ugonem Falluccam, cum aliis decem et octo", dated to [1022] from the context[54]. Chalandon identifies these Normans as "Gilbert, Osmond, Asclettin, Toustain le Bègue, Gautier de Canisy et Hugues Falluca"[55].

b) MELO (-after 1022). Amatus records that Emperor Heinrich II gave "the territory called Comino and its castello" to “Melus´s…nephews” together with the support of “Turstain and twenty four Normans”[56]. Conte di Comino. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Stephano autem, Melo et Petro nepotibus præfati Melo" were granted "comitatum Cominensis" (by Emperor Heinrich II) together with "in auxilium Normannos, Giselbertum, Gosmannum, Stigandum, Torstainum balbum, Gualterium de Canosa et Ugonem Falluccam, cum aliis decem et octo", dated to [1022] from the context[57]. Chalandon identifies these Normans as "Gilbert, Osmond, Asclettin, Toustain le Bègue, Gautier de Canisy et Hugues Falluca"[58].

c) PIETRO (-after 1022). Amatus records that Emperor Heinrich II gave "the territory called Comino and its castello" to “Melus´s…nephews” together with the support of “Turstain and twenty four Normans”[59]. Conte di Comino. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Stephano autem, Melo et Petro nepotibus præfati Melo" were granted "comitatum Cominensis" (by Emperor Heinrich II) together with "in auxilium Normannos, Giselbertum, Gosmannum, Stigandum, Torstainum balbum, Gualterium de Canosa et Ugonem Falluccam, cum aliis decem et octo", dated to [1022] from the context[60]. Chalandon identifies these Normans as "Gilbert, Osmond, Asclettin, Toustain le Bègue, Gautier de Canisy et Hugues Falluca"[61].

1. ISMAEL . The Annales Barenses record that "Longobardia cum Mele" rebelled in 1010, captured "Curcua" 9 May, made war "in Betete" where many Barenses were killed, adding that "Ismael" made war against the Greeks "in Monte Peluso" where Pasiano fell[62]. This passage suggests that "Ismael" was not the same person as Melus. It seems surprising that Ismael, a Muslim name, could be confused with the Lombard Melus. Two passages in German sources appear to conflate the two individuals: the Notæ Sepulcrales Babenbergenses record that "Ysmahel, quem sanctus Heinricus constituit ducem Apullie" was buried in Bamburg[63], and "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" commanded on the request of "Argiro" that no other burials take place in the grave of "patris sui…Ismahel ducis Apulie qui et Melo vocabatur" at Bamberg, by charter dated 29 May 1054[64].

Chapter 2. COUNTS and DUKES of APULIA, COUNTS and KINGS of SICILY (NORMANS)

A. COUNTS of APULIA 1042-1059, DUKES of APULIA 1059-1127 (FAMILY of TANCRED de HAUTEVILLE)

Counts of Apulia: GUILLAUME 1042-1046, DROGO 1046-1051, ONFROI 1051-1057, ROBERT 1057-1059

TANCRED de Hauteville ([980/90]-[1041]). Contemporary sources are contradictory concerning Tancred's origin, varying from "of quite distinguished family" in Malaterra[65] to "of obscure origin" in the Alexeiad[66]. He is described as "one of the household of the count of the Normans Richard II" by Geoffrey Malaterra, who recounts a colourful story of Tancred having killed a boar which had been flushed out by the count during a hunting expedition[67]. Hereditary seigneur de Hauteville-le-Guichard, near Coutances, Normandy[68]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Tancred was "a native of the Cotentin"[69].

m firstly MORIELLA, daughter of ---. Malaterra names "Moriellam" as the first wife of Tancred[70]. A myth, not based on any evidence, emerged in the 16th century to the effect that both wives of Tancred de Hauteville were daughters of Richard I Duke of Normandy [71].

m secondly FRESSENDA, daughter of --- (-bur Church of St Eufemia, near Lampetia[72]). Malaterra names "Fresendis" as the second wife of Tancred[73]. A myth, not based on any evidence, emerged in the 16th century to the effect that both wives of Tancred de Hauteville were daughters of Richard I Duke of Normandy[74].

The names and order of birth of the children of Tancred de Hauteville are uncertain, although there appears to be unanimity among the various sources about their number. The Annals of Romoald name Tancred's twelve sons (in order) "Sarnus qui miles insignis extitit…comes Coffridus…Drogo comes…Guillelmus ipse comes…Brachiferreus prenomine dictus…comes Unfridus…Malgerius comes probus atque famosus…Robertus Guiscardus…Alberedis armis strenuous…Tancredus…Wilhelmus de Sancto Nicandro…Frumentinus…Rogerius Sicilie comes" and in addition state that he had three daughters (unnamed)[75]. Malaterra names (in order) "Gulielmum…cognomine Ferrea-branchis, Drogonem, Humfredum, Gaufredum et Serlonem" as five sons of Tancred by his first wife and "Robertus…Guiscardus…Malgerius, Willelmus, Alveredus, Hubertus, Tancredus, Rogerius" as his seven sons by his second wife[76]. The name differences between these two sources are not difficult to reconcile: presumably "Sarnus" and "Serlo" are the same, and even "Frumentinus" and "Hubertus" bear some similarity. It is possible that the variations are due solely to errors in transcribing unclear script. The differences in the order of birth of the sons are less easy to reconcile. The sources only agree that Roger was the youngest son. The order in which Tancred's sons by his second wife are shown here follows Malaterra. However, the order of birth of his sons by his first wife follows Romoald, with one minor adjustment, for the reasons explained below.

Tancred & his first wife had six children:

1. SERLON de Hauteville ([1005/10]-after [1027/35]). Malaterra names "Serlonem" fifth in order of Tancred's five sons by his first wife[77]. He is shown first in the list in the Annals of Romoald[78]. As Serlon remained in Normandy after his brothers went to Italy, it is more likely that he was the eldest son who remained at home to inherit his father's lands. At first sight this appears to be contradicted by Orderic Vitalis who records that Tancred d'Hauteville "passed on his whole inheritance to his son Goisfredus [Geoffrey]", advising the others "to seek their living by their strength and wits outside their native land"[79]. However, Malaterra records that Serlon fled to Brittany after committing murder, some time during the reign of Robert I Duke of Normandy, and from there launched raids against Normandy[80]. The departure of the other brothers for southern Italy is dated to [1035] in other sources (see below). It is possible therefore that Serlon's difficulties occurred at the same time and that this caused a last minute change of plans which involved the promotion of the second son Godefroi. Serlon's birth date range is estimated assuming that he was an adult when obliged to flee Normandy in [1027/35] and provides some support for the hypothesis that he was the oldest son. m ([1027/35]) ---. This marriage took place after Serlon was pardoned by Duke Robert and returned to Normandy, according to Malaterra[81], so some time during Duke Robert's reign assuming the source is accurate. Serlon & his wife had one child:

a) SERLON (-killed in battle near Nicosia, Sicily summer 1072). Malaterra names "Serlonem nepotem suum [Rogerii]…Serlonis fratris suis filium" when recounting that he came to Italy, helped his uncle Roger in the capture of Messina (in 1061), and in a later passage that he distinguished himself at Cerami (in 1063)[82]. It was intended that he should share in the government of Sicily[83], but he was killed in battle before this could be implemented. Malaterra records that "nepotis sui Serlonis…" was killed "apud Siciliam a Saracenis"[84]. m as her first husband, --- di Molise, daughter of RODULF de Moulins Conte di Boiano & his first wife Altruda di Guardia. Malaterra names "miles…Ingelmarus" and records his marriage to "uxorem nepotis sui Serlonis…filia Rodulfi Bojanensis comitis"[85]. She married secondly Ingilmar.

2. BEATRIX de Hauteville ([1005/10]-1101). The Annals of Romoald state that Tancred had three daughters without naming them or stating by which marriage they were born[86]. The chronology of her descendants strongly suggests that Beatrix must have been born in [1005/10] and therefore was one of her parents' older children. The primary source which confirms her name and two marriages has not yet been identified. Beatrix is shown as the daughter of Tancred by his first wife in Europäische Stammtafeln[87]. The basis for this is not known. However, it appears more likely that she was the daughter of his second marriage if her estimated birth date range is correct, especially in light of the approximate date of birth of her brother Robert "Guiscard" in [1020]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names "Robertus de Scabioso Monte comes…Gosfredi frater, et ambo orti germana fuerant ducis"[88]. Guerrieri highlights that "Gosfredi" in this passage has been identified as Godefroi Conte di Conversano but that it is not possible to confirm whether this is correct[89]. If the speculation is right, Beatrix was the same person as the daughter of Tancred who is shown below as married to "--- [di Conversano]". m firstly ARMAND de Mortain, son of ROBERT Comte d'Eu [Normandie] & his first wife Béatrice ---. m secondly ROGER, son of ---.

3. GODEFROI de Hauteville (-1063). Malaterra names "Gaufredum" as fourth son of Tancred & his first (unnamed) wife[90]. He is shown second in the list in the Annals of Romoald[91]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Tancred d'Hauteville "passed on his whole inheritance to his son Goisfredus [Geoffrey/Godefroi]", advising the others "to seek their living by their strength and wits outside their native land"[92]. This suggests that Godefroi was the oldest son. As explained above, the career path of Serlon suggests that there may have been a last minute change of plan which resulted in Godefroi being chosen to inherit their father's lands. For this reason, Godefroi is shown here as second son. Amatus records that the brothers "Mauger, Geoffrey, William and Roger" arrived in Apulia from Normandy[93], dated from the context to [1054/57]. Malaterra records that the Capitanata had been held by "Gaufridum fratrem suum" before it was granted to Mauger[94]. Conte di Loritello.

- CONTI di LORITELLO.

4. GUILLAUME de Hauteville "Bras de Fer" ([1010/20]-[May/Sep] 1046, bur Venosa, Monastery of Santissima Trinità). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names (in order) "Guilelmum, Drogonem et Humfridum Tancridi filios" when recording their recent arrival from Normandy with 300 other Normans[95]. According to the Annals of Romoald, "Guillelmus comes…Brachiferreus" was fourth son, after Drogo[96]. The order in Malaterra is the same as in the Chronica Mon. Casinensis[97]. Guillaume is shown here as older than his brothers Drogo and Onfroi because it is considered more probable that the order of succession between them as Counts of Apulia reflected their relative seniority in the family, although it is of course not impossible that Guillaume was more junior among the brothers who left for Italy and that his initial appointment as count was due to personal ability rather than seniority. He went to southern Italy with his brother Drogo in [1035], serving in the army of Rainulf the Norman, who was at that time fighting in support of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno[98]. Amatus records that Prince Guaimar made "William son of Tancred" as his captain[99]. They joined the Byzantine forces led by general Giorgios Maniakes, which had sailed from Constantinople in summer 1038 to reconquer Sicily from the Muslims[100]. During the siege of Syracuse in 1040, Guillaume killed the military governor of the town, earning his nickname "Bras-de-fer". After returning to Apulia from the Sicilian campaign, he was among the forces which captured Melfi in Mar 1041, aiming to make it the Norman centre from which to lead campaigns to expel the Byzantines from Italy. Within days they captured Venosa, Lavello and Ascoli. They defeated the Greeks on the banks of the river Olivento near Venosa 17 Mar 1041, at Montemaggiore in May where Guillaume was general, and at Monte Siricoloso near Montepeloso 3 Sep 1041. Amatus records that "the Normans…decided among themselves to place a count over them…and…chose William, son of Tancred" and after installing him as their count “went to the court of Prince Guaimar of Salerno…[and] from that hour Guaimar called him prince and Guaimar called himself rector” (although this passage would be more consistent with other sources if it read “Guillaume called him prince and Guillaume called himself rector”)[101]. This represents the moment when he is taken to have become GUILLAUME Conte di Apulia, although it is not apparent from the primary sources that he used the title at the time. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Guillelmus" was elected "comes a Matera" in Sep 1042[102]. Ascoli was his fiefdom: Amatus records that "the Normans divided among themselves" the lands at Melfi, following their victories against the Byzantines dated to 1041, and that “William received Ascoli; Drogo had Venosa; Arnolin had Lavello; Hugh Toutebove had Monopoli; Rodulf had Canne; Walter, Civitate; Peter, Trani; Rodulf son of Bebena, Sant´Arcangelo; Tristan, Montepeloso; Hervey, Grumento; Asclettin, Acerenza; and Rainfroi, Malarbine”, adding that “Prince Guaimar of Salerno…invested each one of them”[103]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records the division of properties agreed at Melfi, dated to Feb 1042, as follows: "Guilelmo Asculum, Drogoni Venusiam, Arnolino Labellum, Ugoni Tutabovi Monopolim, Petro Tranum, Gualterio Civitatem, Rodulfo Cannim, Tristaino Montem pilosum, Herveo Grigentum, Asclittino Acerentiam, Rodulfo Sanctum Archangelum, Raimfrido Monerbinum"[104]. That Guillaume was the vassal of Guaimar IV Principe di Salerno is confirmed by the prince and his son assuming the title "Duke of Apulia and Calabria" in charters dated between Jan 1043 and 1047[105]. Lupus Protospatarius records "Gulielmus filius Tancredi" entering Calabria with "Guarimari principe" in 1044 and capturing "Stridulam castellum"[106]. Lupus Protospatarius records the death in 1046 of "Gulielmus" specifying that his brother "Drago" succeeded as count[107]. m ([Sep 1042]) [GUIDA] di Salerno, daughter of GUIDO di Salerno Conte di Conza [Duca di Sorrento] & his wife --- ([1030/32]-). Amatus records the marriage of "Guida the daughter of his [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] brother" to Guillaume d'Hauteville when the latter was installed as Count of Apulia[108]. Considering that the birth of her father´s older brother is estimated to [1011/12], it is unlikely that Guida could have been born earlier than [1030/32]. She was therefore still a child when she married.

5. DROGO de Hauteville ([1010/20]-murdered Castle of Monte Ilaro 10 Aug 1051, bur Venosa, Monastery of Santissima Trinità). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names (in order) "Guilelmum, Drogonem et Humfridum Tancridi filios" when recording their recent arrival from Normandy with 300 other Normans[109]. According to the Annals of Romoald, Drogo was the third son, before "Guillelmus comes…Brachiferreus"[110]. The order in Malaterra order of succession of Guillaume, Drogo and Onfroi as Counts of Apulia reflected their relative seniority in the family, although it is of course not impossible that Guillaume was more junior among the brothers who left for Italy and that his initial appointment as count was due to personal ability rather than seniority. Amatus records that "William son of Tancred [came] from Normandy [to Italy] with his two brothers Drogo and Humphrey"[111], probably dated to [1035]. Venosa was Drogo´s fiefdom from early 1042: Amatus records that "the Normans divided among themselves" the lands at Melfi, following their victories against the Byzantines dated to 1041, and that “William received Ascoli; Drogo had Venosa; Arnolin had Lavello; Hugh Toutebove had Monopoli; Rodulf had Canne; Walter, Civitate; Peter, Trani; Rodulf son of Bebena, Sant´Arcangelo; Tristan, Montepeloso; Hervey, Grumento; Asclettin, Acerenza; and Rainfroi, Malarbine”, adding that “Prince Guaimar of Salerno…invested each one of them”[112]. the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records the division of properties agreed at Melfi, dated to Feb 1042, as follows: "Guilelmo Asculum, Drogoni Venusiam, Arnolino Labellum, Ugoni Tutabovi Monopolim, Petro Tranum, Gualterio Civitatem, Rodulfo Cannim, Tristaino Montem pilosum, Herveo Grigentum, Asclittino Acerentiam, Rodulfo Sanctum Archangelum, Raimfrido Monerbinum"[113]. The Romoaldi Annales record that "Drogo Normannorum comes" captured and burnt "civitatem Bibinum" {Bovino} in 1045[114]. Lupus Protospatarius names "Drago" as brother of "Gulielmus", specifying that he succeeded the latter as count in 1046[115]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Unfredum…cum fratre Drogone" disputed the succession of their brother Guillaume with "Petrus consanguinitate propinquus"[116]. He succeeded his brother in 1046 as DROGO Conte di Apulia. Amatus records that "Drogo and Rainaulf" were "put into possession of their counties" by Emperor Heinrich III, dated to 1047[117]. A charter dated 1047 is the last time in which Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno is named with the title "Duke of Apulia and Calabria"[118]. The timing suggests that this may have followed Emperor Heinrich III´s confirmation of Drogo, who thereby presumably ceased to be Guaimar´s vassal. He received Benevento from Emperor Heinrich III in 1047, jointly with Rainulf II Conte di Aversa, after the latter confiscated it from the citizens who had refused to open its gates to him, although the Beneventans invited Pope Leo IX to take over the town. "Drogo…dux et magister Italie comesque Normannorum totius Apulie atque Calabrie" donated property for the souls of "fratris mei Guillelmi, Unfredi, Roberti" by charter dated 1053[119]. Chalandon discusses the possible spurious nature of this document but opts for its authenticity[120]. The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Drogo Normannorum comes" in Aug 1050[121]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Drago" was killed in 1051 "in monte Ilari a suo compatre Concilio"[122]. Orderic Vitalis records that Drogo was murdered by Waszo Count of Naples at the altar of the church of St Lawrence[123]. m firstly ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (before 1045). "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[124]. It is likely that she was Altruda, related to the comital family of Salerno of Conte Alfan son of Conte Petrus, as shown by the charter dated Aug 1079 under which "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis"[125]. m secondly (1046) as her first husband, GAITELGRIMA di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno & his [second wife Purpura ---] ([before 1032]-after Jan 1087). Amatus records that "Guaimar" [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] gave Drogo his daughter in marriage "with a very grand dowry" after his succession[126]. "Domina Gaytelgrima comitissa filia…Robberti ducis" donated property to the monastery of La Trinità at Cava for the souls of "suprascripti domini Robberti et…domini Drogonis et domini Affridi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" by charter dated Jan 1087[127], although the parentage attributed to her in this document is presumably a copyist's error. It is also curious that the document omits any reference to Gaitelgrima's second husband. This copy of the document appears to be defective as another copy records that "dominæ Gaytelgrimæ comitissæ filiæ bonæ recordationis domini Guaimarii…principis et ducis" donated property for the souls of "domini Drogonis et domini Roberti et domini Alfredi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" and for the souls of "Purpure genitricis suæ et…Ricardi filii sui qui de ipso Roberto comite marito suo primogenitum habuit"[128]. Amatus records that "Guaimar" [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] gave Drogo his daughter in marriage "with a very grand dowry" after his succession[129]. The chronology of this family suggests that Gaitelgrima was still a child at the time of this marriage. She married secondly ([end 1051/May 1052]) Roberto di Lucera Conte di Gargano. Amatus records that Prince Guaimar gave "Count Drogo's [daughter]" to "Robert brother of Count Richard", the editor of the edition consulted speculating that "daughter" must be an error for "widow"[130]. She married thirdly Conte Affred. Count Drogo & his first wife had three children:

a) RICHARD ([1047/51]-[1118/Sep 1125]). "Petronus…comes…in…Tarentine civitatis" donated the church of San Giorgio to the abbot of San Benedetto di Taranto, with the consent of "mei…nepoti et seniori domini Riccardi…comiti", by charter dated May 1072[131]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis" by charter dated Aug 1079[132]. "Riccardus Drogonis comitis filius et Altrudis coniux mea" donated the churches of San Angelo, Santa Catarina and San Vito in Mottola to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated May 1081[133]. "Richardo comes cognomento Senescalcus filius…bone memorie Drogonis…comitis" donated the church of San Angelo di Terrisino, and property "Salernitanam civitatem in Lucaniensibus finis in locis Tyrisinum et Staynum et Licosa" confiscated from "Ioannes filius Truppoaldi comitis palatii et filii eius…Matrone uxori ipsius Ioannis filia cuiusdam Constantini" by "Rogerium…ducem", to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated Jul 1090[134]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[135]. "Riccardus Siniscalcus Magni quondam Rogerii filius…cum domina Albenda uxore mea" donated the church of Santa Maria de Hospitali Ponti to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated May 1100, witnessed by "…Riccardi de Maustrarello, Ruberti Auggæ, Roberti filii Riccardi Senescalchi…"[136]. "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[137]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[138]. "Ricchardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius…cum domina Albereda…coniuge mea" donated the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the abbot of Santa Maria di Pisticci by charter dated Mar 1113[139]. "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[140]. "Richardus Senescallus, magni comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to "cœnobio S Salvatoris de Monte Thabor" by charter dated 15 Jun 1115[141]. "Albereda domina Colubrarii et Policorii" donated property to SS Trinità di Venosa, for the souls of "Rogerii de Pomareda viri mei" and for the health of "viri mei Riccardi Senescalli…militis Domini comitis Drogonis filii, et filii mei Roberti", and with the consent of "Riccardus Senescallus domini comitis Drogonis filius", by charter dated 1118[142]. "Alexandro de Claromonte et Riccardo fratre meo" confirmed the donation of the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the monastery of San Anastasio di Carbone by "beatæ memoriæ Riccardi Sinescalci et dominæ Alberedæ amitæ nostræ et Petri Boiti et clarissimi dynastæ domini Boamundi", by charter dated Sep 1125, witnessed by "Hugo filius Raneri et Comestabulus, Hugo filius Ascintini de Claromonte…"[143]. Seneschal of Apulia and Calabria. Conte di Mottola, Castellaneta e Oria. m firstly (before May 1081) ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-before Apr 1108). "Riccardus Drogonis comitis filius et Altrudis coniux mea" donated the churches of San Angelo, Santa Catarina and San Vito in Mottola to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated May 1081[144]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. "Riccardus Siniscalcus Magni quondam Rogerii filius…cum domina Albenda uxore mea" donated the church of Santa Maria de Hospitali Ponti to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated May 1100, witnessed by "…Riccardi de Maustrarello, Ruberti Auggæ, Roberti filii Riccardi Senescalchi…"[145]. "Altruda que sum uxor domini Riccardi Senescalci" donated property in Massafra to the church of San Matteo apostolo by charter dated Oct 1100[146]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[147]. m secondly ([Apr 1108/Mar 1113]) as her second husband, ALBEREDA, widow of RUGGERO di Pomareda, daughter of --- (-[Jul 1122/Sep 1125], bur Church of the Abbey of Santissima Trinità, near Venosa). "Roggerius de Pomareda…cum domina Albereda…coniuge mea" donated the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the abbot of Santa Maria di Pisticci by charter dated Jan 1095[148]. "Ricchardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius…cum domina Albereda…coniuge mea" donated the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the abbot of Santa Maria di Pisticci by charter dated Mar 1113[149]. "Albereda domina Colubrarii et Policorii" donated property to SS Trinità di Venosa, for the souls of "Rogerii de Pomareda viri mei" and for the health of "viri mei Riccardi Senescalli…militis Domini comitis Drogonis filii, et filii mei Roberti", and with the consent of "Riccardus Senescallus domini comitis Drogonis filius", by charter dated 1118[150]. "Albereda Colubrari Pollicorique domina" donated the church of San Nicola Peratico to Cava, for the souls of "Roberti Guiscardi ducis…bone memorie viri, Dominique Boamundi, nec non Rogerii de Pomareda…mei quondam viri, Dominique Ugonis Clarimontis…dominique Alexandri Clarimontis suique fratris domini Riccardi meorum…nepotum", by charter dated Jul 1122[151]. "Alexandro de Claromonte et Riccardo fratre meo" confirmed the donation of the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the monastery of San Anastasio di Carbone by "beatæ memoriæ Riccardi Sinescalci et dominæ Alberedæ amitæ nostræ et Petri Boiti et clarissimi dynastæ domini Boamundi", by charter dated Sep 1125, witnessed by "Hugo filius Raneri et Comestabulus, Hugo filius Ascintini de Claromonte…"[152].

b) ROCCA (-[Jul 1112/1115]). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Rocca filia Drogone comitis", recording her donation dated Feb 1097 of her possessions in Selletano, confirmed by "comes Roggerius Siciliet Calabriæ" who calls Rocca "neptis sua"[153]. Signora di Ullano. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[154]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "Roggerii comitis…et…Roggerii de Bernabilla gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1102[155]. "Rocca filia Drogoni…comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "viri mei Ubberti et…filiorum filiarumque mearum et Richardi Seniscalchi fratris mei", by charter dated Feb 1104[156]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[157]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112, witnessed by "Widelmus…archipresbytero…Drago filio domine Rocce, Widelmus Calcavilla…"[158]. "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[159]. m UBERTO, son of ---. Huberto & his wife had [seven or more] children:

i) ALESSANDRO (-[Mar/Apr] 1108, bur San Niccolo di Bari). "Alexander filius domine Rocce et gener domini Ugonis Clarimontis" with his wife "Avenia" donated property to San Anastasio di Carbone, with the consent of "son seigneur et beau-père sire Hugues", by charter dated [Sep 1095/Aug 1096], subscribed by "…Nicolaus frater domini [Alexandri]…"[160]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[161]. Lord of Senise. "Alexandre seigneur de Senise" {7 kms north-east of Chiaromonte} with his wife "Avenia" and "son beau-père Hugues" settled a dispute between the abbot of San Anastasio di Carbone and the prior of Santa Maria di Massanova by charter dated 13 Feb 1100, subscribed by "…Νιέλος frère du seigneur Alexandre…"[162]. "Ugo de Claromonte et Alexander nepos Riccardi dapiferi" subscribed the charter dated [Sep 1100/Aug 1101] under which "Richard Sénéchal neveu de Robert Guiscard" donated property which "sa sœur Aumberga" possessed until her death to the bishop of Nicastro[163]. "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[164]. "Alexander de Sinesio" with his wife "Avenia" donated the church of San Filippo di Palaciis to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated Mar 1108, subscribed by "Niellis frater domini Alexandri"[165]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[166]. m AVENIA, daughter of HUGUES "Monoculus" di Chiaramonte & his wife --- (-after 13 Feb 1100). "Alexander filius domine Rocce et gener domini Ugonis Clarimontis" with his wife "Avenia" donated property to San Anastasio di Carbone, with the consent of "son seigneur et beau-père sire Hugues", by charter dated [Sep 1085/Aug 1096], subscribed by "…Nicolaus frater domini [Alexandri]…"[167]. "Alexandre seigneur de Senise" {7 kms north-east of Chiaromonte} with his wife "Avenia" and "son beau-père Hugues" settled a dispute between the abbot of San Anastasio di Carbone and the prior of Santa Maria di Massanova by charter dated 13 Feb 1100, subscribed by "…Νιέλος frère du seigneur Alexandre…"[168]. "Alexander de Sinesio" with his wife "Avenia" donated the church of San Filippo di Palaciis to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated Mar 1108, subscribed by "Niellis frater domini Alexandri"[169].

ii) NICCOLO (-after Mar 1108). "Alexander filius domine Rocce et gener domini Ugonis Clarimontis" with his wife "Avenia" donated property to San Anastasio di Carbone, with the consent of "son seigneur et beau-père sire Hugues", by charter dated [Sep 1095/Aug 1096], subscribed by "…Nicolaus frater domini [Alexandri]…"[170]. "Alexandre seigneur de Senise" {7 kms north-east of Chiaromonte} with his wife "Avenia" and "son beau-père Hugues" settled a dispute between the abbot of San Anastasio di Carbone and the prior of Santa Maria di Massanova by charter dated 13 Feb 1100, subscribed by "…Νιέλος frère du seigneur Alexandre…"[171]. "Nielis frater domini Alexandri" confirmed the donation of the monastery of Carbone by charter dated [Sep 1102/Aug 1103][172]. "Alexander de Sinesio" with his wife "Avenia" donated the church of San Filippo di Palaciis to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated Mar 1108, subscribed by "Niellis frater domini Alexandri"[173].

iii) GUGLIELMO (-after Jul 1112). "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[174]. Archipresbiter. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112, witnessed by "Widelmus…archipresbytero…Drago filio domine Rocce, Widelmus Calcavilla…"[175].

iv) DROGO (-after Jul 1112). "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[176]. "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[177]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112, witnessed by "Widelmus…archipresbytero…Drago filio domine Rocce, Widelmus Calcavilla…"[178].

v) UBERTO . "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[179].

vi) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1102 under which her mother "Rocca filia Drogoni comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "Roggerii comitis…et…Roggerii de Bernabilla gener meus"[180]. m ROGER de Barneville, son of --- (-after Jul 1102). "Rocca filia Drogoni comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "Roggerii comitis…et…Roggerii de Bernabilla gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1102[181].

vii) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1112 under which her mother "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus"[182]. m ROBERTO di Baccho, son of --- (-after Jul 1112). "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112[183].

viii) [daughters . "Rocca filia Drogoni…comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "viri mei Ubberti et…filiorum filiarumque mearum et Richardi Seniscalchi fratris mei", by charter dated Feb 1104[184].]

c) EREMBURGA (-before 1101). "…Eremburga nostra…neptis…" is named in a charter of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia dated 1062[185]. [The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "Domina…Acreburga, neptis Roberti Guiscardi" installed "Riccardum" in "episcopio latinum Neocastri", dated to the early 12th century from the context[186]. Although the parentage of "Acreburga" is not specified in this source, the reference in the following charter to Eremburga having founded the church of San Pietro in Nicastro suggests that the two documents may refer to the same person. It is unclear how "Acreburga" would have been authorised to instal a bishop.] "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[187].

6. ONFROI de Hauteville ([1015/20]-spring 1057, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names (in order) "Guilelmum, Drogonem et Humfridum Tancridi filios" when recording their recent arrival from Normandy with 300 other Normans[188]. According to the Annals of Romoald, "Unfridus" was the fifth son[189]. The order in Malaterra is the same as in the Chronica Mon. Casinensis[190]. Onfroi is shown as fifth son here because it is considered more probable that the order of succession of Guillaume, Drogo and Onfroi as Counts of Apulia reflected their relative seniority in the family. While it is not impossible that, as explained above, Guillaume's initial appointment as count was due to personal ability rather than seniority, it is difficult to imagine that the order of succession of Drogo and Onfroi would have been decided by any factor other than age. Amatus records that "William son of Tancred [came] from Normandy [to Italy] with his two brothers Drogo and Humphrey"[191], probably dated to [1035]. Onfroi is not named as having received territories under the agreement reached at Melfi in Feb 1042 (which names his brothers Guillaume and Drogo, see above). The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Unfredum…cum fratre Drogone" disputed the succession of their brother Guillaume with "Petrus consanguinitate propinquus"[192]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Humphredus" captured "Trojam" and built "castrum in Bachareza" in 1048[193]. Malaterra records that "fratrem suum Umfredum Abagelardum comitem" was given "castrum…Lavel" by his brother Drogo[194]. "Unfredus comes…" subscribed the charter dated 1053 (misdated) under which "Drogo…dux et magister Italie comesque Normannorum totius Apulie atque Calabrie" donated property for the soul of "fratris mei Guillelmi, Unfredi, Roberti"[195]. He succeeded his brother 1051 as ONFROI Conte di Apulia. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Drago" was killed in 1051 "in monte Ilari a suo compatre Concilio" and succeeded by "frater eius Unfreda"[196]. Pope Leo IX, faced with the increasing threat from the Normans to the stability in southern Italy, launched a holy campaign against them, but was defeated and captured at Civitate in 17 Jun 1053. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Leone Papa et Principe Beneventano et Catapano imperiali" fought the Normans "in principatu Beneventu", but that "Rodulphus Princeps" escaped and Pope Leo was captured by "Humphredo et Northmannis" in Jun 1053[197]. He was only allowed to return to Rome 12 Mar 1054, and died there the following month. The Normans made the most of their advantage, capturing large parts of southern Italy. By end 1055, Oria, Nardon and Lecce had fallen to them. Lupus Protospatarius records the death in 1056 of "Umfreda", specifying that his brother "Robertus" succeeded as duke[198]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records the death in 1056 of "Humphredus" and the succession of "comes Apuliæ Robertus qui dictus est Guiscardus"[199]. m (after Aug 1051) as her second husband, GAITELGRIMA di Sorrento, widow of RODOLFE Conte d´Aversa, daughter of --- di Sorrento & his wife --- ([1015/20]-). "Gaitelgrima…comitissa senatrix" donated property to the monastery of San Blasio, for the soul of "domni Rodolfi comiti seniori mei", by charter dated Mar 1048, dated to "comitante domno Guilielmo et domno Herimano in castro Aversum…anno primo"[200]. Amatus refers to the wife of Humphrey as "the Duke of Sorrento's sister"[201]. The fact that these references are to the same person is confirmed by the Gesta Roberti Wiscardi which names "genitus genetrice Hermannus [Comte di Canne] eadem Unfredi fuerat qua filius Abagelardus"[202], Abelard being the son of Onfroi and Herman presumably being the son of Rodolfe (who was reported as having received Canne under the treaty of Melfi in 1042[203]). Her birth date range is estimated based on her having had children by both her marriages. Onfroi & his wife had five children:

a) GEOFFROI . The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names (in order) "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[204].

b) GOSCELIN . The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names (in order) "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[205].

c) ABELARD (-Constantinople after 1082). The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names (in order) "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[206]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Honfroi left his son Abailard to the protection of his brother Robert "Guiscard" when he died[207]. The Annals of Romoald record that "Bagelardum filium [=Onfridi]" was his father's successor in 1057 but was deprived and expelled by his uncle Robert "Guiscard"[208]. His father appointed his uncle Robert Guiscard as his guardian 1057[209], but the latter seized his lands on the death of Onfroi. Amatus recounts that "Abelard…his brother's son" was among the conspirators against Robert "Guiscard"[210], undated but the context suggests this was in the early 1060s. The revolt spread and was strengthened by a contingent of Varangians which arrived from Constantinople in 1066, captured Bari, Brindisi and Taranto, but was recalled to Byzantium in 1068 to fight the Seljuks. Abelard capitulated in early 1068. The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "Robertus Guiscardus" granted "Tabernam" to "Baialardo nepoti suo, Unfredi comitis filio" who rebelled against the duke and granted Taberna to "Guillelmo Capriolo cum nepte sua Adilitia"[211]. He was one of the leaders of the rebellion against Robert Guiscard in autumn 1078[212], seeking refuge in the Byzantine province of Illyria after the rebellion was crushed. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Abiligardus comes" captured "Trojam", expelling "Boamundum filium Rogerti Ducis", and "Asculum" in 1079, although the latter was recaptured by Duke Robert after which "Abiligardus cum militibus suis" fled to Constantinople where he died[213]. Lupus Protospatarius names "Baialardus filius Umfredæ", when recording his capture of Ascoli in 1079[214]. "…Abbajelardus" was among the subscribers of the charter dated Jun 1080 under which "Rubbertus…dux et uxor mea Sykelgaita ducissa et filius meus Roggerius" made donations to Montecassino[215]. Lupus Protospatarius records "Baialardus" leaving for Constantinople in 1082[216]. m (after 3 Feb 1079) --- [Argyre], daughter of [--- Argyros & his wife ---]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Argiricius" married his daughter to "Abagelardus, filius Unfredi"[217].

d) RICHARD. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Sarno. 1091. m ---. The name of Richard's wife is not known. Richard & his wife had one child:

i) RICHARD. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Sarno. m AGNESE, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Richard & his wife had one child:

(a) HENRI. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Sarno. 1134.

e) [daughter . Amatus records that Robert "Guiscard" pursued "Abelard and Gradilon, the husband of his sister" after the former's rebellion in 1078[218]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Abagelardus, filius Unfredi…sororem" married "Gradilone"[219]. It is not known whether she was the uterine sistger or full-blood sister of Abelard. m GRADILON ---. He was captured by Duke Robert's troops near Trevico in summer 1079 and blinded[220].]

f) [--- . The precise parentage of Adelicia is not known, the word "neptis" in the source which is quoted below suggests that one of her parents was the sibling of Abelard, although he/she may have been Abelard´s half-brother or sister, born from his mother´s first marriage. ] m ---. One child:

i) ADELICIA . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "Robertus Guiscardus" granted "Tabernam" to "Baialardo nepoti suo, Unfredi comitis filio" who rebelled against the duke and granted Taberna to "Guillelmo Capriolo cum nepte sua Adilitia"[221]. m GUGLIELMO Capriolo, son of ---. Guglielmo & his wife had five or more children:

(a) GUGLIELMO . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife[222].

(b) GIORDANO . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife, adding that "Rogerius dux" [Roger Duke of Apulia] granted Tabernam to "Rogerio comiti" [Roger Count of Sicily] who in turn granted it to "Iordano Capriolo, Guillelmi Caprioli filio", before granting it to "Radulfo comiti Loritelli"[223]. The passage does not specify the circumstances by which Giordano lost Taberna. The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "comitissa Loritelli…vidua" governed "terram [Tabernæ] et suos parvulos filios" after the death of "Radulfus comes", adding a dispute arose between "Iordanum Capriolum et Guillelmum Carbonendum et comitissam Loritelli" about Taberna[224].

(c) GUIDO . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife[225].

(d) daughters . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife[226].

Tancred & his [first/second] wife had one child:

7. [daughter . The Annals of Romoald state that Tancred had three daughters without naming them or stating by which marriage they were born[227]. If Orderic Vitalis is correct in saying that "Geoffroy di Conversano" was nepos of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia, his mother must have been the Duke's sister[228]. This is confirmed when Malaterra records that "Gaufridum de Conversano neptem suis [Roberti ducis]…filius…sororis suæ"[229]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names "Robertus de Scabioso Monte comes…Gosfredi frater, et ambo orti germana fuerant ducis"[230]. Guerrieri highlights that "Gosfredi" in this passage has been identified as Godefroi Conte di Conversano but that it is not possible to confirm whether this is correct[231]. If the speculation is right, this daughter was the same person as [Beatrix], wife of Armand de Mortain (see above). m --- [di Conversano], son of ---.]

Tancred & his second wife had eight children:

8. ROBERT "Guiscard/Weasel" de Hauteville ([1020]-Phiscardo Bay, Cephalonia 17 Jul 1085, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa). Malaterra names "Robertus dictus a nativitate Guiscardus…" first among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[232]. He succeeded his half-brother as ROBERT Count of Apulia at Melfi Aug 1057.

- see below.

9. MAUGER de Hauteville (-Sep 1064). Malaterra names "…secundus Malgerius…" second among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[233]. The Annals of Romoald record "Malgerius comes probus atque famosus" as older than his brother Robert "Guiscard"[234]. There seems no way of deciding which version may be correct. Amatus records that the brothers "Mauger, Geoffrey, William and Roger" arrived in Apulia from Normandy[235], dated from the context to [1054/57]. Malaterra records that "fratres suos…Malgerium…Willelmum" were made counts in "Capitanatæ…[et] in Principatu" respectively by their brother Count Onfroi[236]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Malgerus comes" captured "Oriam" from which "Græcos" fled, in 1060, but that "Miriarcha cum expercitu Imperiali" defeated "Robertum et Malgerum" in Oct 1060 and recovered lands including "Hydrunte"[237]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records the death in 1064 of "Malgerus comes"[238]. [m ---. The name of Mauger´s possible wife is not known. Mauger & his wife had [one child]:

a) [MAUGER (-after 19 Feb 1076). "…Malgerius nepos ducis…" subscribed the charter dated 19 Feb 1076 under which "Rotbertus dux" made concessions to the cathedral of Santa Maria at Melfi[239]. The parentage of Mauger is not known. He is placed here as the possible son of Mauger de Hauteville only because of his name.]

10. FREDESENDE de Hauteville ([1025][240]-). The Annals of Romoald state that Tancred had three daughters without naming them or stating by which marriage they were born[241]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records "Drogo sororem suam" as wife of "Richardum filium Asclittini", but does not name her[242]. "Iordanus…Capuanorum princeps" donated the monastery of San Ruffi in Capua to San Angelo ad Formas, for the souls of "patris mei principis Richardi ac matris meæ Fredessinde…et uxoris meæ Gaytelgrimæ", by charter dated 1082[243]. m RICHARD Prince of Capua Count of Aversa, son of ASCLETTIN di Aversa & his wife --- (-Apr 1078).

11. GUILLAUME de Hauteville "Sanicandro" (-1080). Malaterra names "…tertius Willelmus…" third among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[244]. The Annals of Romoald name "Wilhelmus de Sancto Nicandro" tenth in order of his sons[245]. There seems no way of deciding which of these versions may be correct. Amatus records that the brothers "Mauger, Geoffrey, William and Roger" arrived in Apulia from Normandy[246], dated from the context to [1054/57]. Malaterra records that "fratres suos…Malgerium…Willelmum" were made counts in "Capitanatæ…[et] in Principatu" respectively by their brother Count Onfroi[247].

- CONTI di PRINCIPATO.

12. AUBREY de Hauteville. Malaterra names "…quartus Alverardus…" fourth among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[248]. The Annals of Romoald name "Alberedis armis strenuus" sixth in order of his sons[249]. There seems no way of deciding which of these versions may be correct.

13. HUMBERT de Hauteville (-1071). Malaterra names "…quintus Hubertus…" fifth among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[250]. The Chronicon Amalphitani names "Humbinus Comes de Sancto Nicandro" as tenth son of Tancred, but states that he was father of "Roberti Comitis de Principatu"[251]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records the death in 1071 of "Humbertus frater eius" (referring to "Robertus Dux")[252]. m ---. The name of Humbert's wife is not known. Humbert & his wife had one child:

a) CONSTANTINOS Humbertopulos (-[1112]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Byzantine sébastos. The Alexeiad records that "Humbertopoulos" supported the accession of Emperor Alexios I in 1081, but does not give his origin[253].

14. TANCRED de Hauteville. Malaterra names "…sextus Tancredus…" sixth among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[254]. The Annals of Romoald name "Tancredus" as ninth son[255]. There seems no way of deciding which of these versions may be correct.

15. [FRUMENTIN . The Chronicon Amalphitani names "Frumentinus" as eleventh son of Tancred[256]. The Annals of Romoald name "Frumentinus" as eleventh son of Tancred[257].]

16. ROGER de Hauteville ([1031]-Mileto 22 Jun 1101, bur Mileto, Abbey of the Holy Trinity). Malaterra names "septimus Rogerius minor" last among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[258]. The Annals of Romoald agree that he was the youngest son[259]. Amatus records that the brothers "Mauger, Geoffrey, William and Roger" arrived in Apulia from Normandy[260], dated from the context to [1054/57]. He was installed by his brother Robert "Guiscard" as ROGER Count of Sicily in 1071.

- see below, Part B. COUNTS of SICILY.

Dukes of Apulia: ROBERT 1059-1085

ROBERT "Guiscard/Weasel" de Hauteville, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- ([1020]-Phiscardo Bay, Cephalonia 17 Jul 1085, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa). Malaterra names "Robertus dictus a nativitate Guiscardus…" first among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[261]. Lupus Protospatarius names Robert as brother of "Umfreda", specifying that he succeeded the latter in 1056 as duke[262]. Amatus records that "a man from Normandy…Robert…later called Guiscard" arrived in southern Italy "in aid of his brother whom he asked to give him some land as a benefice, but his brother did not give him any aid or counsel", dated to [1047] from the context[263]. The same source states that, at first, he joined "Pandulf" [Pandulf IV Prince of Capua], who promised him his daughter in marriage[264]. Malaterra records that Robert was given the command of the garrison of Scribla near Cosenza by his half-brother Drogo Count of Apulia, dated to 1049[265]. This grant was presumably made after the death of Prince Pandulf IV, which is recorded in Feb 949. Amatus records that Robert´s brother gave him "[in] the very limits of Calabria…a very secure mount whch was well supplied with timber…[named] San Marco" {San Marco Argentano, between Malvito and Bisignano[266]} and "put him in possession of the whole of Calabria"[267]. Robert´s bandit activities in the region earned him his nickname. After the Normans' victory against Pope Leo IX at Civitate in 1053, they went on to capture further territory in Italy, with Robert taking Minervino, Otranto and Gallipoli, after which his half-brother ordered him back to Calabria fearful of his growing power. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus comes" entered "Callipolim", after "Humphredus" defeated "Græcis circa Oriam", and captured "Hydrontum et Castrum Minervæ" in 1055[268]. His half-brother Onfroi appointed him guardian of his infant son Abailardo, but he seized the latter's lands on Onfroi's death. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records the death in 1056 of "Humphredus" and the succession of "comes Apuliæ Robertus qui dictus est Guiscardus"[269]. He was formally acclaimed as his half-brother's successor as Conte di Apulia at Melfi in Aug 1057. Triggered by the famine of 1058, the population rebelled against their Norman oppressors, the revolt rapidly spreading throughout Calabria. With help from his brother Roger, the rebellion was suppressed. Sweeping aside earlier differences, the papacy under Nicholas II agreed an alliance with the Normans to suppress anti-Pope Benedict X. The anti-pope was captured, unfrocked and imprisoned in the church of Sant'Agnese in Rome. At the Council of Melfi in Aug 1059 Robert declared himself vassal of the Pope, initiating a long alliance between the two powers, which the Normans put to full advantage in consolidating their position of power in Italy and later in Sicily. Pope Nicholas II declared him ROBERT Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, although the Normans had not then made any claim on Sicily nor set foot there, and encouraged him to complete the conquest of the remaining parts of Italy held by the Byzantines. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus comes Apuliæ" was made "Dux Apuliæ, Calabriæ et Siciliæ" by "Papa Nicolao in civitate Melphis" to whom he swore homage for all his lands in 1059[270]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus" captured "civitas Tarenti" in May 1060 and that he later captured "Brundusium"[271]. Robert captured Reggio in 1060, and Brindisi in 1062. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Miriarcha cum expercitu Imperiali" defeated "Robertum et Malgerum" in Oct 1060 and recovered lands including "Hydrunte"[272]. While his brother Roger turned his attention to Sicily, Robert continued his campaigns in Apulia. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus Dux" captured "Acherontiam" and besieged "Melphim" in 1061, and in 1062 recaptured Brindisi (where he captured "Miriarcham") and Oria, and established "castrum in Mejana"[273]. Having suppressed the rebellion of his nephew Abelard in 1068, he took advantage of the withdrawal of Byzantine troops to fight the Seljuks in Asia Minor, and laid siege to Bari. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus Dux" defeated "Græci" at "campo Litii" and captured "Gavianum, Obbianum et Barim" in 1069 and "Brundusium" in 1071[274]. Bari surrendered 16 Apr 1071 after a three year siege, following the arrival of support from Robert's brother Roger from Sicily. They moved on together to Sicily and captured Palermo in 1072. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Robertus Dux" invaded Sicily with a large fleet in 1072 and that "Goffridus comes" besieged and captured Palermo[275]. Robert claimed suzerainty over the island, having been invested as Duke by the Pope several years earlier, but installed his brother Roger as Count of Sicily and left Sicily for the last time himself end 1072. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dux Robertus Guiscardus de gente Normannorum" expelled Duke Ioannes from Amalfi in Nov 1074[276]. In 1076, he laid siege to Salerno, the last Lombard state in southern Italy. After its surrender on 13 Dec 1076, Robert installed his capital there. On 19 Dec 1077, he attacked Benevento, which resulted in the Pope excommunicating him a second time 3 Mar 1078. After the death of his ally Richard Prince of Capua, he was obliged to lift the siege. Later in the year, several of his principal vassals rebelled against Robert. The revolt spread rapidly to all his mainland Italian territories, but was suppressed the following year[277]. After years of rivalry with Pope Gregory VII, a meeting was arranged 29 Jun 1080 at which Robert swore fealty for the lands which he held from the Papacy. Robert then turned his attention to Byzantium, in particular the Byzantine province of Illyria where his rebel nephew Abailardo had sought refuge, on the pretext of revenging his daughter who had been put in a convent after her betrothal to Konstantinos Dukas had been broken in 1078. After capturing Durazzo in 1081, most of the Illyrian coast fell under his control. Called upon to defend Pope Gregory VII against Emperor Heinrich IV and his anti-Pope Clement III, Robert was obliged to return to Italy. In 1084, he attacked Rome, but was faced with a popular uprising against the excesses of his troops, and saved by his son Roger "Borsa". Returning to Greece, he succeeded in recapturing Corfu which had been lost in his absence, but died of fever on his way to capture Cephalonia. Malaterra records the death of Duke Robert "Guiscard" in Jul 1085[278].

Betrothed ([1047/49]) to --- di Capua, daughter of PANDULF IV Prince of Capua & his wife Maria --- (-after [1047/49]). Amatus records that "Pandulf attracted Robert [=Guiscard] to him…and gave him a…castle…promised…him his daughter as a wife…but [later] Pandulf refused him", dated to [1047/49][279].

m firstly ([1051], divorced [1058] on grounds of consanguinity) ALBERADA, aunt of GERARD di Buonalbergo, daughter of --- ([1032]-after 1058). Amatus records that "Gerard who was called Buonalbergo" came to Robert "Guiscard" who was visiting his brother in Apulia, proposed his marriage to "my aunt, my father´s sister…Alberada" (specifying that Robert´s brother Drogo at first opposed the marriage) and agreed to serve him in Calabria, dated to [1050/51] from the context, adding that Gerard was "believed to have been the first to call him Guiscard"[280]. Malaterra names "Alberadam" as the first wife of Robert "Guiscard", recording that they were separated on grounds of consanguinity[281], although the precise relationship between husband and wife is not known. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names the first wife of Robert as "Alveradam amitam suam [=Girardus de bono alipergo]", recording the couple's separation on grounds of consanguinity[282].

m secondly ([1058/59]) SICHELGAITA di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno & his wife Gemma of Capua ([1040/45]-Salerno 27 Jul 1090, bur Monte Cassino). The Gestis Ducum Normannorum names "primogenitam filiam Gaumarii principis Salerni…Sichelgaitam" as the wife of "Robertus Wiscardus Normannigena dux Apuliæ"[283]. The Annals of Romoald in 1060 record the marriage of "Sikelgaitum Guaimerii principis filia" and "Robbertus Guiscardus"[284]. Malaterra names "filiamque Gaimari Salernitani principis Sigelgaytam" as the second wife of Robert "Guiscard"[285]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names the second wife of Robert as "sororem Salernitani principis…Sikelgaita"[286]. Her birth date is estimated from her having borne children immediately after her marriage. Her husband became heir to the Principality of Salerno through this marriage, although her husband forestalled his inheritance by conquering Salerno in 1077. The Alexeiad names Robert "Guiscard"'s wife Gaita when recording that "she went on campaign with her husband and when she donned armour she was indeed a formidable sight"[287]. She successfully laid siege to Trani, while her husband did the same at Taranto, as part of their campaign to suppress the rebellion of autumn 1078. She also fought in the battle to capture Durazzo in 1081/82. The Annals of Romoald record the death in Apr 1090 of "Sikelgaita ducissa mater Rogerii ducis"[288].

Robert "Guiscard" & his first wife had [two children]:

1. MARCO [Bohémond] of Apulia (1052-Canosa di Puglia, Apulia 6/7 Mar 1111, bur Cathedral of Canosa di Puglia). The Annals of Romoald name "Boamundum" as the son of Robert "Guiscard" & his first wife[289]. The Lignages d'Outremer name "Beymont" as son of "Robert Guichart qui conquest Puille", stating that he was "prince de Tarente" before he was granted Antioch[290]. William of Tyre records "Boamundus" as son of Robert Guiscard in 1097[291]. He inherited the large size and height of his father[292]. However, it is clear from subscription lists in charters that Bohemond was excluded from the succession in Apulia, at least from the time his half-brothers were of age. For example, "…Marchisus cognomina Boiemont…" is listed sixth among the subscribers of the charter dated 19 Feb 1076 under which "Rotbertus dux" made concessions to the cathedral of Santa Maria at Melfi[293]. "…Marcus qui Abbamonte dicor filius eius…" subscribed the charter dated 19 Jun 1080 under which "Rubbertus dux" granted property to Montecassino, after his half-brother Roger[294]. His father gave him command of the campaign against Byzantine Illyria in 1081. He captured Valona, was defeated in a naval battle by the Venetians allied with Byzantium, but then laid siege to Durazzo. During his father's temporary absence attacking Rome, Bohémond lost most of the conquered territory. On the death of his father, he fought his half-brother Roger, whom his father had designated sole heir in Apulia. Moving southwards from his castle at Taranto, he captured Oria and Otranto, and was able to force peace in return for the grant, not only of Oria and Otranto, but also of Gallipoli, Taranto and Brindisi together with the region between Conversano and Brindisi, with the title Prince of Taranto. In 1090, he annexed Bari but was faced with rebellion by the Count of Conversano and the Lord of Montescaglioso. As one of the leaders of the First Crusade, he acceptance to swear allegiance to Emperor Alexios I in Apr 1097, agreeing that the emperor should become overlord of any new principalities founded by the crusaders and that any land captured which had previously belonged to the empire should be handed back to Byzantium[295]. He played a decisive role in the capture of Antioch 28 Jun 1098 after a siege lasting 8 months. After the fall of Antioch, Bohémond declared himself BOHEMOND I Prince of Antioch in defiance of his oath of allegiance to the emperor. Faced with attacks from both the Turks and Byzantium, both of whose interests were threatened by the establishment of the new principality of Antioch on their borders, Bohémond left his nephew Tancred as regent in Antioch and returned to Europe in 1104 to prepare a larger-scale campaign against Byzantium to overthrow Emperor Alexios I. Albert of Aix records that Bohemond besieged Durazzo in the spring [from the context, 1106] and defeated the emperor [presumably referring to Emperor Alexios I) who marched there to relieve the city, a subsequent passage stating that the siege lasted one year and that "Gui fils de la sœur de Bohémond, Guillaume Cléret et autres" tried to persuade Bohémond to lift the siege before the latter gave up the siege and returned to Apulia[296]. With English, French and Papal support, he marched on Byzantium but was defeated at Avlona near Durazzo on the Adriatic coast Oct 1107. Emperor Alexios confirmed Bohémond as Prince of Antioch, but obliged him to accept Byzantine suzerainty in the Treaty of Devol in 1108[297]. Bohémond lived the remaining years of his life in Apulia. Albert of Aix records his death at Bari[298].

- PRINCES of ANTIOCH.

2. [EMMA ([1045/55]-). She is named Emma in the Gesta Tancredi and by Tudebodus Imitatus, both of whom state that she was the sister of Robert "Guiscard"[299]. Orderic Vitalis also says that she was the sister of Robert "Guiscard" but does not name her[300]. William of Tyre records "Tancredus" as "ex sorore nepos" of Robert Guiscard[301]. Guibert, on the other hand, refers to "Tancredum, Marchionis cujusdam ex Boemundi, nisi fallor, sorore filium, cujus frater cum Hugone Magno præcesserat cui Guillelmus erat vocabulum, et quemdam qui dicebatur de priima civitate Richardum nominatiores agnovimus, virum sane pulchra corporis habitudine spectandum: quem pro Constantia, Boemundi conjuge, ad Franciæ regem vidimus legatione perfunctum"[302]. Tancred is described as Bohémond's nephew "so nevolo de una sorella" in Itinerario di la Gran Militia a la Pavese[303]. Albert of Aix also states consistently that Tancred was the son of Bohémond's sister[304]. Chronologically it is more probable that Emma was the daughter, rather than sister, of Robert "Guiscard". If she had been his sister, she could not have been born much later than 1030, which appears inconsistent with the likely birth dates of her two sons in the early 1070s. If she was his daughter, it is unlikely that she could have been born from Robert's second marriage as she would have been too young to have given birth in the late 1060s/early 1070s. It is also possible that Emma was Robert's illegitimate daughter, although this seems improbable if her husband was as illustrious as appears from his title, and also inconsistent with her son marrying the daughter of the king of France. m ODO [Guglielmo] "le Bon", son of --- (-after 1085). Marchese. Orderic Vitalis records that Tancred was the son of "Odonis boni marchisi"[305]. William of Tyre, on the other hand, records Tancred as "Tancredus Willelmi marchionis filius"[306]. "Tancrede figliolo di Vuillermo Marchion" is also recorded in Itinerario di la Gran Militia a la Pavese[307]. He is simply called "Marchisum" in the Gesta Tancredi, which states that Tancred was "a patre quidem haud ignobilis filius"[308]. Tudebodus Imitatus refers to the father of Tancred as "qui Marchusus dictus est"[309]. His sons are consistently referred to as "Marchisi filius" in contemporary chronicles concerning the First Crusade. These references suggest that he was alive at the time and, because he is referred to without a name, that he was such a well-known figure as to be recognisable only by his title. The illustrious marriage of Tancred son of "the Marquis" to the daughter of Philippe I King of France in 1106 is also best explained if the bridegroom had good family connections on his father's as well as his mother's side of the family. The names "Guglielmo" and "Odo" suggest a family relationship with the northern Italian family of the Marchesi di Monferrato, although it is not known what connections they may have had with southern Italy. Pushing this speculation further, the name of the first wife of Guglielmo [III] Marchese di Ravenna, the father of Ranieri Marchese di Monferrato, is unknown. Assuming that his connection with southern Italy could be proved, it is not impossible that Guglielmo married firstly Emma daughter of Robert "Guiscard" and was father by her of Tancred. The highly speculative nature of these conjectures must be emphasised. However, no other contemporary marchese Guglielmo or Odo has so far been identified in records relating to either northern or southern Italy. Orderic Vitalis records that Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia summoned "Odon the Marquis", among others, to his deathbed in 1085[310], which also gives some indication of the relative importance of Odo/Guglielmo in contemporary southern Italy.]

- PRINCES of ANTIOCH.

Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife had eleven children:

3. MATHILDE of Apulia ([1059]-after 6 Jun 1112, bur Girona). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium record that "Raimundus-Berengarii filius [Raimundi-Berengarii]" married "filiam…Rotberti Guiscardi Ducis Apuliæ et Messinæ"[311]. Mathilde was the oldest daughter of Robert "Guiscard" according to William of Apulia[312]. The Alexeiad records that Robert "Guiscard" betrothed "one daughter to Raymond, son of the Count Barcinon" but does not name her[313]. Her parentage is confirmed by the Vita Sancti Ollegarii which names her son “Raymundum comitem Barchinonensem filium filiæ Roberti Guisardi principis Apuliæ”[314]. She was known as MAHALTA in Catalonia. She was strongly supported by Guillem Ramón Seneschal of Catalonia and his brothers after the murder of her first husband. Her second marriage is deduced from the testament of her son by her first marriage "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio", dated [8 Jul] 1130, which appoints "Aimericum fratrem meum" as one of the testator's manumissores[315]. "Aimericus…vicecomes Narbone…et uxor mea Mealtis…et filiorum eius" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Martial on leaving for the Holy Land, by charter dated [1100/01][316]. A charter dated 7 Feb 1102 names "domini Haymerici vicecomitis Narbonensis et uxoris eius…Matta filiorumque eorum…Aymericus, Giscardus et Bernardus"[317]. "Aymericus…vicecomes Narbonensis…cum uxore mea…Mahalda et filiis nostris…Aymericus, Guiscardus et Bernardus Raymundi" donated property to Saint-Pons de Thomières for "Berengarii filii nostri" on his becoming a monk at the monastery by charter dated 29 Apr 1103[318]. Ramon Berenguer and his mother Mahalta issued a charter dated 6 Jun 1112[319]. m firstly (1078) RAMÓN BERENGUER II "Cabeza le Estopa/Cap d'Estopes" Conde de Barcelona, "Cabeza le Estopa/Cap d'Estopes" son of RAMÓN BERENGUER I "el Viejo" Conde de Barcelona & his third wife Almodis de La Marche ([1055]-murdered Perxa de Astor, near Girona 6 Dec 1082). m secondly (1085[320]) AMAURY [I] Vicomte de Narbonne, son of BERNARD Vicomte de Narbonne & his wife Fides [Foi] de Rouergue (-[1105/06]).

4. ROGER of Apulia ([1060/61]-22 Feb 1111, bur Salerno San Mateo). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[321]. He succeeded his father in 1085 as ROGER "Borsa/the Purse" Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily.

- see below.

5. MABEL of Apulia . She is named as sister of Roger Duke of Apulia by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her husband and says that the marriage was arranged by her brother after he reached a settlement with his half-brother Marco Bohemond[322]. In a later passage, Orderic names her "Mabel dite Courte Leuve", also names her father and specifies that her dowry consisted of fifteen (unspecified) castles[323]. Malaterra records that the wife of "Guillelmus de Grantemenil" was "sororem ducis, filiam…Guiscardi, Mabiliam"[324]. "La contessa Mabilia, vedova del protosebasta Guglielmo di Grantmesnil ed il figlio Guglielmo" donated the church of San Pietro di Bragalla to Cava by charter dated Sep 1117[325]. m (Apulia [1088/1096][326]) GUILLAUME de Grantmesnil, son of HUGUES de Grantmesnil & his wife Adelise de Beaumont-sur-Oise (-before 1114). He is named, and his parentage given, by Orderic Vitalis, who also names his wife and her father[327]. William I King of England offered him his niece, daughter of Robert Comte de Mortain, but Guillaume left for Apulia[328]. Europäische Stammtafeln states that he was in Apulia from 1081[329], although the basis for this is not known. "Avunculus" of Arnoul de Montpinçon, whose "acquisitions" inspired the latter to set out for Apulia[330]. He took part in Robert Guiscard's campaign against Durazzo in 1081 and was summoned by Duke Robert to his deathbed[331]. He was granted land in the valleys of the Crati, the Coscile and at Cotrone[332], although it is not known whether this refers to part of the "15 castles" of his wife's dowry (see below) or whether they were grants made to Guillaume in his own right before his marriage. Either way, it is clear that Guillaume's career in Apulia must have been particularly successful for him to have risen from a relatively obscure background and to have made such a prominent marriage. Orderic Vitalis reports that in [Jul] 1097 Guillaume and his brother Aubrey were among those who, fearing that Antioch would be recaptured by the Turks, let "themselves down the wall with ropes" in order to escape and "were called clandestine rope-dancers to their lasting disgrace"[333]. Albert of Aix records "Guillaume", married to the sister of Bohémond, and formerly domestikos of the Emperor at Constantinople, who escaped "out of fear" from Antioch to Alexandretta, believing that the crusading army was doomed after it was besieged by Kerbogha atabeg of Mosul[334]. He died in Apulia after returning from Antioch according to Orderic Vitalis[335], the text suggesting that this was before 1114. Europäische Stammtafeln[336] refers to "1130" but the source to which this relates has not so far been found.

6. [ERIA] of Apulia . Orderic Vitalis states that the wife of Ugo was the daughter of Robert Guiscard (without naming her) and that her husband repudiated her "without cause", for which he was excommunicated by Pope Urban[337]. Her father's insistance that his principal vassals meet the cost of her wedding caused considerable resentment, triggering the revolt against Robert Guiscard in autumn 1078. Amatus records the marriage of Duke Robert's (unnamed) daughter, endowed "with a very fine dowry", and the (unnamed) son of Marquis Azzo[338]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m (1078, divorced) as his second wife, UGO d'Este [HUGUES [V] Comte du Maine], son of ALBERTO AZZO II d'Este & his second wife Gersende du Maine.

7. ROBERT of Apulia (-after May 1103). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[339]. "…Robertus ducis filius…" was among the subscribers of the charter dated 19 Feb 1076 under which "Rotbertus dux" made concessions to the cathedral of Santa Maria at Melfi[340]. "…Robberti filius ducis Robberti…" was among the subscribers of the charter dated Jun 1087 under which "Rogerius…dux ducis Robberti filius" donated property to the church of Bari[341].

8. GUY of Apulia (-5 Jul 1108). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[342]. "Guidonis filii Roberti" subscribed the charter under which "Robertus dux Apulie, Calabrie et Sicilie" granted rights to "Trostainus de Mileto in Troia"[343]. According to the Alexeiad, Emperor Alexios I "secretly made overtures to Guy with offers of a marriage alliance…and [he] accepted" during his father's campaign in Durazzo in [1083/84][344]. William of Tyre records "domini Boamundi frater Guido nomine" at Constantinople in [1098][345]. He was in the service of Emperor Alexios I[346]. According to Orderic Vitalis, he was among those present in Constantinople encouraged to go to the aid of his half-brother Bohémond at the siege of Antioch[347]. Duca di Amalfi e Sorrento. The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Guido frater Rogerii ducis" in 1108[348].

9. SIBYLLE of Apulia . The Alexeiad records that Robert "Guiscard" married "the other [daughter] to Eubulus who was himself a count of great distinction" but does not name her[349]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Sybilla" as wife of "comitis Ebali de Roceio" but does not give her origin[350]. [1092]/1117. m (before 1082) EBLES [II] Comte de Roucy, son of HILDUIN [IV] Comte de Montdidier et de Roucy, Seigneur de Ramerupt & his wife Adelaide de Roucy (-May 1103).

10. [OLYMPIAS] of Apulia (-after 1090). The Annals of Romoald record the betrothal of an unnamed daughter of Robert "Guiscard" and "imperatorem Constantinopolem" in 1076[351]. The Alexeiad records that Emperor Mikhael Dukas "promised his own son Konstantinos in marriage to the daughter of this barbarian Robert", in a later passage stating that "the lady's name was Helena"[352]. Skylitzes records the betrothal of "Robertus…filiam…Helenam" and "suo filio Constantino" (referring the son of Emperor Mikhael VII), dated to [1073/75][353]. Amatus also records this betrothal[354]. She is named Olympias by Houts who does not cite the primary source on which this is based[355]. She lived in Constantinople after her betrothal and was baptised into the Greek Orthodox church as HELENA. Orderic Vitalis says that two of the daughters of Robert "Guiscard" were living in Constantinople, and that they remained there after the accession of Emperor of Alexios I (in 1081), performing light service at court before being sent back to Sicily[356]. After the betrothal was ended, she was placed in a convent. She eventually returned to Italy after the death of her parents, and settled at her uncle's court at Palermo. Betrothed (Aug 1074, contract broken 1078) to KONSTANTINOS Dukas co-Emperor, Porphyrogenetos son of Emperor MIKHAEL VII & his wife Maria of Georgia (-[1092/97]).

11. CECILE of Apulia . Chalandon records that Cécile is named in a charter at Bari[357].

12. GAITELGRIMA of Apulia (-after 1086). Chalandon records that Gaitelgrima, married firstly to Drogo and secondly to Onfroi, is named in a charter of Cava dated 1086[358]. "Gaitelgrime comtesse de Sarno, veuve du comte Anfroi" is named in a charter dated 1081[359]. m firstly DROGO, son of ---. m secondly ONFROI [Conte di Sarno], son of --- (-1081 or before).

Dukes of Apulia: ROGER 1085-1111, GUGLIELMO 1111-1127

ROGER of Apulia, son of ROBERT "Guiscard/Weasel" de Hauteville Duke of Apulia & his second wife Sichelgaita of Salerno ([1060/61]-22 Feb 1111, bur Salerno San Mateo). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium et Robbertum atque Guidonem" as the three sons of Robert "Guiscard" & his second wife[360]. William of Tyre names him and his father[361]. Tudebodus Imitatus states, in relation to Bohémond, that Roger was "frater eius ex solo patre"[362]. During his father's serious illness of 1066, his mother forced her husband's vassals in Trani as his father's successor. He was campaigning in Greece when his father died. Having been designated sole heir, he succeeded in 1085 as ROGER "Borsa/the Purse" Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily. Returning to Italy to take possession, he was challenged by his half-brother Bohemond. Despite military support from Roger Count of Sicily, provided in return for those parts of Calabria and Sicily in possession of the Duke of Apulia, his reign witnessed the territorial decline of Apulia, reduced to little more than the previous principality of Salerno[363]. The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Rogerius dux" in Feb 1111, specifying that he was 50 years old and that he was buried "in ecclesia beati Mathei apostoli"[364].

m (1092) as her second husband, ADELA de Flandre, widow of KNUD II “den Hellige/the Holy” King of Denmark, daughter of ROBERT I "le Frison" Count of Flanders & his wife Gertrud of Saxony [Billung] ([1065]-Apr 1115). The Annals of Romoald record the marriage in 1092 of "reginam Danorum nomine Alam, filiam Robberti Frisonis comitis Flandrensium" and "Rogerius dux"[365]. Malaterra names the wife of "dux Rogerius" as "neptem Francorum regis Philippi filiam Flandrensium marchionis Roberti…Adalalam"[366]. She was regent in Apulia 1111-1114 for her son Guillaume Duke of Apulia. The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Hala ducissa mater Guillelmi ducis" in Apr 1115[367].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke Roger's mistress is not known.

Duke Roger & his wife had three children:

1. LOUIS of Apulia (-shortly before 2 Sep 1094). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Ludovicum et Guiscardum, qui in puerilibus annos mortui, [et] Gulielmus" as the sons of "Rogerius dux" and his wife[368]. Malaterra records the death of "Lodovisio filio ducis" and that he was still "parvulus"[369].

2. GUILLAUME of Apulia ([1096/97]-Salerno 25 Jul 1127, bur Salerno San Mateo). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Ludovicum et Guiscardum, qui in puerilibus annos mortui, [et] Gulielmus" as the sons of "Rogerius dux" and his wife[370]. William of Tyre names him and his father[371]. His birth date is estimated from the Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna which records his death "apud Salernum…major triginta annis" in 1126 "menso Julio in festo B. Nazarii"[372]. He succeeded his father in 1111 as GUILLAUME Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, under the regency of his mother until 1114. Faced with the rebellion of Jordan Conte di Ariano, in 1122 he requested the military help of Roger II Count of Sicily, but the latter took advantage of Guillaume's weakness as ruler by insisting on retaking Guillaume's half share in the cities of Palermo and Messina[373] along with the whole of Calabria. He promised to recognise Roger II as his heir at Messina in 1125. The Annales Casinenses record the death in 1127 of "dux Gulielmus"[374]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the death of Duke Guillaume "apud Salernum morte communi major triginta annis" in 1126 "menso Julio in festo B. Nazarii" and his burial "apud Salernum…in ecclesia B. Matthaei Apostoli" with his father[375]. After his death, Roger II acted swiftly to enforce his rights, laid siege to Salerno and had himself acclaimed as Duke at Reggio, ignoring the fact that the Dukedom should have reverted to the Papacy according to the legal rules of fiefdom[376]. m firstly (before May 1115) GAITELGRIMA di Airola, daughter of ROBERTO Conte di Airola, Alife e Caiazzo & his wife Gaitelgrima --- (-1117). The Annals of Romoald record the marriage in 1116 of "Gaitelgrima filiam comitis Roberti de Airola" and "Gulielmus dux"[377]. "…Duchessa Gaitelgrima…" subscribed the charter dated May 1115 under which "Guglielmo duca, figlia del duca Ruggiero" confirmed donations to the monastery of Santa Maria di Malfinó, for the soul of "madre Ala", by charter dated May 1115[378]. m secondly ([1120/21]) GAITELGRIMA di Capua, daughter of JORDAN II Principe di Capua & his wife --- (-after 1127). The primary source which records the second marriage of Duke Guillaume and his wife's parentage has not so far been identified. The Chronicle of Falco Beneventano records that "uxor eius" cut her hair after the death of Guillaume Duke of Apulia[379].

3. GUISCARD of Apulia (-Aug 1108). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Ludovicum et Guiscardum, qui in puerilibus annos mortui, [et] Gulielmus" as the sons of "Rogerius dux" and his wife, specifying in a later passage that "Guiscardus filius ipsius Rogeri [dux]" died in Aug 1108[380].

Duke Roger had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

4. GUILLAUME (-[1145/50]). Chalandon records that Guillaume, signor di Gesualdo e Lucera, illegitimate son of Duke Roger, is named in charters dated Apr 1115 and May 1116[381]. Conte di Gesualdo e Lucera.

- CONTI di GESUALDO.

B. COUNTS of SICILY (FAMILY of TANCRED de HAUTEVILLE)

ROGER I 1072-1101, SIMON 1101-1105, ROGER II 1105-1130

ROGER de Hauteville, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- ([1031]-Mileto 22 Jun 1101, bur Mileto, Abbey of the Holy Trinity). Malaterra names "septimus Rogerius minor" last among the sons of Tancred & his second wife[382]. The Annals of Romoald agree that he was the youngest son[383]. Amatus records that the brothers "Mauger, Geoffrey, William and Roger" arrived in Apulia from Normandy[384], dated from the context to [1054/57]. He joined his brother Robert Guiscard in Calabria in autumn 1057, where he soon subdued much of the western part of the peninsula from his base at Cape Vaticano. He helped suppress a rebellion in Melfi, but quarrelled with his brother and left his service in early 1058. He joined his brother Guillaume Count of the Principate, and installed himself in the castle of Scalea from where he led a life of brigandage. He helped his brother Robert Guiscard to suppress the rebellions in Calabria triggered by the famine of 1058, in return for the promise of half the territory involved. He captured Messina in 1061, and crossed to Sicily. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records "Rogerius comes" captured "Mandorium" in 1061[385]. Still not having received his reward for helping Robert Guiscard in 1058, Roger issued an ultimatum in 1062. Robert reacted by besieging Roger at Mileto, but was captured at Gerace. A compromise was reached, seemingly based on a scheme to divide each town and castle into two separate areas of influence[386]. Roger returned to Sicily in Aug 1062, basing himself at Troina. After being besieged there for four months, he defeated the Muslims at Cerami in 1063. Further progress in the conquest was slow, but marked by the victory at Misilmeri in 1068. He helped his brother capture Bari in 1071, the two of them returning immediately afterwards to Sicily where they took Palermo in 1072 after offering terms of surrender which were favourable to the Muslim population. Robert Guiscard claimed suzerainty over the island, having been invested as Duke by the Pope several years earlier, but installed his brother as ROGER I Count of Sicily. According to Houben, Roger never used the title "magnus comes" or "Great Count", which was attributed to him in documents after his death. Houben also points out that "magnus" may have been intended in the sense of "elder" in the later documentation, to distinguish him from his son[387]. Progress in conquering the island of Sicily was slow, and further delayed by calls from Robert "Guiscard" for Roger's military help in Apulia. However, Trapani was conquered in 1077, and Taormina in Aug 1079. In 1081, the Muslims recaptured Syracuse, but lost it again to Roger's son Jourdain. Roger's conquest of Sicily was completed by 1091, when he also captured Malta. Magnanimous in victory, he was able to lay the foundations for a highly successful, multi-cultural state in Sicily where Muslim, Greek and Norman elements all prospered. Roger I also established control in areas of peninsular Italy. His nephew Roger "Borsa" Duke of Apulia ceded him those parts of Sicily and Calabria which were still under the control of Apulia in return for military support against his half-brother Bohémond. Roger I also demanded the lordship of Naples in return for helping Richard II Prince of Capua establish himself in 1098. He founded the Benedictine Abbey at Mileto where he was buried. Lupus Protospatarius records the death in Jun 1101 of "Rogerius comes Siciliæ"[388]. The Annales Siculi record the death in Jul 1101 of "comes Rogerus pater regis Rogerii"[389]. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records the death in Jul 1101 "apud Miletum" of "Comes [Rogerius comes]" and his burial "in ecclesia quam ipse fundaverat"[390].

m firstly (San Martino d'Agri Nov 1061) JUDITH d'Evreux, daughter of GUILLAUME d'Evreux [Normandie] & his wife Hawise d'Enghien (-1076). Orderic Vitalis names her, gives her parentage and records her marriage[391]. Her uterine half-brother Robert de Grantmesnil, Abbé de Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche, was her guardian. After quarrelling with Guillaume II Duke of Normandy, Robert fled Normandy with Judith, her brother and sister, first to Rome where he tried to seek redress from the Pope, and then to Robert Guiscard who had founded the abbey of Santa Eufemia in Calabria for him[392]. Malaterra records the marriage "apud Sanctum Martinum" of "abbatum Sanctæ Euphemiæ Robertum…Judicta sorore sua" and Count Roger[393]. Left at Troina in Aug 1062 while her husband left to campaign further in Sicily, the citizens of the town attempted to take her hostage. She and her returned husband were besieged for four months.

m secondly ([1077]) EREMBURGE de Mortain, daughter of ROBERT Comte d'Eu [Normandie] & his first wife Béatrice --- (-[1087]). Malaterra records the death of "Eremburga filia Gulielmi comitis Mortonensis" wife of "comes Rogerius", dating the event to 1089[394].

m thirdly ([1087]) as her first husband, ADELAIDA del Vasto, daughter of MANFREDO del Vasto Marchese di Savona [Monferrato] & his wife --- ([1072]-Palermo 16 Apr 1118, bur Patti, Convent of San Salvatore). Her origin is confirmed by Malaterra who records the marriage of "comes Rogerus" and "Adelaydem…neptem Bonifacii…Italorum marchionis, filiam…fratris eius", dating the event to 1089[395]. According to Houben[396], she was "barely 15" on her first marriage, although the basis for this statement is not known and if it is correct her assumed birth year would be earlier or later than [1072] depending on the actual year of the marriage. Albert of Aix specifies that "the princess of Sicily was of French descent" but details of this descent have not been found[397]. She was regent of Sicily for her sons Count Simon and Count Roger II 1101-1112, jointly with Robert de Bourgogne, the husband of one of her step-daughters. She suppressed rebellions by her vassals with great severity. "Adalaidis comitissa Sicilie et Calabrie cum filio meo Rogerio" donated property to the church of St Bartholomew for the soul of "dmi mei comitis Rogerii" by charter dated [Mar 25/31 Aug] 1107[398]. "Adalasia comitissa Siciliæ et Calabriæ et…comes Rogerius filius eius" donated property to the bishopric of Squillace on the advice of "ipsorum baronum…Roberti Borelli et Gosberti de Licia et Willelmi de Altavilla" by charter dated [Mar 25/31 Aug] 1107[399]. She established the Sicilian capital at Palermo [Mar/Jun] 1112. She married secondly (Acre Sep 1113, repudiated 1117) as his third wife, Baudouin I King of Jerusalem. Fulcher of Chartres specifies that King Baudouin married the widow of Roger Count of Sicily and names her "Adelaidis" in a later passage[400]. Albert of Aix records the marriage of King Baudouin to the widow of "Roger Duke of Sicily brother of Bohémond", describing in detail the magnificence of her suite[401]. As a condition of her second marriage, she insisted that her son by her first marriage, Roger Count of Sicily, would become heir to Jerusalem if the second marriage produced no other heir[402]. The illness of the childless King Baudouin I during the winter 1116-17 made his death without a successor seem likely. Arnoul de Choques, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who could not envisage the possibility of the crown of Jerusalem passing to the count of Sicily, obliged the king to repudiate Adelaida because he was still married to his second wife, and also on grounds of consanguinity[403], presumably motivated principally by the realisation of the potential succession crisis if the arrangement concerning Roger of Sicily was not terminated. Queen Adelaida returned to Sicily in Spring 1117[404]. Fulcher records her death in Sicily in April immediately after recording the death of King Baudouin[405]. The Annales Siculi record the death in 1118 of "Adelasia regina Ierosolimitana mater regis Rogerii"[406]. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records the death in 1118 of "Adelasia uxor comitis Rogerii, mater regis Rogerii"[407].

Count Roger I & his first wife had [five] children:

1. --- of Sicily . Malaterra records that "filia sua [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ]" (whom he does not name) married "Hugoni de Gircæa" who was granted Catania[408]. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records that in 1076 "Ugo de Guzzetta, capitaneus Cataniæ et gener comitis" was killed by the Saracens "in Mortelletto Cataniæ"[409]. m (before 1076) HUGUES de Gercé, son of --- (-killed Mortelletto, Catania 1076).

2. MATHILDE of Sicily (1062-before 1094). Malaterra records the marriage of "Raimundus comes Provinciarum" and "Matildem filiam suam [Rogerii Siculorum comitis]…de prima uxore" which he dates to 1080[410]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. According to Houben[411], Mathilde who married Robert Comte d'Eu was the daughter of Roger I Count of Sicily by his second wife, and a different person from Mathilde wife of Raymond Comte de Saint-Gilles. No source is quoted, but this seems unlikely from a chronological point of view as Roger's second marriage took place in [1077], and Robert Comte d'Eu died in [1089/93]. In addition, it seems unlikely that Roger, at the height of his power as count of Sicily in the late 1080s, would have agreed to his daughter's marriage to an obscure count in northern France while he was arranging royal marriages for his other daughters. m firstly (repudiated before [1080][412]) as his second wife, ROBERT Comte d'Eu, son of GUILLAUME Comte d'Hiémois et d'Eu [Normandie] & his wife Lesceline de Harcourt (-8 Sep [1089/93], bur Le Tréport). m secondly (1080, divorced [1088]) as his third wife, RAYMOND de Toulouse, son of PONS Comte de Toulouse & his third wife Almodis de La Marche (-castle of Mount Pèlerin near Tripoli, Palestine 28 Feb 1105). He succeeded his brother in 1094 as RAYMOND IV Comte de Toulouse.

3. EMMA of Sicily ([1063]-after 1119). Malaterra names "filiam eius…Emmam…de prima uxore Judicta" when recording that her father arranged her marriage to Philippe I King of France, in return for a generous dowry, not knowing that the king was still married to Bertha of Holland. She left for France, but when the king's marital status came to light, the dowry was sent back to Sicily and her marriage to the Comte de Clermont was arranged by her brother-in-law Raymond de Saint-Gilles[413]. Rodolfo Macabeo donated property, for the soul of "domine Judette socrus mee" and for "sa femme Emma", by charter dated May 1099[414]. Pope Pascal II confirmed the possessions of the abbey of Notre-Dame de Josaphat in Sicily and Calabria by charter dated 3 Jan 1113, listing the donations including "Emme filie Rogerii comitis Sicilie et Calabrie…orto ante ecclesiam Sancte Perpetue"[415]. "Rogerius…Sicilie et Italie rex" confirmed donations "a beate memorie Emma sorore nostra quondam comitissa civitate Severiane et Appii domina" to the church of St Basilius in Appia by charter dated 21 Sep 1133[416]. "Rogerius…Sicilie et Italie rex…Rogerii primi comitis heres et filius" confirmed past donations to St Mary Josephat, Jerusalem by (among others) "dna Emma soror nostra uxor quondam Radulfi Machabei" by charter dated 11 Oct 1144[417]. m firstly ([1086/87], repudiated?) GUILLAUME [VI] Comte d'Auvergne, son of ROBERT [II] Comte d'Auvergne & his second wife Judith de Melgueil (-1136). This first marriage is not mentioned in Europäische Stammtafeln[418] but is consistent with the story concerning Emma's projected marriage with the king of France quoted above. According to another table in Europäische Stammtafeln[419], the wife of Comte Guillaume [VI] was Emma, daughter of Guillaume d'Evreux, who was the maternal aunt of Emma, daughter of Count Roger, but this appears impossible chronologically. m secondly RODOLFO MACABEO Conte di Montescaglioso, son of UNFREDO Conte di Montescaglioso [Normandie] & his wife --- (-after 1110).

4. ADELISA of Sicily (-before 1096). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Mar 1083 under which "Enricus comes filius…bone memorie Robberti…comitis et Adelisa filia Ruggeri comitis…vir et uxor de civitate Sancti Michaelis Archangeli monte Gargano" donated property for the soul of "[Adelisa…]…Iudite matri mee"[420]. m ENRICO Conte di Lucera e del Gargano, son of ROBERTO di Lucera Conte di Gargano & his wife Gaitelgrima di Salerno (-[1101/Aug 1103]). Conte di Monte San Angelo.

5. JORDAN of Sicily (-Syracuse 12 Sep [1091/92], bur Santa Maria, Mili San Pietro). Malaterra names "duobus filiis suis [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ] Gaufredo et Jordano" when recording their betrothals[421]. Jordan is named as son of Count Roger's first marriage in Europäische Stammtafeln[422]. The source on which this is based is not known, but it would be consistent with his likely birth date given the known details of his career. According to Norwich and Houben[423], Jordan was the illegitimate son of Roger I Count of Sicily. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records that in 1076 "Jordanus filius comitis" escaped the Saracens who devastated Sicily and captured "Drepanum, Bicarum et Castrum Novum"[424]. He ended the siege of Trapani in 1077 and recaptured Syracuse from the Muslims in 1081[425]. Left in charge of Sicily during his father's absence helping Robert Guiscard in peninsular Italy, he rebelled against his father's authority, although he was later pardoned. m (1087) --- del Vasto, daughter of MANFREDO del Vasto Marchese di Savona & his wife ---. Malaterra records the betrothal of "duosque sorores [Adelaydis]" and "duobus filiis suis [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ] Gaufredo et Jordano", dating the event to 1089[426].

Count Roger & his second wife had nine children:

6. [FELICIA] of Sicily ([1078]-[1102]). Malaterra records the marriage in 1097 of "Colomannus…rex Ungarorum" and "comitis Rogerii…filiam suam" but does not name her[427]. Given that she gave birth to four known children before her death, it is unlikely that she was born much later than [1078], in which case she would have been the oldest child by Count Roger's second marriage. The marriage was arranged, with the help of Pope Urban II, to seal King Kálmán's alliance with the Normans of Sicily against Byzantium. King Kálmán's wife is named Felicia in Europäische Stammtafeln[428], but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. She is sometimes referred to as "Buzilla", but according to Kerbl this is simply a corruption of the French "pucelle"[429]. According to Houben, her name is unknown[430]. m (1097) as his first wife, KÁLMÁN "Könyves/the Bookman" King of Hungary, son of GÉZA I King of Hungary & his first wife Sophie van Looz (1065-3 Mar 1116).

7. GODEFROI "il Leproso" of Sicily (-[1096/1120]). Malaterra names "duobus filiis suis [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ] Gaufredo et Jordano" when recording their betrothals, states that Godefroi died before the marriage could take place and, in a later passage, that he suffered from "morbus elephantinus"[431]. Godefroi is named as son of Count Roger's second marriage in Europäische Stammtafeln[432]. According to Houben, he was the son of the count's first marriage[433]. A leper, he lived in isolation in a remote monastery[434]. m --- del Vasto, daughter of MANFREDO del Vasto Marchese di Savona & his wife ---. Malaterra records the betrothal of "duosque sorores [Adelaydis]" and "duobus filiis suis [Rogerii comitis Siciliæ] Gaufredo et Jordano", dating the event to 1089, but states that Godefroi died before the marriage could take place[435].

8. MAUGER of Sicily . Chalandon says that Roger´s son Mauger is named in several charters, which are mainly spurious[436]. His father granted him Troina[437].

9. CONSTANCE of Sicily (-after Jul 1101). The Chronicon of Bernold records the marriage in 1095 "in Tusciam Pisas" of "Chonradus rex" and "filiam Rogerii ducis de Sicilia, adhuc admodum parvulum cum inaudita pecunia" but does not name the bride[438]. Malaterra records the marriage in 1095 in Pisa of "Corradum…Henrici filium" and "filiam Siculorum Calabriensium comite" but also does not name her[439]. The primary source which confirms that her name was Constance has not yet been identified. Houben says "we think the bride was called Maximilla" but cites no source to support this[440]. She returned to southern Italy after her husband's death. m (1095) KONRAD King of Italy, son of Emperor HEINRICH IV & his first wife Berthe de Savoie (12 Feb 1074-27 Jul 1101). His father excluded him from the succession in 1098, and declared him deposed[441]. No issue.

10. MURIELLA of Sicily (-after 1119). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m JOSBERT de Lucy, son of --- (-after 1110).

11. MATHILDE of Sicily (-after [1132]). The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese names "comitissæ Mathildis sororis Regis Rogerii, conjugisque Ranulphi comitis"[442]. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records that "comitissa Mathildis", hearing that "Rogerium regem fratrem suum" had gone from Alife to Salerno, rejoined her brother who restored her dowry "tota vallis Caudina", dated to [1130] from the context[443]. The Chronicle of Falco Beneventano records that Roger King of Sicily disinherited "principem Robertum et Rainulphum comitem" in 1132 and in the same year sent "Mathildi uxori suæ" (wife of "Rainulphum") to Sicily to escape her husband[444]. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records that Roger King of Sicily sent "Mathildem sororem suam…cum filio suo Roberto" to Sicily to avoid her husband, dated to [1130] from the context[445]. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records that "comiti Ranulpho" demanded the return of Avellino and Mercogliano, along with his wife and son, from Roger King of Sicily at Taranto, dated to [1130/32] from the context[446]. m (before 1127, separated [1130/32]) RAINULFO Conte di Alife e di Avellino, son of ROBERTO Conte di Airola, Alife e Caiazzo & his wife Gaitelgrima --- (-30 Apr 1139).

12. FLANDINA of Sicily. Chalandon records that her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Pirro[447]. m (before 1094) ENRICO del Vasto, son of MANFREDO del Vasto Marchese di Savona & his wife --- (-1137).

13. [SIBYLLE] of Sicily. Orderic Vitalis records that Adelaida, widow of Roger I Count of Sicily, arranged the marriage of "her daughter" (unnamed) to Robert de Bourgogne whom she appointed co-regent for her son[448]. Kerrebrouck says that Sibylle was the possible name of this daughter and that she was born from his third marriage[449], presumably reading the passage in Orderic Vitalis literally. It seems more likely chronologically that she was the daughter of Count Roger's second marriage. m (1102 or 1103) ROBERT de Bourgogne, son of ROBERT I "le Vieux" Duke of Burgundy & his [first/second wife] [Hélie de Semur/Ermengarde [Blanche] d'Anjou] (-poisoned [1113]). He is named as son of Duke Robert by Orderic Vitalis[450]. Jean Richard suggests that Robert was the son of Duke Robert by his second marriage[451]. Given his active career in the early 12th century, a birth date in the 1050s is more likely than in the late 1030s/early 1040s, but there appear to be no surviving primary source which point either way. He was declared heir to the duchy of Burgundy by his father, after the death of his older [half-]brother, but was dispossessed by his nephew Duke Hugues I[452]. He left Burgundy to take part in the expedition against the Moors in León with his nephew Duke Eudes 5 Aug 1087 [453]. Orderic Vitalis records that he "made a friendly alliance" with Adelaida, widow of Roger I Count of Sicily, who arranged his marriage and appointed him co-regent for her son[454]. He was murdered by his mother-in-law with a poisoned draught after Count Roger II came of age[455]. His death date is estimated from Orderic Vitalis recording that "for ten years he defended the principality [Sicily] vigourously against all attacks"[456].

14. JUDITH of Sicily (-before 19 Oct 1136). "Jullita filia comitis Rogerii cum consensus fratris mei Rogerii regis Sicilie ducatus Apulie et principatus Capue" founded a Cluniac abbey at Sciacca by charter, dated 1103 although this date appears incorrect in view of the title attributed to her brother which he only acquired in 1130[457]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified, although it is suggested by Ioannes Kinnamos who names "Bassavilla Rogerii Siciliæ tyranni ex sorore nepos"[458]. It also suggested by the Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna which records that "Robertus de Basavilla comes de Conversano consobrinus frater eiusdem regis" was present at the coronation of Guillaume I King of Sicily (in 1154)[459]. "Robert de Bassonville comte de Conversano" donated the church of San Martino di Molfetta to Cava by charter dated 19 Oct 1136 which names "feue Judith femme du comte et Robert leur fils"[460]. m (1110) ROBERT [I] de Basonville "Chaperon", son of --- (-before Sep 1142). Roger II King of Sicily created him Conte di Conversano in 1136.

Count Roger & his third wife had three children:

15. SIMON of Sicily (1093-28 Sep 1105). The Annals of Romoald name "filius eius [=Rogerius Sicilius comes] Symon" when recording that he succeeded his father, specifying that "paucis transactis annis mortuus est"[461]. He succeeded his father in 1101 as SIMON Count of Sicily, under the joint regency of his mother and his brother-in-law Robert de Bourgogne. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records that "frater primogenitus…Simon" succeeded his father, but died and was succeeded by his brother Roger[462]. "Comes Rogerius" confirmed the donation of property to the church of Bagnara by "frater meus Simon et mater mea Adelasia" by charter dated Oct 1116[463].

16. ROGER of Sicily ([22 Dec 1095]-Palermo 26 Feb 1154, bur Palermo Cathedral). The Annals of Romoald name "frater eius [=Symonis] Rogerus comes" when recording that he succeeded his brother[464]. He succeeded his brother in 1105 as ROGER II Count of Sicily.

- see below, Part C. KINGS of SICILY.

17. MAXIMILLA of Sicily. She and her husband are named by Houben but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified[465]. m ILDEBRANDO [VI] Aldobrandeschi (-1137).

Count Roger had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

18. GEOFFROY (-after 1120). It is not possible that this Geoffroy was the same person as Comte Roger´s son, Geoffroy/Godefroi, who is recorded as having been a leper. It is also chronologically impossible that he was the son of Roger II Count of Sicily, given the latter´s birth in 1095. It is assumed therefore that this second son named Geoffroy was an illegitimate son of Count Roger I. His father granted him Ragusa[466]. "Tancredus de Siracusa et Goffredus de Ragusia et Robert Avenelles et Radulfus de Belvaco" are named as present in a charter dated [Mar 25/31 Aug] 1107 under which "Adalasia comitissa Siciliæ et Calabriæ et…comes Rogerius filius eius" donated property to the bishopric of Squillace on the advice of "ipsorum baronum…Roberti Borelli et Gosberti de Licia et Willelmi de Altavilla"[467]. "Geoffroi de Raguse, fils du comte Roger" is named with his three sons in a charter dated 1120[468].

- CONTI di MARSICO.

C. KINGS of SICILY 1130-1198 (FAMILY of TANCRED de HAUTEVILLE)

ROGER II 1130-1154

ROGER of Sicily, son of ROGER I Count of Sicily & his third wife Adelaida di Savona [Monferrato] ([22 Dec 1095]-Palermo 26 Feb 1154, bur Palermo Cathedral). The Annals of Romoald name "frater eius [=Symonis] Rogerus comes" when recording that he succeeded his brother[469]. His birth date is calculated back from Romuald recording his date of death 27 Feb 1154, at the age of 58 years, two months and 5 days according to the chronicle of Romuald of Salerno[470]. He succeeded his brother in 1105 as ROGER II Count of Sicily, under the joint regency of his mother and his brother-in-law Robert de Bourgogne. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records that "frater primogenitus…Simon" succeeded his father, but died and was succeeded by his brother Roger under the tutelage of "genitrix illius Adalasia"[471]. Declared of age after 12 Jun 1112, the date of the last document issued jointly with his mother[472]. "Rogerius Sicilie atque Calabrie comes" confirmed a judgment relating to Bagnara by charter dated [Oct] 1116 witnessed by "Henricus avunculus comitis, Robertus Avenellus, Rainaldus de Tirone"[473]. He strengthened the Sicilian navy, which became one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean. As the price for assisting Guillaume Duke of Apulia to crush the rebellion of Jordan Conte di Ariano in 1122, Roger insisted on retaking Guillaume's half share in the cities of Palermo and Messina along with the whole of Calabria. In revenge for the Almoravid attack on Nicotera, on the coast of Calabria, in 1122, a Sicilian fleet sailed in Jul 1123 with the aim of attacking Mahdia on the north African coast, but the expedition was defeated by the Zirid emir al-Hassan. He seized Montescaglioso in 1124, claiming to succeed to his deceased sister Emma. Duke Guillaume promised to recognise Roger II as his heir at Messina in 1125, and when the former died in 1127 Roger acted swiftly to assert his rights, laid siege to Salerno and had himself acclaimed as Duke of Apulia at Reggio, ignoring the fact that the dukedom should have reverted to the Papacy according to the legal rules of fiefdom[474]. Pope Honorius II, as rival claimant, formally forbade Roger from assuming the title of Duke. The crisis escalated, with the two sides mustering troops on the River Bradano in the eastern Basilicata in the summer of 1128. The Pope conceded faced with the strength of the Sicilian forces, investing Roger as Duke 22 Aug 1128 outside the walls of Benevento. In 1129, Roger II expanded his area of authority in Apulia, capturing Taranto, Nardò and Bari, though failing to take Brindisi. He had all counts, bishops and abbots swear allegiance to him at a solemn court at Melfi in Sep 1129. His conquest of southern Italy was completed in 1130 when Robert II Prince of Capua submitted to him. He claimed the principality of Antioch in 1130 as the nearest male heir of Bohémond II, but was unable to press this due to his preoccupations in southern Italy. Taking advantage of the further weakness of the Papacy following the schism of Feb 1130, he pressured anti-Pope Anacletus II to invest him (by Papal Bull at Benevento 27 Sep 1130) as ROGER II King of Sicily, justified on the fiction that Sicily had once been a kingdom[475]. He was crowned at Palermo 25 Dec 1130. The duchy of Naples submitted to him in 1131. However, he was faced with rebellion by barons in Apulia, led by his brother-in-law Rainulf Conte di Alife, who defeated him at Nocera 25 Jul 1132. In 1133, Roger II exacted his revenge, capturing Venosa, Montepeloso, Acerenza, Bisceglie, Trani and Troia. With the arrival of Emperor Lothar in Italy, allied with Pope Innocent II, Roger suffered reverses, Salerno surrendering to Imperial forces 8 Aug 1137. Emperor Lothar and Pope Innocent II jointly invested Rainulf Conte di Alife as Duke of Apulia. Roger II re-entered Salerno in Oct 1137, but was defeated by Rainulf at Rignano near Monte Gargano, 30 Oct 1137. He unsuccessfully attempted to conciliate with Pope Innocent II after the death of Anacletus II in Jan 1138. Innocent II announced Roger's excommunication at the Second Lateran Council in Apr 1139, but with the death of Rainulf later the same month Roger was able to reassert control over the whole of southern Italy. He captured Pope Innocent II at San Germano (now Cassino) and obliged the Pope to crown him again 25 Jul 1139. Able now to turn his attention to north Africa, Roger II's fleet began plundering coastal towns taking advantage of the weakness of the Zirid emir. The capture of Tripoli in 1146 marked the start of a period of conquest, with Mahdia, Susa and Sfax falling in 1148. The area was settled by Sicilian colonists, the local Muslim inhabitants treated with tolerance, but Sicily's north African expansion was short-lived, falling to the Almohads after Roger II's death. In the meantime relations with Germany and Byzantium had grown tense, in part through the negotiations between Emperor Konrad III and Emperor Manuel I for the latter's marriage with the German Emperor's sister-in-law Bertha von Sulzbach, part of whose dowry was confirmed under the Treaty of Thessaloniki 1348 as the duchy of Apulia. Roger II launched attacks against Byzantium in 1147, partly to forestall any action on the part of the Byzantine/German alliance, and captured Corfu, Corinth and Thebes, although the Byzantine/Venetian alliance defeated the Sicilian fleet off Cape Malea in 1149 and soon recaptured Corfu. Robert of Torigny records the death "1154 IV Kal Mar" as "Rogerius rex Sicilie"[476]. The Annales Siculi record the death in 1154 of "Rogerius rex Siciliæ, ducatus Apuliæ et principatus Capuæ"[477].

m firstly ([1117]) Infanta doña ELVIRA de Castilla y León, daughter of don ALFONSO VI King of Castile and León & his [fifth wife Isabel née Zaïda ---] ([1100/16 Mar 1104]-6 Feb 1135). The Chronicon Regum Legionensium names "Sancha the wife of count Rodrigo and Elvira who married Duke Roger of Sicily" as the daughters of King Alfonso and his fourth "legitimate wife…Elisabeth"[478]. Both daughters are named in a charter dated 16 Mar 1104[479]. In view of the dates of their marriages, it is unlikely that they were born much before this date. This suggests that their mother may have been King Alfonso's fifth wife, formerly known by her Muslim name Zaïda, although if their estimated birth dates are correct there would have been an interval of several years between their births and the birth of their older brother Sancho, which seems surprising. In the case of Elvira, there is another factor which suggests that Zaïda may have been her mother, which is discussed below. The Annals of Romoald name "Albiriam filiam regis Yspanie" as wife of "rex Rogerius…cum esset comes et iuvenis"[480]. According to Reilly, Elvira daughter of King Alfonso by "Elisabeth" married Fernando Fernández[481]. If this was correct, it would mean that King Roger's wife was King Alfonso's daughter by Jimena Muñoz (see below), which seems unlikely given the estimated birth date of the older Elvira. It would also mean that King Roger's wife was the widow of Raymond de Saint-Gilles Comte de Toulouse. However, if that was the case, it would be surprising that the fact was not mentioned in contemporary chronicles, considering how widely Raymond's crusading exploits were recorded. Assuming that Zaïda was the mother of King Roger's wife, her half-Muslim extraction may have been a factor which favoured the marriage, as King Roger's good relations with the largely Muslim population of Sicily was fundamental to the success of his dynasty in the island. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records the death of "Alberia regina", dated to [1134/35] from the context[482]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the deaths of "Albyria…regina…et filia eius…Tarentinus princeps et Anfusus Capuanorum princeps et Henricus", recorded in a section dealing with 1145 although the text appears to be recapitalitive of earlier events[483].

m secondly (1149) SIBYLLE de Bourgogne, daughter of HUGUES II "Borel/le Pacifique" Duke of Burgundy [Capet] & his wife Mathilde de Mayenne ([1126]-Salerno 16 Sep 1150, bur Monastery of the Trinity de la Cava de Tirreni). The Annals of Romoald name "Sibiliam sororem ducis Burgundie" as the second wife of "rex Rogerius", specifying that she died at Salerno soon after their marriage and was buried "apud Caveam"[484]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that King Roger married "Sibiliam sororem ducis Burgundiæ" and that she died soon after at Salerno and was buried "apud Caveam", dated from the context to after the death of the king´s oldest son (in 1149)[485]. A short anonymous Chronicle of Cassino records the death of "Sybilla regina" in 1150[486]. The Annales Casinenses record the death in 1151 of "Sibilla regina"[487]. Chalandon states that King Roger´s second wife died in childbirth, which he dates to 19 Sep 1151[488].

m thirdly (1151) BEATRICE de Rethel, daughter of ITHIER de Vitry Comte de Rethel & his wife Béatrice de Namur ([1130/32]-30 Mar 1185). The Annals of Romoald name "Beatricem filiam comitis de Reteste" as the third wife of "rex Rogerius"[489]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna names "Beatricem filiam comitis de Reteste" as the third wife of King Roger and mother of "filiam…Constantiam"[490]. The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis names "Hugonem et Manassem cum aliis filiis et filiabus" children of "comitis Witeri de Retest", specifying that one daughter married "Rogerus rex Sicilie"[491]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names (in order) "Albertum Sancti Lamberti Leodiensis prepositum, comitem de Reytest Manasserum, castellanum Vitriaci Henricum et Hugonem et Balduinum…et tres sorores" as the children of "comiti Guithero Reytestensi" & his wife, naming the first daughter "regina Sicilie Beatrix"[492]. The Chronicon Hanoniense refers to the two daughters of "comitissa Retensis [filiam Godefridi comitis Namurcensi]", specifying that "rex Sicilie Rogerus" married one as his second wife[493].

Mistress (1): --- di Molise, daughter of [HUGUES [I] Conte di Molise & his wife ---]. The Ignoti Monachi Chronica records that in 1141 King Roger married "sororem comitis Ugonis de Molisio" by whom he had "filium Symonem, quem constituit principem Capue"[494]. Houben assumes that she was the mistress of King Roger[495], but assuming the date quoted in the Ignoti Monachi Chronica is correct, it is not impossible that the couple married as it is after his first wife´s death and well before his marriage with his known second wife.

Mistresses (2) and (-): ---. The names of King Roger's other mistresses are not known.

King Roger II & his first wife had six children:

1. ROGER of Sicily ([1118]-12 May 1148). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum…Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife, specifying that Roger was later Duke of Apulia[496]. Houben suggests that Roger was born in 1118 in light of his being knighted in Aug 1135, this ceremony normally being conducted at the age of 16[497]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that all the cities of Apulia swore homage to "dux…Rogerus…filiisque suis…Rogerio et Tancredo" in Sep 1130[498]. Duke of Apulia 1135, confirmed by Pope Innocent II 25 Jul 1139. Together with his brother Alphonse, he captured Abruzzo in Spring 1140, advancing to Ceprano, the most southerly town of Papal territory. The Annals of Romoald record the death in 1149 of "Rogerius dux Apulie primogenitus [regis Rogerii]"[499], the Annales Casinenses recording the death in 1148[500]. m ([1140/43]) as her first husband, ISABELLE de Blois, daughter of THIBAUT IV Comte de Blois & his wife Mathilde von Sponheim [Carinthia] (1130-13 Aug ----). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to, but does not name, the third of the six daughters of "comes Campanie Theobaldus" as "quedam ducissa in partibus remotis, hanc postea duxit Guilelmus Goez in dyocesi Carnotensi" specifying that her two daughters were "matrem Gaufridi de Dunzei et Agnetam domnam de Monteforti in Cenomania"[501]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage more precisely has not yet been identified. She returned to France after her husband died and married secondly ([1150/55]) Guillaume [IV] Goët de Montmirail Baron du Perche-Goët. Her second marriage is confirmed by Robert of Torigny which names "Herveus de Juen" as husband of "Guillermus Goeth…primogenitam filiam natam ex una sororem comitis Teobaldi"[502]. The necrology of the Prieuré de Fontaines records the death "13 Aug" of "Domina Elisabeth…monacha, ducissa, soror domine Marie ducisse"[503]. Mistress (1): (before [1138]) --- di Lecce, daughter of ACCARDO Conte di Lecce & his wife Matilia ---. Guerrieri refers to "la leggenda assai curiosa degli amori segreti di Sibilla, unica figlia di Roberto conte di Lecce, succeduto a Goffredo figlio di Accardo, col primogenito del re Ruggiero" and adds that "oggi è dichiarata insostenible per la grande confusione di nomi, di fatti e di date, e per gli errori assai evidenti"[504]. Chalandon states that legends surrounding King Tancred´s mother, in which she is variously called "Blanche, Béatrice et Sibille", were first fabricated in the mid-16th century[505]. Hugo Falcandus records that "Tancred and William, the sons of Duke Roger" were born "by a nobly born mother"[506]. Her correct parentage is confirmed by a charter dated May 1190 under which her son "Tancredus…rex Sicilie, ducatus Apulie" transferred Casale Surbo near Lecce to "Emma…abbatissa monasterii Sancti Iohannis monialium Liceii dilecte matertera…nostra"[507], which suggests that his mother was Emma´s sister and so the daughter of Accardo Conte di Lecce. Duke Roger had two illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

a) TANCRED di Lecce ([Lecce 1138]-20 Feb 1194). The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Chronica name "Tancredus…ducis Roggerii filius…naturalis" but do not name his mother[508]. William of Tyre (Continuator) names him "cosin germain" of Guillaume II King of Sicily when recording his accession in 1190[509]. He was unlawfully elected as TANCRED King of Sicily in 1190.

- see below.

b) GUILLAUME di Lecce ([1138/39]-[1167/68]). Hugo Falcandus records that "Tancred and William, the sons of Duke Roger by a nobly born mother…were kept under arrest within the palace compound" after the conspiracy against Guillaume I King of Sicily in [1156][510]. Guillaume was presumably later released as Hugo Falcandus also records that he visited his brother "imprisoned within the palace walls" at the time of the conspiracy against the king (in 1161), stating that Guillaume was then 22 years old[511].

2. TANCRED of Sicily ([1119]-[1135/45]). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum…Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife, specifying that Tancred was Prince of Taranto[512]. Houben notes that Tancred was knighted with his older brother in Aug 1135 and suggests that this indicates they were both aged about 16, the normal age to be knighted[513]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that all the cities of Apulia swore homage to "dux…Rogerus…filiisque suis…Rogerio et Tancredo" in Sep 1130[514]. Principe di Bari 1135. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the deaths of "Albyria…regina…et filia eius…Tarentinus princeps et Anfusus Capuanorum princeps et Henricus", recorded in a section dealing with 1145 although the text appears to be recapitalitive of earlier events[515].

3. ALPHONSE of Sicily ([1120/21]-10 Oct 1144). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum… Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife, specifying that Alphonse was Prince of Capua[516]. Houben speculates that Alphonse must have been about 14 or 15 years old when invested with the principality of Capua, as he was not then old enough to have been knighted with his two older brothers[517]. "Anfusum eius filium [=Rogerium regem Siciliæ" was installed by his father as Prince of Capua in 1136[518]. He was invested as Prince of Capua in Aug 1135, confirmed by Pope Innocent II 25 Jul 1139. Duke of Naples 1139. Together with his brother Roger, he captured Abruzzo in spring 1140. The Annales Casinenses record the death in 1144 of "Alfusus princeps"[519]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the deaths of "Albyria…regina…et filia eius…Tarentinus princeps et Anfusus Capuanorum princeps et Henricus", recorded in a section dealing with 1145 although the text appears to be recapitalitive of earlier events[520].

4. daughter (-[1135]). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum…Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife, the daughter being unnamed[521]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the deaths of "Albyria…regina…et filia eius…Tarentinus princeps et Anfusus Capuanorum princeps et Henricus", recorded in a section dealing with 1145 although the text appears to be recapitalitive of earlier events[522].

5. GUILLAUME of Sicily ([1131]-7 or 15 May 1166). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum …Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife[523]. His father created him Principe di Taranto in 1139. He succeeded his brother Alphonse as Prince of Capua[524] and Duke of Naples in 1144. He succeeded his brother Roger as Duke of Apulia in 1148[525]. Crowned as joint King of Sicily by his father at Easter 1151. He succeeded his father in 1154 as GUILLAUME I "le Mauvais"[526] King of Sicily, crowned at Palermo at Easter 1154.

- see below.

6. HENRI of Sicily (before Aug 1135-[1135/45]). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum…Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife[527]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna names "Rogerium…Tancredum…Anfusium…Guilelmum et Henricum…etiam…filiam unam" as the children of Roger and his wife "Albyriam filiam regis Hispaniæ"[528]. He was mentioned as "infans", but unnamed, in the chronicle of Alexander Abbot of Telesinus[529] at the time his two oldest brothers were knighted in Aug 1135. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records the deaths of "Albyria…regina…et filia eius…Tarentinus princeps et Anfusus Capuanorum princeps et Henricus", recorded in a section dealing with 1145 although the text appears to be recapitalitive of earlier events[530].

King Roger II & his second wife had two children:

7. HENRI of Sicily (29 Aug 1149-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

8. child (stillborn [16] Sep 1150). Chalandon states that King Roger´s second wife died in childbirth, which he dates to 19 Sep 1151[531].

King Roger II & his third wife had two children:

9. child (-young). The primary source which confirms the parentage of this child has not yet been identified.

10. CONSTANCE of Sicily (posthumously 2 Nov 1154-Palermo 28 Nov 1198, bur Palermo Cathedral). The Annals of Romoald name "Constantiam" as the daughter of "rex Rogerius" & his third wife[532]. The Annales Casinenses record that a permanent peace was signed between "Romanorum imperium et regnum Siciliæ" in 1185, Guillaume II King of Sicily coming to Salerno where he agreed the marriage of "Constantiam amitam suam" to "regem Heinricum filium Frederic imperatoris"[533]. She was declared heir by King Guillaume II in 1185, confirmed on his deathbed, but the crown was usurped by her nephew Tancredo di Lecce. Her husband invaded the Kingdom of Sicily to enforce her rights after his coronation as Emperor in Rome 15 Apr 1191, but he fell ill at the siege of Naples. Constanza was captured at Salerno by the forces of Tancredo[534], but escaped back to Germany while she was being sent to the Pope. She was made regent of Sicily by an assembly at Bari in Mar 1195, which also appointed Konrad von Urslingen as governor[535]. She succeeded her husband as Queen of Sicily in 1197, in the name of her son. m (Betrothed Salerno 1185, Milan, Santo Ambrosio 27 Jan 1186) HEINRICH VI King of Germany, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH I "Barbarossa" King of Germany & his second wife Béatrice de Bourgogne (Nijmegen Nov 1165-castilo Favara, near Messina 28 Sep 1197, bur Palermo Cathedral). He was crowned Emperor at Rome 15 Apr 1191. He claimed his Sicilian inheritance, by right of his wife, on the death of her nephew Guillaume II King of Sicily in Nov 1189. His departure for Sicily was delayed by news of the death of his father, but in early 1191 he left for Rome where he was crowned Emperor 15 Apr 1191 but was obliged to return to Germany by illness. His rival in Sicily, Tancred Conte di Lecce, had gathered support, including that of Richard I King of England whose capture by Leopold V Duke of Austria removed an obstacle for the emperor. Tancred's death in 1194 opened the way for Heinrich, who marched south again in an expedition funded by the ransom paid by England for the release of Richard I from his prison in Austria. He deposed his wife's great nephew in Oct 1194, entering Palermo as ENRICO King of Sicily. Crowned King of Sicily at Palermo cathedral 25 Dec 1194, a brutal repression of Tancredo's supported followed.

- see below, Chapter 2. KINGS OF SICILY, HOHENSTAUFEN.

King Roger II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

11. SIMON "Tancredi" (-after 1156). Hugo Falcandus names "Count Simon son of King Roger by a concubine", when recording that his father had installed him as Prince of Taranto , which was taken away from him by his half-brother King Guillaume II "in contravention of his father's will"[536]. The Ignoti Monachi Chronica records that in 1141 King Roger married "sororem comitis Ugonis de Molisio" by whom he had "filium Symonem, quem constituit principem Capue"[537]. The Ignoti Monachi Chronica records that Guillaume I King of Sicily expelled "Symonem fratrem suum qui dicebatur princeps Capue et Teoieredum nepotem suum", dated to [1156/58] from the context[538]. "Teoieredum" has not yet been identified.

King Roger II had illegitimate children by his other mistresses:

12. [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese which names "gener regis Adam" among the supporters of Roger King of Sicily, dated to [1134/35] from the context[539]. If "gener" in this passage can be correctly translated as son-in-law, Adam´s wife must have been one of the king´s older children, presumably illegitimate as no other record has been found that indicates that she was the daughter of Queen Elvira. m (before [1134/35]) ADAM, son of --- (-after [1134/35]).]

13. daughter . The Annals of Romoald refer to the wife of "Henricus naturalis frater regine [Siciliæ]" as "unam de filiabus regis Rogerii"[540]. m (1167) don RODRIGO Garcés de Navarra, illegitimate son of don GARCÍA VI "el Restaurador" King of Navarre & his mistress --- (-after Jan 1172). He moved to Sicily from Spain after the death of Guillaume II "el Malo" King of Sicily in the hope of profiting from the influence of his half-sister the dowager Queen of Sicily. Hugo Falcandus records that "the brother of the queen was staying at Palermo…he had been called Rodrigo…the queen told him to call himself Henry and she gave him the county of Montescaglioso"[541]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that "Henricus naturalis frater reginæ" arrived in Sicily, was granted "comitatum Montis-Caveosi", and married "unam de filiabus regis Rogerii"[542]. He was transferred before Dec 1168 to the county of the Principate. No issue.

14. daughter . Hugo Falcandus records that "Matthew [Bonellus] was captivated by the beauty of an illegitimate daughter of King Roger who had been married to Hugh Count of Molise"[543]. As this is probably dated to [1160/63] in this source, it is likely that she was one of the younger children of King Roger, born not later than [1130]. m as his first wife, HUGO Conte di Molise, son of [HUGO I Conte di Molise & his wife ---] (-29 Oct or 28 Dec [1156]).

15. ADELISA of Sicily (-after [1184/87]). Chalandon states that Adelisa, daughter of King Roger II, married "Jocelin comte de Loreto"[544]. It is unlikely that Adelisa was the king´s daughter by his first marriage, as Romoald only refers to one daughter whose death he records young. The chronology suggests that she could not have been born from her father´s second or third marriages. It is likely therefore that Adelisa was illegitimate. Ctss di Florenzia. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. m firstly (separated) JOSCELIN [Iozzelino] Conte di Loreto, son of RAMBOTUS Conte di Loreto & his wife --- (-1189). m secondly ROBERT Conte di Loritello, son of ROBERT de Bassonville Conte di Conversano & his wife Judith of Sicily (-15 Sep 1182).

GUILLAUME I 1154-1166, GUILLAUME II 1166-1189

GUILLAUME of Sicily, son of ROGER II King of Sicily & his first wife Infanta doña Elvira de Castilla ([1131]-7 or 15 May 1166). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerium…Tancredum …Anfusium…Guillelmus, Heinricum, filiam unam" as the children of "rex Rogerius" & his first wife[545]. His father created him Principe di Taranto in 1139. He succeeded his brother Alphonse as Prince of Capua[546] and Duke of Naples in 1144. He succeeded his brother Roger as Duke of Apulia in 1148[547]. Crowned as joint King of Sicily by his father at Easter 1151. He succeeded his father in 1154 as GUILLAUME I "le Mauvais"[548] King of Sicily, crowned at Palermo at Easter 1154. Pope Adrian IV refused to recognise his accession as king, addressing him as "Lord of Sicily". Emperor Manuel I ordered an immediate attack on the Sicilian fleet, but was defeated. Guillaume's forces attacked the Papal enclave of Benevento in 1155, which resulted in the Pope excommunicating him. He was faced with the rebellion of many of his vassals in southern Italy, and after a few months only retained Naples, Amalfi, Salerno, Troia and Melfi[549]. Guillaume launched a counter-attack on Brindisi in spring 1156, moving into the Campania where he captured Robert di Sorrento. After the king laid siege to Benevento, the Pope agreed a bilateral treaty 18 Jun 1156 under which Guillaume swore homage in return for investiture as king. This was followed by treaties with Genoa in 1156 and Byzantium in 1158[550]. During a revolt which followed the murder of his chief minister Maio of Bari 10 Nov 1160, the king and his family were taken prisoner in Mar 1161, and his heir killed. Emperor Friedrich "Barbarossa" was preparing to attack southern Italy, when the king died. The Annales Casenses record the death "15 Maii 1166" of "rex Wilielmus"[551]. The Annales Siculi record the death in 1166 of "rex Guillelmus primus, filius regis Rogerii"[552].

m ([1150]) Infanta doña MARGARITA de Navarra, daughter of don GARCÍA VI Ramírez "el Restaurador" King of Navarre & his first wife Marguerite de l’Aigle (-Palermo 1182). The Annals of Romoald name "Margaritam filiam Garsie regis Navarre" as the wife of "rex Guillelmus"[553]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that Guillaume I King of Sicily married "Margaritam filiam Garziæ regis Navarræ" during the lifetime of his father while still Prince of Capua[554]. Regent of Sicily 1166-1171. The Annales Siculi record that "regina Margarita mater regis Guillelmi secundi" founded "monasterium Maniachensium" in 1172[555].

King Guillaume I & his wife had five children:

1. ROGER of Sicily (1152-killed 1161). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerum…Robbertum…Guillelmum et Heinricum" as the children of "rex Guillelmus" & his wife, specifying that Roger was Duke of Apulia[556]. Duke of Apulia. Hugo Falcandus records that the conspirators in 1161 planned to install Roger as king in his father's place, but that he was killed "shot by an arrow as he was looking out of a window [of] the palace" during the revolt[557].

2. ROBERT of Sicily (1153-[1158/69], before 1166). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerum…Robbertum…Guillelmum et Heinricum" as the children of "rex Guillelmus" & his wife, specifying that Robert was Prince of Capua[558]. "Robertus filius eius [=Vilielmus filius Rogerius regis]" was installed as Prince of Capua in succession to his father and died three years later[559]. The date of his installation is not specifed, but it presumably took place soon after his father's accession as king of Sicily. If this is correct, Robert died in [1158/59]. After his death, "Arricus" was appointed Prince of Capua, ruling until 1172 when the principality came under the direct rule of the king of Sicily[560].

3. GUILLAUME of Sicily (1155-17 Nov 1189). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerum…Robbertum…Guillelmum et Heinricum" as the children of "rex Guillelmus" & his wife[561]. He succeeded his father in 1166 as GUILLAUME II "le Bon" King of Sicily. The Annales Casenses record the coronation "mense Iulii 1166" of "Wililemus filius eius [=regis Wilielmi]"[562]. He ruled under the regency of his mother until 1171. Emperor Friedrich was forced to abandon his plans to conquer southern Italy when his army was decimated by an epidemic in Rome in 1167, and after the foundation of the Lombard League of north Italian towns[563]. He even went so far as to offer Guillaume II the hand of one of his daughters in marriage, but this was refused. He was crowned king in 1177. The dispute with Germany was finally settled by the 1184 agreement for the marriage of the king's aunt Constanza with Heinrich, son of the emperor. After receiving Josias Archbishop of Tyre, sent by Corrado di Monferrato in [Sep] 1187 to inform the Pope of the plight of the kingdom of Jerusalem, King Guillaume wrote to his fellow monarchs urging a new crusade[564]. The Annales Casinenses record that "Wilielmus rex Sicilie" died childless and without a testament in Nov 1189[565]. [Betrothed ([1166/67]) to MARIA Komnene, daughter of Emperor MANUEL I & his first wife Bertha [Eirene] von Sulzbach (Mar 1152-poisoned Jul 1182). The Annals of Romoald record that Emperor Manuel sent ambassadors to King Guillaume II shortly after his accession proposing this marriage to his only daughter, and in a later passage refer to the betrothal of "filiam suam Zura Mariam" in 1172[566]. Niketas Choniates records the proposed betrothal between "Maria filia [Manuelis]" and "Guilielmus Siciliæ rex"[567]. This betrothal was proposed by her father in [1166/67] while Maria was still betrothed to Béla of Hungary, to gain support for his plan to be crowned emperor by the Pope. There is some doubt about how far the negotiations proceeded. If the betrothal did take place, it was terminated by Maria's father[568].] m (Palermo Cathedral 13 Feb 1177) as her first husband, JOAN of England, daughter of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Dss d'Aquitaine (Château d’Angers, Anjou Oct 1165-Fontevrault Abbey in childbirth 4 Sep 1199, bur Fontevrault Abbey). Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris[569]. Matthew of Paris also records her first marriage in 1176, and refers to her second marriage in a later passage[570]. Her first marriage is also recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator)[571]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in [1177] of "Johanna filia regis Angliæ" and "Willelmo regi Siciliæ"[572]. She was crowned Queen of Sicily 13 Feb 1177 at Palermo Cathedral. After the death of her first husband, she was kept in confinement by his successor King Tancred. After her brother Richard I King of England (who was travelling through Italy on his way to join the Third Crusade in Palestine) demanded her release, she was sent to join him at Messina. The English king captured Messina to force Tancred to negotiate terms over the inheritance of King Guillaume[573]. Berengaria of Navarre, future bride of her brother King Richard, stayed with Joan after landing in Naples in early 1191. They sailed together for Palestine with King Richard's fleet, landing at Limassol, Cyprus in Apr 1191[574]. During her brother's negotiations with Saladin, after the latter's defeat at Arsuf in Sep 1191, he proposed that Queen Joanna should marry al-Adil, Saladin's brother, who would be installed as ruler of Jerusalem, but the proposal was rejected[575]. She sailed from Acre for France 29 Sep 1191 with her sister-in-law Queen Berengaria[576]. She married secondly (Rouen Oct 1196) as his fourth wife, Raymond VI Comte de Toulouse. The Thalamus de Montpellier records the marriage in 1196 "el mes duchoire" of "R. coms de Tolosa" and "la regina Johanna"[577]. The necrology of the Prieuré de Collinances records the death "4 Sep" of "Johanna regina Sicilie"[578]. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Puylaurens records that Joan died in 1199 after her brother King Richard and was buried "dans l´église de Fontevrault"[579]. Roger of Hoveden records the death "in Normannia apud Rothomagum" in Sep 1199 of "Johanna uxor Raimundi comitis de Sancto Egidio, quondam regina Siciliæ, soror…Johannis regis Angliæ" and her burial "ad abbatiam Frontis Ebraudi"[580]. King Guillaume & his wife had one child:

a) BOHEMOND of Sicily (1182-young). Robert of Torigny states that reports came of the birth in 1182 of "filium primogenitum…Boamundum" to "Johanna uxor Guillermi regis Siciliæ filia Henrici regis Anglorum", and that his father invested him with "ducatus Apuliæ"[581].

4. HENRI of Sicily (1158-16 Jun 1172, bur Palermo Santa Maria). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Rogerum…Robbertum …Guillelmum et Heinricum" as the children of "rex Guillelmus" & his wife[582]. Principe di Capua. The Annals of Romoald record the death in mid-Jun 1172 of "Heinricum Capuanorum principum" aged 13 and his burial in "ecclesia sancte Marie de Panormo"[583]. The Annales Casinenses record that "rex Wilielmus cum principe Heinrico fratre suo" came to Apulia in 1172 but that Henri fell ill and returned to Sicily where he died[584].

King Guillaume I had [two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress or mistresses]:

5. [daughter (-after 1194). She is named as illegitimate daughter of King Guillaume by Finlay, but Rüdt-Collenberg highlights that he found no primary source supporting the Sicilian origin of Emperor Isaakios's second wife[585]. It may be based only on Snorre's Heimkringsla which records that "William king of Sicily…had three daughters…his second daughter married the Duke of Kipr"[586]. However, there is some confusion in this text as it comments that King William had no son and also records that "one of his [King William's] daughters he married to the Emperor Henry [who] killed both these brothers-in-law". It cannot therefore automatically be assumed that "the Duke of Kipr" refers to Isaakios Dukas Komnenos. She was captured by Guy I de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at Kyrenia where she had taken refuge after the defeat of her husband[587]. She appears to have accompanied her step-daughter to Palestine in Jun 1191, and in Sep 1192 to Sicily, where she remained[588]. m ([1185/86]) as his second wife, ISAAKIOS Dukas Komnenos Emperor [of Cyprus], son of --- & Eirene Komnene ([1155/60]-poisoned [1195/96]).]

6. [MARINA. Snorre's Heimkringsla records that "William king of Sicily…had three daughters…his third daughter, Margaret, was married to the chief of the corsairs"[589]. However, there is some confusion in this text as it comments that King William had no son and also records that "one of his daughters he married to the Emperor Henry [who] killed both these brothers-in-law". m (before 1193) MARGARITONE of Brindisi, Admiral of Sicily, Count of Malta, son of --- (-1195). He was of Greek origin, born at Brindisi[590]. His fleet helped to defend Isaakios Dukas Komnenos's control of Cyprus in 1187 against the fleet sent to recapture the island by Emperor Isaakios II[591]. He was blinded and deported to Germany after the invasion of Sicily in 1194 by Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany[592].]

TANCRED 1190-1194, GUILLAUME III 1194

TANCRED di Lecce, illegitimate son of ROGER of Sicily Duke of Apulia & his mistress --- di Lecce ([Lecce 1138]-Palermo 20 Feb 1194). Hugo Falcandus records that "Tancred and William, the sons of Duke Roger by a nobly born mother…were kept under arrest within the palace compound" after the conspiracy against Guillaume I King of Sicily in [1156][593]. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Chronica name "Tancredus…ducis Roggerii filius…naturalis" but do not name his mother[594]. Hugo Falcandus names "the duke's son Tancred" among those responsible for the capture of Guillaume I King of Sicily in 1161[595]. The "Catalogus Baronum", dated to [1166/68], records "terra comitis Tancredi filii domini ducis Rogerii" holding fees previously held by "comitis Goffridi Montis Caveosi, sicut dixit idem comes Goffridus" in the county of Lecce, with "feudum militum XX et cum augmento milites XL"[596]. William of Tyre (Continuator) names him "cosin germain" of Guillaume II King of Sicily when recording his accession in 1190[597]. He was exiled for involvement in a plot against King Guillaume I in 1161, but pardoned by Queen Margarita. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that "comes Guilielmus de Principatu et Riccardus de Mandra et Alexander monachus" were released from prison during a rebellion, dated to [1160] from the context, adding that "Guilielmus comes de Principatu et Tancredus comes de Lycia" joined "ad Matthæum Bonellam"[598]. He was invested as Conte di Lecce in 1169. He was appointed "Great Constable and Master Justiciar of the whole of Apulia and Terra di Lavoro" by King Guillaume II. He led the Sicilian fleet which arrived at Alexandria 25 Jul 1174 but sailed away within a week for lack of support from Byzantium or Jerusalem[599]. The Annales Casenses record that in 1176 "comes Roggerius et comes Tancredus" went to Andria[600]. The Annales Ceccanenses record that in 1185 Guillaume King of Sicily appointed "comitem Tancredum" as captain of his fleet[601]. He was unlawfully elected as TANCRED King of Sicily in 1190 by the States General of Sicily, called by Matteo d'Aiello [Vice-chancellor of Sicily], because of unease at the prospect of personal union of the crowns of Sicily and Germany if Tancred's aunt Constance succeeded as queen. He was crowned at Palermo 18 Jan 1190, and was finally recognised as king by the Pope under the Treaty of Gravina in 1192. After his election, King Tancred kept his predecessor's Queen Joan in confinement.[602]. After her release was demanded by her brother Richard I King of England (who was travelling through Italy on his way to join the Third Crusade in Palestine), she was sent to join him at Messina but the English king captured Messina to force Tancred to negotiate terms over the inheritance of King Guillaume. The treaty signed included the betrothal of Tancred's daughter to Richard's nephew Arthur de Bretagne[603]. Heinrich VI King of Germany was marching on Naples and Sicily to enforce his rights, when Tancred died. The Annales Casenses record the death in 1194 of "rex Tancredus" at "Panormum"[604]. The Annales Siculi record the death 20 Feb 1194 of "rex Tancredus"[605]. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records the death 20 Feb 1194 of "Rex Tancredus"[606].

m SIBILLA di Medania, daughter of RUGGIERO di Medania Conte di Acerra & his wife ---. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Chronica name "Ryccardo Acerrarum comitis cuius soror erat sua [=Tancredi] coniux", when recording that Tancred sent money to his brother-in-law in order to secure his position after his accession[607]. The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names "Tancredus [rex Siciliæ] uxorem Sybiliam"[608]. After her husband's death, she acted as regent for her son Guillaume III. Emperor Heinrich VI promised her and her son the county of Lecce and principality of Taranto in return for their surrender. However, an alleged conspiracy was discovered shortly after Heinrich's coronation as king of Sicily 25 Dec 1194. According to William of Tyre (continuator), King Tancred's widow and her three daughters sought refuge first with the Pope and subsequently with the king of France[609]. The Annales Argentinenses record that Emperor Heinrich imprisoned "Sibillam reginam Sicilie, uxorem Tancredi" and her daughters at the monastery of Hohenburg [in Alsace] in 1195[610].

King Tancred & his wife had six children:

1. ROGER ([1180]-24 Dec 1193). The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names "primus Rogerius…[et] secundus Gulielmus" as the two sons of "Tancredus [rex Siciliæ]" & his wife, specifying that Roger was crowned king in the lifetime of his father whom he predeceased[611]. He was crowned joint King of Sicily in 1192 by his father. Duke of Apulia 1193. m (Brindisi [Jul/Aug] 1192) as her first husband, EIRENE Angelina, daughter of Emperor ISAAKIOS II & his first wife --- ([1181]-Hohenstaufen 27 Aug 1208, bur Kloster Lorsch). Niketas Choniates records that Emperor Alexios had "ex priore coniuge…filiabus duabus et uno filio", of whom "[filiam] alteram" married "Siciliam regis Tangris filio"[612]. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Chronica in 1191 record the marriage at Brindisis of "Ysacho Constantinopolitano imperatorie de Urania filia sua" and Roger elder son of Tancred[613]. The Annales Casenses record the marriage in 1193 of "filiam imperatoris Constantinopolitani" and "Roggerus filio suo [=Tancredi]"[614]. She was among those taken as prisoners by Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany when he invaded Sicily in 1194. Niketas Choniates records that "Irene Isaacii imperatoris filia" was abducted from Sicily and married to "notho fratri Alemanniæ Philippo"[615]. Her second marriage is recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator), who names her father without naming her[616]. She adopted the name MARIA on her second marriage. She married secondly (25 May 1197) Philipp von Hohenstaufen Duke of Swabia, who was elected PHILIPP King of Germany in 1198.

2. GUILLAUME ([1186]-in prison Schloß Hohenems 1198). The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names "primus Rogerius…[et] secundus Gulielmus" as the two sons of "Tancredus [rex Siciliæ]" & his wife, specifying that Guillaume was crowned king in the lifetime of his father whom he succeeded[617]. The Annales Casenses name "Willelmo filio suo [=Tancredi]" when recording that his father crowned him after the death of his brother Roger[618]. Crowned joint King of Sicily by his father after the death of his older brother. He succeeded his father 1194 as GUILLAUME III King of Sicily. He was deposed in Oct 1194, when Heinrich VI King of Germany entered Palermo, after his mother was persuaded to surrender in return for the promise of the county of Lecce and principality of Taranto. He swore allegiance to Heinrich at the latter's coronation 25 Dec 1194, was created Conte di Taranto and confirmed as Conte di Lecce. However, the next day, Heinrich arrested Guillaume because of an alleged conspiracy. He was blinded, castrated and sent as a prisoner to Germany, where he was held at Schloß Hohenems in Vorarlberg.

3. SIBILLA [Medania] . The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names (in order) "Alberia, Constantia et Madania" as the three daughters of "Tancredus [rex Siciliæ]" & his wife, specifying that Madania remained unmarried[619]. She was confined with her mother and sisters at the convent of Hohenburg in Alsace. According to William of Tyre (Continuator), Gauthier de Brienne married "la suer de sa feme au conte Jame de Tricart"[620], which contradicts the Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum which names "Iacobo comiti de Tricario" as second husband of Gauthier de Brienne's widow[621]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m ROBERTO di Montescaglioso, son of ---.

4. ELVIRA [Albinia] (-after 1216). The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names (in order) "Alberia, Constantia et Madania" as the three daughters of "Tancredus [rex Siciliæ]" & his wife, naming the first husband of "Alberia vel Alceria" as "comes Gualterius de Brenna, frater regis", her second husband as "Iacobo comiti de Tricario", and her third husband "comiti Tigrino palatino comiti in Tuscia", specifying that her third marriage was arranged by "papa Honorius" and that her dowry was "comitatum Licie et Montis Iscaliosi in regno Apulie"[622]. She was confined with her mother and sisters at the convent of Hohenburg in Alsace. Her first marriage was arranged by Philippe II King of France, with a view to her husband reclaiming Sicily from the Hohenstaufen[623]. Villehardouin records that "Gautier de Brienne" had married "King Tancred's daughter" before he joined the Fourth Crusade, but does not name her[624]. William of Tyre (Continuator) records that Gauthier de Brienne married "l'ainz née fille dou roi Tancre" although he does not name his wife[625]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the marriage in 1201 of "Galterus comes Briennensis filius Eardi comitis" and "Tancredi filiam regis Sicilia et Sibilie regine Apulie"[626]. m firstly (Melun 1200) GAUTHIER [III] de Brienne, son of ERARD de Brienne & his wife Aimée de Montbéliard (-Jun 1205). He is named by William of Tyre (Continuator), who also specifies his parentage and says that he married "l'ainz née fille dou roi Tancre" although he does not name her[627]. He claimed the throne of Sicily, in right of his wife, and attempted an invasion to enforce his claim. Principe di Taranto. m secondly (after Jun 1205) GIACOMO Sanseverino Conte di Tricario, son of ---. m thirdly TIGRINO Palatino Conte di Toscana.

5. CONSTANCE . The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names (in order) "Alberia, Constantia et Madania" as the three daughters of "Tancredus [rex Siciliæ]" & his wife, specifying that Constance was "uxor Marcisiani ducis Venatorum" and that she had no sons[628]. She was confined with her mother and sisters at the convent of Hohenburg in Alsace. The Historia Ducum Veneticorum names "Constanciam…Tancredi regis Sycilie filiam" as second wife of Pietro Ziani[629]. According to William of Tyre (Continuator), Gauthier de Brienne married "l'autre suer [de sa feme] au fiz dou duc de Venese"[630]. m (1213) as his second wife, PIETRO Ziani Doge of Venice, son of SEBASTIANO Ziani Doge of Venice & his wife --- (-Santa Giustina 13 Mar 1230, bur Venice San Giorgio Maggiore).

6. --- of Sicily . Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1190 of "Arturum ducem Britanniæ" and "unam de filiabus regis Tancredi"[631]. It is not known which of Tancred's daughters was betrothed to Arthur of Brittany, presumably one of the daughters named above. The betrothal was arranged as part of the treaty signed between Richard I King of England and Tancred King of Sicily, concerning the inheritance of Tancred's predecessor Guillaume II King of Sicily whose widow was King Richard's sister[632]. Betrothed (11 Nov 1190) to ARTHUR I Duke of Brittany, son of GEOFFREY of England Duke of Brittany & his wife Constance Dss of Brittany (posthumously Nantes 29 Mar 1187-murdered Rouen or Cherbourg 3 Apr 1203, bur Notre Dame des Prés, Rouen or Abbaye de Bec, Normandy).

Chapter 3. KINGS of SICILY (HOHENSTAUFEN)

ENRICO 1194-1198, FEDERIGO 1198-1250, CORRADO I 1250-1254, CORRADO II 1254-1258

HEINRICH VI King of Germany, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH I "Barbarossa" King of Germany & his second wife Béatrice de Bourgogne (Nijmegen Nov 1165-castilo Favara, near Messina 28 Sep 1197, bur Palermo Cathedral). He claimed his Sicilian inheritance, by right of his wife, on the death of her nephew Guillaume II King of Sicily in Nov 1189. His departure for Sicily was delayed by news of the death of his father, but in early 1191 he left for Rome where he was crowned Emperor 15 Apr 1191 but was obliged to return to Germany by illness. His rival in Sicily, Tancred Conte di Lecce, had gathered support, including that of Richard I King of England whose capture by Leopold V Duke of Austria removed an obstacle for the emperor. Tancred's death in 1194 opened the way for Heinrich, who marched south again in an expedition funded by the ransom paid by England for the release of Richard I from his prison in Austria. He deposed his wife's great nephew in Oct 1194, entering Palermo as ENRICO King of Sicily. Crowned King of Sicily at Palermo cathedral 25 Dec 1194, a brutal repression of Tancredo's supporters followed.

m (Milan, Santo Ambrosio 27 Jan 1186) CONSTANCE of Sicily, daughter of ROGER II King of Sicily & his third wife Béatrice de Rethel (posthumously 2 Nov 1154-Palermo 28 Nov 1198, bur Palermo Cathedral). The Annals of Romoald name "Constantiam" as the daughter of "rex Rogerius" & his third wife[633]. The Annales Casinenses record that a permanent peace was signed between "Romanorum imperium et regnum Siciliæ" in 1185, Guillaume II King of Sicily coming to Salerno where he agreed the marriage of "Constantiam amitam suam" to "regem Heinricum filium Frederic imperatoris"[634]. She was declared heir by King Guillaume II in 1185, confirmed on his deathbed, but the crown was usurped by her nephew Tancredo di Lecce. Her husband invaded the kingdom of Sicily to enforce her rights after his coronation as emperor in Rome 15 Apr 1191, but he fell ill at the siege of Naples. Constanza was captured at Salerno by the forces of Tancredo[635], but escaped back to Germany while she was being sent to the Pope. She was made regent of Sicily by an assembly at Bari in Mar 1195, which also appointed Konrad von Urslingen as governor[636]. She succeeded her husband as Queen of Sicily in 1197, in the name of her son.

King Enrico & his wife had one son:

1. KONSTANTIN ROGER FRIEDRICH von Hohenstaufen (Iesi, Ancona 26 Dec 1194-Castel Fiorentino near Lucera, Foggia, of dysentery 13 Dec 1250, bur 25 Feb 1251 Palermo Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1197 as FEDERIGO I King of Sicily, under the regency of his mother, crowned 17 May 1198 at Palermo cathedral. He declared himself of age 26 Dec 1208. Emperor Otto IV invaded Naples, became master of continental Sicily by 1211, and was preparing to invade the island of Sicily with Pisan support. Elected FRIEDRICH II King of Germany 5 Dec 1212 at Frankfurt-am-Main, crowned at Mainz 9 Dec 1212 and at Aachen 25 Jul 1215. Crowned Emperor in Rome 22 Nov 1220.

a) KONRAD (Andria 25 Apr 1228-Heerlager, near Lavello, Italy, of dysentery 21 May 1254, bur Messina Cathedral). He succeeded his mother 1228 as KONRAD King of Jerusalem. Elected KONRAD IV King of Germany and Duke of Swabia at Vienna Feb 1237. He succeeded his father in 1250 as CORRADO I King of Sicily, arriving in Apulia Jan 1252.

i) KONRAD "Konradin" (Burg Wolfstein, Isar 23 or 25 Mar 1252-beheaded Naples, Piazza del Mercato 29 Oct 1268, bur Naples, Santa Maria del Carmino). Duke of Swabia 1254. He succeeded his father in 1254 as CORRADO II King of Sicily and titular King of Jerusalem, under the regency of Berthold Markgraf von Hohenburg, although he remained in Germany with his mother. Pope Innocent IV named Edward of England, son of Henry III King of England, as King of Sicily, but Konradin's uncle Manfred forced the Papacy to recognise Konradin's rights and his own appointment as Regent[637]. Konradin was deposed by his uncle in 1258. He gathered together an army with Friedrich of Austria Mgf von Baden to invade Italy and claim back his inheritance. He was defeated and captured by Charles d'Anjou King of Sicily 23 Aug 1268 at Tagliacozzo, Abruzzo, imprisoned in the Castel dell'Uovo, Naples, and beheaded in the Market Square of Naples.

Illegitimate children by BIANCA Lancia, daughter of --- & his wife Bianca Lancia (-[1233/34]):

b) MANFRED von Hohenstaufen (Venosa 1232-killed in battle Benevento 26 Feb 1266). He succeeded in 1258 as MANFREDO King of Sicily.

- see below.

c) other children: see GERMANY.

MANFREDO 1258-1266

MANFRED von Hohenstaufen, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH II King of Germany [FEDERIGO I King of Sicily] & his mistress Bianca Lancia (Venosa 1232-killed in battle Benevento 26 Feb 1266). The Thomas Tusci Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum names "[illegitimus filius Frederici]…Manfredus" as son of "sorore marchionis Lancee", specifying that he and his sister were legitimated as a result of their father's declaration at the deathbed of their mother[638]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Manfredus et domina Constanza" as the children of "dominus Fridericus secundus…Romanorum…imperator" and ["his fifth wife"] "domina Blanca…de Lancea de Lombardia"[639]. He was bequeathed the kingdom of Sicily and 10,000 uncias under his father's testament[640]. Matthew of Paris calls him "Memfredum filium Fretherici naturalem sed legitimatum"[641]. At the time of his first marriage, his father constituted him Lord of territory from Pavia to Genoa. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records that "Manfredus" was invested with "principatu Tarentino" by his father[642]. "Manfredus…imp. Frid. filius" accepted the allegiance of "Henricum…fratrem nostrum et Petrum Ruffum de Calabria regni Siciliæ marescalcum", on behalf of "regis…Conradi", by charter dated 15 Dec 1250[643]. After Pope Innocent IV named Edward of England, son of Henry III King of England, as King of Sicily, Manfred forced the Papacy to recognise Konradin's rights and his own appointment as regent in Sicily[644]. "Manfredus…imperatoris Friderici filius…princeps Tarantinus…montis sancti Angeli dominus et…regis Conradi secundi in regno Sicilie baiulus generalis" confirmed to "domino Raynerio Zeno…Veneciarum, Dalmacie atque Chroacie duci" the privileges granted to Venice by his father, by charter dated Sep 1257[645]. He deposed his nephew in 1258, and was crowned MANFREDO King of Sicily 10 Aug 1258 at Palermo, although this was not recognised by the Papacy. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records that "dominus Manfredus princeps" was crowned king at Palermo 10 Aug "primæ Indictionis"[646]. Pope Urban IV offered the kingdom of Sicily to Charles de France Comte d'Anjou who began preparations to invade and claim his rights. He defeated and killed King Manfred at Benevento.

m firstly (Betrothed 8 May 1246, proxy Mar 1247, contract 21 Apr 1247, [Dec 1248/Jan 1249]) as her second husband, BEATRIX de Savoie, widow of MANFREDO III Marchese di Saluzzo, daughter of AMEDEE IV Comte de Savoie & his first wife Marguerite de Bourgogne ([1223][647]-10 May before 1259). A charter dated 8 May 1246 records the restitution of "castri Ripolarum" by Emperor Friedrich II to "fratribus de Sabaudia, Amedeo comite et Thoma", confirmed by the betrothal of "Manfredum dictum Lancea, filium naturalem imperatoris" and "Beatricem filiam Amedei comitis, relictam Manfredi marchionis Salucensis"[648]. The proxy of marriage between "Manfredo Lanza di Lui [Imperator Federico secundo] figlio" and "la Contessa di Saluzzo figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" is dated Mar 1247[649]. The contract of marriage between "Manfredi Lanceæ filii Friderici Rom. Imperatoris" and "Beatrice marchionissa Salutiensi, filia Amedei comitis Sabaudiæ et in Italia marchionis, relicta Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum" is dated 21 Apr 1247[650]. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records that "Manfredus" married "natam Amadei comitis Sabaudiæ…Beatricem"[651]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro records that "Manfredus" married "dominam Beatricem filiam ducis Sex Viarum, qui prius in virum…marchionem de Salluciis"[652]. This marriage was arranged in recognition of the alliance between her father and Emperor Friedrich II. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[653]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[654]. The absence of any reference to Beatrix´s current husband King Manfred suggests a breakdown in their marriage.

m secondly (betrothed before Feb 1258, Trani 2 Jun 1259) HELENA Dukaina Angelina, daughter of MIKHAEL II Komnenos Dukas Angelos Lord of Epirus & his wife Theodora Dukaina Petraliphaina Basilissa ([1242]-in prison Nocera before 18 Jul 1271[655]). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro records that "Manfredum" married "Helenam filiam despoti regis Thessalie" after the death of his first wife[656]. Georgius Akropolites records the marriage of "Michaelis…filiam Helenam" and "Manfredo Siciliæ regi"[657]. Georgius Phrantzes names "Manfredum Siculorum rege et principem Peloponnesi et Achaiæ" as the two sons-in-law of "Aetolorum et Epirotarum despota Michaele"[658]. Her marriage was arranged as part of her father's peace treaty with Manfred King of Sicily in 1258, her dowry of Corfu, Durazzo, Valona and Berat being the territories which King Manfred had already conquered[659]. The Anonymous Chronicle of Trano records that "filia de lu Despotu d´Epiru…Alena" arrived 2 Jun 1259 at Trani where she married "Re Manfridu"[660]. After her husband's defeat, she fled with her children to Trani planning to travel to Greece, but was captured. She was imprisoned in the castle of Nocera in Campania and deprived of her children, although she was permitted to have servants and her own furniture and personal items[661]. She died in prison.

King Manfred & his first wife had one child:

1. CONSTANZA of Sicily (1249-Barcelona 1302). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Constancia" as the daughter of "Manfredus" and his wife "dominam Beatricem", adding that she married "Petro regi Aragonum"[662]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the marriage of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance", adding that the bride was aged 14[663]. "Infans Petrus filius…Jacobi…Regis Aragonum, Majoricarum et Valentiæ, Comitis Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et domini Montispessulani" granted dowry to "dominæ Constantiæ filiæ…Manfredi Regis Siciliæ…uxori nostræ" by charter dated 13 Jun 1262, which names "domino Bonifacio de Anglano…Comite Montisalbani…avunculo dicti domini Regis Siciliæ", countersigned 13 Nov 1264[664]. m (Montpellier 15 Jul 1262) Infante don PEDRO de Aragón, son of don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon & his second wife Iolanda of Hungary (1239-Villafranca del Penedés 2 or 11 Nov 1285). He succeeded his father in 1276 as don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona and King of Valencia, crowned at Zaragoza Nov 1276. He landed at Trapani in Sicily Sep 1280, after the Sicilian revolt against the Angevins, and declared himself PIETRO King of Sicily.

- see below, Chapter 3. KINGS of SICILY, HOUSE of BARCELONA.

King Manfred & his second wife had five children:

2. BEATRICE of Sicily (-[1307/08]). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Beatrix" as the child of "Manfredum" and his second wife "Helenam filiam despoti regis Thessalie"[665]. After her capture with her mother at Trani following her father's death, she was imprisoned at the Castel dell'Uovo in Naples from 1271. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that "la fille du roi Mainfroi, sœur de la reine d´Arragon" was freed from "le château de l´Hou" by "Roger de Lauria", dated to 1284[666]. The contract of marriage between "Manfredo figlio primogenito del Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo" and "Beatrice figlia del fù Re Manfredo, sorella della Regina Costanza d'Aragona e Sicilia" is dated 3 Jul 1286 and specifies the consent of "Marchese Tomaso di Saluzzo e Marchesa Alosia padre e madre di detto Manfredo"[667]. "Aloisia comitissa Salutiarum uxor Thomæ I marchionis Salutiarum" consented to donations by "eundem marchionem eorum filio Mainfredo" on the occasion of the latter´s marriage to "Beatrice filia quondam Mainfredi regis Siciliæ" by charter dated 1286[668]. m (1287) as his first wife, MANFREDO di Saluzzo, son of TOMASO I Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Luigia di Ceva ([1262]-Cortemiglia 16 Sep 1340). He succeeded his father in 1296 as MANFREDO IV Marchese di Saluzzo.

3. ENRICO of Sicily (Trani May 1262-Castel dell'Uovo, Naples 31 Oct 1318). His birth is recorded in an anonymous chronicle of Trani[669], now apparently lost, which states that he was his mother's first child although this appears incorrect as there would be insufficient time during his mother's remaining period of married life to have given birth to four other children. After his capture with his mother at Trani following his father's death, Enrico was blinded and imprisoned in chains in the Castel del Monte, near Bari. A charter dated 9 Jan [1295] names "Henrici, Frederici ac Anselmi fratrum filiorum naturalium quondam Manfridi principis Tarentini in castri…sancte Marie de Monte Carcere"[670]. A charter dated 26 Apr [1297] names "Henricum Fredericum et Aczolinum filios quondam principis Manfridi qui in dicto Castro [=castri Sancte Marie de Monte]…detinentur"[671]. A charter dated 25 Jun 1299 names "Henricum Fredericum et Encium filios quondam Manfridi…principis Tarentini"[672]. Enrico was transferred to the Castel dell'Uovo in Naples in 1300 with his surviving brother[673].

4. FEDERICO of Sicily (-after 2 Jun 1312). He suffered the same fate as his brother Enrico. A charter dated 9 Jan [1295] names "Henrici, Frederici ac Anselmi fratrum filiorum naturalium quondam Manfridi principis Tarentini in castri…sancte Marie de Monte Carcere"[674]. A charter dated 26 Apr [1297] names "Henricum Fredericum et Aczolinum filios quondam principis Manfridi qui in dicto Castro [=castri Sancte Marie de Monte]…detinentur"[675]. A charter dated 25 Jun 1299 names "Henricum Fredericum et Encium filios quondam Manfridi…principis Tarentini"[676]. According to Haverkamp, he escaped from prison in the early 1300s, stayed at various European courts and supposedly died in Egypt in 1312[677].

5. ANSELMO [Azzolino/Enzio] of Sicily (-before 1301). He was captured with his brothers after their father's death, blinded and imprisoned in chains in the Castel del Monte where he died. A charter dated 9 Jan [1295] names "Henrici, Frederici ac Anselmi fratrum filiorum naturalium quondam Manfridi principis Tarentini in castri…sancte Marie de Monte Carcere"[678]. A charter dated 26 Apr [1297] names "Henricum Fredericum et Aczolinum filios quondam principis Manfridi qui in dicto Castro [=castri Sancte Marie de Monte]…detinentur"[679]. A charter dated 25 Jun 1299 names "Henricum Fredericum et Encium filios quondam Manfridi…principis Tarentini"[680].

6. FLORDELIS of Sicily (-after 27 Feb 1297). She was imprisoned with her sister at the Castel dell'Uovo, Naples, and was liberated after 18 years.

King Manfredo had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

7. BEATRICE. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1284. m RANIERI della Gherardesca Conte di Donoratico (-1325).

Chapter 4. KINGS of SICILY (BARCELONA/ARAGON)

A. KINGS of SICILY 1280-1409

Don Pedro III King of Aragon, married to the eldest daughter of Manfredo [von Hohenstaufen] King of Sicily, claimed the kingdom of Sicily on the death of his father-in-law in 1266, by right of his wife. Charles de France Duke of Anjou, Comte de Provence, had already been invested as Charles I King of Sicily by Pope Clement IV in Jun 1265. After he defeated and killed King Manfredo at the battle of Benevento, King Charles entered Naples 7 Mar 1266 and seized control of the kingdom. Although there was little that King Pedro could do in the short term to assert his claim in light of this fait accompli, the Aragonese crown was ambitious to expand its influence eastwards in the Mediterranean. During the course of a military expedition against Tunis, news of the massacre of the French in Palermo 30 Mar 1282 and the general rebellion in Sicily against French rule which followed prompted King Pedro to take advantage of the situation. He was offered the Sicilian crown by the inhabitants of Sicily in Aug 1282 and landed at Trapani 30 Aug 1282 to take his kingdom. He quickly conquered the island of Sicily. An Aragonese fleet defeated the Angevin forces in the bay of Naples 5 Jun 1284 and captured Charles d'Anjou Principe di Salerno, heir to the kingdom. The dispute escalated, and the two rival kingdoms of Sicily continued in existence side by side until the death of the Angevin Queen Jeanne II without direct heirs in 1435. Queen Jeanne left her kingdom to her distant relation René Duc d'Anjou, although during her lifetime she had promised to make Alfonso V King of Aragon and Sicily her successor. King Alfonso finally imposed himself as ruler in Naples in 1442, and declared Sicily and Naples united as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not been identified, unless otherwise indicated below.

PIETRO I 1280-1285, GIACOPO I 1285-1295

Infante don PEDRO de Aragón, son of don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon & his second wife Iolanda of Hungary (1239-Villafranca del Penedés 2 or 11 Nov 1285). He succeeded his father in 1276 as don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon. He landed at Trapani in Sicily 31 Aug 1282, after the Sicilian revolt against the Angevins, and declared himself PIETRO I King of Sicily. He was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV, who supported the Angevins in Sicily, in Nov 1282. In the course of the escalating dispute, Philippe III King of France was persuaded to accept the Kingdom of Aragon for his second son Charles in Feb 1284. He invaded Aragon in early 1285 and briefly captured Girona 7 Sep 1285. The French retreated to Perpignan (where King Philippe III died 5 Oct) after their fleet was destroyed in the Bay of Roses 3-4 Sep by admiral Ruggiero di Loria. On his deathbed, Pedro renounced Sicily as the price of his peace with the church.

m (Montpellier 15 Jul 1262) CONSTANZA of Sicily, daughter of MANFREDO [von Hohenstaufen] King of Sicily & his first wife Béatrice de Savoie (1249-Barcelona 1302). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Constancia" as the daughter of "Manfredus" and his wife "dominam Beatricem", adding that she married "Petro regi Aragonum"[681]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the marriage of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance", adding that the bride was aged 14[682]. "Infans Petrus filius…Jacobi…Regis Aragonum, Majoricarum et Valentiæ, Comitis Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et domini Montispessulani" granted dowry to "dominæ Constantiæ filiæ…Manfredi Regis Siciliæ…uxori nostræ" by charter dated 13 Jun 1262, which names "domino Bonifacio de Anglano…Comite Montisalbani…avunculo dicti domini Regis Siciliæ", countersigned 13 Nov 1264[683].

1. Infante don JAIME de Aragón (Valencia 10 Aug 1267-Barcelona 5 Nov 1327, bur Barcelona church of San Francisco, transferred to Monastery of Santa Cruz, prov Tarragona). He succeeded his father in 1285 as GIACOPO King of Sicily. He succeeded his brother 1291 as don JAIME II King of Aragon and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona. Under the Treaty of Anagni 20 Jun 1295, he agreed to transfer Sicily to the Pope for onward transfer back to the Angevins in return for Sardinia and Corsica (which were invested in him at Rome 1297), and to marry the daughter of Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet]. After the Sicilians elected his younger brother Fadrique as King of Sicily, contrary to the terms of the 1295 treaty, King Jaime II campaigned against his brother. A compromise was eventually reached at Caltabellotta in Aug 1302, under which Sicily would remain with Fadrique for life but thereafter revert to King Charles II.

- KINGS of ARAGON.

2. Infante don FADRIQUE de Aragón (1272-Palermo or near Pamplona 25 Jun 1337). His brother appointed him Viceroy in Sicily after succeeding to the crown of Aragon in 1291. Ignoring the peace agreement signed between his brother and Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet], Infante don Fadrique occupied Sicily. He was proclaimed Lord at Palermo 12 Dec 1295, and recognised as FEDERIGO I King of Sicily by the Parliament-General at Catania 15 Jan 1296, crowned at Palermo 25 Mar 1296.

- see below.

3. Other children - see ARAGON.

FEDERIGO I 1285-1337

Infante don FADRIQUE de Aragón, son of don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon & his wife Constanza of Sicily [Hohenstaufen] (1272-Palermo or near Pamplona 25 Jun 1337). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero Alfonso et el otro Jayme et el otro Frederico" as the sons of King Pedro and his wife Constanza[684]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[685]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[686]. His brother appointed him Viceroy in Sicily after succeeding to the crown of Aragon in 1291. Ignoring the peace agreement signed between his brother and Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet], Infante don Fadrique occupied Sicily. As a condition of his betrothal to Catherine de Courtenay in [Jul] 1295, he promised to renounce his rights to Sicily and give help to reconquer the Latin Empire of Constantinople, but this proposal was opposed by Philippe IV King of France and the betrothal was terminated[687]. He was proclaimed Lord at Palermo 12 Dec 1295, and recognised as FEDERIGO I King of Sicily by the Parliament-General at Catania 15 Jan 1296, crowned at Palermo 25 Mar 1296. During the negotiations for his marriage in 1302, his future father-in-law, jointly with Charles de France Comte de Valois and the Pope, proposed that he should renounce his rights to the kingdom of Sicily in return for the kingdom of Albania (which was non-existent at the time) or the kingdom of Cyprus (whose ruling house of Lusignan would have been dispossessed had Federigo accepted the proposal)[688]. He refused, but a compromise was agreed at Caltabellotta in Aug 1302 whereby Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] gave Sicily as dowry to his daughter Eléonore, Federigo was confirmed with the title "King of Trinacria" (taken from the ancient name for Sicily which was derived from the triangular shape of the island) for his life, after which the kingdom would return to the house of Anjou. In 1311, the Catalan Company invited King Federigo to become its suzerain in the duchy of Athens, following its capture of the territory after defeating Gauthier de Brienne Duke of Athens in battle at the Kephissos River. The king named his son Manfred as titular Duke of Athens, with his illegitimate son, don Alfonso Fadrique de Aragón, as Captain-General[689]. War broke out again with the Angevins of Naples in 1313. King Federigo had the Sicilian parliament recognise his son Pietro as his successor 12 Jun 1314, and he readopted the title "King of Sicily" 9 Aug 1314. Sicily renewed its allegiance to King Federigo’s son Pietro in 1322. "Fredericus…rex Trinacrie…cum…domina Elyonora…regina Trinacrie…consorte nostra…[et] rege Petro secundo primogenitor cum consorte eius" wrote to "domino infanti Alfonos…domini regis Aragonum primogenitor…comiti Urgellensi" dated 20 May [1326][690].

Betrothed ([Jun] 1295) to CATHERINE de Courtenay, daughter of PHILIPPE de Courtenay Titular Emperor of Constantinople & his wife Beatrice of Sicily (1274-Paris 11 Oct 1307 or 2 Jan 1308, bur Paris, église des Jacobins).

m (Messina May 1303) as her second husband, ELEONORE of Sicily, former wife of PHILIPPE de Toucy titular Prince of Antioch Signor di Terza, daughter of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary (1289-Monastery of San Nicolo di Arena 9 Aug 1341, bur Catania, Franciscan monastery). The Continuatio of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in 1302 of "Fredericus" and "Alienordum regis Siciliæ filiam"[691]. Her second marriage was arranged by the Treaty of Caltabellotta 31 Aug 1302, under which her father gave her Sicily as dowry during her husband’s life, after which the kingdom would return to her father King Charles II and his heirs[692]. "Fredericus…rex Trinacrie…cum…domina Elyonora…regina Trinacrie…consorte nostra…[et] rege Petro secundo primogenitor cum consorte eius" wrote to "domino infanti Alfonos…domini regis Aragonum primogenitor…comiti Urgellensi" dated 20 May [1326][693].

Mistress (1): SIBILLA Sormella, daughter of ---.

King Federigo & his wife had nine children:

1. PIETRO of Sicily (1304-Calataxibeta 15 Aug 1342). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Pedro…et el otro Don Johan…el tercero Guillem" as the three sons of Federigo King of Sicily[694]. He succeeded his father in 1338 as PIETRO II King of Sicily.

- see below.

2. RUGGIERO of Sicily ([1305]-young).

3. CONSTANZA of Sicily ([1306]-after 19 Jun 1344). "Petrus secundus…rex Sicilie…domini Friderici…patris sui regis eiusdem regni in ipsius administratione" wrote to Jaime King of Aragon "frater [patris nostris]" concerning the potential remarriage of "domine Constancie…regine Jerusalem et Cipris, sororis nostre" dated 16 Dec [1324][695]. The Chronique du Royaume de la Petite Arménie of Constable Sempad records the marriage of "le roi d'Arménie Léon" and "[la] fille du roi de Sicile Frédéric II" in [29 Dec 1330/28 Dec 1331][696], which was accompanied by a grant of commercial privileges by her husband to his father-in-law[697]. The Chronicle of Jean Dardel records that King Leo married "dame Constance, vefve de feu Henry, roy de Cyppre" stating that she was daughter of "Fredric, roy de Sezille"[698]. The Lignages d'Outremer name "la regina Costanza" as first wife of "Joanne, l'altro figliolo de re Hugo…principe d'Antiochia e contestabile de Cypro"[699]. Betrothed (Oct 1306) to ROBERT de France, son of PHILIPPE IV "le Bel" King of France & his wife doña Juana I Queen of Navarre (1297-Saint-Germain-en-Laye Aug 1307, bur Priory of Poissy, église de Saint Louis). m firstly (Nicosia 16 Oct 1317) HENRI II King of Cyprus, son of HUGUES III King of Cyprus [Poitiers-Lusignan] & his wife Isabelle d'Ibelin (1271[700]-Strovilo 31 Aug 1324). No issue. m secondly (Papal Dispensation 29 Dec 1331) as his second wife, LEO IV King of Armenia, son of OSHIN King of Armenia & his first wife Zabel of Korikos (before 4 Sep 1309-28 Aug 1341). m thirdly (1343 after 16 Apr) as his first wife, JEAN de Lusignan, son of HUGUES IV King of Cyprus & his second wife Alice d'Ibelin ([1329/30]-murdered 1375). Titular Pr of Antioch 1345-1375. Regent of Cyprus 1362-1365, 1366, and 1369-1375.

4. MANFREDO of Sicily ([1307]-Trapani 9 Nov 1317, bur Trapani). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that the Catalan Company elected "l´infant Mainfroi" second son of the king of Sicily as their leader but that his father refused to allow him to depart because he was too young, dated to 1312[701]. His father named him Duke of Athens in 1312, after the Catalan Company invited King Federigo to be their suzerain following their conquest of the territory. Berenguer Estañol, a knight of Ampurias, was appointed as Governor[702]. Manfredo never visited his duchy[703].

5. ISABELLA of Sicily ([1310]-Landshut 21 Mar 1349, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau). The Chronicle of Matthias Nueweburgensis records the death in 1349 of "filia regis Cecilie uxor Stephani ducis Bavarie"[704]. The necrology of Seligenthal records the death "XII Kal Apr 1349" of "domina Elisabeth ducissa Bawarie filia regis Sycilie"[705]. m (27 Jun 1328) as his first wife, STEFAN von Bayern, son of Emperor LUDWIG IV "der Bayer" King of Germany, Duke of Bavaria, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein & his first wife Beatrix von Schweidnitz [Piast] (Autumn 1319-Landshut 19 May 1375, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau). He succeeded his father in 1347 as STEFAN II "mit der Hafte" Duke of Bavaria.

6. GUGLIELMO of Sicily (1312-Valencia 22 Aug 1338, bur Palermo). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Pedro…et el otro Don Johan…el tercero Guillem" as the three sons of Federigo King of Sicily, stating that Guglielmo died "sin alguna dignidat"[706]. Principe di Taranto. He succeeded his brother Manfredo in 1317 as Duke of Athens, although he never visited the territory. He added the title Duke of Neopatras in 1319, after his half-brother Alfonso Fadrique captured the town and large parts of Thessaly[707]. A charter dated 5 Apr 1331 records a peace agreement relating to the island of Eubœa and names "domini Guilielmi duchatuum Athenarum et Neupatrie ducis…domini Frederici Sicilie regis…filii" acting with the advice of "Alfonsum Friderici, insularum Melineti et Gaudisii comitem, dicti…regis Friderici filium"[708]. m (1335) as her first husband, doña MARÍA Álvarez de Ejérica, daughter of don JAIME II de Aragón Barón de Ejérica & his wife doña Beatriz de Lauria Señora de Cocentaina ([1310]-before 1364). She married secondly Infante don Ramón Berenguer de Aragón Conde de Prades, later Conde de Ampurias.

7. GIOVANNI of Sicily (Apr/May 1317-Catania 3 Apr 1348). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Pedro…et el otro Don Johan…el tercero Guillem" as the three sons of Federigo King of Sicily, stating that Giovanni was "Duch de Atenas"[709]. Marchese di Randazzo. He succeeded his brother 1338 as Duke of Athens and Neopatras, although he never visited the territory. Regent of Sicily 1338-1348. He died of the plague. m CESARINA [Cesarea] Lancia, daughter of PIETRO Lancia Signor di Delia, Conte di Caltanissetta & his wife --- d'Alagón. Giovanni & his wife had three children:

a) FEDERIGO de Aragón ([1340]-11 Jul 1355, bur Santa Agata Palermo). He succeeded his father in 1348 as Duke of Athens and Neopatras.

b) LEONOR de Aragón ([1346]-after 1369). m GUILLÉN de Peralta Conde de Castelbellotta.

c) CONSTANZA de Aragón.

8. CATERINA of Sicily ([1320]-). Abbess of Santa Chiara at Messina.

9. MARGHERITA of Sicily (1331-Neustadt 1377, bur Neustadt St Aegidius). m ([Neustadt 14 Dec 1344] or 1348) as his second wife, RUDOLF II "der Blinde" Elector Palatine, son of RUDOLF I Joint Duke of Upper Bavaria and Joint Pfalzgraf bei Rhein & his wife Mechtild von Nassau (Wolfratshausen 8 Aug 1306-Neustadt 4 Oct 1353, bur Neustadt St Aegidius).

King Federigo I had five illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

10. don ALFONSO Fadrique de Aragón ([1290]-[20 Dec 1335/4 Mar 1339]). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that the Catalan Company elected "Alphonse-Frédéric" son of the king of Sicily as their leader, dated to 1313[710]. He became Lord of Salona in 1319, and Conte di Malta e Gozo in 1330, under the suzerainty of the Kings of Sicily.

- LORDS of SALONA.

11. doña ISABEL de Aragón (-1341). m firstly (1313) PONCE VI Maugalin Conde de Ampurias, son of PONCE V Conde de Ampurias & his wife doña Marquesa de Cabrera 18^th Vizcondesa de Cabrera (-1322). m secondly (1322) as his second wife, RAIMONDO di Peralta Conte di Caltabellota, son of FILIPPO di Saluzzo & his first wife Sibilla di Peralta (-1348).

12. LEONOR de Aragón . [The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that Federigo King of Sicily promised "une sienne fille qui´il avait eue de madame Sibilia de Solmela" to "Roger de Luria" after the death of Roger de Lauria, dated to 1313[711]. The source does not state which of the daughters of King Federigo was betrothed to Roger de Lauria. However, Isabel was married around that time and Leonor is the only other known daughter.] [Betrothed ([1313]) to ROGER de Lauria, son of ROGER de Lauria Grand Admiral of Aragon and Sicily & his first wife Margherita Lancia ([1290/91]-Naples 1313).] m don JUAN de Chiaramonte Conde de Módica, son of ---.

13. SANCHO de Aragón (-[1334]). Barone de Militello. m MACALDA Polizzi, Signora di Cammarata, daughter of ---. Sancho & his wife had one child:

a) FEDERIGO de Aragón (-[1339]). Barone di Militello. m ---. The name of Federigo's wife is not known. Federigo & his wife had one child:

i) VINCIGUERRA de Aragón. Barone di Militello. m ---. The name of Vinciguerra's wife is not known. Vinciguerra & his wife had one child:

(a) FEDERIGO de Aragón. Barone di Militello.

14. ORLANDO de Aragón (1296-killed in battle at Caltanissetta 1361). Barone di Avola.

- BARONI DI AVOLA.

PIETRO II 1338-1342, LUIGI 1342-1355, FEDERIGO II 1355-1377, MARIA I 1377-1401, MARTIN I 1401-1409

PIETRO of Sicily, son of FEDERIGO I King of Sicily & his wife Eléonore of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] (1304-Calataxibeta 15 Aug 1342). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Pedro…et el otro Don Johan…el tercero Guillem" as the three sons of Federigo King of Sicily[712]. "Fredericus…rex Trinacrie…cum…domina Elyonora…regina Trinacrie…consorte nostra…[et] rege Petro secundo primogenitor cum consorte eius" wrote to "domino infanti Alfonos…domini regis Aragonum primogenitor…comiti Urgellensi" dated 20 May [1326][713]. The Sicilian Parliament recognised him as his father’s successor 12 Jun 1314, contrary to the terms of the 1302 Treaty of Caltabellotta, and confirmed its allegiance to him in 1322. He succeeded his father in 1338 as PIETRO II King of Sicily.

m (23 Apr 1322) ELISABETH von Görz-Tirol, daughter of OTTO II Duke of Carinthia [Görz] & his wife Euphemia von Liegnitz [Piast] (-1352 or after). Regent of Sicily 1348-1352 for her son.

King Pietro II & his wife had nine children:

1. CONSTANZA of Sicily ([1324]-Oct 1355). Regent of Sicily 1352-1354 for her brother King Luigi.

2. LEONOR of Sicily ([1325]-Lérida 20 Apr 1375). She became a powerful influence at the Aragonese court, replacing Bernat de Cabrera as King Pedro IV's chief adviser. In 1357, faced with mounting opposition in Sicily, her brother King Federigo proposed that Athens and Neopatras be transferred to Queen Leonor in return for military help from her husband in Sicily, a proposal which was refused[714]. m (Valencia 12 Jun 1349) as his third wife, don PEDRO IV King of Aragon, son of don ALFONSO IV "el Benigne" King of Aragon & his first wife doña Teresa de Entenza Condesa de Urgel (Balaguer 5 Sep 1319-Barcelona 5 Jan 1387, bur Nuestra Señora de Poblet).

3. BEATRICE of Sicily (1326-Heidelberg 12 Oct 1365, bur Schönau). m (Papal dispensation 14 May 1345, before 1348) RUPRECHT II joint Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, son of ADOLF Pfalzgraf bei Rhein & his wife Irmengard von Oettingen (Amberg 12 May 1325-Amberg 6 Jan 1398, bur Schönau).

4. EUFEMIA of Sicily ([1330]-21 Feb 1359). Regent of Sicily 1355-1357 for her brother King Federigo II.

5. VIOLANTE of Sicily ([1334]-young).

6. LUIGI of Sicily (Catania [1335]-Iacchi 1355). He succeeded his father in 1342 as LUIGI King of Sicily, under the regency of his mother from 1348 to 1352, and of his sister Constanza from 1352 to 1354. King Luigi had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

a) don ANTONIO de Aragón ([1350/55]-). m doña BEATRIZ de Ejérica Baronesa de Cocentaina, daughter of don PEDRO de Aragón Barón de Ejérica & his wife Bonaventura di Arborea ([1355]-after 1373).

b) don LUIGI de Aragón ([1350/55]-after 1374). Barone di Tripi.

7. GIOVANNI of Sicily ([1340]-22 Jun 1353).

8. FEDERIGO of Sicily (1 Sep 1341-Messina 27 Jul 1377). Marchese di Randazzo. He succeeded his cousin in 1355 as Duke of Athens and Neopatras. He succeeded his brother in 1355 as FEDERIGO II “il Simplo” King of Sicily, under the regency of his sister Eufemia of Sicily 1355-1357. In 1357, faced with mounting opposition in Sicily, King Federigo proposed that Athens and Neopatras be transferred to his sister Leonor, wife of Pedro IV King of Aragon, in return for military help from the latter in Sicily, a proposal which was refused[715]. The dispute with the Anjou Kings of Sicily was settled at Aversa 31 Mar 1373, with Federigo allowed to remain in occupation in Sicily but with the title King of Trinacria. Federigo II resisted pressure from Pedro IV King of Aragon, his father-in-law and brother-in-law, to assume greater power in Sicily and succeeded in having his daughter recognised as his heir. m firstly (Catania 11 Apr 1361) Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón, daughter of don PEDRO IV “el Ceremonioso” King of Aragon & his first wife Infanta doña María de Navarra (Poblet 1340-Catania Jul 1363). m secondly ([17 Jan 1372/26 Nov 1373]) ANTONIA del Balzo, daughter of FRANCESCO del Balzo Duca d’Andria & his wife Marguerite di Taranto [Sicily-Anjou] (-23 Jan 1374, bur Messina). Mistress (1): ---. The name of Federigo's mistress is not known. King Federigo II & his first wife had one child:

a) MARIA of Sicily ([1362/63]-25 Mar 1401). She succeeded her father in 1377 as MARIA I Queen of Sicily, Duchess of Athens and Neopatras, although this was considered unlawful in Sicily as succession in the female line had been prohibited by her great grandfather King Federigo I[716]. Her maternal grandfather, Pedro IV King of Aragon, sent a naval force to Sicily in 1378 with a view to seizing power from Queen Maria. He was obliged to yield to Sicilian opposition, but succeeded in imposing his second son Infante don Martín as Viceroy of Sicily. King Pedro IV launched a second attack on Sicily in 1382, defeated a Milanese fleet and thwarted a plan for Queen Maria to marry into the Visconti family. Queen Maria was taken to Catalonia. King Pedro deprived Maria of the Duchies of Athens and Neopatras, although Athens was captured by Florence in 1388, Neopatras in 1391 and Salona in 1394. m (24 Jun 1389) Infante don MARTÍN de Aragón Conde de Luna, Señor de Segorbe y Ejérica, son of Infante don Martín de Aragón Conde de Barcelona [later don Martín I King of Aragon] & his first wife doña María de Luna (25 Jul 1374-Cagliari 25 Jul 1409, bur Cagliari). He was proclaimed MARTIN I King of Sicily in 1391, and again on the death of his wife in 1401.

King Federigo II had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

b) GUILLERMO d'Aragona (-after 1380). Conte di Gozzo e Malta. m as her first husband, BEATRIZ de Aragón-Avola, daughter of JUAN de Aragón Barone di Avola & his wife Giovanna ---. Guillermo & his wife had one child:

i) GIOVANNA d’Aragona. m PIETRO di Gioeni, Barone di Ardore, son of ---.

9. BLANCA of Sicily ([1342]-[1372/74]). m (3 Aug 1364) don JUAN de Aragón Conde de Ampurias, son of Infante don RAMÓN BERENGUER de Aragón Conde de Ampurias & his second wife doña María Álvarez de Ejérica (1338-Castellví de Rosanes 1398).

Chapter 5. KINGS OF NAPLES & SICILY 1265-1435 (ANJOU[-CAPET])

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise indicated below.

A. KINGS of SICILY 1265-1382

CHARLES I 1265-1285

CHARLES de France, son of LOUIS VIII King of France & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Castilla y León (posthumously [21] Mar 1227-Foggia 7 Jan 1285, bur Naples, Cathedral of San Gennaro). He is recorded as brother of Louis IX King of France by Matthew of Paris, who states that the king sent him home with his brother Alphonse after the battle of Mansurah in 1250[717]. He became Marquis de Provence and Comte de Forcalquier in 1246, by right of his first wife. His brother Louis IX King of France installed him as Comte d'Anjou et du Maine, at Melun in Aug 1246. He accompanied King Louis IX on crusade to Egypt in 1248, but was imprisoned during the retreat from Damietta 5 Apr 1250. He returned to Provence in Oct 1250[718]. Following the death of his mother in 1252, he took an active part in governing France (with his brother Alphonse Comte de Poitiers), taking charge in particular of foreign affairs and military operations[719]. Pope Innocent IV, as part of his anti-Hohenstaufen strategy, proposed Charles as king of Sicily in 1253, but he refused. Marguerite II Ctss of Flanders offered him the county of Hainaut as part of her strategy of disinheriting her children by her first marriage. He besieged Valenciennes, but King Louis required him to renounce any claim to Hainaut in 1256[720]. Raymond des Baux Prince d'Orange ceded him all his claims to the kingdoms of Arles and Vienne 23 Aug 1257. Guglielmo II Conte di Ventimiglia accepted his suzerainty 19 Jan 1258[721]. Pope Urban IV repeated the papal offer of the kingdom of Sicily in Jun 1263[722]. He was elected Senator of Rome in Aug 1263, invested as such in Rome 21 Jun 1265[723]. He was invested as CHARLES I King of Sicily at Rome 28 Jun 1265, confirmed by Pope Clement IV 4 Nov and crowned at St Peter’s Rome 6 Jan 1266. He defeated and killed Manfredo King of Sicily near Benevento 26 Feb 1266, and entered Naples 7 Mar 1266. Under the first Treaty of Viterbo 24 May 1267, Guillaume II de Villehardouin Prince of Achaia accepted Angevin suzerainty[724]. Under the second Treaty of Viterbo 27 May 1267, King Charles acquired all rights over Greece (except the city of Constantinople) from Baudouin II ex-Emperor of Constantinople, confirmed by the betrothal of his daughter to Baudouin's son, and agreed that the military campaign to recapture Constantinople would begin in 1274[725]. Challenged by Konradin von Hohenstaufen, he defeated and captured the latter 23 Aug 1268 at Tagliacozzo, Abruzzo. Imperial Vicar-General in Italy 1268. Charles's attention was diverted from Byzantium by joining his brother's crusade against Tunis in 1270. He captured Durazzo in 1272, declaring himself King of Albania 21 Feb 1272. Comte de Tonnerre in 1273, by right of his second wife. On the death of Guillaume de Villehardouin in 1278, the principality of Achaia passed under Charles's direct authority, as a result of the marriage contract of his deceased son Philippe. Pope Gregory X arranged for Marie of Antioch to sell her rights to the kingdom of Jerusalem to King Charles in Mar 1277 for 1000 gold pounds and an annuity of 4000 pounds tournois. He immediately assumed the title King of Jerusalem and sent Roger di San Severino as his bailli to Acre where the latter succeeded in taking control of the administration and proclaimed Charles as king[726]. Nikephoros Dukas Komnenos Angelos Lord of Epirus accepted his suzerainty in 1278[727]. Encouraged by the new Pope Martin IV, he signed the Treaty of Orvieto 3 Jul 1281 with Venice and Philippe de Courtenay, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople, with a view to restoring the Latin Empire. The massacre of the French in Palermo 30 Mar 1282 led to general rebellion in Sicily against French rule in favour of Pedro III King of Aragon. He retired to Bordeaux 12 Jan 1283, leaving his son Charles Principe di Salerno as governor of the Kingdom. The Aragonese fleet defeated the Angevin forces in the bay of Naples 5 Jun 1284, during which Charles's heir was captured. He returned to Naples 8 Jun 1284[728]. The Chronicle of Toulouse Saint-Saturnin records the death "in festo Epiphaniæ" in 1284 (presumably O.S.) of "Carolus rex Siciliæ"[729]. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the death 7 Jan 1285 (N.S.) of "Karolus rex Siciliæ"[730].

m firstly (Aix-en-Provence 31 Jan 1246) BEATRICE Ctss de Provence et de Forcalquier, daughter & heiress of RAYMOND BERENGER IV Comte de Provence et de Forcalquier & his wife Béatrice de Savoie (1234-Naples 23 Sep 1267, bur Naples, Cathedral of San Gennaro, transferred 1277 to Aix-en-Provence, église de Saint Jean de Jérusalem). The Annales Sancti Victoris Massilienses record the marriage "1246 mense Ian pridie Kal Feb" of "Karolus comes, frater Lodovici Francorum regis" and "Beatrice filia comitis Provincie Raimundi Berengarii bone memorie"[731]. A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "…Beatrice Andegavie comitisse"[732]. The testament of "Beatrix…Regina Sicilie, Ducatus Apuliæ et Principatus Capuæ, Andegavensis, Provinciæ et Forcalquerii Comitissa" is dated "die Mercurii in crastino Beatorum Peteri et Pauli Apostolorum" in 1266, with bequests to "filium nostrum Philippum…Domini Caroli…Regis Siciliæ…mariti nostri…filiam nostram Blancham maritatam Roberto Flandrensi…Carolus filius noster primogenitus…Beatricem filiam nostram…Isabellim filiam nostram…" and naming "bonæ memoriæ Domini Raimundi Berengarii quondam patris nostri"[733]. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records the death of "regina" in Naples, dated to 1267 from the context[734].

m secondly (by proxy Trani 18 Jan 1268, in person [12 Oct/18 Nov] 1268) MARGUERITE de Bourgogne, daughter of EUDES de Bourgogne [Capet] Comte de Nevers, d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre & his wife Mathilde de Bourbon [Dampierre] Dame de Bourbon Ctss de Nevers, d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre ([1249/50]-château de Tonnerre 5 Sep 1308, bur Tonnerre, église de l'Hôpital). William of Tyre (Continuator) records the marriage of King Charles and "la fille du conte de Nevers, niece le duc de Borgoigne" in 1268, around the time of the execution of Konradin[735]. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records that Charles I King of Sicily married "filia ducis [Burgundiæ]"[736]. Ctss de Tonnerre, Dame de Montmirail et du Perche, by arrêt du parlement 1 Nov 1273 which settled the disputed inheritance of her mother. After the death of her husband, she returned to France and retired to Tonnerre where she founded a hospital 9 Apr 1293. The Continuatio of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the death in 1308 of "Margareta Siciliæ regina relicta primi Karoli regis Siciliæ fratrisque sancti Ludovici"[737].

King Charles I & his first wife had seven children:

1. LOUIS d’Anjou (b and d Cyprus 1248, bur Nicosia, Dominican church). He was born while his parents were travelling to Palestine.

2. BLANCHE d’Anjou ([1250]-before 10 Jan 1270, bur Abbaye de Flines near Douai). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Blancham filiam Karoli regis Sicilie" as first wife of "Robertus primogenitus Guidonis"[738]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Blancham filia Karoli regis Sicilie" as wife of "Robertus primogenitus Guidonis et Mathilde"[739]. An anonymous chronicle of the kings of France, written [1286/1314], records that "[le] filz au conte de Flandres...Robert...avouez de Béthune" married "[la] file à ce conte Charlle"[740]. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records that one "ex filiabus" [of Charles I King of Sicily by his first wife] married "filio comitis Flandriæ"[741]. The testament of "Beatrix…Regina Sicilie, Ducatus Apuliæ et Principatus Capuæ, Andegavensis, Provinciæ et Forcalquerii Comitissa" is dated "die Mercurii in crastino Beatorum Peteri et Pauli Apostolorum" in 1266, with bequests to "…filiam nostram Blancham maritatam Roberto Flandrensi…"[742]. She died in childbirth. m (1266) as his first wife, ROBERT de Flandre dit de Béthune, son of GUY de Dampierre Count of Flanders & his first wife Mathilde de Béthune ([1249]-Ypres 17 Sep 1322, bur Ypres Saint Martin, transferred to Ypres Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1305 as ROBERT III Count of Flanders.

3. BEATRICE d’Anjou ([1252]-1275). The testament of "Beatrix…Regina Sicilie, Ducatus Apuliæ et Principatus Capuæ, Andegavensis, Provinciæ et Forcalquerii Comitissa" is dated "die Mercurii in crastino Beatorum Peteri et Pauli Apostolorum" in 1266, with bequests to "…Beatricem filiam nostram…"[743]. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records that "Balduino imperatore...Philippus eiusdem filius" married "filiam Karoli regis Siciliæ"[744]. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records that the second "ex filiabus" [of Charles I King of Sicily by his first wife] married "Philippo nato imperatoris Costantinopolitani"[745]. Her marriage is confirmed by Pachymeres who records the betrothal of "Michælis filii [imperatoris Andronici]" and "filiam ex Balduini filio et filia Caroli natam…Aecaterina"[746]. Her marriage was arranged as part of the second Treaty of Viterbo 24 May 1267 between her father and her future father-in-law[747]. m (Betrothed 27 May 1267, Foggia 15 Oct 1273) PHILIPPE de Courtenay, son of BAUDOUIN II de Courtenay Emperor of Constantinople & his wife Marie de Brienne (Constantinople 1243-Viterbo 15 Dec 1283). He succeeded his father [after Oct] 1273 as PHILIPPE I titular Emperor of Constantinople, Seigneur de Courtenay.

4. CHARLES d’Anjou ([1254]-Palace of Poggioreale 6 May 1309, bur Naples Dominican church, transferred by order of his son King Roberto I to Aix-en-Provence, Convent Notre-Dame de Nazareth, and again to église de Saint-Barthélemi Aix-en-Provence). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "secundus dominus Karolus, dominus Philippus" as the sons of "dominus Karolus" and his first wife[748]. The testament of "Beatrix…Regina Sicilie, Ducatus Apuliæ et Principatus Capuæ, Andegavensis, Provinciæ et Forcalquerii Comitissa" is dated "die Mercurii in crastino Beatorum Peteri et Pauli Apostolorum" in 1266, with bequests to "…Carolus filius noster primogenitus…" whom she designated as heir to Provence[749]. He succeeded his father in 1285 as CHARLES II "le Boiteux" King of Naples.

- see below.

5. PHILIPPE d’Anjou ([1255]-Bari 1 Jan 1277, bur Trani, Cathedral Santo Nicola). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "secundus dominus Karolus, dominus Philippus" as the sons of "dominus Karolus" and his first wife[750]. The testament of "Beatrix…Regina Sicilie, Ducatus Apuliæ et Principatus Capuæ, Andegavensis, Provinciæ et Forcalquerii Comitissa" is dated "die Mercurii in crastino Beatorum Peteri et Pauli Apostolorum" in 1266, with bequests to "filium nostrum Philippum…"[751]. He was created titular King of Thessaloniki 10 Mar 1274 at Brindisi by his brother-in-law Philippe de Courtenay Emperor of Constantinople[752]. He was heir presumptive to the principality of Achaia, by right of his wife. m (Trani Cathedral 28 May 1271) as her first husband, ISABELLE de Villehardouin, daughter and heiress of GUILLAUME II de Villehardouin “le Grand Dent” Prince of Achaia & his third wife Anna Komnenedukaina of Epirus ([1260/63]-23 Jan 1312). Her marriage was arranged to seal her father's alliance with the King of Sicily. It was popular with the Frankish barons in Achaia who preferred a westerner as their potential future prince, despite the marriage contract providing that Achaia would revert to the house of Anjou whether or not any children were born of the marriage