King Malcolm IV created the new earldoms of Ross and Menteith in 1162 and 1163 respectively. King William created the earldoms of Carrick and Lennox, in 1192 and [1210] respectively, while the earldom of Sutherland was created around [1235]. King David II created the earldom of Douglas in 1358, the Douglas family having risen to prominence in the mid-14th century. The dukedom of Albany was created in 1398.

Chapter 1. ROSS

A. EARL of ROSS (MALCOLM MacEth)

The earldom of Ross was first created in 1162 by Malcolm IV King of Scotland in favour of Floris III Count of Holland who had married his sister, but withdrawn from him. It was then granted to Malcolm MacEth, probably illegitimate son of Alexander I King of Scotland. After his death in 1168, it was more than fifty years before the earldom was granted again, to Ferquhard MacTaggart.

MALCOLM MacHeth (-23 Oct 1168[1]). The Complete Peerage identifies Malcolm MacHeth with Malcolm, illegitimate son of Alexander I King of Scotland & his mistress ---[2], which seems to be unlikely to be correct. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Malcolmus filius Macheth" lied to claim he was "filium Angusii comitis Moraviæ" who was killed "tempore…regis David…apud Strucathroth a Scotis" and, after his alleged father’s death, rebelled against King David who imprisoned him "in turre castri de Marchemond, quond nunc Roxburgh nuncupator"[3]. Duncan suggests that these two persons were different, Malcolm MacHeth being the son of "Aed" or "Heth" who witnessed two charters in the early years of the reign of King David I[4]. It appears that Heth was the same person as Beth Mormaer [of Fife]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Malcolm Macheth" made peace with the king the year after his son was captured[5]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that Malcolm MacHeth made peace with King Malcolm the year after his son was captured[6]. He was created Earl of Ross in 1162 or before[7].

m ([1130]) [--- of Argyll, daughter of ---]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Summerledus regulus Ergadiæ et sui nepotes, filii…Malcolmi Macheth" rebelled against King Malcolm IV in the first year of his reign[8]. This assumes that the term "nepos" should be interpreted as "nephews" in that source. Her marriage date is estimated assuming that it is correct that her husband was imprisoned from 1134, before which his two children must have been born. There would be no such restriction on the date if Malcolm son of King Alexander I and Malcolm MacHeth were two different persons as suggested by Duncan[9].

Earl Malcolm & his wife had [three or more] children:

1. DONALD (before 1134-after 1156). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Dovenald the son of Malcol was captured at Witern, and imprisoned in the tower at Rokesburc along with his father"[10]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Summerledus regulus Ergadiæ et sui nepotes, filii…Malcolmi Macheth" rebelled against King Malcolm IV in the first year of his reign and that "nepos eius unus filiorum Malcolmi Macheth, Dovenaldus" was captured "apud Quhythern" and imprisoned "in eadem turre de Marchemond cum patre suo"[11]. There is no mention of his having succeeded his father as Earl of Ross, suggesting that Donald predeceased him.

2. son(s) . The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the rebellion of "Sumerled kinglet of Argyll and his nephews the sons of Malcolm Macheth" in the first year of the reign of King Malcolm IV[12]. The number of these other sons is not known.

3. HVORFLAED [Hvafleda or Gormflaeth/Gormlath] (before 1134-). Orkneyinga Saga records that “Hvarflod, the daughter of Earl Malcolm of Moray” was the second wife of Earl Harald[13]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Harald the earl" was "goaded on by his wife, the daughter of Mached" to rebel against King William in 1196[14]. m as his second wife, HARALD Maddadsson Jarl of Orkney, son of MADDAD [of Scotland] Earl of Atholl & his second wife Margaret of Orkney (1134-1206).

B. EARLS of ROSS (FERQUHARD MacTAGGART)

FERQUHARD MacTaggart, son of --- (-Tain Jan 1251, bur Fearn Abbey). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Machentagar" defeated the rebellion of Donald MacWilliam (grandson of Duncan II King of Scotland) 15 Jun 1215 and was knighted in reward[15]. He was created Earl of Ross. "Ferkar comes de Ross" granted "terre in Ros…Clon" to "Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia" by undated charter[16], according to Balfour Paul "dated probably after June 1226"[17]. He founded the abbey of Fearn before 1230. He defeated a rebellion in Galloway in 1235. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "comes Rossensis Machentagard" defeated a rebellion in Galloway in 1235[18]. "…Domini P comitis de Ros…domini Merlessani filii Comitis…" witnessed the charter dated 1234 which records an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Walterum Cumyn comitem de Mynynteth" concerning "terra de Kyncardyn"[19].

m ---. The name of Ferquhard’s wife is not known.

Ferquhard & his wife had two children:

1. WILLIAM de Ross (-Earl's Allan May 1274). "…W. filio F. comitis de Ros" witnessed the charter dated 12 Sep 1232 which records an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Gylbertum filium Gylberti quondam comitis de Stratheren" concerning "dimidiam dauacha de Kyncarny"[20]. He succeeded his father in 1251 as Earl of Ross. He was one of the Scottish magnates who made an alliance with Llewellyn Prince of Wales against England in 1258. He led an invasion of the Isles in 1262 and is said to have had a grant of the islands of Lewis and Skye from Alexander III King of Scotland[21]. m JEAN Comyn, daughter of WILLIAM Comyn Earl of Buchan & his first wife Sarah FitzHugh. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. William & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM de Ross (-Delny 28 Jan 1323). He succeeded his father in 1274 as Earl of Ross. He swore fealty to Edward I King of England in 1292 but took part in the Scottish raids on England in 1296, laying siege to Carlisle and burning Hexham priory. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Willelmo comite de Ros" among those captured by the English at the battle of Dunbar 27 Apr 1296[22]. A charter dated 6 Nov 1297 ordered the Sheriffs of London to pay "…William earl of Ros…knights, Scottish prisoners in the Tower" for their sustenance[23]. He was returned to Scotland in 1303. m EUPHEME, daughter of --- (-after Jul 1297). A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including an order of restoration of property to "la contesse de Ros"[24]. "Eufemia comitissa de Ros" asked King Edward I for credence for "domino Andreæ de Rathe militi et Bernardi de Monte Alto clerico meo" by charter dated Jul 1297[25]. William & his wife had three children:

i) HUGH de Ross (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333, bur Fearn). A charter dated 28 Aug 1297 records that "Willelmus comes de Ros" was in prison in the Tower of London and granted safe conduct to "Hugone filio suo" to visit him[26]. He succeeded his father in 1323 as Earl of Ross.

- see below.

ii) JOHN de Ross . m [as her first husband,] MARGARET Comyn, daughter of ALEXANDER Comyn of Buchan & his wife [Joan de Latimer]. Andrew Wyntoun’s Cronykil records that "Alysandyre", son of "Willame" son of "Alysawndyr that Erle wes off Buchane", had two daughters, the younger of which married "Schyre Jhon de Ross"[27].

iii) ISABEL . The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Edwardi de Brux comitis de Catrilz" and "Ysabellis nate…Gulielmi comitis de Ros", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 1 Jun 1317[28]. It is assumed that the marriage never took place. Betrothed to (Papal dispensation 1 Jun 1317) EDWARD Bruce Earl of Carrick, son of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-killed in battle Dundalk 14 Oct 1318).

2. CHRISTINA . The Chronicon Manniæ et Insularum records that Olav of Man married thirdly “Scristinam filiam Ferkar comitis de Ros”[29]. m as his third wife, OLAV of Man, son of GODRED King of Man & his wife Aufrica of Galloway (([1172/73]-21 May 1237, bur Russin St Mary).

HUGH de Ross, son of WILLIAM de Ross Earl of Ross & his wife Eupheme --- (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333, bur Fearn). A charter dated 28 Aug 1297 records that "Willelmus comes de Ros" was in prison in the Tower of London and granted safe conduct to "Hugone filio suo" to visit him[30]. He succeeded his father in 1323 as Earl of Ross. The Liber Pluscardensis names "Hugo comes Rossensis" among those killed in battle at Halidon Hill in 1333[31].

m firstly MAUD Bruce, daughter of ROBERT de Brus Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-after Sep 1323, bur Fearn). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Robertum comitem de Carric…alia filia" married "Hugoni comiti de Ross"[32].

m secondly (before 1329, Papal dispensation 24 Nov 1329) as her first husband, MARGARET Graham, daughter of --- Graham & his wife ---. Balfour Paul says that her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter of her son Hugh Earl of Ross which names Patrick de Graham "avunculus meus", but assumes that this means that her father was David Graham and her husband William Earl of Ross[33]. From a chronological point of view, this seems improbable. It is more likely that Earl Hugh addresses Patrick de Graham as "avunculus", meaning his wife’s uncle, in which case his wife was the daughter of one of Patrick’s brothers. She married secondly (Papal dispensation 13 Apr 1341) John de Barclay. [The marriage contract between "Alexm de Moravia de Drumsergorth" and "dominam Eufemiam…Reginam Scocie…dnam Joneta de Munymuske sorore dicte dne Regine" is dated 24 Nov 1370[34]. The chronology suggests that Janet must have been the queen’s uterine sister, born from her mother’s second marriage, otherwise the bride would have been in her late thirties at the time of the marriage. If that is correct, Janet would have been Margaret’s daughter by John de Barclay.]

Earl Hugh & his first wife had two children:

1. WILLIAM de Ross (-Delny 9 Feb 1372). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Willelmum comitem" as son of "Robertum comitem de Carric…alia filia" and her husband "Hugoni comiti de Ross"[35]. He was in Norway when his father died, and was made Earl of Ross 17 May 1336. m (Papal dispensation 25 May 1342) MARY Macdonald, daughter of ANGUS Macdonald Lord of the Isles & his wife Agnes of Cathan. Earl William & his wife had three children:

a) EUPHEME de Ross ([1345]-after 5 Sep 1394). She succeeded her father in 1372 as Ctss of Ross, suo iure. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed the confirmation made by "consanguineus noster Walterus de Lesley de Ross et...consanguinea nostra Eufamia sponsa sua", of a donation to Fraserburgh made by “Andree Mercer”, by charter dated 1382[36]. Burnett records her parentage and two marriages, noting that on her second marriage she resigned her lands (half the earldom of Buchan) to the king who regranted them to her and her husband 22 Jul 1382[37]. By charter dated 2 Nov 1389, the bishop of Moray and Ross ordered “domino Alexandro Senescalli comite Buchanie et domino de Ross” to return to his wife “dominam Eufamiam comitissam Rossie”, whom he had deserted for “Mariotamque filiam Athyn”[38]. Pope Clement VII “issued a commission to dissolve her marriage” 9 Jun 1392, and 5 and 15 Dec 1392 “to grant a divorce a mensa et thoro”[39]. Balfour Paul records that she “was still alive 5 Sep 1394” (no source cited), and suggests that “it is possible that 20 February 1394-95, usually assigned as the date of her husband’s death, was that of her own decease”[40]. m firstly (before 13 Sep 1365) WALTER Leslie, son of ANDREW Leslie of Leslie & his wife --- (-Perth 27 Feb 1382). m secondly ([24 Jul 1382], separated, divorced after 15 Dec 1392) ALEXANDER Stewart "the Wolf" of Badenoch, son of ROBERT II King of Scotland & his first wife Elizabeth Mure (1342-[1 Aug 1405/24 Mar 1406], bur Dunkeld). Earl of Ross. He was recognised 25 Jul 1382 as Earl of Buchan.

b) JANET de Ross (-before 1400). [41]m as his first wife, ALEXANDER Fraser, son of ---.

c) WILLIAM de Ross (after 1350-after 1357).

2. MAUD [Marjory] de Ross . m ([1325/28]) as his second wife, MALISE Earl of Strathearn Earl of Caithness and Orkney, son of MALISE Earl of Strathearn & his first wife Agnes --- (-killed in battle Neville’s Cross 17 Oct 1346).

Earl Hugh & his second wife had two children:

3. HUGH de Ross . He was declared heir to the earldom of Ross in 1350. He was a hostage for the return of David II King of Scotland from the English in 1351[42]. His descendant in the male line, Munro Ross of Pitcarnie, petitioned the House of Lords in 1778 challenging the succession of his ancestor's niece Eupheme as Ctss of Ross in 1372 and claiming the earldom of Ross for himself[43].

4. EUPHEME de Ross . The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "regis Robert" married secondly "dominam Eufamiam filiam Hugonis comitis Rossensis"[44]. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Roberti Stivardi Senescalli Scocie" and "Eufemie comitisse Moravie, relicte quondam Johannis comitis Moravie", issued by Pope Innocent VI, is dated 2 May "anno tertio" (1355)[45]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the coronation in 1372 at Scone of "regina Eufemia…filia comitis Rossensis"[46]. m firstly JOHN Randolph Earl of Moray, son of THOMAS Randolph Earl of Moray & his wife Isabel Stewart Lady of Gailies (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346). m secondly (Papal dispensation 2 May 1355) as his second wife, ROBERT Stewart Earl of Atholl, son of WALTER Stewart High Steward of Scotland & his first wife Marjorie Bruce (Paisley, Renfrewshire 2 Mar 1316-Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire 19 Apr 1390, bur Scone Abbey, Perthshire). Created Earl of Strathearn [1257/58]. He resigned the earldom of Atholl in 1367, and the earldom of Strathearn in 1369 but was restored to the latter in 1370. He succeeded his uncle in 1371 as ROBERT II King of Scotland.

C. EARLS of ROSS (LESLIE)

1. ANDREW Leslie of Leslie (-before 28 Nov 1324). Lord of Leslie. m (1313) MARY Abernethy, daughter and co-heiress of ALEXANDER Abernethy & his wife ---. Andrew & his wife had two children:

a) GEORGE de Leslie ([1318/20]-before 24 Oct 1396). m ---. The name of George’s wife is not known. George & his wife had one child:

i) GEORGE Leslie ([1350]-after Feb 1412). He had a royal charter of the barony of Fythkill, co. Fife, after the surrender of his cousin Alexander Earl of Ross. m ELIZABETH Hay, daughter of THOMAS Hay of Erroll, Constable of Scotland & his wife Lady Elizabeth Bruce . George & his wife had one child:

(a) NORMAN Leslie of Rothes and Fythkill ([1380]-[19 May 1439/3 Feb 1440]). He succeeded his cousin David Leslie to Ballinbreich in May 1439. m (Papal dispensation 2 Sep 1416) CHRISTIAN Seton, daughter of JOHN de Seton of Seton & his wife ---. Norman & his wife had one child:

(1) GEORGE Leslie (-[31 Aug 1489/24 May 1490]). He was created Lord Leslie in 1445, and Earl of Rothes in 1457. His descendants succeeded as Earls of Rothes until the present day.

b) WALTER Leslie (-Perth 27 Feb 1382). "Walterus de Lesley dominus de Ross" confirmed a donation to Fraserburgh made by “consanguineo nostro Andree Mercer” by charter dated 1381[47]. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed this confirmation made by "consanguineus noster Walterus de Lesley de Ross et...consanguinea nostra Eufamia sponsa sua" by charter dated 1382[48]. m (before 13 Sep 1365) as her first husband, EUPHEME de Ross, daughter of WILLIAM Earl of Ross & his wife Mary Macdonald of the Isles ([1345]-after 4 May 1394). She succeeded her father in 1372 as Ctss of Ross, suo iure. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed the confirmation made by "consanguineus noster Walterus de Lesley de Ross et...consanguinea nostra Eufamia sponsa sua", of a donation to Fraserburgh made by “Andree Mercer”, by charter dated 1382[49]. Walter & his wife had two children:

i) ALEXANDER Leslie (-Dingwall 8 May 1402, bur Fearn Abbey). He succeeded his mother in [1395] as Earl of Ross. m (before 1398) ISABEL Stewart, daughter of ROBERT Stewart Duke of Albany & his [first wife Margaret Graham Ctss of Menteith/second wife Muriella Keith]. Her parentage and two marriages are confirmed by John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which in 1409 names “Walterus de Haliburton dominus de Dirlton, gener tunc gubernatoris” who married “filiam eius Isabellam comitissam de Ross”[50]. The Complete Peerage dates her first marriage to “before 1398” (no source cited)[51]. This date suggests that Isabel could have been from her father’s second marriage. She married secondly (before Feb 1408) Walter Haliburton of Dirleton. Earl Alexander & his wife had one child:

(a) EUPHEME Leslie . She succeeded her father in 1402 as Ctss of Ross, suo iure. She resigned the Earldom 15 Jun 1415. [52]Betrothed (1415) to THOMAS Dunbar, son of THOMAS Dunbar Earl of Moray & his wife Margaret --- (-[1427/29]). He succeeded his father after early 1415 as Earl of Moray.

ii) MARY Leslie (-[1435]). She became de iure Ctss of Ross on the resignation of her niece Eupheme in 1415. m DONALD Macdonald Lord of the Isles, son of JOHN Macdonald Lord of the Isles & his second wife Lady Margaret Stewart (-Ardtornish, Morven [1423]).

D. EARLS of ROSS (MACDONALD)

ALEXANDER Macdonald, son of DONALD Macdonald Lord of the Isles & his wife Mary Leslie Ctss of Ross (-Dingwall 8 May 1449). He succeeded his father as Lord of the Isles, and his mother as Earl of Ross. He was arrested by James I King of Scotland at a gathering of Highland notables at Inverness. On his release (or escape) he collected a strong force of men of Ross and the Isles and burnt Inverness but was defeated at Lochaber 23 Jun 1429. He was pardoned at Perth in 1431, and recognised as Earl of Ross in [Jan 1436][53].

m (before 1431) ELIZABETH Halyburton, daughter of --- (-after Dec 1444).

Earl Alexander & his wife had one child:

1. JOHN Macdonald ([1435][54]-1498, bur Paisley Abbey). He succeeded his father as Lord of the Isles, Earl of Ross. He carried out piratical raids on the islands of Orkney[55]. He entered the service of Edward IV King of England in 1461, maintained his independence until 1475 when he was summoned for treason, found guilty in absentia. His estates were forfeited and the Earldom of Ross annexed to the crown[56]. He was pardoned and created Lord of the Isles 15 Jul 1476. He rebelled again and was compelled to surrender his lands and dignities to the crown in [1493][57]. m (separated 1464) ELIZABETH Livingston, daughter of JAMES Livingston Lord Livingston of Callendar & his wife Marian --- (-before 1506). In 1464 the Pope issued a commission, following her petition, confirming her husband's desertion. She was received by the Queen of Scots into her household[58]. Lord John had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress[59]:

a) ANGUS (-1490). He attempted to retain control of the Isles against James IV King of Scotland. m MARY [Margaret] of Argyll, daughter of COLIN Earl of Argyll & his wife Isabel Stewart of Lorne. Angus & his wife had one child:

i) DONALD Dhu . He claimed the Lordship of the Isles and inspired uprisings in 1504. He disappeared in Ireland [60]. m ---. The name of Donald’s wife is not known. Donald & his wife had one child:

(a) son. He disappeared with his father in Ireland54.

b) JOHN (-before 1498).

Earl Alexander had two illegitimate sons by unknown mistresses:

2. CELESTINE Macdonald .

3. HUGH Macdonald (-1498). He was the ancestor of DONALD Macdonald of Sleat who asserted his claim to the Lordship of the Isles by force[61], and the Barons Macdonald of Sleat (in Ireland) who were declared heirs male by decision of the Court of Session 4 Jun 1910[62].

Chapter 2. MENTEITH

Menteith formed part of the ancient Pictish kingdom of Fortrenn, and subsequently the Scottish mormaership or province of Strathearn. It was converted into a separate earldom by Malcolm IV King of Scotland in [1163]. In 1880, William Fraser published his research into the Menteith families which includes in his second volume extensive primary source material which has been extracted below[63]. He lists the parishes included in the district of Menteith, in the valley of the river Teith in the south-west of the county of Perth[64]. This chapter includes the family of the first earl and his successors until the early 13th century (Part A) and the Stewart earls who acquired the earldom by marriage to one of the heiresses of the last earl of the original family (Part B). In the early 15th century, James I King of Scotland created a later earldom of Menteith in favour of Malise Graham, formerly Earl of Strathearn[65]. The family of the Graham earls is not included.

A. ORIGINS

1. GILCHRIST, son of --- (-after [1175/78]). He was created Earl of Menteith by Malcolm IV King of Scotland: Fraser says that the charter of creation “ not known to exist”[66]. "…Comite Duncano, Gillebrid comite de Anegus, M. comite de Ethoel, Gillecrist comite de Meneteth, Gillberto filio comitis Ferteth, Merlefwano Adam filio comitis de Anegus…" witnessed the charter dated 1164 under which "Malcolmus rex Scottorum" confirmed the foundation of Scone abbey[67]. "…Com Gillecrist de Meneth…" witnessed the charter dated to [1175/78] under which William King of Scotland granted privileges to the city of Glasgow[68]. m ---. The name of Gilchrist’s wife is not known. Gilchrist & his wife had [one child]:

a) [EVE of Menteith . Balfour Paul’s Scots Peerage states that "Gilchrist is said to have had a daughter Eva, married to Alwin second Earl of Lennox" but cites no corresponding primary source[69]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ALWYN Earl of Lennox, son of ALWYN & his wife --- (-1225 or before).]

2. MURDOCH (-after [1199/1200]). Earl of Menteith. "…Murethach comite de Meneteth…" witnessed the charter dated to [1199/1200] which records an agreement between the prior of St Andrew’s and the Culdees of St Andrew’s[70]. same person as...? MAURICE (-after [1189/98]). The Complete Peerage suggests that “Maurice (Mauricius) is presumably the latinised form of Murdoch, to the Celtic pronunciation of which it closely approximates in sound”, noting the similar case “Æneas for Angus, pronounced Aenise”[71]. The [1189/98] document (“Maurico”) predating the [1199/1200] document (“Murethach”) suggests that this may be correct and that the two persons named were the same. Earl of Menteith. "…Comite Maurico de Meneteth…" witnessed the charter dated to [1189/98] under which William King of Scotland confirmed "ecclesia de Molin" to Dunfermline monastery[72].

Two [half?] brothers, parents not identified. The Complete Peerage identifies the older Maurice, shown below, as the same person as Murdoch/Maurice who is named above[73]. If that is correct, the number of years between the [1189/98] mention (see above) and the younger Maurice’s last mention 27 Mar 1226 suggests a considerable difference in age between the two brothers, suggesting in turn that they may have been born from different marriages of their (unknown) father (which may also explain why they were given the same name). As noted above, the Complete Peerage suggests the interchangeability of the names Maurice/Murdoch. The fact that the name “Murdoch”, but not “Maurice”, was used by the younger Maurice’s descendants (by his supposed younger daughter Mary) indicates that this suggestion may be correct.

1. MAURICE [Murdoch?] (-after 6 Dec 1213). Earl of Menteith. He resigned the earldom 6 Dec 1213 in favour of his brother also called Maurice[74]. “Mauricium comitem de Manenthe” resigned “comitatum de Manethe” in favour of “Mauricium juniorem fratrem eius”, listing the properties which the former would hold for life, by charter dated 6 Dec 1213, confirmed 7 Dec 1213 by William King of Scotland, inspeximus dated 20 Sep 1261[75].

2. MAURICE [Murdoch?] (-[Mar 1226/9 Aug 1232]). “Mauricium comitem de Manenthe” resigned “comitatum de Manethe” in favour of “Mauricium juniorem fratrem eius”, listing the properties which the former would hold for life, by charter dated 6 Dec 1213, confirmed 7 Dec 1213 by William King of Scotland, inspeximus dated 20 Sep 1261[76]. Earl of Menteith. He was one of the seven earls who took measures for the coronation of Alexander II King of Scotland in 1214[77]. "Mauricio comite de Menteth…" subscribed the charter dated 5 Sep 1224 under which Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed the donation to Paisley by "Maldovenus comes de Levenax"[78]. "…Mauricio comite de Menteth vicecomite de Striueling…" witnessed the charter dated 27 Mar 1226 under which King Alexander II confirmed "ecclesia de Kirkintulach" to Cambuskenneth priory[79]. Maurice/Murdoch presumably died before 9 Aug 1232, when Walter Comyn is named “comes de Menteith” (see below). m ---. The name of Maurice’s wife is not known. Maurice & his wife had [two] children:

a) [ISABEL ([1215/20?]-[Jan 1264/1272]). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not been identified. Balfour Paul’s Scots Peerage states that she "is presumed rather than proved to be the daughter of Earl Maurice"[80]: alternatively, Isabel and her sister could presumably have been Maurice’s nieces or even granddaughters. Her birth date is suggested from the date of her first marriage. Ctss of Menteith, suo iure. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1258 of "Walterus Comyn comes veteranus de Menteth veneno uxoris suæ" (compare Matthew of Paris’s version of his death, see below) and that the following year his wife married "cuidam ignobili militi Angligenæ Johanni Russel"[81]. She and her second husband were kept prisoners until they agreed to transfer the earldom of Menteith to the late earl's nephew John Comyn and were later expelled from Scotland. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that in 1260 "comitissa de Menteth" appealed to the Pope, whose legate reversed the judgment[82]. The Complete Peerage indicates the date range of her death[83]. m firstly (before 9 Aug 1232 or [30 Jun 1233/9 Jan 1234]) WALTER Comyn Lord of Badenoch, son of WILLIAM Comyn Earl of Buchan & his first wife Sarah FitzHugh (-Nov 1258). "Walterus Cumyn comes de Menteith et Margaretta comitissa uxor comitis Henrici…" donated property to Cupar abbey by charter dated 9 Aug 1232 "coram nobis Isabell comitissa, heres legittima Atholiæ…post obitum domini sui Thomæ comitis de Galawayea"[84]. The Complete Peerage dates Isabel’s marriage to Walter Comyn to “seemingly between 30 Jun 1233 and 9 Jan 1233/4”[85]. However, the couple’s marriage before 9 Aug 1232 would best explain Walter being named “comes de Menteith” in the charter of that date. He succeeded as Earl of Menteith, de iure uxoris. Matthew of Paris records that "Walterus Cumin comes in Scotia" died in 1258 after falling from his horse[86]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death in 1258 of "Walterus Comyn comes veteranus de Menteth veneno uxoris suæ"[87]. m secondly JOHN Russell, son of --- (-before Jan 1291). Ctss Isabel & her second husband had one daughter:

i) ISABEL Russell (-1306 or after). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the lawsuit at York in 1272 between "Johannem Comyn" and "Walterum Bullok pro comitatu de Menteth", adding that "Willelmus filius ipsius Johannis" had married "filiam comitissæ prioris"[88]. "Isabella wife of William Comyn…in Scotland" appointed two attorneys in the English courts for two years by charter dated 3 Mar 1279[89]. King Edward I granted to "William Comyn and Isabella his wife" rent from "Grocene, which the late John Russel, father of Isabella, whose heir she is, held by knight’s service of William de Monte Caniso" by charter dated 8 Jan 1291[90]. m firstly WILLIAM Comyn, son of JOHN Comyn & his first wife Eva ---(-after 3 Mar 1279). His father claimed the earldom of Menteith of behalf of his son William in 1272 in a lawsuit at York[91]. m secondly EDMUND de Hastings of Inchmahome, son of HENRY de Hastings of Ashill, Norfolk & his wife Joan de Cantelou of Calne, Wiltshire (-killed in battle Bannockburn 1314).

b) [MARY ([1216/30?]-[before 1290]). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not been identified. In relation to her sister Isabel, Balfour Paul’s Scots Peerage states that she "is presumed rather than proved to be the daughter of Earl Maurice"[92]. Presumably the same comment applies to Mary. Her birth date is estimated very approximately to [1216/30] from the estimated birth date of her older sister, but bearing in mind the [1280?] birth of Mary’s grandson Alan which suggests that she was probably born in the later part of that range. When her sister Isabel was expelled from Scotland, Mary was invested with the earldom of Menteith. Balfour Paul says that Mary "predeceased her husband, but at what date is not certain"[93]. m WALTER Stewart "Bailloch/the Freckled", son of WALTER FitzAlan High Steward of Scotland & his wife Beatrice of Angus (-before 28 Apr 1295). Earl of Menteith [1260], de iure uxoris. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Walterus Bullok ex parte uxoris suæ" was invested with "totum comitatum de Menteth" after the arrest of John Russell[94].]

Maurice had one [illegitimate] child by [an unknown mistress]:

c) HENRY . "Maldoneus comes de Levenax" granted "terram…Lufs" to "Gilmore filio Maldonei" by undated charter witnessed by "Auleth, Duncano et Henrico fratribus meis…Henrico filio comitis de Meneteth…"[95]. It is assumed that Henry was illegitimate.

B. EARLS of MENTEITH (STEWART)

WALTER Stewart "Bailloch/Freckled", son of WALTER FitzAlan High Steward of Scotland & his wife --- (-before 28 Apr 1295). "Dominis Waltero fratre nostro…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Alexander filius Walteri senescalus regis Scotie" donated "ecclesiam de Dundonald…de Sanchar…de Awchinlac" to Paisley monastery[96]. Earl of Menteith in [1260]: John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Walterus Bullok ex parte uxoris suæ" was invested with "totum comitatum de Menteth" after the arrest of John Russell[97]. “Walterus Senescallus comes de Menthet” confirmed a donation made by “Dufgallus filius Syfyn” to Paisley monastery by charter dated 19 Jan 1262[98]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the lawsuit at York in 1272 between "Johannem Comyn" and "Walterum Bullok pro comitatu de Menteth", adding that "Willelmus filius ipsius Johannis" had married "filiam comitissæ prioris"[99]. Following the intervention of Edward I King of England, the earldom was divided into two in 1285 each party taking half. It was presumably rejoined on the death of Isabel Russell, wife of William Comyn, without issue[100]. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Valtero Bullok comite de Menteith" went to Norway for the marriage in 1281 of "Margareta filia regis Alexandri" and "Hanigo, Henrico vocato, regi Noricorum", but that his boat sank on the return journey[101]. A charter dated [20 Sep] 1286 records “Patricius comes de Dunbar, Patricius, Johannes et Alexander filii eius; Walterus Senescallus comes de Menethe, Alexander et Johannes filii eius...” and others agreeing to provide mutual defence and assistance[102]. “Walterus Sen[escalli] comes de Mentheht” donated “ecclesiam de Kylmachornat in Knapedale...” to Kilwinning monastery, for the souls of himself and “domine Marie quondam sponse mee, comitisse de Menetheht”, by charter dated to [1290][103].

m MARY of Menteith, daughter and co-heiress of [MAURICE the younger Earl of Menteith & his wife ---] ([1216/30?]-[before 1290]). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not been identified. In relation to her sister Isabel, Balfour Paul’s Scots Peerage states that she "is presumed rather than proved to be the daughter of Earl Maurice"[104]. Presumably the same comment applies to Mary. Her birth date is estimated very approximately to [1216/30] from the estimated birth date of her older sister, but bearing in mind the [1280?] birth of Mary’s grandson Alan which suggests that she was probably born in the later part of that range. When her sister Isabel was expelled from Scotland, Mary was invested with the earldom of Menteith. Balfour Paul says that Mary "predeceased her husband, but at what date is not certain"[105]. She is named as deceased in her husband’s [1290] charter cited above. The Complete Peerage says that she died “probably before 1286”, citing Theiner[106]. Theiner’s cited document is a 14th century bull of Pope John XXII which quotes an undated charter in which “Walterus Senior Comes de Mentheht” donated “ecclesiam de Kylmachornat in Knapedale...” to “Monasterio...de Kylwynin in Cumingham”, for the souls of “mee et domine Marie quondam sponse mee Comitisse de Menetheht”, witnessed by “...Alexandro de Menetheht et Iohanne filiis meis”[107]: this charter appears to be the same as the charter dated by Fraser to [1290] as noted above.

Earl Walter & his wife had two children:

1. ALEXANDER Stewart (-[late 1297/[1305]]). A charter dated [20 Sep] 1286 records “Patricius comes de Dunbar, Patricius, Johannes et Alexander filii eius; Walterus Senescallus comes de Menethe, Alexander et Johannes filii eius...” and others agreeing to provide mutual defence and assistance[108]. Knighted [13 Jun 1291/Feb 1293]. He succeeded his father in [1295] as Earl of Menteith. The Ragman Roll names "Alexander earl of Menetethe" among those who swore allegiance to Edward I King of England at Elgyn in Moray 27 Jul 1296[109]. He unsuccessfully besieged Carlisle in spring 1296, was captured and imprisoned first at Dunbar, later in the Tower of London. He supported Edward I King of England from 1296[110]. King Edward I granted custody of “terras...Alexandri de Ergeyl...[et] Johannis filii predicti Alexandri primogeniti” to “Alexandrum comitem de Meneteth” by charter dated 10 Sep 1296[111]. Alexander was presumably still alive 23 Jul 1297 when he is referred to as “comitis de Mentetethe” [and was not “late”] in the source cited below under his sons. He presumably died before [1305[ when his son Alan was recorded as Earl of Menteith (see below). m MATILDA, daughter of ---. Fraser names her (no source cited)[112]. Earl Alexander & his wife had four children:

a) ALAN de Menteith ([1280?]-[1306/13 Mar 1309]). Fraser suggests that Alan “may have been born about the year 1280”[113]. That date seems late compared to the possible date of birth of his paternal grandmother (see above), although it is consistent with Alan being a minor when given as a hostage in 1296 (which would be the usual practice with hostages), and with the likely birth date of his brother Murdoch (see below). Hostage, with his younger brother Piers, for his father's fidelity to Edward I King of England in 1296: the Wardrobe Accounts of King Edward I for 1296/97 include payments to "Alano et Petro filiis comitis de Menetethe", dated 23 Jul[114]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Menteith. “Alanus comes de Menteth filius domini Alexandri comitis de Menteth” granted “terram de Thome in Menteth” to “domino Waltero de le Akynhewde militi” by charter dated to [1305][115]. A charter dated 30 Mar 1371, recording an indenture between “dominum Robertum Senescalli comitem de Meneteth” and “dominam Isabellam comitissam de Fyf”, notes an entail made by “bone memorie...Duncanem comitem de Fyff [born after 25 Sep [1288/89], died 1353, see the document SCOTLAND-MORMAERS, EARLS, LORDS], patrem dicte...comitisse” in favour of “quondam Alano comiti de Meneteth, auo domine Margarete sponse dicti domini Roberti nunc comitis eiusdem”[116]. Alan supported Robert Bruce as King of Scotland in 1306[117]. Fraser says that Alan was captured during an attack by the earl of Pembroke on forces of Robert Bruce, that his lands were confiscated, and that he was committed to the custody of Sir John Hastings[118]. The date of the confiscation is indicated by the following document: an order dated 22 May 1306 granted "the earldom of Menetethe in Scotland with the Isles, and all forfeited lands of Alan, lately earl of Menetethe, a rebel with Robert de Brus" to "John de Hastinges and his heirs", except “the lands in said earldom granted by charter to Edmund de Hastinges”[119]. A document dated "34 Ed I" ordered that "Alein q feut Conte de Meneteth" be delivered to "Mos Joh de Hastinges pr le mettre en sauve garde en Engletre"[120]. Stewart records that Alan “was carried prisoner to England, and forfeited, and thereafter died” (no source cited)[121]. Fraser, citing only Stewart, says that Alan “is said to have died in England during his imprisonment”[122]. His death is confirmed by the 13 Mar 1309 grant to his widow cited below. m MARJORY, daughter of --- (-after 13 Mar 1309). An order dated 13 Mar 1309 granted “John de Hastingges” licence to demise “the manor of Wotton...” to “Margery, late the wife of Alan earl of Meneteth for her life”[123]. The 23 Aug [1315] charter cited below, in which her son Alan is named as cousin of Duncan Earl of Fife, suggests that his mother was Duncan’s close relative, maybe his sister in which case Alan could have been Duncan’s closest heir and obvious choice of successor to his earldom. If that is correct, she could have been: m [[1299/1303?]) Marjory [Macduff], daughter of --- ([1286?]-after 13 Mar 1309), her likely date of birth being consistent with the estimated birth dates of her children. Earl Alan & his wife had two children:

i) ALAN de Menteith ([1300/06?]-[23 Aug [1315]/5 Dec 1318]). Stewart says that Alan left “it seems, a son under age, who died without issue” (no source cited)[124]. His existence is confirmed by the following document, which also indicates that he was under-age at the time: an undated order, dated to [1309-14] by Bain, records that "the late king" [=Edward I] had granted "the ward and marriage of Maliz de Logi’s heir" to “Gilbert Malherbe” who, because “the Earl of Stratherne having prevented him enjoying it”, requested “a grant of the ward and marriage of the late Earl of Menteth’s son and heir, or the keeping of Jedburgh castle”[125]. He is named in the following document: Duncan Earl of Fife resigned his earldom to King Robert I, who regranted it “with tailzie to the king”, on the understanding that if the king died without [heir/assignee] the earldom would revert to Alan son of Alan of Menteith, cousin of Earl Duncan, by charter dated 23 Aug [1315][126]. Alan presumably died before the 5 Dec 1318 charter of his paternal uncle Murdoch, who is named Earl of Menteith in that document.

ii) MARY de Menteith ([1300/06?]-before 29 Apr 1360). Her parentage is confirmed by Thomas Grey’s mid-14th century Scalacronica which records that [her uncle] “Muryogh de Menteth, qy puis illoeqes fust count, qi longement avoit demore en Engleterre a la foy le roy” discovered a plot by “Willam de Sowles” against King Robert I (dated to 1320), and “deveint count de Menteth par le reles sa nece, feile de foun freir eyne [her father = Murdoch’s older brother], la quel autre foitz apres sa mort estoit countays”[127], read together with the 30 Mar 1371 charter cited above under her father which names Alan Earl of Menteith as the grandfather of Mary’s daughter[128]. Balfour Paul says that Mary’s date of birth is unknown “but it must have been before 1306” [when her father was captured, see above][129]. Balfour Paul notes the date of the Papal dispensation for her marriage but says that “they had been married sometime before that date” (no source cited)[130]. She succeeded her uncle Murdoch as Ctss of Menteith, suo iure. m (before 1334, Papal dispensation 1 May 1334) JOHN Graham, son of --- (-hanged 28 Feb 1347). Balfour Paul states that, according to Fraser, John de Graham Earl of Menteith was a younger son of Patrick de Graham[131], but also cites a contrary view[132]. From a chronological point of view, it seems unlikely that John could have been the son of Patrick de Graham and his wife Annabella, whose marriage has been dated to [1251/60], given the date of John’s own marriage. Earl of Menteith, de iure uxoris. John & his wife had one child:

(a) MARGARET Graham (-[21 Jul 1372/4 May 1380]). Ctss of Menteith. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Thomam comitem de Marr", son of "Dovenaldum comitem", married "heredem de Meneteth" but that he divorced her[133]. The dispensation for the marriage between “Iohannis de Moravia domicelli” and “Margarete de Grame, nate...Iohannis de Grame comitis de Meneteth”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 21 Nov 1348[134]. Pope Innocent VI granted retrospective dispensation for the marriage between “Thome comitis de Mar” and “Margarete nate quondam Johannis comitis de Menetoth”, who had married not knowing their 4^o consanguinity, dated 29 May 1354[135]. The dispensation for the marriage between “Iohannis de Drumondo domicelli” and “Margarete comitisse de Meneteht”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 28 Apr 1360[136]. The dispensation for the marriage between “Roberti comitis de Stratherne” and “Margarite comitisse de Methelt”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 9 Sep 1361[137]. m firstly (Papal dispensation 21 Nov 1348) JOHN Moray Lord of Bothwell, son of ANDREW Moray Lord of Bothwell & his [first wife ---] (-[20 Apr/5 Sep] 1351). m secondly (Papal dispensations 15 Aug 1352 and 29 May 1354, divorced before Feb 1359) as his first wife, THOMAS Earl of Mar, son of DONALD Earl of Mar & his wife Isabel Stewart ([1330]-[22 Oct 1373/21 Jun 1374]). m thirdly (Papal dispensation 28 Apr 1360) JOHN Drummond of Concraig, son of --- (-after 17 May 1360). m fourthly (Papal dispensation 9 Sep 1361) as his first wife, ROBERT Stewart, son of ROBERT Earl of Strathearn [later ROBERT II King of Scotland] & his wife his first wife Elizabeth Mure ([1340]-3 Sep 1420). Earl of Menteith 1361, de iure uxoris. Duke of Albany 28 Apr 1398.

b) PIERS de Menteith (-after 23 Jul [1296]). Hostage, with his older brother Alain, for his father's fidelity to Edward I King of England in 1296: the Wardrobe Accounts of King Edward I for 1296/97 include payments to "Alano et Petro filiis comitis de Menetethe", dated 23 Jul[138].

c) MURDOCH de Menteith ([1290/93?]-killed in battle Dupplin 12 Aug 1332 or Halidon 19 Jul 1333). His parentage is confirmed by the [1330] document cited below. A document dated [16/23] Jan [1310/11] records that "Sir William de Ferrars" delivered to "Mortaghe de Mentethe his vallet, 20 l"[139], suggesting that Murdoch was then living (freely) in England. The reference to Murdoch being “vallet” suggests that he was still youthful at the time: would this indicate his birth after [1190]?. A document dated [16/23] Jan [1310/11] records that "Sir William de Ferrars" delivered to "Mortaghe de Mentethe his vallet, 20 l"[140]. A list of horses “apud Dundee anno quinto” (among “muster rolls of certain garrisons in Scotland”, dated 1311/12), record "Mordacus Menteth" with "[unum equum] nigrum bausanum cum iv pedibus albis"[141]. By order dated 19 Jan [1316/17] King Edward II permitted "Sir William de Ferrars" to grant "his manor of Groby in Leicestershire” to “Sir Murdac de Menetethe to be held in capite", the latter regranting it to “Sir William and Elena his wife...the manor to revert to Murdac on the death of William and Elena”[142]. Earl of Menteith. Murdach Earl of Menteith witnessed the charter dated 5 Dec 1318 under which King Robert I granted property to the bishop of Aberdeen[143]. The following suggests that he became earl later, by agreement of his niece, daughter of his older brother: Thomas Grey’s mid-14th century Scalacronica records that “Muryogh de Menteth, qy puis illoeqes fust count, qi longement avoit demore en Engleterre a la foy le roy” discovered a plot by “Willam de Sowles” against King Robert I (dated to 1320), and “deveint count de Menteth par le reles sa nece, feile de foun freir eyne, la quel autre foitz apres sa mort estoit countays”[144]. King Robert I granted various lands to “Murdoch Menteith” to “John Monteith, son to John Monteith” by undated charter [dated to before 7 Jun 1329][145]: “Mordacum comitem de Menetheth filium domini Alexandri comitis quondam de Menetheth” granted “terram de Thom in comitatu nostro de Menetheth...”, and other land and rights, to “domino Waltero de Menetheth filio domini Johannis de Menetheth” by charter dated to [1330][146]. “Murdacus comes de Meneteth” granted “occidentalem dimidietatem ville de Buchchoppill...infra comitem nostrum de Meneteth” to “Gilberto de Drommond”, with successive succession to “Matildem sponsam suam...Elene filie predicti Gilberti...Elysabeth soror predicte Helene...Johanna soror predicte Elysabeth...Anabilla soror predicte Johanne”, assuming that none of the daughters had masculine heirs, by charter dated to [1330], witnessed by “Domino Alexandro de Meneteth fratre nostro, Johanne de Menteth, domino Waltero de Menteth, Malcolmo de Drummond, Gillecrist filio Doueualdi...”[147]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "…Murdaco comite de Menteith…" was killed at Duplin Moor 11 Aug 1332 fighting Edward Balliol[148]. The Complete Peerage says that “his death in battle has been variously assigned by the chroniclers to Dupplin...and Halidon...” [dates above], adding “the former account being the more probable”[149]. m [ALICE], daughter of --- (-[1340]). Balfour Paul suggests that Murdoch married “Alicia or Alice, Countess of Menteith” who “had a pension from King Edward III between May 1335 and February 1339/40”[150].

d) ALEXANDER (-after [1330]). “Domino Alexandro de Meneteth fratre nostro, Johanne de Menteth, domino Waltero de Menteth, Malcolmo de Drummond, Gillecrist filio Doueualdi...” witnessed the charter dated to [1330] under which “Murdacus comes de Meneteth” granted property to “Gilberto de Drommond...”[151].

2. JOHN de Menteith of Rusky, Menteith (-[30 May 1323/7 Jun 1329]). A charter dated [20 Sep] 1286 records “Patricius comes de Dunbar, Patricius, Johannes et Alexander filii eius; Walterus Senescallus comes de Menethe, Alexander et Johannes filii eius...” and others agreeing to provide mutual defence and assistance[152]. Balfour Paul records his landholding “Rusky in Menteith, and perhaps also...Knapdale”[153]. Fraser records his alleged involvement in the capture of William Wallace, but cites sources which cast doubt on its accuracy[154]. An order dated Aug 1297 records the liberation of “Sir Edward Comyn of Kilbride and Sir John of Menteith” from captivity in Nottingham[155]. John Menteith was named “guardian of the earldom of Menteith” in Apr 1320 (letter from the Scottish magnates to the Pope[156]), Balfour Paul suggesting that he held this position to safeguard the position of his great-niece Mary who had consented to her uncle Murdoch holding the earldom[157]. Fraser records further details about John’s career, both in England and Scotland, culminating his consent to the 30 May 1323 treaty, ratified in Scotland 7 Jun 1323, which established peace with England, suggesting that he died “not long after 1323”[158]. He is named as deceased in the [30 May 1323/7 Jun 1329] charter cited below under his daughter Joan. m ---. The name of John’s wife is not known. Fraser says that “he is sometimes said to have been the husband of Lady Elene of Mar, daughter of Gratney Earl of Mar, and niece of King Robert the Bruce” but adds that “this...is a mistake, as Lady Elene was the wife of his son” [see below][159]. John & his wife had three children:

a) JOHN de Menteith (-before 1344). Balfour Paul records his parentage (no source cited)[160]. Of Strathgartney and Arran. King Robert I confirmed “the lands in Strugartenay, in Perth” to “John Monteith, son to John Monteith” by undated charter [dated to before 7 Jun 1329][161]: referred to in the 5 Apr 1358 charter cited below under his son John. “Domino Alexandro de Meneteth fratre nostro, Johanne de Menteth, domino Waltero de Menteth, Malcolmo de Drummond, Gillecrist filio Doueualdi...” witnessed the charter dated to [1330] under which “Murdacus comes de Meneteth” granted property to “Gilberto de Drommond...”[162]. Fraser says that John “must have died before...1344” when King David II “granted a precept for infefting John of Logy in the lands of Stragartney...forfeited by his father about 1320...notwithstanding that Sir John Menteith then held the lands”, noting that this precept was mentioned in the 5 Apr 1359 charter cited below which confirmed that John’s son John then held the lands[163]. m ELLEN of Mar, daughter of GRATNEY Earl of Mar & his wife Christian Bruce. Her family origin and marriage are confirmed by the 5 Apr 1359 charter cited below under her son John. Depositions dated 6 Oct 1447 made by “Andreas de Keth de Inverwgy etatis octoginta annorum” state that “domini Roberti de Erskyne comitis de Marr” was descended from “domino comiti de Marr dicto Gartnay”, recording that “dictus comes Gartnay de Marr genuit Donaldum comitem de Marr et duas filias”, that the sisters of Earl Donald married “una cum Roberto de Broyss Rege [incorrect] que sine liberis decessit et alia soror...Domino Johanne de Menteth” by whom she had two daughters, of whom the older married “Dominus Edwardus de Keth qui genuit ex ea Jonetam” who married “Domino Thoma de Erskyn” who fathered “Dominum Robertum de Erskyn comitem de Marr sepedictum”[164]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. John & his wife had three children:

i) JOHN Menteith (-after 17 May 1360). Balfour Paul records his parentage “styled Lord of Arran and Knapdale” (no source cited)[165]. “Johannes de Menthet dominus de Cnappedol et de Aran” confirmed “terras...in Cnappodol...” to “consanguineo meo Gilleasbeg Cambel domino de Lochowo” by charter dated 29 Nov 1353[166]. The precise family relationship between the grantor and grantee has not been ascertained. King David II restored “terras de Strongartney...infra vicecomitatum de Perth, nunc autem infra vicecomitatum de Striuelyn”, which his father had granted to “quondam Johanni de Meneteth militi patri predicti Johannis de Meneteth et Elene de Marr sponse eiusdem, nepti sue” to “Johanne de Meneteth milite, consanguineo nostro” [the relationship is through John’s mother] by charter dated 5 Apr 1359[167]. “...Dominus Johannes de Meneteth dominus de Arane” was among those who confirmed the charter dated 17 May 1360 which records an agreement between “Johannem de Dromud” and “Johannem de Meneteth et Alexandrum de Meneteth, fratres quondam Walteri de Meneteth” (full extracts quoted below)[168]. m CATHERINE, daughter of --- (-1357 or before). Balfour Paul records her marriage, noting that the couple was childless (no source cited)[169]. Fraser records that Catherine was named as deceased “in a grant to the Monastery of Kilwinning in 1357” (no source citation)[170].

ii) CHRISTIANA (-[1387]). Depositions dated 6 Oct 1447 made by “Andreas de Keth de Inverwgy etatis octoginta annorum” state that “domini Roberti de Erskyne comitis de Marr” was descended from “domino comiti de Marr dicto Gartnay”, recording that “dictus comes Gartnay de Marr genuit Donaldum comitem de Marr et duas filias”, that the sisters of Earl Donald married “una cum Roberto de Broyss Rege [incorrect] que sine liberis decessit et alia soror...Domino Johanne de Menteth” by whom she had two daughters, of whom the older married “Dominus Edwardus de Keth qui genuit ex ea Jonetam” who married “Domino Thoma de Erskyn” who fathered “Dominum Robertum de Erskyn comitem de Marr sepedictum”[171]. Balfour Paul records Christiana’s second marriage, her husband’s possible parentage, and details of his career[172]. Balfour Paul records that this second marriage was arranged to settle a dispute between Robert Erskine and “Walter Menteith and his brother, cousins of Christian” whom he had wounded an imprisoned, that a dispensation was requested before 6 Dec 1352 (because Christiana was related to Robert’s first wife) but only granted 6 Mar 1355[173]. Balfour Paul records her approximate date of death[174]. m firstly as his second wife, EDWARD de Keith of Sinton, son of WILLIAM de Keith & his wife --- (-before 1351). m secondly ([1352], Papal dispensation 6 Mar 1355) as his second wife, ROBERT Erskine of that Ilk, son of [WILLIAM Erskine & his wife ---] (-[21 May/10 Nov] 1385).

iii) daughter . Depositions dated 6 Oct 1447 made by “Andreas de Keth de Inverwgy etatis octoginta annorum” state that “domini Roberti de Erskyne comitis de Marr” was descended from “domino comiti de Marr dicto Gartnay”, recording that “dictus comes Gartnay de Marr genuit Donaldum comitem de Marr et duas filias”, that the sisters of Earl Donald married “una cum Roberto de Broyss Rege [incorrect] que sine liberis decessit et alia soror...Domino Johanne de Menteth” by whom she had two daughters, of whom the older married “Dominus Edwardus de Keth qui genuit ex ea Jonetam” who married “Domino Thoma de Erskyn” who fathered “Dominum Robertum de Erskyn comitem de Marr sepedictum”[175].

b) WALTER de Menteith (-after [1330]). His parentage is confirmed by the first [1330] charter cited below. Fraser says that Walter “must have been the second son of Sir John Menteith, though he is commonly said to be the oldest son”, noting that “no satisfactory proof of this last statement has been adduced”[176]. His position as younger son is, however, implied by the order of the witness names in the second [1330] charter cited below.

- see below.

c) JOAN de Menteith (-after 21 Mar 1367). The Complete Peerage records her first marriage[177]. Her first marriage is confirmed by the following document: King Robert I confirmed that “Malisius comes de Strathern” granted “lands of Carcathie in vic. de Forfar” to “Johanne filie quondam Johannis de Monteith, militis, sponse ejusdem comitis”, undated [dated to 30 May 1323/7 Jun 1329][178]. “Johanna de Menteth comitissa de Strateherne” granted “terram...de Gellow in baronia de Kortachy, infra vicecomitatum de Forfare” to “Johanni filio Walteri” by charter dated to [1330][179]. Her second marriage is confirmed by a Papal dispensation dated 11 Jul 1339 for her third marriage, which notes that it was required because of the relationship between her second and third husbands[180]. m firstly ([1323]) as his second wife, MALISE Earl of Strathearn, son of MALISE Earl of Strathearn & his wife Agnes Comyn of Buchan ([1275/80]-before 1329). [181]m secondly JOHN Campbell Earl of Atholl, son of NEIL Campbell of Lochow & his third wife Lady Mary Bruce ([1305/06] or [1313]-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). [182]m thirdly (dispensation 11 Jul 1339) MAURICE Moray of Drumsargard, son of JOHN Moray of Drumsagard & his first wife --- (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346). He was created Earl of Strathearn 9 Feb 1344. m fourthly ([Nov 1346/Oct 1347], post-nuptial dispensation 9 Nov 1347[183]) as his second wife, WILLIAM [IV] Sutherland Earl of Sutherland, son of KENNETH Sutherland Earl of Sutherland & his wife --- (-[27 Feb 1370/Jun 1371]).

WALTER de Menteith, son of (-after [1330]). His parentage is confirmed by the first [1330] charter cited below. Fraser says that Walter “must have been the second son of Sir John Menteith, though he is commonly said to be the oldest son”, noting that “no satisfactory proof of this last statement has been adduced”[184]. His position as younger son is, however, implied by the order of the witness names in the second [1330] charter cited below. “Mordacum comitem de Menetheth filium domini Alexandri comitis quondam de Menetheth” granted “terram de Thom in comitatu nostro de Menetheth...”, and other land and rights, to “domino Waltero de Menetheth filio domini Johannis de Menetheth” by charter dated to [1330][185]. “Domino Alexandro de Meneteth fratre nostro, Johanne de Menteth, domino Waltero de Menteth, Malcolmo de Drummond, Gillecrist filio Doueualdi...” witnessed the charter dated to [1330] under which “Murdacus comes de Meneteth” granted property to “Gilberto de Drommond...”[186]. Of Rusky and Kerse.

m ---. The name of Walter’s wife is not known.

Walter & his wife had six children (shown as such by Fraser in a genealogical table[187], their parentage being suggested by the 17 May 1360 document cited below):

1. JOHN Menteith (-before Oct 1382). A charter dated 17 May 1360 records an agreement between “Johannem de Dromud” and “Johannem de Meneteth et Alexandrum de Meneteth, fratres quondam Walteri de Meneteth”, settling disputes after “dicti quondam Walteri de Meneteth, et Malcolmi ac Willelmi fratrum eiusdem” were killed, under which John de Drummond agreed compensation for actions “per ipsum Johannem de Drumod, Mauricium fratrem suum, et Walterum de Morauia” and confirmed, among other commitments, “terram suam de Rosnef...infra comitatum de Leuenax” to “Alexandro de Meneteth”, confirmed by “Walterus de Buchanane, nepos dicti quondam Walteri...Ghillaspie Cambel et Colinus filius suus...dominus senescallus Scocie, comes de Strathern...comites de Douglas et de Anegus, ac dominus Johannes de Meneteth dominus de Arane”[188]. m (before 1357) as her second husband, MARJORY Stirling, widow of ---, daughter of JOHN Stirling of Carse & his wife ---. Fraser records her parentage and marriages (but not the name of her first husband), and notes that she and her second husband “had a charter of the lands at Carse and others in 1357” (no source citation)[189].

- MENTEITH FAMILY of KERSE and ALVA, BARONETS of BINNS[190].

2. ALEXANDER Menteith (-after 17 May 1360). He is named after his brother John (suggesting their order of births) as co-party to the 17 May 1360 agreement quoted above, in which John de Drummond confirmed “terram suam de Rosnef...infra comitatum de Leuenax” to him. m ---. The name of Alexander’s wife is not known. Alexander & his wife had one child:

a) ROBERT Menteith of Rusky (-before 1411). Fraser records his parentage (no source cited)[191]. m ([17 Feb/25 Jul] 1392) MARGARET of Lennox, daughter of DUNCAN Earl of Lennox & his wife Ellen Campbell (-[18 May 1451/1453]). “Schir Robert Erle of Fiffe” and “Schir Duncane Earle of the Leuenax”, when agreeing the marriage of the latter’s oldest daughter, agreed to share the cost of marrying his other daughters “Elizabeth or Mergarete...the tother of his dochteris”, by charter dated 17 Feb 1391 (O.S.) (“Transumpt” dated 21 Jul 1473)[192]. Robert & his wife had one child:

i) MURDOCH Menteith of Rusky (-before 1456). Fraser records his parentage (no source cited)[193]. m ---. The primary source which confirms the name of Murdoch’s wife has not been identified. Fraser names her “Christian, daughter of Sir David Murray of Tullibardine” (no source cited)[194]. Murdoch & his wife had three children:

(1) PATRICK Menteith (-young). Fraser records his parentage (no source cited)[195].

(2) AGNES Menteith . Fraser records her parentage and marriage (no source cited)[196]. m ([1460]) JOHN Haldane of Glasgow, son of ---. He disputed the claim of Lord Darnley to the earldom of Lennox in 1473 on the basis that his wife was descended from the elder of the second and third daughters of Earl Duncan[197].

(3) ELIZABETH Menteith . Fraser records her parentage and marriage (no source cited)[198]. m JOHN Napier, son of ALEXANDER Napier of Merchiston Kt & his wife ---.

3. WALTER Menteith (-killed before 1360). The killing of the brothers Walter, Malcolm and William by the Drummond family is recorded in the 17 May 1360 agreement quoted above.

4. MALCOLM Menteith (-killed before 1360). The killing of the brothers Walter, Malcolm and William by the Drummond family is recorded in the 17 May 1360 agreement quoted above.

5. WILLIAM Menteith (-killed before 1360). The killing of the brothers Walter, Malcolm and William by the Drummond family is recorded in the 17 May 1360 agreement quoted above.

6. --- Menteith . Her parentage and marriage are indicated by the 17 May 1360 agreement quoted above which names [her son] “Walterus de Buchanane, nepos dicti quondam Walteri...”. Fraser names “Maurice Buchanan of that Ilk” as her husband (no source cited)[199]. The primary source which confirms his name has not been identified. m --- Buchanan, son of ---.

Chapter 3. CARRICK

The earldom of Carrick was created by William "the Lion" King of Scotland before 1196 when he installed Duncan of Galloway as Earl of Carrick. Earl Duncan's granddaughter married Robert de Bruce, the couple being the parents of Robert I King of Scotland. Thereafter the earldom of Carrick was in the main granted to the monarch's oldest son.

DUNCAN of Galloway, son of GILBERT of Galloway & his wife --- (-13 Jun 1250). "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey by undated charter[200]. The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Duncan the son of Gilebert of Galwey" gave to the monks of Melrose a certain portion of his lands in Karec in 1193[201]. He obtained Carrick from William "the Lion" King of Scotland before 1196, becoming first Earl of Carrick. "Dunnecanus comes de Carric" donated the church of Maybothel to North Berwick St Mary by undated charter witnessed by "Alexandro et Alano filiis comitis"[202]. "Dunekanus filius Gillebti filii Fergus, comes de Karic" confirmed a donation to Melrose abbey made by "Rog. de Scallebroc" by undated charter, dated to the end 12th century[203]. "Duncanus comes de Karric" donated revenue from "terra de Bethoc et…terra de Auchnesure" to Melrose abbey by undated charter witnessed by "Alano filio meo"[204]. "Thomas de Colevilla cognomento Scot" donated "quartam partam de Almelidum…Keresban" to Melrose abbey by undated charter witnessed by "…Alano filio Rolandi de Galewai, Fergus filio Uctredi, Edgaro filio Douenad, Dunkano filio Gilbti comite de Carric…"[205].

m ---. The name of Duncan’s wife is not known.

Earl Duncan & his wife had [five] children:

1. ALEXANDER . "Dunnecanus comes de Carric" donated the church of Maybothel to North Berwick St Mary by undated charter witnessed by "Alexandro et Alano filiis comitis"[206].

2. ALAN . "Dunnecanus comes de Carric" donated the church of Maybothel to North Berwick St Mary by undated charter witnessed by "Alexandro et Alano filiis comitis"[207]. "Duncanus comes de Karric" donated revenue from "terra de Bethoc et…terra de Auchnesure" to Melrose abbey by undated charter witnessed by "Alano filio meo"[208].

3. NEIL (-1256). He succeeded his father as Earl of Carrick. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Nigelli comitis de Carryk" died "in Terra Sancta peregre"[209]. m MARGARET, daughter of [WALTER High Steward of Scotland & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Earl Neil & his wife had one child:

a) MARGARET (-[1292]). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus quartus” married “filiam et hæredem comitis Karrigg”[210]. The Liber Pluscardensis names "unicam filiam suam Martham…comitissa de Carrick" as heiress of "Adam comite de Carrick" and records her marriage to "Roberto de Bruys…secundo, futurus Vallis Anandiæ dominus in Scocia et Clevland in Anglia" without the king’s permission[211]. These passage confuse the supposed daughter with her mother. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records that "Robertum Bruse filium Roberti de Bruys, cognomine…domini Vallis de Anandia in Scocia et de Cliflande in Anglia" abducted "Martha filia et heres unica Nigelli comitis de Carryk" to "castrum suum de Turnberry" and married her without the licence of the king[212]. She succeeded her father as Ctss of Carrick suo iuris. m firstly ADAM de Kilconquhar, son of --- (-Acre 1270[213]). Earl of Carrick, de iure uxoris. "Dominus Adam de Kylconchat comes de Karryc" donated the church of Kilconquhar to North Berwick St Mary by charter dated 14 Apr 1271[214]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death, dated to [1270/71] from the context, "in Terra Sancta" of "Adam comite de Carrick"[215]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "in Terram Sanctam pro Christo peregrinaturus" of "Adam comes de Carrik", dated to [1271] from the context, leaving "unicam filiam…Martham, quæ sibi in comitatum successit"[216]. m secondly (Turnberry Castle 1271) as his first wife, ROBERT [VI] de Brus, son of ROBERT [V] de Brus Lord of Annandale & his first wife Isabel de Clare (Jul 1243-shortly before 4 Apr 1304, bur Abbey of Holm Cultram). This marriage took place without royal consent and resulted in a heavy fine[217]. Earl of Carrick, de iure uxoris. Margaret & her first husband had [one child]:

i) [MARTHA . John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the death "in Terram Sanctam pro Christo peregrinaturus" of "Adam comes de Carrik", dated to [1271] from the context, leaving "unicam filiam…Martham, quæ sibi in comitatum successit" and her marriage to "Roberto de Bruce…filio Roberti de Bruce cognomine Nobilis, domini Vallis de Annandia in Scotia et de Clyveland in Anglia"[218]. The Liber Pluscardensis names "unicam filiam suam Martham…comitissa de Carrick" as heiress of "Adam comite de Carrick" and records her marriage to "Roberto de Bruys…secundo, futurus Vallis Anandiæ dominus in Scocia et Clevland in Anglia" without the king’s permission[219]. These passage confuse her with Adam’s widow.]

4. JOHN of Carrick (-after 30 Oct 1244). Alexander II King of Scotland confirmed the donation of revenue from "ecclesie de Stractim" to the church of Glasgow made by "Johes de Carric filius Duncan comitis de Carric" by charter dated 30 Oct 1244[220].

5. [NICHOLAS [Colin] of Carrick . "Nicholaus filius Dunecani de Carric" confirmed the donation of the church of Maybothel to North Berwick St Mary by "Dunecani patris mei" by undated charter, witnessed by "Malcolmo comite de Fif, Dunecano patre meo…"[221]. As noted below, Sellar suggests that this son of Duncan Earl of Carrick was different from Neil Earl of Carrick, considering that the name “Nicholas” should not be assimilated with “Neil”.] m ---. The name of Nicholas’s wife is not known. Nicholas & his wife had [one child]:

a) [EFFERIC of Carrick . Duncanson’s Ane accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells, a genealogy of the early Campbell family probably based on earlier 17th century manuscripts, records that “Gillespick” married “Efferick daughter to Coline foresd of Carrick”[222]. Balfour Paul says that "there was no Colin of Carrick known to history, and no corroborative evidence has been for found for [the] marriage"[223]. Sellar, noting that the marriage “has been generally disbelieved” (citing in particular Balfour Paul), highlights the existence of “Nicholas of Carrick...son of Duncan Earl of Carrick” in the undated charter cited above and suggests that “a mistaken assimilation of the names Nicholas and Neill has led to confusion”. He indicates that the latinised “Nicholas” normally represents the name “Colin” (given to Gillespic’s son) and not “Neil”, which is generally rendered “Nigellus” in Latin. Sellar concludes that “the story of Gillespic’s marriage then is feasible. More than that, it is probable”[224]. However, Sellar also discusses possible Gaelic origins of the Campbell family, noting in particular that Gillespic’s son Colin is probably identifiable as “Cailean Mór, from whom the style MacCailein Mór derives”[225]. Once the third language Gaelic is introduced into the problem, it seems uncertain how a Gaelic-speaking 13th century monk would have translated Gaelic names into Latin. If that is correct, Sellar’s latinisation pattern for the names Neil, Colin and Nicholas would not necessarily apply. It is suggested that Gillespic’s marriage, and the possible origin of his wife, should be treated with caution unless more source material emerges. m GILLESPIC Campbell, son of --- (-[1280]).]

Chapter 4. LENNOX

A. EARLS of LENNOX [1210]-1385

The earldom of Lennox was created in the early 1200s by William "the Lion" King of Scotland. It remained within the same family until 1425 when the last Earl Duncan was executed for treason having been implicated in the plot of his son-in-law Murdoch Stewart Duke of Albany against James I King of Scotland. The earldom was forfeited, but in 1473 was claimed by John Stuart Lord Darnley, who was the heir of Earl Duncan's daughter Elizabeth whom he claimed (wrongly it appears) was the Earl's second daughter. The claim was disputed by John Haldane of Gleneagles, whose wife was descended from Elizabeth's older sister Margaret, in whose favour the king found and the Lords of the Council found 12 Jan 1476. However, a settlement was presumably reached as Lord Darnley eventually took his seat in the parliament of 1488 as Earl of Lennox[226].

1. ECGFRITH . m ---. One child:

a) ARKIL . Orderic Vitalis records that "Archillus potentissimus Nordanhymbrorum" made peace with William I King of England and granted "filium suum" as a hostage, dated to 1068[227]. Orderic Vitalis records that "Marius Suenus, Gaius Patricius, Edgarus Adelinus, Archillus et quatuor filii Karoli" joined the Danish fleet which sailed up the river Humber, dated to 1069[228]. m ---. The name of Arkil’s wife is not known. Arkil & his wife had one child:

i) ALWYN (-after 1153). "…Alwino mac Archil…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to before [1136], under which David I King of Scotland donated "decimam meam de meo Chan" to the church of Glasgow[229]. Assuming that Alwyn was a member of the same family as the later earls of Lennox, the chronology suggests that he belonged to the generation earlier than that of the first earl. "…Alwyno mac Arkil" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland donated "piscium…Crespeis" to Dunfermline monastery[230]. m ---. The name of Alwyn’s wife is not known. Alwyn & his wife had [two] children:

(a) [GILLANDERS (-after 1153). "…Gillandres filio Alwini…" witnessed the undated charter under which Malcolm IV King of Scotland confirmed the donation of land "in…Melchrethre" to St Andrew’s priory[231]. It is not known whether the father of Gillanders was the same Alwyn who is named above.]

(b) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a Celtic poem which is addressed to "O Leamhan Alun oge, the son of Muireadhach…descendant of "Lughaidh of Liathmhuine" and "the Mormaer of Leamhan…son of Ailin’s daughter"[232]. m MURDOCH, son of ---.

1. MURDOCH . m ---, daughter of ALWYN & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a Celtic poem which is addressed to "O Leamhan Alun oge, the son of Muireadhach…descendant of "Lughaidh of Liathmhuine" and "the Mormaer of Leamhan…son of Ailin’s daughter"[233]. Murdoch & his wife had one child:

a) ALWYN (-before 1199). A Celtic poem is addressed to "O Leamhan Alun oge, the son of Muireadhach…descendant of "Lughaidh of Liathmhuine" and "the Mormaer of Leamhan…son of Ailin’s daughter"[234]. Earl of Lennox. He is named in his son’s charter (see below). m ---. The name of Alwyn’s wife is not known. Alwyn & his wife had [three] children:

i) ALWYN (-1225 or before). He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox. "Alewin comes de Levenax filii et heres Alewini comitis de Leuenax" donated "ecclesiam de Kamsi" to the church of Glasgow by undated charter witnessed by "Maldoueni filio et herede nostro…Dunegall filio nostro, Gillescop Galbrad nepote nostro…Malc filio Gillescop…"[235].

- see below.

ii) ETH (-after 1193). "…Dunec, Malcolmo filio eio, com. Gilleb, Eth filio com. de Leueñ…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to 1193, under which "Dunecanus filius Gillebti filii Fergi" donated "totam terram de Moybothelbeg…[et] de Bethoc" to Melrose abbey[236].

iii) [--- .] m ---. [Two] children:

(a) GILLESCOP Galbraith . "Alewin comes de Levenax filii et heres Alewini comitis de Leuenax" donated "ecclesiam de Kamsi" to the church of Glasgow by undated charter witnessed by "Maldoueni filio et herede nostro…Dunegall filio nostro, Gillescop Galbrad nepote nostro…Malc filio Gillescop…"[237]. It is not known whether the witness "Malc filio Gillescop" was the son of Gillescop Galbraith.

(b) [RODARC . "Alwinus comes de Leuenax" donated "ecclesie de Kilpatrick…" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Maldoveno, Malcolmo filiis meis, Maldoveno decano de Levenax, Rodarco nepote meo…"[238]. It is not known whether Rodarc was the brother of Gillescop.]

ALWYN, son of ALWYN Earl of Lennox & his wife --- (-1225 or before). He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox. "Alewin comes de Levenax filii et heres Alewini comitis de Leuenax" donated "ecclesiam de Kamsi" to the church of Glasgow by undated charter witnessed by "Maldoueni filio et herede nostro…Dunegall filio nostro, Gillescop Galbrad nepote nostro…Malc filio Gillescop…"[239]. "Alwinus comes de Leuenax" donated "ecclesie de Kilpatrick…" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Maldoveno, Malcolmo filiis meis, Maldoveno decano de Levenax, Rodarco nepote meo…"[240].

m [EVE of Menteith, daughter of GILCHRIST Earl of Menteith & his wife ---]. Balfour Paul’s Scots Peerage states that "Gilchrist is said to have had a daughter Eva, married to Alwin second Earl of Lennox" but cites no corresponding primary source[241]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

Earl Alwyn & his wife had eleven children (the sources quoted below are inconsistent regarding the order of birth of the brothers):

1. MALDOUEN (-after 12 Mar 1251). "Alwinus comes de Leuenax" donated "ecclesie de Kilpatrick…" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Maldoveno, Malcolmo filiis meis, Maldoveno decano de Levenax, Rodarco nepote meo…"[242]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox.

- see below.

2. MURDOCH (-after 1216). The Annals of Ulster record that "Trad Ua Mailfhabhail, chief of the Cenel-Ferghusa" was killed in 1216 by "Muiredach son of the Great Steward of Lemhain" [another version reading "Muredach son of the Mormair of Lennox"[243]. Earl Maldouen names his brothers "Murdach, Dugald, Aulay and Duncan" in a charter dated to Aug 1217 or before[244].

3. DUGALD . Earl Maldouen names his brothers "Murdach, Dugald, Aulay and Duncan" in a charter dated to Aug 1217 or before[245]. "Alewin comes de Levenax filii et heres Alewini comitis de Leuenax" donated "ecclesiam de Kamsi" to the church of Glasgow by undated charter witnessed by "Maldoueni filio et herede nostro…Dunegall filio nostro, Gillescop Galbrad nepote nostro…Malc filio Gillescop…"[246]. "Dusgallus frater domini comitis de Levenax" donated "terram…Sedes Patricii" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "domino Maldoveno comite de Levenax, Amelec fratre ipsius…"[247]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" confirmed a donation to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Dusgallo, Duncano, Hamelino, Malcolmo, Gillecristo fratribus meis…"[248]. Rector of the church of Kilpatrick. An undated charter records the settlement of a dispute with the monastery of Paisley about property sold by "Dusgalli quondam rectoris ecclesie de Kylpatrick…Alwyni patris sui"[249]. A charter dated 24 Apr 1271 names "Maria sponsa Johannis de Wardroba et Elena sponsa Bernardi de Erth ac Forveleth sponsa Norrini de Monorgund, filie quondam Finlai de Camsi" as heirs of "quondam Dusgalli fratris Maldoveni comitis de Levenax"[250]. According to the editor of the Lennox Cartularium, "Finlai de Camsi" was the son-in-law of Dugald’s brother Malcolm, but he cites no primary source on which the statement is based[251].

4. MALCOLM . "Alwinus comes de Leuenax" donated "ecclesie de Kilpatrick…" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Maldoveno, Malcolmo filiis meis, Maldoveno decano de Levenax, Rodarco nepote meo…"[252]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terram de Drumthocher et…de Drumthecglunan" to Paisley monastery, for the soul of "Elizabeth sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "Macolmo filio meo, Amelec, Macolmo, Duncano fratribus meis…"[253]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" confirmed a donation to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Dusgallo, Duncano, Hamelino, Malcolmo, Gillecristo fratribus meis…"[254]. "Maldoney comes de Levenax" granted "terram de Colquhoune" to "Umfrido de Kilpatrick" by undated charter witnessed by "Malcolmo filio meo, Gilaspec Galbraith, Hamelyno Malcolmo Duncano fratribus meis…" by undated charter[255].

5. AMELEC [Hamelin] (-after 1250). Earl Maldouen names his brothers "Murdach, Dugald, Aulay and Duncan" in a charter dated to Aug 1217 or before[256]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terram de Drumthocher et…de Drumthecglunan" to Paisley monastery, for the soul of "Elizabeth sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "Macolmo filio meo, Amelec, Macolmo, Duncano fratribus meis…"[257]. "Dusgallus frater domini comitis de Levenax" donated "terram…Sedes Patricii" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "domino Maldoveno comite de Levenax, Amelec fratre ipsius…"[258]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terre de Levenax" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "…Amelech, Gilcrist, Duncano fratribus meis…"[259]. "Amelec frater Maldoveni comitis de Levenax" donated "ecclesiam de Rosneth" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "…Archebaldo de Dusglas…"[260]. "Maldoneus comes de Levenax" granted "terram…Lufs" to "Gilmore filio Maldonei" by undated charter witnessed by "Auleth, Duncano et Henrico fratribus meis…Henrico filio comitis de Meneteth…"[261]. "…Dominis Auleth, Duncano, Henrico, Gilchrist fratribus meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" granted land "in Levenax…Buthernockis et…Kyncaith" to "Wilielmo filio Arthuri filii Galbrait"[262]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" confirmed a donation to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Dusgallo, Duncano, Hamelino, Malcolmo, Gillecristo fratribus meis…"[263]. "Maldoney comes de Levenax" granted "terram de Colquhoune" to "Umfrido de Kilpatrick" by undated charter witnessed by "Malcolmo filio meo, Gilaspec Galbraith, Hamelyno Malcolmo Duncano fratribus meis…" by undated charter[264]. "Domino Hamelon fratre nostro, Hamelon filio suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Mald comes de Levenax" confirmed "Christiane unam terram in Gleanfreone…Kealbride" to "Dovenaldo filio Macynel"[265]. m ---. The name of Amelec’s wife is not known. Amelec & his wife had two children:

a) AMELEC [Hamelin] . "Domino Hamelon fratre nostro, Hamelon filio suo…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Mald comes de Levenax" confirmed "Christiane unam terram in Gleanfreone…Kealbride" to "Dovenaldo filio Macynel"[266].

b) DUNCAN . "…Domino Duncano filio Auleth…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Malcolmus comes de Levenax" confirmed property to "domino Patricio de Grame"[267].

6. DUNCAN (-after 1250). Earl Maldouen names his brothers "Murdach, Dugald, Aulay and Duncan" in a charter dated to Aug 1217 or before[268]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terram de Drumthocher et…de Drumthecglunan" to Paisley monastery, for the soul of "Elizabeth sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "Macolmo filio meo, Amelec, Macolmo, Duncano fratribus meis…"[269]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terre de Levenax" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "…Amelech, Gilcrist, Duncano fratribus meis…"[270]. "Maldoneus comes de Levenax" granted "terram…Lufs" to "Gilmore filio Maldonei" by undated charter witnessed by "Auleth, Duncano et Henrico fratribus meis…Henrico filio comitis de Meneteth…"[271]. "Maldoney comes de Levenax" granted "terram de Colquhoune" to "Umfrido de Kilpatrick" by undated charter witnessed by "Malcolmo filio meo, Gilaspec Galbraith, Hamelyno Malcolmo Duncano fratribus meis…" by undated charter[272]. "…Dominis Auleth, Duncano, Henrico, Gilchrist fratribus meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" granted land "in Levenax…Buthernockis et…Kyncaith" to "Wilielmo filio Arthuri filii Galbrait"[273]. "…Dunecano filio comitis Dunecani, Willo filio comitis Patricii marito meo…Dunecano filio comit Alwino de Aberbutennauth…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Cristina filia Walteri Corbet" donated serfs to St Andrew’s priory, with the consent of "Willi filii comitis Patricii mariti mei et Aliiz de Valoniis matris mee"[274].

7. GILCHRIST (-after 1250). "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terre de Levenax" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "…Amelech, Gilcrist, Duncano fratribus meis…"[275]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" confirmed a donation to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Dusgallo, Duncano, Hamelino, Malcolmo, Gillecristo fratribus meis…"[276]. "…Dominis Auleth, Duncano, Henrico, Gilchrist fratribus meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" granted land "in Levenax…Buthernockis et…Kyncaith" to "Wilielmo filio Arthuri filii Galbrait"[277]. According to the editor of the Lennox Cartularium, Gilchrist was "ancestor of a race that settled in the northern district of the Lennox and, assuming the patronymic surname of Macfarlan, continued until last century to head a clain of marauding notoriety", but he cites no primary source on which the statement is based[278].

8. HENRY . "Maldoneus comes de Levenax" granted "terram…Lufs" to "Gilmore filio Maldonei" by undated charter witnessed by "Auleth, Duncano et Henrico fratribus meis…Henrico filio comitis de Meneteth…"[279]. "…Dominis Auleth, Duncano, Henrico, Gilchrist fratribus meis…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" granted land "in Levenax…Buthernockis et…Kyncaith" to "Wilielmo filio Arthuri filii Galbrait"[280].

9. CORC . "Dño Amhleu fratre nostro, Duncan et Henr et Corc fratribus nostris…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Maldouen com de Leuenax" confirmed land of "decanum de Lus"[281].

10. FERCHAR . Earl Maldouen names his brothers "Aulay, Duncan, Gilchrist, Ferchar" in a charter dated 1217 which records the grant of "the lands of Glaskel and Glaswel" to their sister "Eva…in free marriage with Malcolm son of Duncan thane of Callendar"[282].

11. EVA . Earl Maldouen names his brothers "Aulay, Duncan, Gilchrist, Ferchar" in a charter dated 1217 which records the grant of "the lands of Glaskel and Glaswel" to their sister "Eva…in free marriage with Malcolm son of Duncan thane of Callendar"[283]. m (1217) MALCOLM, son of DUNCAN of Callendar & his wife ---.

MALDOUEN, son of ALWYN Earl of Lennox & his wife Eve of Menteith (-after 12 Mar 1251). "Alewin comes de Levenax filii et heres Alewini comitis de Leuenax" donated "ecclesiam de Kamsi" to the church of Glasgow by undated charter witnessed by "Maldoueni filio et herede nostro…Dunegall filio nostro, Gillescop Galbrad nepote nostro…Malc filio Gillescop…"[284]. "Maldoueni filius et heres Alwini iunioris comitis de Leuenax filii et heredis Alwini senioris comitis de Leuenax" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Kamsi" to the church of Glasgow by "pater meus" by undated charter witnessed by "…Dunegale fratre meo…"[285]. "Alwinus comes de Leuenax" donated "ecclesie de Kilpatrick…" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Maldoveno, Malcolmo filiis meis, Maldoveno decano de Levenax, Rodarco nepote meo…"[286]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox. "Maldoneus comes de Levenax" granted "terram…Lufs" to "Gilmore filio Maldonei" by undated charter witnessed by "Auleth, Duncano et Henrico fratribus meis…Henrico filio comitis de Meneteth…"[287]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terram de Drumthocher et…de Drumthecglunan" to Paisley monastery, for the soul of "Elizabeth sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "Macolmo filio meo, Amelec, Macolmo, Duncano fratribus meis…"[288]. "Dusgallus frater domini comitis de Levenax" donated "terram…Sedes Patricii" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "domino Maldoveno comite de Levenax, Amelec fratre ipsius…"[289]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terre de Levenax" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "…Amelech, Gilcrist, Duncano fratribus meis…"[290]. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" confirmed a donation to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "Dusgallo, Duncano, Hamelino, Malcolmo, Gillecristo fratribus meis…"[291].

m ELIZABETH Stewart, daughter of WALTER Stewart, High Steward of Scotland & his wife --- (-before her husband). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" donated "terram de Drumthocher et…de Drumthecglunan" to Paisley monastery, for the soul of "Elizabeth sponse mee", by undated charter, witnessed by "Macolmo filio meo, Amelec, Macolmo, Duncano fratribus meis…"[292].

Maldouen & his wife had two children:

1. MALCOLM (-before 1250). "Maldoney comes de Levenax" granted "terram de Colquhoune" to "Umfrido de Kilpatrick" by undated charter witnessed by "Malcolmo filio meo, Gilaspec Galbraith, Hamelyno Malcolmo Duncano fratribus meis…" by undated charter[293]. "…Malcolmo filio Maldoueny comite de Levenax…" subscribed the undated charter under which "Walterus filii Alani domini regis Scotie senescallus" donated property to Paisley monastery[294]. m ---. The name of Malcolm’s wife is not known. Malcolm & his wife had one child:

a) MALCOLM (-[1290/92]). He succeeded his grandfather as Earl of Lennox. "Malcolmus comes de Levenax filius et heres quondam domini Malcolmi comitis de Levenax" confirmed the donation of "terram…Lufs" made by "domini Malduini quondam comitis de Levenax" to "Gilmore filio Maldonei" by undated charter[295]. "Malcolmus comes de Levenax" granted "totam terram de Ardeureane et Ardenalochreth" to "Christiane et Margarete de Drummond filiabus Johannis de Drummond" by undated charter[296]. m ---. The name of Malcolm’s wife is not known. Malcolm & his wife had one child:

i) MALCOLM (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox.

- see below.

2. DUNCAN .

MALCOLM, son of MALCOLM Earl of Lennox & his wife --- (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox. "Malcolmus comes de Levenax" granted "totum officium…tosheagor de Levenax" to "Patricio de Lindsay filio domini Hugonis de Lindsay consanguineo nostro" by undated charter[297]. The relationship between the two parties has not yet been traced.

m MARGARET of Mar, [sister or daughter] of DONALD Earl of Mar. She is named as wife of Malcolm Earl of Lennox by Fraser[298].

Earl Malcolm & his wife had two children:

1. DONALD (-1364 or before). He succeeded his father as Earl of Lennox. "Dovenaldus comes de Levenax" confirmed "totam terram de Buchnwl" to "Patricio de Lindsay filio domini Patricii de Lindsay militis" by undated charter, witnessed by "domino Malcolmo Flemyng comite de Wygtone…"[299]. "Douenaldus comes de Levenax" granted "totam…terram…Tulewyn in comitatu nostro de Levenax" to "Waltero de Fosselane filio et heredi Anweleth de Fosselane", except a part held by "Duncano filio antedicti Walteri", by undated charter[300]. m ---. The name of Donald’s wife is not known. Donald & his wife had one child:

a) MARGARET of Lennox (-after 19 Aug 1388). m ([1344]) WALTER de Fasselane, son of ALAN de Fasselane & his wife --- (-after 19 Aug 1388). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 8 May 1386 under which Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "comitatum de Levenax" to "Duncano de Levenax militi", previously held by "Walteri filii Alani de Fasselane et Margarete sponse sua"[301]. Earl of Lennox, de iure uxoris. He and his wife resigned the Earldom of Lennox in 1385 in favour of their son Duncan.

2. MURDOCH . "Waltero de Fosselane, Willielmo de Galbraith, Murdaco fratre comitis de Levenax, Yvaro Campbell, Malcolmo filio Duncano" witnessed the undated charter under which "Donaldus comes de Levenax" granted land "de Eschend" to "Andree de Cunninghame"[302].

3. MALCOLM . "Malcolmus comes de Levenax" granted "terre…Cronverne…" to "Gilberto de Carric filio et heredi quondam domini Gilberti de Carrick militis" by undated charter witnessed by "dominis Malcolmo filio nostro…"[303].

1. ALAN de Fasselane . According to the editor of the Lennox Cartularium, "Auley or Alan de Fasselane" was the older son of Amelec, brother of Maldouen Earl of Lennox (see above), but he cites no primary source on which the statement is based[304]. From a chronological point of view, this would seem to be a stretch. m ---. The name of Alan’s wife is not known. Alan & his wife had one child:

a) WALTER de Fasselane (-after 19 Aug 1388). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 8 May 1386 under which Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "comitatum de Levenax" to "Duncano de Levenax militi", previously held by "Walteri filii Alani de Fasselane et Margarete sponse sua"[305]. "Waltero de Fosselane, Willielmo de Galbraith, Murdaco fratre comitis de Levenax, Yvaro Campbell, Malcolmo filio Duncano" witnessed the undated charter under which "Donaldus comes de Levenax" granted land "de Eschend" to "Andree de Cunninghame"[306]. "Douenaldus comes de Levenax" granted "totam…terram…Tulewyn in comitatu nostro de Levenax" to "Waltero de Fosselane filio et heredi Anweleth de Fosselane", except a part held by "Duncano filio antedicti Walteri", by undated charter[307]. Earl of Lennox, de iure uxoris. "Walterus de Fosselane dominus de Levenax" granted "terram de Auchmarr…in comitatu nostro de Levenax" to "Waltero domino de Buchanan" by charter dated 20 Aug 1373[308]. He and his wife resigned the Earldom of Lennox in 1385 in favour of their son Duncan. m MARGARET of Lennox, daughter of DONALD Earl of Lennox & his wife --- (-after 19 Aug 1388). Margaret & her husband had four children:

i) DUNCAN of Lennox (-executed Stirling Castle 25 May 1425, bur Church of the Friars Preachers). "Douenaldus comes de Levenax" granted "totam…terram…Tulewyn in comitatu nostro de Levenax" to "Waltero de Fosselane filio et heredi Anweleth de Fosselane", except a part held by "Duncano filio antedicti Walteri", by undated charter[309]. He succeeded as Earl of Lennox in 1385 on the resignation of his parents. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "comitatum de Levenax" to "Duncano de Levenax militi", previously held by "Walteri filii Alani de Fasselane et Margarete sponse sua", by charter dated 8 May 1386[310]. "Duncanus comes de Levenax" granted "terras de Drumfad ester et Kyrkmychel westyr" to "Murdaco filio Malcolmi…domini de Leky" by undated charter witnessed by "Duncano Campbell domino de Gaunan, Alexandro de Levenax, Alano de Levenax, Waltero de Levenax, fratribus nostris…"[311]. He was executed for high treason, being implicated in the plot of his son-in-law[312]. m (dispensation to recontract marriage 30 Mar 1373) as her second husband, ELLEN Campbell, widow of JOHN Macdonald of the Isles, daughter of ARCHIBALD [Gillespie] Campbell & his [second] wife [Isabel Lamont] (-after 1434). Earl Duncan & his wife had four children:

(a) ISABEL (-[early May] [1458]). “Schir Robert Erle of Fiffe” and “Schir Duncane Earle of the Leuenax” agreed the marriage of “Schir Murthow, sone and ayre to the forsaid Erle of Fife” and “Isabel the eldast dochter of the said Erle of Leuenax”, providing for the sharing of the cost of marrying the other daughters of the Earl of Lennox “Elizabeth or Mergarete...the tother of his dochteris”, dated 17 Feb 1391 (O.S.) (“Transumpt” dated 21 Jul 1473)[313]. She succeeded her father as Ctss of Lennox, suo iure. She was kept prisoner during the life of James I King of Scotland but afterwards lived at her castle of Inchmurrin in Loch Lomond[314]. m (contract 17 Feb 1392) MURDOCH Stewart, son of ROBERT Stewart Duke of Albany & his first wife Margaret Graham Ctss of Menteith ([1362]-beheaded 25 May 1425). He succeeded his father in 1420 as Duke of Albany.

(b) MARGARET (-[18 May 1451/1453]). “Schir Robert Erle of Fiffe” and “Schir Duncane Earle of the Leuenax”, when agreeing the marriage of the latter’s oldest daughter, agreed to share the cost of marrying his other daughters “Elizabeth or Mergarete...the tother of his dochteris”, by charter dated 17 Feb 1391 (O.SJ (“Transumpt” dated 21 Jul 1473)[315]. m ([17 Feb/25 Jul] 1392) ROBERT Menteith of Rusky, son of ALEXANDER Menteith of Rusky & his wife --- (-before 1411).

(c) ELIZABETH (-Nov 1429). “Schir Robert Erle of Fiffe” and “Schir Duncane Earle of the Leuenax”, when agreeing the marriage of the latter’s oldest daughter, agreed to share the cost of marrying his other daughters “Elizabeth or Mergarete...the tother of his dochteris”, by charter dated 17 Feb 1391 (O.S.) (“Transumpt” dated 21 Jul 1473)[316]. Andrew Stuart dates her second marriage to “about the year 1392”, noting that both her older and younger sisters married in that year[317], although his narrative appears confused regarding the younger sister and in any case he is not taking account Elizabeth’s first marriage. Elizabeth's first husband is named in the dispensation for her second marriage[318]. m firstly ([1392?]) ALEXANDER ---. m secondly (Papal dispensation 23 Sep 1406) JOHN Stuart of Darnley, son of JOHN [I] Stewart of Darnley & his wife --- ([1385/90?]-killed in battle Orléans 12 Feb 1428).

(d) daughter (-after 17 Feb 1391). “Schir Robert Erle of Fiffe” and “Schir Duncane Earle of the Leuenax”, when agreeing the marriage of the latter’s oldest daughter, agreed to share the cost of marrying his other daughters “Elizabeth or Mergarete...the tother of his dochteris”, by charter dated 17 Feb 1391 (O.S.) (“Transumpt” dated 21 Jul 1473)[319].

ii) ALEXANDER . "Duncanus comes de Levenax" granted "terras de Drumfad ester et Kyrkmychel westyr" to "Murdaco filio Malcolmi…domini de Leky" by undated charter witnessed by "Duncano Campbell domino de Gaunan, Alexandro de Levenax, Alano de Levenax, Waltero de Levenax, fratribus nostris…"[320]. He was alleged in 1765 to be the ancestor of Alexander Lennox who petitioned the House of Lords (presented 15 Mar 1769) for recognition as Earl of Lennox[321].

iii) ALAN . "Duncanus comes de Levenax" granted "terras de Drumfad ester et Kyrkmychel westyr" to "Murdaco filio Malcolmi…domini de Leky" by undated charter witnessed by "Duncano Campbell domino de Gaunan, Alexandro de Levenax, Alano de Levenax, Waltero de Levenax, fratribus nostris…"[322].

iv) WALTER . "Duncanus comes de Levenax" granted "terras de Drumfad ester et Kyrkmychel westyr" to "Murdaco filio Malcolmi…domini de Leky" by undated charter witnessed by "Duncano Campbell domino de Gaunan, Alexandro de Levenax, Alano de Levenax, Waltero de Levenax, fratribus nostris…"[323].

B. EARLS of LENNOX 1488-1571 (STEWART)

JOHN Stewart, son of ALAN Stewart of Darnley & his wife Katherine Seton ([1425?]-[31 Aug/11 Sep] 1495). His parentage is confirmed by his marriage contract, cited below. Although his birth date is difficult to estimate with confidence, it is assumed that he was adult when named in the 13 May 1450 charter cited below, and was therefore born around [1425/30]. This suggestion is consistent with John being a minor at the time of his 15 May 1438 marriage contract, and also the 23 Sep 1406 Papal dispensation for the marriage of his paternal grandparents. King James II, by charter dated 16 May 1450, confirmed that “John Stuart dominus de Derneley” granted “his lands of Dregairn” to “his...brother Alexander Stuart” dated 13 May 1450[324]. Lord Darnley. A charter dated 16 Dec 1460, in the presence of “Alexander Stewart frater...Johannis Stevart domini de Dernle...Andream Stevart dominum Auendalie et cancellarium Scocie”, records petitions of “domini de Darnele” to serve as heir of “quondam Duncanus comes de Lenax, pater Elezebeth de Lenax, ave dicti Johannis” (a similar petition dated 12 Oct 1463)[325]. James III King of Scotland confirmed “terras dominicas de Torboltone, Drumley, Dregarne et Ragalhill...” to “consanguineo nostro Johanni domino Dernele et Mergarete Montgomery sponse sue” by charter dated 20 Jul 1461[326]. Earl of Lennox: Lord Darnley claimed the earldom of Lennox in 1473, as the heir of Elizabeth daughter of Duncan Earl of Lennox, whom he claimed (wrongly it appears) was the Earl's second daughter. The claim was disputed by John Haldane of Gleneagles, whose wife was descended from Elizabeth's older sister Margaret, in whose favour the king and the Lords of the Council found 12 Jan 1476. However, a settlement was presumably reached as Lord Darnley eventually took his seat in the Parliament of 1488 as Earl of Lennox[327]. Fraser records a charter dated 31 Aug 1495 in which John was named and another dated 11 Sep 1495 in which his son Matthew was named earl of Lennox[328].

m (contract 15 May 1438) MARGARET Montgomerie, daughter of ALEXANDER Lord Montgomerie & his wife Margaret Boyd of Kilmarnock. The marriage contract between “Alexander Mongomry knycht lord off Ardrossane...Margaret...the eldest dochter...[or] the next dochter” and “Alan Stewart Lord off Dernle...Jhone Stewart sone and ayr...[or] the next son” is dated 15 May 1438[329]. The chronology of the lives of the couple’s children suggest that the marriage was celebrated many years later. James III King of Scotland confirmed “terras dominicas de Torboltone, Drumley, Dregarne et Ragalhill...” to “consanguineo nostro Johanni domino Dernele et Mergarete Montgomery sponse sue” by charter dated 20 Jul 1461[330].

John & his wife had nine children:

1. MATTHEW (-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). Remission was granted to “Matheo Stewart filio et heredi apparenti Johannis comitis de Levinax domini Dernlie...Alexandro Stewart, Roberto Stewart fratribus dicti Matheir...” for burning “ville de Dunbertane” by charter dated 12 Feb 1489[331]. Earl of Lennox. A charter dated 11 Sep 1495 records “an infefment in favour of Matthew Earl of Lennox and Elizabeth Hamilton his spouse” of “in the mains of Derneley, the lands of Craig, of Nielston, Hasteshouses and Greenbills”, witnessed by “...Magister Alexander Stewart germanus dicti domini Matthæi...”[332]. m firstly ([14 Dec 1471/13 Jun 1480]) MARGARET Lyle, daughter of ROBERT Lord Lyle & his wife ---. Fraser records her parentage and marriage, noting a charter dated 14 Dec 1471 from her father to Matthew’s father recording that he should not sell certain lands “until the completion of the marriage betwixt [their children]” and another dated 13 Jun 1480 enfeoffing “Matthew his son and heir and Margaret Lyle his spouse” with certain lands[333]. m secondly (contract 9 Apr 1494, Papal dispensation 15 Apr 1495) ELIZABETH Hamilton, daughter of JAMES Lord Hamilton & his second wife Lady Mary Stewart (-after Apr 1531). Fraser notes her document dated 28 Jun 1530[334]. Matthew & his second wife had [six] children (Fraser names the first five children and records sources which confirm the information shown below[335]):

a) JOHN (-killed [Linlithgow] 4 Sep 1526). Earl of Lennox.

- see below.

b) MUNGO (-after 11 May 1517).

c) MARGARET . Betrothed (Papal dispensation 15 Dec 1507) to WILLIAM Cunningham Master of Glencairn, son of CUTHBERT Earl of Glencairn & his wife ---. m firstly (15 Mar 1509) JOHN Lord Fleming, son of ---. m secondly ALEXANDER Douglas of Mains, son of ---.

d) ELIZABETH . m HUGH Campbell of Loudun, son of ---.

e) AGNES . m (before 11 Mar 1518) WILLIAM Edmonstone of Duntreath, son of ---.

f) [JANET (-before 1529). m (before 15 Nov 1515) as his first wife, NINIAN Lord Ross, son of --- (-1556).]

2. WILLIAM (-before 1503). Seigneur d'Olzon et de Grey.

3. ALEXANDER (-before 1508). Remission was granted to “Matheo Stewart filio et heredi apparenti Johannis comitis de Levinax domini Dernlie...Alexandro Stewart, Roberto Stewart fratribus dicti Matheir...” for burning “ville de Dunbertane” by charter dated 12 Feb 1489[336]. A charter dated 11 Sep 1495 records “an infefment in favour of Matthew Earl of Lennox and Elizabeth Hamilton his spouse” of lands (see above for details), witnessed by “...Magister Alexander Stewart germanus dicti domini Matthæi...”[337].

4. ROBERT Stuart (-1543). Remission was granted to “Matheo Stewart filio et heredi apparenti Johannis comitis de Levinax domini Dernlie...Alexandro Stewart, Roberto Stewart fratribus dicti Matheir...” for burning “ville de Dunbertane” by charter dated 12 Feb 1489[338]. Seigneur d'Aubigny, Marshal of France, Comte de Beaumont-le-Roger. Fraser records his death in 1543 “without issue” (no source cited)[339]. m firstly (1499) his second cousin, ANNE Stuart Ctss de Beaumont-le-Roger, daughter of BERNARD Stuart Seigneur d'Aubigny Duc de Terranuova & his second wife Anne de Maumont Ctss de Beaumont-le-Roger (-before 1527). m secondly JACQUELINE de la Queulle, daughter and co-heiress of FRANÇOIS Seigneur de la Queulle & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not been identified.

5. JOHN of Henriestonn (-1512). Seigneur d'Oizon. Rector of Kirkenner. m firstly (before 1486) MARY Sempill, daughter of THOMAS Sempill of Eliotstown & his wife ---. m secondly as her second husband, ANNE de Concressault, widow of --- Monypenny, daughter of ALEXANDER Seigneur de Concressault & his wife ---. John & his first wife had one child:

a) MARGARET . m JOHN Fraser of Kuoik in Ayrshire, son of ---.

6. ELIZABETH . m ARCHIBALD Earl of Argyll, son of --- (-killed in battle 1513).

7. MARION . m (1472) ROBERT Crichton of Kinnoull Lord Crichton, son of ---.

8. ELIZABETH . m ([1480]) JOHN Colquhon of Luss, son of ---.

9. ALAN of Cardonald (-after 26 Jul 1496). According to Fraser, Alan was illegitimate (no source cited)[340]. “Isabella Norval, Lady of Cardonald and Drumbean” granted “the lands of Cardonald in Renfrewshire”, with the consent of “Alexander Stuart of Castelmilk her son and apparent heir”, by charter dated 26 Jul 1496, witnessed by “Alan Stuart...son of John Earl of Lennox”, confirmed by the crown 1 Apr 1499[341]. m MARION Stuart, daughter of WILLIAM Stewart of Castelmilk & his wife Isabella Norval Lady of Cardonald and Drumbean. Andrew Stuart records her parentage and marriage (no sources cited)[342].

JOHN Stuart, son of MATTHEW Stuart Earl of Lennox & his second wife Elizabeth Hamilton (-killed [Linlithgow] 4 Sep 1526[343]). Earl of Lennox.

Betrothed (contract 15 Apr 1506) to Lady MARGARET Graham, daughter of WILLIAM Graham 1st Earl of Montrose & his wife ---.

m (contract 19 Jan 1511, Papal dispensation 29 Jan 1511) as her first husband, ELIZABETH Stewart, daughter of JOHN Stewart Earl of Atholl & his second wife Eleanor Sinclair .

John & his wife had four children (Fraser records sources which confirm the information shown below[344]):

1. MATTHEW Stuart (Dunbarton Castle 21 Sep 1516-murdered Stirling 4 Sep 1571, bur Stirling). Earl of Lennox.

- see below.

2. ROBERT Stuart (-St Andrew’s 29 Aug 1586). Bishop of Caithness 1543. Earl of Lennox 1578-1579. Earl of March 1579-1580. m (5 Dec 1578, divorced 19 May 1581) as her second husband, ELIZABETH Stewart, widow of HUGH Fraser Lord Lovat, daughter of JOHN Stewart Earl of Atholl & his first wife Elizabeth Gordon of the Earls of Huntly. Robert had illegitimate children by an unknown mistress.

3. JOHN Stuart (-1567). Seigneur d'Aubigny. m (1542) ANNE de Quenelle, daughter of FRANÇOIS Seigneur de Quenelle & his second wife Anne de Rohan.

- EARLS of LENNOX, DUKES of LENNOX, DUKES of RICHMOND.

4. HELEN Stuart (-1564). m firstly WILLIAM Earl of Erroll, son of ---. Mistress of JAMES V King of Scotland, son of JAMES IV King of Scotland & his wife Margaret Tudor (Linlithgow palace, Fife 15 Apr 1512-Falkland castle 14 Dec 1542). m secondly (1549) JOHN Earl of Sutherland, son of --- (-1567).

MATTHEW Stuart, son of JOHN Stuart Earl of Lennox & his wife Elizabeth Stewart of Atholl (Dunbarton Castle 21 Sep 1516-murdered Stirling 4 Sep 1571, bur Stirling). Earl of Lennox. Served in the French army 1532-Mar 1543. Elected Regent of Scotland 11 Jul 1570, but taken prisoner by supporters of Queen Mary.

m (contract 26 Jun 1544, St James’s Palace 29 Jun 1544) MARGARET Douglas, daughter of ARCHIBALD Douglas Earl of Angus & his wife Margaret Tudor Queen Regent of Scotland (Harbottle 18 Oct 1515-Hackney 9 Mar 1578, bur 3 Apr 1578 Westminster Abbey).

Matthew & his wife had eight children:

1. HENRY Stuart (Feb 1545-29 Nov 1545).

2. HENRY Stuart (Temple Newsham, Yorkshire 7 Dec 1545-murdered Provost’s House, Kirk o’ Field, Edinburgh 10 Feb 1566/7, bur Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh). Lord Darnley from birth. Created Earl of Ross and Baron Ardmannoch 15 May 1565, and Duke of Albany 20 Jul 1565. Proclaimed King of Scotland 28 Jul 1565. m (Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh 29 Jul 1565) as her second husband, MARY Queen of Scots, daughter of JAMES V King of Scotland & his second wife Marie de Guise (Linlithgow Palace 7/8 Dec 1542-executed Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire 8 Feb 1587), bur Peterborough Cathedral, removed 1612 to Westminster Abbey).

a) JAMES CHARLES (Edinburgh Castle 19 Jun 1566-Theobalds Park, Herts 27 Mar 1625, bur Westminster Abbey). Duke of Rothesay from birth. He succeeded his father as Duke of Albany, Earl of Ross and Baron Ardmannoch 10 Feb 1567. He succeeded his mother 24 Jul 1567 as JAMES VI King of Scotland. Crowned King of Scotland 29 Jul 1567 at the Church of the Holy Rood, Stirling. He succeeded in 1603 as JAMES I King of England.

- KINGS of ENGLAND, KINGS of SCOTLAND.

3. son (-young).

4. 4 daughters (-young).

5. Lord CHARLES Stuart ([1556]-London 1576). Created Earl of Lennox and Lord Darnely 18 Apr 1572. m (late 1574, before 22 Dec) ELIZABETH Cavendish, daughter of WILLIAM Cavendish & his third wife Elizabeth Hardwicke (-Sheffield Castle just before 21 Jan 1581/2). Charles & his wife had one child:

a) Lady ARABELLA Stuart ([1575]-Tower of London 25 Sep 1615, bur 27 Sep Westminster Abbey). Imprisoned at Lambeth 9 Jul 1610 on account of her marriage, she escaped, but was recaptured and imprisoned in the Tower of London where she went insane.

m (secretly Greenwich Palace 22 Jun 1610) as his first wife, WILLIAM Seymour, son of EDWARD Seymour Lord Beauchamp & his wife Honora Rogers (1 Sep 1587-). Imprisoned in the Tower of London 8 Jul 1610 on account of his marriage, he escaped 3 Jun 1611 and fled to the Netherlands. He was allowed to return to England after his wife’s death. Lord Beauchamp Sep 1618, after his older brother’s death. Succeeded his grandfather 1621 as Earl of Hertford. Created Marquess of Hertford 3 Jun 1641. Restored as Duke of Somerset 13 Sep 1660. No children.

Chapter 5. SUTHERLAND

Fraser describes Sutherland as the southern part of Caithness “south of the great chain of hills...from the hill of Ord to Forsinard, and thence westward to Suilven in Assynt” and lists the parishes included within its territory[345]. In the early 11th century, it fell under the jurisdiction of the earls of Orkney: Orkneyinga Saga records that “King Malcolm of Scotland” gave “Caithness and Sutherland…[with] the title earl” to Thorfinn Earl of Orkney and “appointed counsellors to govern with him”[346]. After Thorfinn’s death, control over Sutherland was disputed between the Norwegians and Scots, although Fraser notes that, by 1146/1153, David I King of Scotland held sufficient control over the area to grant land near Dornach to Andrew Bishop of Caithness in return for the king’s service[347]. The date when the Freskin/Sutherland family acquired their interest in Sutherland is not known, although the [1211] charter of Hugh [II] cited below shows that he then had extensive property holdings in the area. His son William [I] de Sunderland was created earl of Sutherland in [1235].

A. ORIGINS

James Sutherland notes the presence of a Flemish community living in Pembroke, recorded in the 1129/30 Pipe Roll, which included Freskin [I] who is shown below[348]. Bartlett describes “a large colony of Flemings...settled in South Wales by Henry I of England in about 1108”, centred “in the region of Rhos in south Pembrokeshire”[349]. A contemporary record of the Flemish settlement is provided by Gilbert Earl of Pembroke who notified Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury of “quidam locus in Walia...Dungledin...a tempore Henrici regis ex ipsius dono Flandrenses incolunt”, adding that “horum princeps...Wizo, qui primus ad predictum locum possidendum de Flandria veniens” passed through Worcester and donated a church which he planned to build there to “capellano...Aldredo”, the donation later being confirmed in writing by Wilfred Bishop of St David’s, by letter dated to [1129/48][350]. The son of Witso is among those recorded with Freskin [I] at Pembroke in the 1129/30 Pipe Roll.

1. OLLEC (-[before 1129/30?]). He is named as Freskin [I]’s father in the 1129/30 Pipe Roll, which includes no other reference to him. His being named in the source could be explained either because he had recently died and his son had succeeded to his lands, or to distinguish Freskin [I] from another person named Freskin (although no reference to a second Freskin has been found in the 1129/30 Pipe Roll). m ---. The name of Ollec’s wife is not known. Ollec & his wife had one child:

a) FRESKIN [I] . The 1129/30 Pipe Roll names “Fresechin fil Ollec” in Pembroke[351].

Sutherland suggests that Freskin [II], named below, was the same person as Freskin [I][352]. The name was evidently the same, while Freskin [II]’s Flemish origins are indicated by “...Baldewino flam....” witnessing the [1150] charter, cited below, immediately before Freskin [II]’s son Hugh [I]. However, the non-appearance of any name resembling “Ollec” among Freskin [II]’s known descendants seems surprising if this co-identity is correct.

1. FRESKIN [II] ([1100?]-[[1150]/[1166/71]). His date of birth is estimated very approximately on the assumption that his son Hugh was an adult in [1150], as indicated below. Alexander Nisbet’s System of Heraldry records “Friskinus, a gentleman of note and figure in the reign of King David I” as ancestor of the Murray Dukes of Athol[353]. Freskin [II]’s holdings in Strathbrock and Duffus are mentioned in the [1166/71] charter cited below under his son William, where it is specified that the properties were “terram quam Freskin pater suus tenuit tempore Regis David...per servitium duorum militum”. The reference to two knights’ service indicates that Freskin was a person of some prominence. The date of the original grant (the document is presumably now lost) is not known. Freskin being named as father of Hugh [I] in the [1150] charter cited below suggests that he was still alive at that date. He presumably died before the [1166/71] charter which confirmed his lands to his other son William. m ---. The name of Freskin’s wife is not known. Freskin [I] & his wife had two children:

a) HUGH [I] ([1125/30?]-[1150]/[1166/71]?). His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was adult when named in the [1150] charter cited next. "...Baldewino flam., Hug. filio Fresechin" witnessed the charter dated to [1150] under which Robert Bishop of St Andrews granted "ecclesia de Lohworuora" to the bishop of Glasgow[354]. Lawrie comments, concerning this document, that “I am not able to suggest a reason for the long array of witnesses”, noting that some names in the list suggest dating the document to [1147/50], and concludes that “I am inclined to the opinion that the compiler wrote names just as they happened to strike him...in my opinion the list is a fabrication”. He was particularly “puzzled to find Hugo de Fresechin, who flourished in the end of the reign of King William the Lion and died in 1214” [but this was Hugh [II] not Hugh [I], see below][355]. The [1166/71] charter cited below under Hugh’s brother William suggests that the [1147/50] charter may refer to his older brother, and that the document is genuine and correctly dated. Sutherland, reconciling some of the problems raised by Lawrie, also suggests that the document is genuine[356]. Hugh being named in [1150], and not his brother William, suggests that Hugh was their father’s older son. If that is correct, William’s [1166/71] confirmation in their father’s property suggests that Hugh was deceased at the time. Hugh may even have died before the 25 Dec 1160 in which his brother William is named, see below.

b) WILLIAM [I] ([1130/35?]-[after 1172?]). Malcolm IV King of Scotland granted “in feuda et hereditate...in provincia de Elgine Ineess et Etherurecard” to “Berowaldo Flandrensi” by charter dated “apud Perth in Natali Domini proximo post concordiam Regis et Sumerledi” (25 Dec 1160), witnessed by “Wilielmo Maroviensi episcopo appostoliæ legato, Merlesvano filio Colbani, Wilielmo filio Frisgin”[357]. William King of Scotland confirmed “succession of Strathbrock [West Lothian], Roseisle, Inchkeil, Duffus, and Kittrae [Moray], and Machar” to “William son of Freskin”, by charter dated to [1166/71] (witnesses listed)[358]. Sutherland quotes the original document under which King William confirmed “Stratboc...et Rossile et Inchekell et Duffus et Machar et Kinerdy...scilicet terram quam Freskin pater suus tenuit tempore Regis David avi mei...per servitium duorum militum” to “Willelmo filio Freskin”, and identifies the witnesses[359]. ["...Willelmo filio Freskini…" witnessed the undated charter [dated to 1172/82[360]] under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation by "Johanni heremite" to the church of Moray[361]. The date suggests that this document refers to William [I] not William [II] (who is shown below).]

Three brothers, of which William [II] and Hugh [II] are both named as sons of “Freskin” in the sources cited below. Fraser identified Hugh [II] as the same person as Hugh [I] (see above)[362]. Balfour Paul assumes that William [II] was the same person as William [I], although he further complicates matters by assuming that Hugh [II] (father of William [I] de Sutherland) was the son not the brother of his William [I]/[II][363]. These suggested co-identities raise chronological difficulties. For example, Hugh [I]’s estimated birth in “[1125/30?]” seems incompatible with identifying him as Hugh [II] who died “[1214/22]”. A similar problem, although less acute, arises in the case of William, as William [I] was adult in [1166/71] while William [II] died “after [1211]”.

Freskin [III], father of these three sons, must therefore have been a different person from Freskin [II]. The birth of his son Hugues [II] is estimated to “[1160/70?]” as shown below, which suggests his father’s birth in [1130/40]. If that date range is correct, Freskin [III] could have been a younger son of Freskin [II]. In that case, he could have been the same person as Freskin [IV] of Cardell, who is shown below after Freskin [III]’s family.

A completely different possibility is presumably that “filius Freskini” in the documents cited below did not indicate that “Freskin” was the father of William and Hugh, but was adopted by them as a family name (“FitzFreskin”) in honour of a more remote ancestor. However, the late 12th century seems early for the adoption of a surname of this type, and in any case such a name does not appear to have survived in the sources which record their known descendants.

FRESKIN [III], son of --- (-[after 1203?]). He is named as father of Hugh [II] and William [II] in the [1189/99] and [1203/14] charters cited below. His being named in the documents suggests that he may have been living at the time. No document has been found which names him in his own capacity, unless he was the same person as Freskin [IV] of Cardell (see below) in which case he definitely survived beyond 1203.

m ---. The name of Freskin’s wife is not known. Her son Hugh’s landholdings in Sutherland (see below) suggest that he may have acquired his rights through his mother, as there is no earlier indication of the Freskin family having property interests in that area.

Freskin [III] & his wife had three children (the order of births of William [II] and Hugh [II] is uncertain, as the order of their names in the [1189/99] and [1203/14] charters cited below is different. If Hugh inherited his Sutherland properties from his mother, and Duffus and other properties (recorded as held by the earlier Freskin family, see above, and by William [II]’s descendants) were inherited by William from their father, Hugh may have been the younger brother, unless the Sutherland holdings were more extensive than the Duffus group of properties):

1. WILLIAM [II] ([1160/70?]-after [1211]). "...Willelmo filio Fresekini…" witnessed the undated charter [dated to 1189/1198[364]] under which William King of Scotland donated "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[365]. "...Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio [error for fratro?, as the date seems early for William’s son to have been active] suo" witnessed the undated charter [dated to 1189/98[366]] under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[367]. King William granted “terram de Strathelefe” to Kinloss by charter dated 31 Jul [no year, dated to [1189/99][368]] at Elgin, witnessed by “...Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio Freskyn”[369]. "…Hugone Freskyn et Willelmo fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated 25 Aug (no year, but dated to [1203/14]) under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Kynguscy cum capella de Benchory" to the church of Moray by "Bricio Moraviensi episcopo" [bishop 1203-1222][370]. Balfour Paul records “William Fresekyn” as Sheriff of Invernaryn in 1204[371]. “Hugo Freskyn” granted “terram meam de Scelbol [Skelbo]...” to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray by charter dated to [1211], witnessed by “Willemo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo, Waltero Morthach, Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”[372].

- MORAY FAMILY.

2. HUGH [II] ([1160/70?]-[1214/22]). His birth date is estimated very approximately from the estimated birth date of his son shown below. King William granted “terram de Strathelefe” to Kinloss by charter dated 31 Jul [no year, dated to [1189/99][373]] at Elgin, witnessed by “...Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio Freskyn”[374]. "…Hugone Freskyn et Willelmo fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated 25 Aug (no year, dated to [1203/14]) under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Kynguscy cum capella de Benchory" to the church of Moray made by "Bricio Moraviensi episcopo" [bishop 1203-1222][375]. Hugh [II] held large areas of land in Sutherland as shown by the following document (maybe inherited from his mother, as suggested above): “Hugo Freskyn” granted “terram meam de Scelbol [Skelbo] in Suthyrlandia, et de Fernebuchlyn, et Inuerchyn; et...totam terram meam de Suthyrlandia versus occidentem, que iacet inter has terras prenominatas et diuisas de Ros” to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray by charter dated to [1211], witnessed by “Willemo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo, Waltero Morthach, Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”[376]. King William confirmed this grant by “Hugo Fresekin” by charter dated 29 Apr [1212][377]. He is recorded as deceased in the [1214/22] charter of his son. m ---. The name of Hugh’s wife is not known. Hugh [II] & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM [I] de Sutherland ([1190/1200?]-[Dunrobin 1248, bur Dornoch]). His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was of age at the time of his [1214/22] confirmation, but bearing in mind his son’s estimated birth date shown below. His parentage and lordship in Sutherland are confirmed by the following document: "Willelmus dominus de Suthyrlandia filius et heres quondam Hugonis Freskyn" confirmed the donation of "terram meam de Scelbotil in Suthyrlandia et de Fernebuchlyn et de Innerchen..." to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray made by "Hugo Freskyn quondam pater meus" by charter dated to [1214/22], witnessed by "...Hugone Duglas, Freskyno de Duglas…"[378]. He was created Earl of Sutherland in [1235].

- see below, EARLS of SUTHERLAND.

3. ANDREW (-after [1211]). “Hugo Freskyn” granted “terram meam de Scelbol [Skelbo]...” to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray by charter dated to [1211], witnessed by “Willemo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo, Waltero Morthach, Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”[379]. same person as...? ANDREW de Moray . "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[380].

[Two probable siblings, parents not identified]:

1. FRESKIN [IV] of Cardell (-after [1203/22]). He is named in the [1203/22] charter cited below under his supposed sister. He was presumably related to Hugh [II], father of William de Sutherland, considering that Hugh’s [1211] charter cited above was witnessed by “...Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”, sons of his supposed sister. The relationship also appears corroborated by the numerous charters which are witnessed both by Freskin [III]’s descendants and by the sons of William Douglas. As suggested above, one possibility is that Freskin [IV] was the same person as Freskin [III] who is named above. Andrew Bishop of Moray confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Deveth" to the church of Spynie made by “venerande memorie Bricius quondam Moraviensis episcopus”, at the request of "pie recordationis Freskyni patroni ecclesie de Deveth", by undated charter (dated to after 1222), witnessed by “Freskyno decano...”[381]. m ---. The name of Freskin’s wife is not known. Freskin [IV] & his wife had one child:

a) [MARJORY] . A charter dated 1234 records an agreement between "capitulum Moraviense" and “dominum Alexandrum de Striuelyn...et heredes sui si quos habuerit de sponsa sua...filia bone memorie...domini Freskyni de Kerdal” relating to "dimidiam dauacham terre...apud Deveth", by undated charter (dated to after 1222), witnessed by “Freskyno decano...”[382]. Her name is indicated by the following (unless the person in question was Alexander Stirling’s second wife): Fraser cites “an entry in an old inventory of the [Kilravock] family” which refers to a “charter of donation by Marjory de Moravia, widow of Sir Alexander Stirling” granting “the lands of Cantra Freskyn” to “her daughter Isobel” [undated], but dated to [1253/98] as witnessed by Archibald Bishop of Moray (who held the bishopric between those dates)[383]. m (before 1234) ALEXANDER de Stirling, son of --- (-after 1234).

2. [--- . The family origin and marriage of the wife of William Douglas are indicated by the undated charter under which her son Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed "ecclesiam de Deveth" to the church of Moray at the request of "Freskyni de Kerdal avunculi nostri"[384]. Fraser dates this charter to [1203/22][385]. If “avunculus” in this document was used in its strict sense of maternal uncle, Freskin of Cardell was the brother of the bishop’s mother. m WILLIAM [I] de Douglas, son of --- (-1213 or after).]

B. EARLS of SUTHERLAND

WILLIAM [I] de Sutherland, son of HUGH [II] & his wife --- ([1190/1200?]-[Dunrobin 1248, bur Dornoch]). His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was of age at the time of his [1214/22] confirmation, but bearing in mind his son’s estimated birth date shown below. His parentage and lordship in Sutherland are confirmed by the following document: "Willelmus dominus de Suthyrlandia filius et heres quondam Hugonis Freskyn" confirmed the donation of "terram meam de Scelbotil in Suthyrlandia et de Fernebuchlyn et de Innerchen..." to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray made by "Hugo Freskyn quondam pater meus" by charter dated to [1214/22], witnessed by "...Hugone Duglas, Freskyno de Duglas…"[386]. He was created Earl of Sutherland: Fraser notes that the creation charter has not been traced, but suggests that it can be dated to 1235[387]. Gordon records that “Erle William died at Dounrobin 1248” and was buried “in the south yle of the cathedrall church at Dornoch” (no sources cited)[388].

m ---. The name of William’s wife is not known. As his son was under age when William died (see below), he either married late in life or his son was born from a late second marriage.

William [I] & his wife had one child:

1. WILLIAM [II] de Sutherland ([1235/40?]-[Apr 1306/Sep 1307]). His parentage is confirmed by the 22 Sep 1275 charter cited below. Fraser says that “according to family tradition [no source cited], [he] was young at the time of his father’s death, and as he survived till the year 1307, he was thus in possession of the earldom...for about sixty years”[389]. This “tradition” appears consistent with his first mention in 1263. His estimated birth date is suggested on this bases, bearing in mind the chronology of his descendants. He succeeded his father as Earl of Sutherland. Accounts dated 1263 and 1266 record payments “de parte finis comitis Sutherlandie”[390]. "...Willelmo comite Suthirland..." witnessed the charter dated 1268 in which "Willelmus comes de Ros" confirmed a donation made to Moray by "quondam Freskinus de Moravia dominus de Duffus"[391]. Archibald Bishop of Caithness settled a dispute between his predecessor bishops and "Willelmus clare memorie et Willelmum eius filium comites Suthirlandie" about "castro de Schythebolle..." and other lands [see [1211] and [1214] charters citede above] by charter dated 22 Sep 1275[392]. During the post-1290 succession crisis, the earl’s support waivered between different claimants: "...the Earl of Sutherland..." was among those who swore allegiance to King Edward I 12 Jul 1291[393]. "William Earl of Sutherland" attested his support for Robert de Brus Lord of Annandale in his claim to the throne of Scotland[394]. The Ragman Roll records "...William Earl of Sutherland..." among those who swore fealty with John de Balliol to King Edward I at Nerwick-upon-Twed 28 Aug 1296[395]. King Edward thanked "William Earl of Sutherland" for “the good faith he has ever had”, dated 4 Apr 1304[396]. "Mons William Conte de Sutherl" petitioned King Edward for "terres Thomas de Dolays", dated to 1306[397]. A letter from William Earl of Ross to King Edward II, dated to early 1308 and referring to Robert Bruce’s invasion of Sutherland, records that “Gillame, jadis Counte de Sothrenland, fist a la fey nostre Seignor, vostre pere, e quant il morout Sire Aymer de Valaunce, gardein Descoce [Guardian of Scotland Apr 1306-Sep 1307]...graunta la garde de mesme cele countee a Johan, nostre fiz puisnee”[398]. The Complete Peerage suggests that he died before the death of King Edward I (7 Jul 1307)[399]. m ---. The name of William’s wife is not known. As his older son was under age when William died (see below), he either married late in life or his sons were born from a late second marriage. William [II] & his wife had two children:

a) WILLIAM [III] Sutherland ([after 1285?]-[1327/Dec 1330]). Fraser records that William was under age when he succeeded his father, his ward being granted to John, younger son of William Earl of Ross as recorded in the last document cited above under his father[400]. He succeeded his father as Earl of Sutherland.

b) KENNETH Sutherland (-19 Jul 1333). He succeeded his brother as Earl of Sutherland. m . Kenneth & his wife had children:

i) WILLIAM [IV] Sutherland (-[27 Feb 1370/Jun 1371]). He succeeded his father as Earl of Sutherland.

- see below.

ii) NICHOLAS Sutherland .

iii) EUSTACHIA Sutherland . m ([Dec 1330]) GILBERT Moray, son of REGINALD Moray of Culbin & his wife ---.

WILLIAM [IV] Sutherland, son of KENNETH Sutherland Earl of Sutherland & his wife --- (-[27 Feb 1370/Jun 1371]). He succeeded his father as Earl of Sutherland. The earldom of Sutherland was erected into a regality 10 Oct 1345, which lapsed on this earl's death without surviving issue from his first marriage.

m firstly (Papal dispensation 1 Dec 1342, [3 Aug/28 Sep] 1345) MARGARET Bruce, daughter of ROBERT I King of Scotland & his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh (-in childbirth [30 Mar 1346/early 1347]). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Matildem…et Margaritam" as the two daughters of "Robertus, adhuc comes" and his wife "Elizabeth filiam Haymeri de Burkis comitis de Hullister", adding that Margaret married "comiti Suthirlandiæ" by whom she had "unicum filium…Johannem", dying in childbirth[401].

m secondly ([Nov 1346/Oct 1347], post-nuptial dispensation 9 Nov 1347[402]) as her fourth husband, JOAN Menteith, widow firstly of MALISE Earl of Strathearn, secondly of JOHN Campbell Earl of Atholl, thirdly of MAURICE Moray of Drumsargard, daughter of JOHN Menteith of Rusky & his wife --- (-after 20 Mar 1367). Follow the hyperlinks for details of her previous marriages.

William [IV] & his first wife had one child:

1. JOHN Sutherland ([30 Mar 1346/early 1347]-1361).

William [IV] & his second wife had two children:

2. ROBERT Sutherland (-[before 1427 or 1442]). He succeeded his father as Earl of Sutherland. m (1389) MARGARET Stewart, illegitimate daughter of ALEXANDER Stewart Earl of Buchan “the Wolf of Badenoch” & his mistress ---. Burnett records her parentage (no source cited)[403]. Her marriage is indicated by the following: the Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun records “Alexandir, than Erle of Mare...Johne of Sutherland, his newew...Androw Stewart his bruthire” knighted in the service of the duke of Burgundy in 1408[404]. Robert & his wife had one child:

- EARLS of SUTHERLAND.

3. KENNETH Sutherland (-after 1408).

C. MORAY FAMILY

WILLIAM, son of FRESKIN [III] & his wife --- ([1160/70?]-after [1211]). "...Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio [error for fratro?, as the date seems early for William’s son to have been active] suo" witnessed the undated charter [dated to 1189/98[405]] under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[406]. King William granted “terram de Strathelefe” to Kinloss by charter dated 31 Jul [no year, dated to [1189/99][407]] at Elgin, witnessed by “...Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio Freskyn”[408]. "…Hugone Freskyn et Willelmo fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated 25 Aug (no year, but dated to [1203/14]) under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesia de Kynguscy cum capella de Benchory" to the church of Moray by "Bricio Moraviensi episcopo" [bishop 1203-1222][409]. Balfour Paul records “William Fresekyn” as Sheriff of Invernaryn in 1204[410]. “Hugo Freskyn” granted “terram meam de Scelbol [Skelbo]...” to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray by charter dated to [1211], witnessed by “Willemo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo, Waltero Morthach, Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”[411].

m ---. The name of William’s wife is not known.

William & his wife had three children:

1. HUGH de Moray (-before Oct 1226, bur Duffus). ["...Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio [error for fratro?, as the date seems early for William’s son to have been active] suo" witnessed the undated charter [dated to 1189/98[412]] under which William King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Foreys et ecclesiam de Dich" to the church of Moray[413].] "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol…exceptis decimis…juxta castellum meum de Bucharm" to the church of Moray by undated charter witnessed by "…Hugone fratre meo…"[414]. Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed the foundation of "in una trium ecclesiarum…Brennath et de Spyny et de Kenedor" by undated charter which reserves the rights of "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "terris…Lynyn et Duldauy" and of "Hugonis filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "Duffus"[415]. m ---. The name of Hugh’s wife is not known. Hugh & his wife had one child:

a) WALTER de Moray (-after 19 Sep 1240). A charter dated 7 Oct 1226 records a dispute between "Andreas episcopus Moraviensis" and "Walterum de Moravia filium quondam Willelmi de Moravia" concerning "terris de Ardtrillen et Lunnin et Duldaui et Croyn…et super advocatione ecclesiarum de Croyn, Abirlouer, Buthrothyn et Arteldol", signed by "Walteri de Moravia filii quondam Hugonis de Moravia", witnessed by "…Alexandro vicecomite de Elgyn, H. de Duglas fratre eius…"[416]. "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[417]. "Walterus de Moravia filius Hugonis de Moravia" confirmed revenue to the chapel of St Peter of Duffus by charter dated 19 Sep 1240[418]. m EUPHEME, daughter of --- (-after 3 Feb 1263). "Fergus de Ardrossen miles" founded the chapel of Clon, for the soul of "quondam Friskini de Moravia domini mei domini de Duffus", by charter dated 16 Mar 1262 which names "domine Eufamie matris dicti Friskini"[419]. "Domina Eufemia quondam sponsa domini Walteri de Moravia domini de Duffus" confirmed "terram…in Ros…dotis mee…de Clonys juxta Dyngvall" to the church of Elgin by charter dated 3 Feb 1263[420]. Walter & his wife had one child:

i) FRESKIN de Moray (-before 16 Mar 1262, bur Duffus). A charter dated 20 Mar 1248 records an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Freskynum de Moravia dominum de Duffus" concerning "Spyny et…Fynroffy", confirming an earlier agreement between Bishop Andrew and "Walterum de Moravia dicti Freskyni genitorem"[421]. "Fergus de Ardrossen miles" founded the chapel of Clon, for the soul of "quondam Friskini de Moravia domini mei domini de Duffus", by charter dated 16 Mar 1262 which names "domine Eufamie matris dicti Friskini"[422]. m JOAN, daughter of [JOHN Jarl of Orkney and Caithness & his wife ---]. According to the Complete Peerage, Joan wife of Freskin of Moray was "possibly…daughter and heiress of Earl John"[423]. Skene says that "the probability is that…half [of the earldom of Caithness]" was inherited by the Moray family from "Johanna…as indicated by her name, the daughter of John Earl of Caithness of the line of Paul"[424]. Neither source cites any primary source which confirms Joan’s parentage, which presumably is just speculative. She was taken hostage by Alexander II King of Scotland in [Aug 1214 or 1222]. A charter dated 1269 confirmed a donation to the church of Moray by "domino Reginaldo le Chen minori domino de Duffus et Marie sponse sue filie quondam Friskyni de Moravia" and named "domina Johanna quondam sponsa domini Friskyni de Moravia"[425]. Freskin & his wife had two children:

(1) MARY (-after 1312). A charter dated 1269 confirmed a donation to the church of Moray by "domino Reginaldo le Chen minori domino de Duffus et Marie sponse sue filie quondam Friskyni de Moravia" and named "domina Johanna quondam sponsa domini Friskyni de Moravia"[426]. "Reginaldus de Chen filius dominus de Duffus et Maria uxor eius" donated property to Kinloss by charter dated 1283[427]. m REGINALD de Chen, son of ---. He possessed ¼ Caithness, de iure uxoris, after the death of his father-in-law, but acquired another ¼ from his brother-in-law [428].

(2) CHRISTIANA (-after Oct 1294). "Willelmus de Fedreth et Cristina de Moravia uxor sua" donated "ecclesia Sancti Petri de Doffus" to the church of Moray by charter dated Oct 1294[429]. m WILLIAM de Federeth, son of ---. Constable of Roxburgh 1262. He possessed ¼ Caithness, de iure uxoris, after the death of his father-in-law, but acquired another ¼ from his brother-in-law[430].

2. WILLIAM de Moray (-before Oct 1226). "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol…exceptis decimis…juxta castellum meum de Bucharm" to the church of Moray by undated charter witnessed by "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo, Hugone fratre meo, Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…"[431]. Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed the foundation of "in una trium ecclesiarum…Brennath et de Spyny et de Kenedor" by undated charter which reserves the rights of "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "terris…Lynyn et Duldauy" and of "Hugonis filii Willelmi filii Freskyny" in "Duffus"[432]. m ---. The name of William’s wife is not known. William & his wife had two children:

a) WALTER de Moray (-after 1242, bur Duffus). A charter dated 7 Oct 1226 records a dispute between "Andreas episcopus Moraviensis" and "Walterum de Moravia filium quondam Willelmi de Moravia" concerning "terris de Ardtrillen et Lunnin et Duldaui et Croyn…et super advocatione ecclesiarum de Croyn, Abirlouer, Buthrothyn et Arteldol", signed by "Walteri de Moravia filii quondam Hugonis de Moravia", witnessed by "…Alexandro vicecomite de Elgyn, H. de Duglas fratre eius…"[433]. "…Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Willelmi de Moravia, Willelmo de Moravia milite…" witnessed the charter dated 31 Oct 1226 which confirmed an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Gylbertum Hostiarium" about "terra de Strathboc et…Buleske"[434]. "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[435].

b) WILLIAM de Moray . "Walterus de Moravia filius quondam Willelmi de Moravia" donated "terram meam de Agynway" to the hospital of Spey by undated charter witnessed by "Andrea episcopo Moraviensi, magistris Willelmo et Edwardo et Willelmo fratre meo canonicis Moraviensis ecclesie, domino Waltero de Moravia filio quondam Hugonis de Moravia…"[436]. Canon at Moray.

3. ANDREW (-after 1222). Richard Bishop of Moray confirmed the donation of "Logynauedal et le Logyndykis" made by "Willelmo filio Freskyni" by undated charter confirmed by "Andree persone clerico nostro et filio suo"[437]. Parson of Duffus. Bishop of Moray 1222.

1. WALTER de Moray (-after 1278). The editor of the cartulary of the bishopric of Moray suggests that Walter was the son of Walter de Moray, son of William de Moray, who died after 1242 (see above) but he cites no primary source on which he bases this speculation[438]. A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[439]. Lord of Bothwell. m ---. The name of Walter’s wife is not known. Walter & his wife had [four] children:

a) WILLIAM de Moray (-[29 Sep 1299/10 Nov 1300]). Inquisitions dated 28 Nov 1300 (writ 10 Nov 1300) following the death of "William de Moray" record that "Andrew de Moray, slain at Stirling against the king, son of the late Sir Andrew de Moray, has a lawful son…Andrew who dwells in Moray…two years of age at Pentecost last" was his heir[440].

b) ANDREW de Moray (-[6 Nov 1297/10 Nov 1300]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[441].

- see below.

c) ALAN de Moray (-after [1275]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[442].

d) [ALEXANDER de Moray . The primary source which confirms Alexander’s parentage has not yet been identified, but from a chronological point of view it appears possible that he was another son of Walter de Moray. m as her first husband, EVA, daughter of --- (-after 3 Sep 1296). She married secondly (before 1295) Alexander Comyn. A charter dated 3 Sep 1296 records petitions to King Edward I by women whose estates had been seized in Scotland, including by "Eva ‘uxor’domini Alexandri Comyn de Badenaghe", who was captured "apud Dunbar", who requested restoration of "terræ de dote domini Alexandri de Morreve, quondam viri sui"[443].]

ANDREW de Moray, son of WALTER de Moray & his wife --- (-[6 Nov 1297/10 Nov 1300]). A charter dated to [1275] records the donation of "terram meam de Ouchterwaddale" to Beauly priory by "Gillicrist Macgilliduffi", sealed by "Domini Walteri de Moravia", and witnessed by "Domino Andrea de Moravia, Willielmo comite Sutirland, Alano fratre dicti domini Andreæ"[444]. A charter dated 11 Nov 1286 records redress sought by the six Guardians of Scotland from the Guardian of England for "Sir Andrew de Moray and Euphemia his wife"[445]. A charter dated 16 May 1296 names "…Andrew de Moray…" among those captured at Dunbar castle (27 Apr 1296[446]) and sent to the Tower of London[447]. A charter dated 6 Nov 1297 ordered the Sheriffs of London to pay "…Andrew de Moray…knights, Scottish prisoners in the Tower" for their sustenance[448].

m firstly --- Comyn, daughter of JOHN Comyn Lord of Badenoch & his first wife Eva ---. Andrew Wyntoun’s Cronykil records that "the Red Cwmyn" had four daughters, of whom the fourth married "the Lord…off Murrawe" by whom she had "Andrew off Murrawe, that efftyr that wes at the Bryg off Stryvelyne slayne"[449].

m secondly (after [1283]) as her second husband, EUPHEMIA, widow of WILLIAM Comyn of Kilbride, daughter of --- (-before Jan 1289). The Fine Roll 25 May 1289 states that "Eufemia quæ fuit uxor Willelmi Comyn de Kyrkebride" married "Andreæ de Murreve sine licentia regis"[450]. A charter dated 11 Nov 1286 records redress sought by the six Guardians of Scotland from the Guardian of England for "Sir Andrew de Moray and Euphemia his wife"[451]. The Inquisitions after the death of "Eufemiæ quæ fuit uxor Willelmi Comyn de Killebridge" are dated 27 Jan 1289, 7 Feb 1289 and 10 Mar 1289, and name "Johannes filius dicti Willelmi et dictæ Eufemiæ…heres ipsius Eufemiæ" aged 23[452].

Andrew & his first wife had two children:

1. ANDREW de Moray (-after 11 Oct 1297). Andrew Wyntoun’s Cronykil records that "the Red Cwmyn" had four daughters, of whom the fourth married "the Lord…off Murrawe" by whom she had "Andrew off Murrawe, that efftyr that wes at the Bryg off Stryvelyne slayne"[453]. A charter dated 16 May 1296 names "…Andrew de Moray…" among those captured at Dunbar castle (27 Apr 1296[454]) and sent to Chester castle[455]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Andreas de Moravia, pater Andreæ nobilis" was fatally wounded "III Id Sep" in 1297 "apud pontem de Strivelyne"[456]. Balfour Paul’s Scots Peerage states that "Andrew of Moray and William Wallace as leaders of the army of the kingdom of Scotland" wrote to the mayor and commons of Lübeck and Hamburg 11 Oct 1297[457]. m ---. The name of Andrew’s wife is not known. Andrew & his wife had one child:

a) ANDREW Moray of Bothwell (1298-Avoch 1338, bur Rosemarkie in Moray, transferred to Dunfermline). His parentage is confirmed by John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which records that "Andreas de Moravia, pater Andreæ nobilis" was killed "III Id Sep" in 1297 "apud pontem de Strivelyne"[458]. Inquisitions dated 28 Nov 1300 (writ 10 Nov 1300) following the death of "William de Moray" record that "Andrew de Moray, slain at Stirling against the king, son of the late Sir Andrew de Moray, has a lawful son…Andrew who dwells in Moray…two years of age at Pentecost last" was his heir[459]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "nobilis Andreas de Moravia custos Scotiæ, post obsidionem castri de Edinburgh" died in 1338 "apud Davach" and was buried "in Rosmarky", his bones later transferred to "Dunfermelyn…altari B. Virginis"[460]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death "apud locum de Davach" in 1338 of "dominus Andreas de Moravia, custos Scociæ" and his burial "apud Rosmarkin"[461]. Regent of Scotland. [m firstly ---. As Andrew’s known wife was probably past child-bearing age when they married, it is likely that his two sons were born from an otherwise unrecorded first marriage.] m [secondly] ([22 Jul 1326], Papal dispensation 20 Sep 1326) as her third husband, CHRISTIAN Bruce, widow firstly of GRATNEY Earl of Mar and secondly of CHRISTOPHER Seton, daughter of ROBERT Bruce Earl of Carrick & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (-[1356/27 Jan 1357], bur Dunfermline). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records the marriage of "Andreas de Moravia" and "dominam Christianam sororem…regis" at Cambuskenneth in 1326[462]. Robert I King of Scotland granted “terras nostras de Garviauch...in liberum maritagium” to "Andree de Moravia militi panetario nostro Scotie...et Cristiane sponse sue sorori nostri" by charter dated 22 Jul 1326[463]. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Andree de Moravia domino de Bothvile" and "Cristiane de Setono nate quondam Robert de Bruys", issued by Pope John XXII, is dated 20 Sep 1326[464]. Andrew & his [first] wife had two children:

i) JOHN de Moray (-[20 Apr/5 Sep] 1351). Lord of Bothwell. "Thomas de Moravia panetarius Scotie" confirmed a donation by "bone memorie Johannis de Moravia fratris mei senioris" to Moray, for the soul of "bone memorie domini Andree de Moravia patris mei", by charter dated 8 May 1353[465]. m (Papal dispensation 21 Nov 1348) as her first husband, MARGARET Graham Ctss of Menteith, daughter of JOHN Graham & his wife Mary Ctss of Menteith (-[21 Jul 1372/4 May 1380]). The dispensation for the marriage between “Iohannis de Moravia domicelli” and “Margarete de Grame, nate...Iohannis de Grame comitis de Meneteth”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 21 Nov 1348[466]. She married secondly (Papal dispensations 15 Aug 1352 and 29 May 1354, divorced before Feb 1359) as his first wife, Thomas Earl of Mar. Pope Innocent VI granted retrospective dispensation for the marriage between “Thome comitis de Mar” and “Margarete nate quondam Johannis comitis de Menetoth”, who had married not knowing their 4^o consanguinity, dated 29 May 1354[467]. She married thirdly (Papal dispensation 1360) John Drummond of Concraig. The dispensation for the marriage between “Iohannis de Drumondo domicelli” and “Margarete comitisse de Meneteht”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 28 Apr 1360[468]. She married fourthly (Papal dispensation 9 Sep 1361) as his first wife, Robert Stewart, who succeeded as Earl of Menteith in 1361, de iure uxoris, and was appointed Duke of Albany in 1398. The dispensation for the marriage between “Roberti comitis de Stratherne” and “Margarite comitisse de Methelt”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 9 Sep 1361[469].

ii) THOMAS de Moray of Bothwell (-1361). "Thomas de Moravia panetarius Scotie" confirmed a donation by "bone memorie Johannis de Moravia fratris mei senioris" to Moray, for the soul of "bone memorie domini Andree de Moravia patris mei", by charter dated 8 May 1353[470]. m as her first husband, JOAN Moray of Drumsagard, daughter of MAURICE Moray Earl of Strathearn & his wife Joan Menteith (-[Jan 1403/Aug 1409]). She married secondly (Papal dispensation 23 Jul 1362) Archibald Douglas "the Grim", who succeeded in 1388 as Earl of Douglas. "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[471].

2. JOHN de Moray . According to the editor of the cartulary of the bishopric of Moray, John son of Andrew was ancestor of the "De Moravias of Drumsargard and Abercairney" but he cites no corresponding primary source[472].

1. MALCOLM de Moray (-before 1289). "Domino Alexandro Comyn comite de Buchan tunc Justiciario Scotie, domino Freskyno de Moravia…domino Reginaldo le Chen…domino Malcolmo de Moravia…" witnessed the charter [dated to 1251/63[473]] under which Malise Earl of Strathearn donated property to the bishopric of Moray[474]. "Alexandro Comyne comite de Bochane iusticiario Scocie, Fergusi fratre eius, Malcolmo de Moravia tunc vicecomite de Perth…Ranulpho de Laceles…Willielmo de Moravia filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia, Duncano filii Fergusii, Lorne fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated to [1270/82] under which Malise Earl of Strathearn granted property to "domino Malisio de Logy, filio quondam domini Malisii senescalli de Stratherene"[475]. "Malcolmo de Moravia miles" donated "terram meam de Beth occidentali" held "de domino Alex de Moravia tenui herediarie" to Dunfermline by charter dated 20 Jul 1274[476]. Alexander III King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "terra de Beth occidentali" made to Dunfermline by "Malcomo de Moravia miles…de Alex de Moravia milite" by charter dated 10 Mar 1277[477]. m ---. The name of Malcolm’s wife is not known. Malcolm & his wife had two children:

a) JOHN de Moray (-after 29 Oct 1289). "Johannes de Moravia filius domini Malcolmi de Moravia" donated lands in Perth to Balmerino Abbey by charter dated 29 Oct 1289 witnessed by "domino Alexandro Comyn, Willelmo de Moravia herede meo…"[478].

b) WILLIAM de Moray (-after 24 May 1297). "Alexandro Comyne comite de Bochane iusticiario Scocie, Fergusi fratre eius, Malcolmo de Moravia tunc vicecomite de Perth…Ranulpho de Laceles…Willielmo de Moravia filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia, Duncano filii Fergusii, Lorne fratre eius…" witnessed the charter dated to [1270/82] under which Malise Earl of Strathearn granted property to "domino Malisio de Logy, filio quondam domini Malisii senescalli de Stratherene"[479]. "Muriella quondam filia Coneuall filii Duncani" confirmed the donation of "terram meam de Tulibardyn" made to the bishopric of Moray by "domino Willelmo de Moravia militi filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia militis…et Ade filie mee sponse dicti domini Willelmi de Moravia" by charter dated Oct 1284[480]. m ADA, daughter of MALISE Seneschal of Strathearn & his wife Muriel --- (-after Oct 1284). "Muriella quondam filia Coneuall filii Duncani" confirmed the donation of "terram meam de Tulibardyn" made to the bishopric of Moray by "domino Willelmo de Moravia militi filio domini Malcolmi de Moravia militis…et Ade filie mee sponse dicti domini Willelmi de Moravia" by charter dated Oct 1284[481]. William & his wife had one child:

i) ANDREW de Moray (-executed [7] Oct 1332). "Andreas de Moravia de Tulybardyn" donated "unius marce annui redditus" from his lands to Inchaffrary by charter dated 16 Dec 1329[482]. John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) records that "Andreas de Tullibardin" was captured when Perth was captured from King Edward Balliol "Non Oct" in 1332 and executed[483]. m ---. The name of Andrew’s wife is not known. Andrew & his wife had one child:

(a) WILLIAM de Moray (-[10 Nov 1358/3 Dec 1362]). "Malisius comes Strathern" confirmed "terram de Tulibardy…infra comitatum nostrum de Strathern que fuit domine Ade de Moravia sponsa quondam domini Willelmi de Moravia de Tulibardy militis" to "Willelmo de Moravia filio Andree de Moravia de Tulibardy" by undated charter, witnessed by "…domino Johanne de Moravia de Dromfergarth…"[484]. m MARGARET, daughter of --- (-after Nov 1358). "Walterus de Moravia dominus de Tulybardy" donated "terras meas de Stratherne…Tulybardy, Nethyr, Gask, Dalreaghy, Aldy…" to "dilectam meam Margaretam…in libera dote", with the consent of "domini mei domini Roberti Sen. Scocie tunc comitis de Stratherni", by charter dated 10 Nov 1358[485]. William & his wife had [one child]:

(1) [WALTER de Moray (-[1390]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. David II King of Scotland confirmed the grant by "nepos nostri Roberti senescall Scocie comes de Stratherne" of "terris de Tolibardyne, Petver, Aldy, Dundovane…" to "Waltero de Moravia de Tolibardyne", by charter dated 3 Dec 1362[486].] m MARGARET le Barde, daughter of --- (-1412 or after).

- MURRAY FAMILY of TULLIBARDINE, later EARLS, DUKES of ATHOLL[487].

(b) MARGARET Moray . Robertson indexes a charter from David II King of Scotland which records a grant "of the thanedom of Collie…[which] was Alexander Frazer’s his father’s" to "William Frazer and Margaret Murray his spouse"[488]. m WILLIAM Fraser, son of ALEXANDER Fraser & his wife Mary Bruce (-killed in battle Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346).

2. JOHN de Moray of Drumsagard, co. Lanark . He was presumably related to the Moray family of Tullibardine, as shown by the undated charter under which "Malisius comes Strathern" confirmed "terram de Tulibardy…infra comitatum nostrum de Strathern que fuit domine Ade de Moravia sponsa quondam domini Willelmi de Moravia de Tulibardy militis" to "Willelmo de Moravia filio Andree de Moravia de Tulibardy", witnessed by "…domino Johanne de Moravia de Dromfergarth…"[489], but the precise relationship has not yet been ascertained. "Malisius comes Strathern" granted "terram de Abbercarny…que fuit Roberti filii Magni dicti de Strathern" to "Johanni de Moravia de Dromsygart…[et] heredibus suis de Maria filia nostra" by undated charter[490].

- EARLS of STRATHEARN.

Chapter 6. DOUGLAS

A. ORIGINS

Fraser discusses various theories about the origin of the Douglas family[491], the earliest of which is Andrew Wyntoun’s [1420/24] Cronykil which links the origins of the "Murrawe and the Douglas" families and indicates that they were "of kyn be descens lyneale, Or be branchys collaterale” because both families bore “the sternys set in lyk manere”[492]. Fraser discusses the early development of Morayshire, under the Moray/de Moravia family [see EARLS of SUTHERLAND in the present document], speculates on the origin of Freskin [IV] of Cardell [shown below as the possible brother-in-law of William de Douglas], and discusses the differences between the stars displayed on the arms of the two families (which suggests that Wyntoun may have exaggerated the similarity)[493]. Later theories about the Douglas’s family origin include a Flemish connection, and a native/celtic or Northumbrian origin, but Fraser concludes that none provides a satisfactory explanation[494]. The connection between the Moray/Moravia and Douglas families appears best explained by William de Douglas’s marriage, as noted below, rather than a common ancestry, which leaves William’s own ancestry unexplained.

WILLIAM [I] de Douglas (-after 6 Nov 1213). Bearing in mind the absence of credible date naming earlier members of the Douglas family as explained above, Fraser suggests that William’s acquisition of “the lands of Douglas...by grant from King William the Lion...is quite probable”, which would explain “the sudden rise of the Douglas family into political importance”, and that he may have been rewarded for “a prominent part in quelling the insurrection of Macwilliam or Donald Bane which took place in his time”[495]. "…Will de Dusglas…" witnessed the undated charter, dated to [1174/99], under which Jocelyn Bishop of Glasgow confirmed the donation of "capellam castelli de Pebles" to Kelso abbey[496]. "…Domino Willielmo de Doneglass…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Maldovenus comes de Levenax" granted land "in Levenax…Buthernockis et…Kyncaith" to "Wilielmo filio Arthuri filii Galbrait"[497]. “...Willelmus de Duneglas, Archibaldus de Duneglas...” witnessed the charter dated 6 Nov 1213 which records an agreement between “Mauricium comitem de Manenthe et Mauricium juniorem fratrem eius” concerning the earldom of Menteith (inspeximus dated 20 Sep 1261)[498].

m [---, sister of Freskin [IV] of Cardell, daughter of ---. The name of William’s wife is not known. Her family origin is indicated by the undated charter under which her son Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed "ecclesiam de Deveth" to the church of Moray at the request of "Freskyni de Kerdal avunculi nostri"[499]. Fraser dates this charter to [1203/22][500]. If “avunculus” in this document was used in its strict sense of maternal uncle, Freskin of Cardell was the brother of the bishop’s mother.]

William [I] & his wife had [seven] children:

1. ARCHIBALD de Douglas (-[1238/2 Mar 1239]). "Comes Malcolmus de Fyffe" confirmed "terram…de Levingstoun…et…de Hirmanstoun", which "idem Willelmus de me tenuit", to "Archebaldo de Douglas filio Willelmi de Douglas" by undated charter[501]. “...Willelmus de Duneglas, Archibaldus de Duneglas...” witnessed the charter dated 6 Nov 1213 which records an agreement between “Mauricium comitem de Manenthe et Mauricium juniorem fratrem eius” concerning the earldom of Menteith (inspeximus dated 20 Sep 1261)[502]. "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[503]. "Amelec frater Maldoveni comitis de Levenax" donated "ecclesiam de Rosneth" to Paisley monastery by undated charter, witnessed by "…Archebaldo de Dusglas…"[504]. “Comes Malcolmus de Fyffe” granted “terram meam de Levingstoun...et...terram meam de Hirmastoun...” to “Archebaldo de Douglas filio Willelmi de Douglas” by undated charter (dated to [1213/28]), witnessed by “Dauid fratre meo...”, confirmed by King Alexander II by charter dated 19 Apr [no year, dated by Innes to “before...1226”[505]][506]. "…Erkenbaldo de Duglas fratre quondam Bricii episcopi…" witnessed the charter dated 31 Oct 1226 which confirmed an agreement between the bishop of Moray and "Gylbertum Hostiarium" about "terra de Strathboc et…Buleske"[507]. "Henkelbaldo de Dugle..." witnessed the undated charter under which "David de Lyndd fili David de Lyndd" donated property to Newbattle[508]: Fraser dates this charter to “probably [1239]”[509]. Archibald presumably died before 2 Mar 1238 (O.S.?), the date of the charter cited below in which his successor William [II] is named “...domino Willielmo de Doneglass..”. m ---. The primary source which confirms that name of Archibald’s wife has not been identified. Fraser says that he “is said to have married Margaret, elder daughter of Sir John Crawford of Crawford-John”[510].

2. BRICE Douglas (-1222). Prior of Leamahagu. Bishop of Moray 1203. "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[511]. "Dno Bricio Moraviensis episcopo, Henr et Alexander fratribus eius…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Margarete de Vescy filia Reg. Scott" confirmed revenue from "molendino meo de Sprouston" to Kelso abbey[512].

3. HUGH Douglas (-[1238?]). “Hugo Freskyn” granted “terram meam de Scelbol [Skelbo] in Suthyrlandia, et de Fernebuchlyn, et Inuerchyn; et...totam terram meam de Suthyrlandia versus occidentem, que iacet inter has terras prenominatas et diuisas de Ros” to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray by charter dated to [1211], witnessed by “Willemo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo, Waltero Morthach, Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”[513]. "Willelmus dominus de Suthyrlandia filius et heres quondam Hugonis Freskyn" confirmed the donation of "...Scelbotil in Suthyrlandia..." to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray made by "Hugo Freskyn quondam pater meus" by charter dated to [1214], witnessed by "...Hugone Duglas, Freskyno de Duglas…"[514]. "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[515]. "…Hugone de Duglas Alexandro et Henrico fratribus nostris…" witnessed the undated charter under which Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed "ecclesiam de Deveth" to the church of Moray at the request of "Freskyni de Kerdal avunculi nostri"[516]. Fraser records other documents in which Hugh was recorded as archdeacon of Moray, noting that “he died, or was promoted, before 1238, as the archdeaconate was then in the person of another”[517].

4. FRESKIN Douglas (-[before 12 Sep 1232]). “Hugo Freskyn” granted “terram meam de Scelbol [Skelbo] in Suthyrlandia, et de Fernebuchlyn, et Inuerchyn; et...totam terram meam de Suthyrlandia versus occidentem, que iacet inter has terras prenominatas et diuisas de Ros” to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray by charter dated to [1211], witnessed by “Willemo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo, Waltero Morthach, Hugone Duglas, Freskyno Duglas...”[518]. "Willelmus dominus de Suthyrlandia filius et heres quondam Hugonis Freskyn" confirmed the donation of "...Scelbotil in Suthyrlandia..." to Gilbert Archdeacon of Moray made by "Hugo Freskyn quondam pater meus" by charter dated to [1214], witnessed by "...Hugone Duglas, Freskyno de Duglas…"[519]. "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[520]. Fraser records other documents in which Freskin was named dean of Moray, adding that he “appears to have died before...September 1232”, citing a document dated 12 Sep 1232 which names “domino S. decano Moraviensis ecclesie”[521].

5. HENRY Douglas (-after 30 Dec 1239). "Dno Bricio Moraviensis episcopo, Henr et Alexander fratribus eius…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Margarete de Vescy filia Reg. Scott" confirmed revenue from "molendino meo de Sprouston" to Kelso abbey[522]. "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[523]. "…Hugone de Duglas Alexandro et Henrico fratribus nostris…" witnessed the undated charter under which Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed "ecclesiam de Deveth" to the church of Moray at the request of "Freskyni de Kerdal avunculi nostri"[524]. "...Henrico de Duglas et Matheo clericis nostris" witnessed the charter dated 30 Dec 1239 confirming "ecclesiam de Ferneway..." and others to Elgin Holy Trinity[525].

6. ALEXANDER Douglas (-after 1237). "Dno Bricio Moraviensis episcopo, Henr et Alexander fratribus eius…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Margarete de Vescy filia Reg. Scott" confirmed revenue from "molendino meo de Sprouston" to Kelso abbey[526]. "Domino Bricio Moraviensi episcopo…Arkembaldo de Duseglas, Freskyno decano Moraviensis ecclesie, Andrea de Moravia, Alexandro, Henrico, Hugone…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Willelmus filius Willelmi Freskyny" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Artendol" to the church of Moray[527]. "…Hugone de Duglas Alexandro et Henrico fratribus nostris…" witnessed the undated charter under which Brice Bishop of Moray confirmed "ecclesiam de Deveth" to the church of Moray at the request of "Freskyni de Kerdal avunculi nostri"[528]. A charter dated 1237 records an exchange of land settling a dispute between the bishop of Moray and the hospital of Elgin, under which (among other provisions) the bishop received "terram de Kelleys" which had been granted by King Alexander II to "Alexander de Duglas" and the hospital[529].

7. [MARGARET . Nisbet’s Heraldry says that Hervey Keith married “Margaret, daughter of William of Douglas”, but Balfour Paul says that “this seems very doubtful”[530]. In any case, the chronology of the two families suggests that a daughter of William de Douglas would have been much younger than Hervey Keith. m HERVEY Keith, son of --- (-[1199 or after]).]

Two brothers. Fraser assumes that they were sons of Archibald Douglas who is named above (no primary sources cited)[531]. Cosmo Innes, in his preface to the Registrum Honoris de Morton, says that “Sir William of Douglas [shown below] was probably the son of Sir Archibald, but this step of the pedigree is not proved otherwise than by his inheriting the family lands” and that “it is hardly on better evidence that it is asserted that Andrew, the founder of the House of Dalkeith and Morton, was brother of this Sir William and consequently son of Sir Archibald”[532]. Nevertheless, the incomplete transcription of the [1245] charter cited below suggests that William (the date suggesting that he was the unnamed “domino---de---Duglas”) and Andrew were brothers. In addition, the [1213/28] charter cited above under Archibald (together with its 19 Apr “before 1226” confirmation) indicates his holding of “Levingstoun...et...Hirmastoun...”, Herdmanston being granted later by Andrew to his son William (see below). While these additional factors suggest that Archibald was their father, the possibility cannot be excluded that the two brothers were sons of a deceased brother of Archibald who designated them as his heir.

1. WILLIAM [II] Douglas of Douglas “Longleg” ([1200/08?]-before 20 Oct 1274). Fraser suggests William’s birth “probably...about the year 1200”, considering an English court plea in 1267 which states that “he was above age for a duel” (no source citation)[533], although the date range could presumably be extended by a few years. “...domino Willielmo de Doneglass..” witnessed the 2 Mar 1238 (O.S.?) charter under which “Maldovenus comes de Levenax” confirmed “terre in Levenax...” to “Wilielmo filio Arthuri filii Galbrait”[534]. “...domino---de---Duglas, domino [Andrea] de Duglas fratre eius...” witnessed the charter dated to [1245] under which “Radulphus Nobilis miles...” granted “terram in territorio de Kentpunt” to “domino [David de Graham et Agneti sponse sue]”[535]. The following document suggests that “...domino---de---Duglas...” in this [1245] charter was William: “...domini Willelmi de Duglas et domini Andree [de Duglas apposui...]...” witnessed the charter dated 30 Jan 1255 under which “Radulphus Nobilis...” relinquished “terras...in villa de Yliuestoun” in favour of “Thome fratri meo”[536]. Pleas dated [13 Oct] 1267 record a dispute between "William de Duglas" and “Gilbert de Umframville lord of Redesdale”, relating to the latter’s false accusation of the former’s treason and attacks on “William himself, his wife, William his son...Patric de Duglas and Gillerothe de Duglas”, another hearing dated 25 Jun 1269 naming “William de Duglas and Custancia his wife”[537]. Kelso granted "terram nostram de Pollenel in tenemento de Lefmahag" to "dno Willo de Duglas militi" by charter dated 1 Feb 1270[538]. "…Will et Andreas de Duglas…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Joh Gallard" donated "in terra de Siwinis Keeth" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter[539]. William is recorded as deceased in his widow’s 20 Oct 1274 charter cited below. [m firstly ---. Fraser says that “it is not improbable that Custancia may have been a second wife to William of Douglas”, considering his probable age and also that “his second son William was a minor in 1256, and two guardians, one of them female, were appointed to look after him and the land (see below)”[540]. The date of the marriage contract of William [II]’s son Hugh is also presumably relevant, suggesting that he was several years older than his brother William [III].] m [secondly] CONSTANCE, daughter of --- (-after 20 Oct 1274). Pleas dated [13 Oct] 1267 record a dispute between "William de Duglas" and “Gilbert de Umframville lord of Redesdale”, relating to the latter’s false accusation of the former’s treason and attacks on “William himself, his wife, William his son...Patric de Duglas and Gillerothe de Duglas”, another hearing dated 25 Jun 1269 naming “William de Duglas and Custancia his wife”[541]. "Constancia widow of William de Duglasse" gave two marks for a writ ad terminum by charter dated 20 Oct 1274[542]. William [II] & his [first/second] wife had two children:

a) HUGH Douglas of Douglas . His parentage is confirmed by his marriage contract cited below. No other reference to him has been found. His date of death is unknown. It has not been ascertained whether he survived his father. m (contract 6 Apr 1259) MARJORY Abernethy, daughter of HUGH de Abernethy & his wife ---. The marriage contract between “dominum Hugonem de Abirnythin...Margeriam sororem dicti Hugonis” and “dominum Willelmum de Duglas...Hugo filius et heres dicti Willelmi” is dated 6 Apr 1259, witnessed by “...Andrea de Duglas...”[543].

b) WILLELMA Douglas (-late Dec 1302). Letters of inquisition, after the death of "Lady Willelma, daughter of the late Sir William Douglas", are dated 30 Dec 1303 and record that "Sir John Comyn grandfather of the present Sir John Comyn" gave land at "Dalserfe to Sir William de Galbrathe in frank marriage with his daughter, and that the said Sir William gave it ot his son in frank marriage" with the deceased, as well as naming the couple’s four daughters and recording her death "within the Feast of the Lord’s nativity 1302"[544]. m WILLIAM Galbraithe, son of WILLIAM Galbraithe & his wife --- Comyn.

William [II] & his [second] wife had one child:

c) WILLIAM [III] Douglas of Douglas "le Hardi" (-London in prison 1298). Pleas dated 24 Apr 1256 record "William de Duglasse" acknowledging that he had granted “land in Warentham” to “William his son for his homage and service”, and that “John de Haulton and Johanna de Faudon shall remain guardians of said William and his land, as he is under age”[545].

- EARLS of DOUGLAS.

2. ANDREW Douglas of Douglas (-after 6 Apr 1259). “...domino---de---Duglas, domino [Andrea] de Duglas fratre eius...” witnessed the charter dated to [1245] under which “Radulphus Nobilis miles...” granted “terram in territorio de Kentpunt” to “domino [David de Graham et Agneti sponse sue]”[546].

- see below.

ANDREW Douglas of Douglas, son of --- (-after 6 Apr 1259). “...domino---de---Duglas, domino [Andrea] de Duglas fratre eius...” witnessed the charter dated to [1245] under which “Radulphus Nobilis miles...” granted “terram in territorio de Kentpunt” to “domino [David de Graham et Agneti sponse sue]”[547]. “...domini Willelmi de Duglas et domini Andree [de Duglas apposui...]...” witnessed the charter dated 30 Jan 1255 under which “Radulphus Nobilis...” relinquished “terras...in villa de Yliuestoun” in favour of “Thome fratri meo”[548]. "…Will et Andreas de Duglas…" witnessed the undated charter under which "Joh Gallard" donated "in terra de Siwinis Keeth" to Dunfermline monastery by undated charter[549]. The marriage contract between “dominum Hugonem de Abirnythin...Margeriam sororem dicti Hugonis” and “dominum Willelmum de Duglas...Hugo filius et heres dicti Willelmi” is dated 6 Apr 1259, witnessed by “...Andrea de Duglas...”[550].

m ---. The name of Andrew’s wife is not known.

Andrew & his wife had one child:

1. WILLIAM Douglas of Midlothian . King Alexander III confirmed that "Andreas de Douglas" had granted "terra de Hirdmanyston...in feodo de Caldor Comitis” to “Willo de Douglas filio suo" by charter dated 8 Sep 1276[551]. "Willelmus dominus de Douglas…de Landonya" donated "terram meam del Knokys" by undated charter[552]. m ---. The name of William’s wife is not known. William & his wife had [one] child:

a) [JAMES Douglas of Laudoun (-[1320]). There is no evidence that James was the son of William other than the fact that he inherited Archibald’s lands[553]. Robert I King of Scotland granted revenue from land held by "Jacobus de Douglas de Laudonia miles" to "Reginaldo de Crauford" by undated charter witnessed by "…Jacobo dño de Douglas, Robto de Keth marescallo militibus"[554]. "Johannes de Graham dñs de Abrecorn" confirmed "terram…in tenemento de Dalketh" to "Roberto de Lauuedre" by charter dated 4 Mar 1315 witnessed by "…dño Jacobo de Douglas…"[555]. Robert I King of Scotland granted "terras de Kincavill de Caldorcler" to "Jacobo de Douglas de Laudonia" by charter dated 2 Apr "anno regni nostri decimo" (1316) witnessed by "…Jacobo dño de Douglas, Robto de Keth marescallo nostro Scocie militibus"[556].] m ---. The name of James’s wife is not known. James & his wife had four children:

i) WILLIAM Douglas of Liddesdale "the Flower of Chivalry" (-murdered Ettrick Forest Aug 1353, Melrose). Robert I King of Scotland named "Willo de Douglas filio et heredi quondam Jacobi de Douglas de Laudonia militis" in a charter dated 23 Sep "anno regni nostri octavo" relating to a land dispute[557]. The dating of this charter conflicts with the dating of the charter "anno regni nostri decimo" under which the king granted other land to "Jacobo de Douglas de Laudonia", apparently William’s father (see above). It is possible that the date in the former document is an error for "anno regni nostri decimo octavo". Robert I King of Scotland confirmed revenue from "baronia de Caldoreclere et de Kyncauel…infra vicecomitat de Edynburgh" to "Willo filio et heredi…quondam Jacobi de Douglas […de Laudonia militem]" by charter dated 20 Apr "anno regno nostri octavo decimo"[558]. Earl of Atholl 1341. He resigned the earldom at Aberdeen in favour of Robert Stewart the High Steward. "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei", naming "Willelmo de Douglas fratri eiusdem Jacobi…Johanni de Douglas fratri eorundem Jacobi et Willelmi…Henrico de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi Willelmi et Johannis…Thome de Douglas fratri predictorum Jacobi, Willelmi, Johannis et Henrici", by charter dated 3 Nov 1351[559]. "…Mauricio de Moravia consanguineis nostris Malcolmo Flemyng Willlemo de Dowglas et Thoma de Carnoco cancellario nostro militibus" witnessed the charter dated 29 Dec 1351 under which "David rex Scottorum" confirmed the possessions of Scone abbey[560]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Sir William of Douglas" was killed "while out hunting and crossing Ettrick Forest…by William of Douglas, lord of that ilk" in Aug 1353, "in revenge for the death of Alexander of Ramsay and the lord David of Barclay", and buried "at Melrose"[561]. His place of burial is confirmed by the following document: [his remote cousin] “Willelmus comes de Douglas ac dominus baronie de Cauers” donated property to Melrose, for the souls of “...domini Wilelmi de Douglas de Laudonia militis” who was buried there, by charter dated to [1360][562]. m as her first husband, ELIZABETH, daughter of ---. Edward III King of England reached agreement with “Elizabetha quæ fuit uxor Willielmi Douglas” relating to “castro del Hermitage in Scotia” by charter dated 14 Oct 1353 which refers to “filiorum eorundem Willielmi et Elizabethæ”[563]. She married secondly Hugh Dacre. Edward III King of England granted permission for the marriage between “Elizabetham quæ fuit uxor Willielmi Douglas” and “Hugoni de Dacre Anglico, fratri...Willielmi de Dacre” by charter dated 1 Jul 1355[564]. William & his wife had two or more children:

(a) MARY Douglas (-before Jun 1367). A charter dated 30 Jun 1367 records the death of "quondam Maria de Douglas filia et heres quondam Willelmi de Duglas de Lydelisdal militis consanguinea Jacobi de Douglas" and the inheritance of "dictus Jacobus"[565]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...domini Willielmi de Douglas domini Wallis de Ledalle avunculi nostre et Marie filie sue ...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[566].

(b) other children . Edward III King of England reached agreement with “Elizabetha quæ fuit uxor Willielmi Douglas” relating to “castro del Hermitage in Scotia” by charter dated 14 Oct 1353 which refers to “filiorum eorundem Willielmi et Elizabethæ”[567].

ii) JOHN Douglas (-before 3 Nov 1351). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 3 Nov 1351 under which his brother "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei"[568].

- EARLS of MORTON.

iii) ANDREW Douglas . "Dominis Andrea de Douglas et Willelmo de Douglas fratre meo militibus Archebaldo de Douglas consanguineo meo…" witnessed the charter dated 3 Nov 1351 under which "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei"[569].

iv) WILLIAM Douglas . "Dominis Andrea de Douglas et Willelmo de Douglas fratre meo militibus Archebaldo de Douglas consanguineo meo…" witnessed the charter dated 3 Nov 1351 under which "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei"[570]. It is possible that William Douglas was the half-brother of the grantor under this charter, who bore the same name, maybe illegitimate.

B. EARLS of DOUGLAS

WILLIAM [III] Douglas of Douglas "the Hardy", son of WILLIAM [II] Douglas of Douglas & his [second?] wife Constance --- (-London in prison 1298). Pleas dated 24 Apr 1256 record "William de Duglasse" acknowledging that he had granted “land in Warentham” to “William his son for his homage and service”, and that “John de Haulton and Johanna de Faudon shall remain guardians of said William and his land, as he is under age”[571]. Pleas dated [13 Oct] 1267 record a dispute between "William de Duglas" and “Gilbert de Umframville lord of Redesdale”, relating to the latter’s false accusation of the former’s treason and attacks on “William himself, his wife, William his son...Patric de Duglas and Gillerothe de Duglas”[572]. Lord of Douglas: "Wills de Duglas dns de Duglas" confirmed holding lands from Kelso abbey by charter dated 12 Jan 1288[573]. King Edward I ordered the lands of "Willelmi Duglas" to be repledged and his release from prison after his abduction of "Alianoram quæ fuit uxor Willelmi de Ferrariis defuncti"[574]. King Edward I ordered "Willelmo Duzglas" to pay fines for his marriage to "Alianora de Ferariis" by charter dated Jan 1291[575]. Fraser records the siege of Berwick in 1296, the imprisonment of William Douglas, his release before 10 Jun 1296 when he swore allegiance to King Edward I (repeated 28 Aug 1296), the list of his properties later confiscated, William’s capture of Sanquhar castle, his recapture recorded in a letter dated 24 Jul 1297, imprisonment in the Tower of London 12 Oct 1297, and various reports of his death (concluding that he died “some time in 1298, apparently while still an inmate of the Tower”)[576].

m firstly [ELIZABETH] Stewart, daughter of ALEXANDER Stewart High Steward of Scotland & his wife Jean --- (-before 1288). Andrew Stuart names Elizabeth as daughter of Alexander Stewart and records her marriage to “William Lord Douglas, Knight, surnamed the Hardy”, citing in a later passage John Barbour’s 1370 Life of King Robert Bruce which recounts that James Douglas (William [III]’s son shown below) captured Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll (dated to 1308), noting that “the good Lord of Douglas to Sir Alexander made, that was his esme’s [=uncle’s] son right gladsome chear”[577]. The primary source which confirms her name has not been identified. Balfour Paul records her parentage and marriage without (no source cited)[578]. The marriage is also suggested elsewhere by Barbour’s The Brus which records that "Walter Steward" and "Douglas" were "cosynis in ner degre"[579].

m secondly (before 28 Jan 1289) as her second husband, ELEANOR de Lovaine, widow of WILLIAM de Ferrers Lord of Groby, daughter of MATTHEW de Lovaine & his wife Muriel --- (-after 3 May 1326). Edward I King of England wrote to the Guardians of Scotland 27 Mar 1289 regarding "Alianora quæ fuit uxor Willelmi de Ferariis" who was abducted by "Willelmus ‘de’ Duglas" after the death of her husband from "manerio…Elenæ la Zusche, de Travernant"[580]. King Edward I ordered the restoration of her dower lands to “Eleanor de Ferrers...widow of Sir William Douglas” dated Jan 1299 (N.S.)[581]. She married thirdly (before 6 Oct 1305) William Bagot. The primary source which confirms her third marriage has not been identified.

William [III] & his first wife had one child:

1. JAMES Douglas "the good Sir James" (-killed in battle in Spain [Sep/Dec] 1330). Lord of Douglas. Barbour records that James swore allegiance at Erickstane to Robert Bruce who “gave him a command in his small army”, dated to early 1306 by Fraser[582]. Robert I King of Scotland granted revenue from land held by "Jacobus de Douglas de Laudonia miles" to "Reginaldo de Crauford" by undated charter witnessed by "…Jacobo dño de Douglas, Robto de Keth marescallo militibus"[583]. Robert I King of Scotland granted "terras de Kincavill de Caldorcler" to "Jacobo de Douglas de Laudonia" by charter dated 2 Apr "anno regni nostri decimo" (1316) witnessed by "…Jacobo dño de Douglas, Robto de Keth marescallo nostro Scocie militibus"[584]. Robert I King of Scotland granted "terram de Polbuthy" to "Jacobo dño de Douglas militi" by charter dated 15 Dec "anno regni nostri tercio decimo" (1319)[585]. "…Jacobo dño de Douglas…" witnessed the charter dated 20 Oct "anno regni nostri quarto decimo" (1320) under which Robert I King of Scotland confirmed the donation of "Radulphi de Heychlyn…Johanni de Heychlyn filio suo"[586]. "…Jacobo domino de Duglas, Gilberto de Haya constabulario nostro, Alexandro Fraser camerario nostro militibus" witnessed the charter dated 1 Mar "anno nostri vicesimo" (1326) under which "Robertus…rex Scottorum" confirmed donations to Scone abbey[587]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "James of Douglas" was killed in battle fighting the "Saracens" in 1330, after 26 Aug[588]. Froissart records that "messire James Douglas, frère à messire Guillaume" died "en Grenade"[589]. Fraser records full details of his career[590]. m ---. The name of James’s wife is not known. James & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). Lord of Douglas. His parentage is confirmed by the complaint by the monks of Coldingham to King David II, accusing "William Lord Douglas and Archibald Douglas his uncle" of depriving them of the town of Swinton[591]. Balfour Paul suggests that his immediate succession to his father’s estates provides confirmation of his legitimacy[592]. Fraser records reports of his fighting and death at Halidon Hill[593].

James had one illegitimate son by his mistress ---:

b) ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1325]-Threave [24 Dec 1400/9 Feb 1401], bur Bothwell). Froissart names "messire Arcebaus Douglas" as son of "messire James Douglas, frère à messire Guillaume" who died "en Grenade"[594]. He succeeded in 1388 as Earl of Douglas.

- see below.

William & his second wife had two children:

2. HUGH Douglas (England 1294-[1347 or after]). According to Balfour Paul, Hugh and Archibald were William Douglas’s sons by his second marriage, stating that Hugh was born in 1294 (no sources cited)[595]. His date of birth is based on a valuation of certain assets of his father in Essex, which were to be confiscated, dated “shortly after April 1296” which records the capture of his son Hugh “nearly two years old...left in the custody of John le Parker of Stebbing...as he had been born in England”[596]. He succeeded his nephew in 1333 as Lord of Douglas. He resigned the lordship 26 May 1342. Fraser comments that Hugh’s “retired life...and his obscurity in history” may “have led to the belief that he laboured under some mental or bodily infirmity”, although concluding that “there is evidence to show that this character was undeserved”[597]. "Hugo de Douglas dominus foreste de Jedworth et medietate baronie de Watstirker" granted "medietatem baronie de Watstirker" to "fideli meo Willelmo de Douglas de Laudonia" by undated charter which names "quondam dominus Jacobus de Douglas miles frater meus", witnessed by "…domino Johannes de Douglas archidiacono Laudonie, domino Andrea de Douglas milite…"[598]. Fraser records his ecclesiastical appointments, details of his career, his resignation of the Douglas possessions, and indications of his date of death[599].

3. ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1296]-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). According to Balfour Paul, Hugh and Archibald were William Douglas’s sons by his second marriage (no sources cited)[600]. Regent of Scotland. The Liber Pluscardensis names "Archibaldus de Douglas custos Scociæ" among those killed in battle at Halidon Hill in 1333[601]. m as her first husband, BEATRICE Lindsay, daughter of ALEXANDER Lindsay of Crawford & his wife --- (-after 1333). Duncan Earl of Fife granted his barony of Wester Caldor to “domine Beatrice de Douglas sponse quondam domini Archibaldi” for her lifetime and after her death to “Johannis de Douglas filio suo et heredi ac heredibus suis” by undated charter[602]. She married secondly Robert Erskine of Erskine. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not been identified, although Fraser notes that she and her second husband were ancestors of the Erskine Earls of Mar[603]. Archibald & his wife had four children:

a) JOHN Douglas (-before 1342). Andrew Wyntoun’s Cronykil records that "William off Dowglas that Schyr Archebaldis sone was" was father of "Willame" and "ane othir...Jhon, and eldare than he was", adding that John "deyd be-yhond the se"[604]. Duncan Earl of Fife granted his barony of Wester Caldor to “domine Beatrice de Douglas sponse quondam domini Archibaldi” for her lifetime and after her death to “Johannis de Douglas filio suo et heredi ac heredibus suis” by undated charter[605]. Presumably John predeceased the resignation of his paternal uncle Hugh as no record has been found of his being Lord of Douglas.

b) WILLIAM Douglas of Douglas (-Douglas May 1384, bur Melrose). Andrew Wyntoun’s Cronykil records that "William off Dowglas that Schyr Archebaldis sone was" was father of "Willame" and "ane othir...Jhon, and eldare than he was"[606]. He was created Earl of Douglas in 1358. “Willelmus comes de Douglas ac dominus baronie de Cauers” donated property to Melrose, for the souls of “...domini Wilelmi de Douglas de Laudonia militis” who was buried there, by charter dated to [1360][607]. Fraser records details of his career, including his murder of his cousin “the Knight of Liddesdale”, and his death[608]. m (before 13 Nov 1357) as her first husband, MARGARET of Mar, daughter of DONALD Earl of Mar & his wife Isabel Stewart (-[5 Dec 1389/19 Oct 1393]). She succeeded her brother in [1374] as Ctss of Mar, suo iure. She married secondly ([1385/27 Jul 1388]) as his first wife, John Swinton of Swinton. Mistress (1): MARGARET Stewart Ctss of Angus, wife of THOMAS Earl of Mar, daughter of THOMAS Stewart Earl of Angus, Lord of Abernethy & his wife Margaret de St Clair (-[1417/23 Mar 1418]). William & his wife had two children:

i) JAMES Douglas ([1358]-1388). He succeeded his father as Earl of Douglas. Fraser records details of his career[609]. m (Papal dispensation 23 Sep 1371) as her first husband, Lady ISABEL Stewart, daughter of ROBERT II King of Scotland & his first wife Elizabeth Mure (-[1410]). Balfour Paul records her parentage and two marriages, noting the dispensation for her first marriage “24” Sep 1371, dating her second marriage to “between 1388 and 1390”, and noting that her second husband was ancestor of the family of Duntreath[610]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage in 1371 of "Willelmus de Douglas…comes de Douglas…Jacobus de Douglas primogenitus eius" and "filiam…Roberti [regis]" to gain his father’s support for the king’s accession[611]. The dispensation for the marriage between “Jacobi nati...Willelmi comitis de Douglas” and “Margarite [error for Isabel]...Roberti Regis Scocie...nate”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 23 Sep 1371[612]. Burnett cites sources dated Feb 1373 (O.S.) and 28 Sep 1388 which confirm that Isabel was her name (full source citations)[613]. She married secondly ([28 Sep 1388/1390]) John Edmonstone of Duntreath. Burnett cites sources dated 1390 and 25 Apr 1392 which confirm her second marriage (full source citations)[614]. The date of her death is indicated by the following: accounts dated 22 Jul 1410 record payments to “domino Johanni de Edmonstoun...racione quondam comitisse de Douglas sponse sua”[615]. James & his wife had one child:

(a) son . Fraser records his parentage and early death[616].

Earl James had [three] illegitimate children by an unknown mistress or mistresses:

(b) WILLIAM Douglas . Fraser records his parentage[617]. He was ancestor of the house of Drumlanrig, Earls, Marquesses and Dukes of Queensberry.

(d) [ELEANOR . Fraser says “there is reason to believe” that Earl James had “a natural daughter Elinor who married Sir William Fraser, second of Philorth”, noting the grant of property in his favour by Isabel Douglas Ctss of Mar[619]. m WILLIAM Fraser of Philorth, son of ---.]

ii) ISABEL Douglas ([1360]-[Aug/Sep] 1408). Ctss of Mar, suo iure. A charter dated 18 Mar 1390 (O.S.?) records that “Dominus Thomas de Erskyne miles” recorded a contract between “Schir Malcome of Dromonde and Schir Johne of Swyntone apone the landis of the erledome of Marre and the lordshipe of Garvyauch” acknowledging that “Issabell the said Schir Malcoms wyf is verray and lauchfull ayre and failliand of the ayrez of hir body the half of the fornemmyt erldome and lordship perteignys to my wyfe of richt of heretage” and requested the king’s confirmation of his wife’s rights[620]. The seal of "Isabel comitissa de Mare et Garviath" is appended to a contract between "Isabella de Douglas countess of Mar and of Garviach" and "Sir Alexander Stuart son of Alexander Stuart Earl of Buchan" dated 1404[621]. m firstly MALCOLM Drummond of Drummond, son of JOHN Drummond of Stobhall & his wife [Mary de Montefichet] (-Nov 1402). m secondly as his first wife, ALEXANDER Stewart, illegitimate son of ALEXANDER Stewart of Badenoch & his mistress --- ([1375]-25/26 Jul 1435, bur 26 Jul Inverness, Friars Preachers). He is said to have "seized [the] person [of his first wife] as well as the castle of Kildrummy, wrung from her a charter" dated 12 Aug 1404 granting him the earldom of Mar, although she finally granted him the earldom 9 Dec 1404[622]. He remained Earl of Mar after the death of his first wife, as tenant for life under the terms of the confirmation granted 9 Dec 1404[623].

Earl William had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

iii) GEORGE Douglas ([1374/80]-1402). Fraser records his parentage, suggesting his birth between 1374 and 1380, and notes his creation as Earl of Angus 10 Apr 1389[624].

- EARLS of ANGUS.

c) JAMES Douglas (-killed 1335). The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Willelmus de Douglas et frater eius Jacobus" were captured by the English in 1335, the latter being killed[625].

d) ELEANOR Douglas (-after 18 Mar 1376). “Willelmus de Douglas dominus loci eiusdem” granted “baroniam meam de Wesdyrcaldor” to “Jacobo de Sandylandys et domine Elienore de Bruys sorori mee...in liberum maritagium” by charter dated to [1346], witnessed by “...domino Willelmo de Douglas...domino Andrea de Douglas et domino Johanne de Douglas militibus...”[626]. Fraser records details of her marriages[627]. m firstly ALEXANDER Bruce, illegitimate son of EDWARD Bruce Earl of Carrick King of Ireland & his mistress --- (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). Created Earl of Carrick in [1330] or soon after. m secondly JAMES Sandilands of Calder, son of --- (-before 1358). m thirdly (before 1361) WILLIAM Towers of Dalry, son of ---. m fourthly (before 1368) DUNCAN Wallace of Sundrum, son of ---. m fifthly (Papal dispensation 19 Mar 1376) as his second wife, PATRICK Hepburn of Hales, son of ---. 1402.

ARCHIBALD Douglas, illegitimate son of JAMES Douglas & his mistress --- ([1325]-Threave [24 Dec 1400/9 Feb 1401], bur Bothwell). Froissart names "messire Arcebaus Douglas" as son of "messire James Douglas, frère à messire Guillaume" who died "en Grenade"[628]. "Dominis Andrea de Douglas et Willelmo de Douglas fratre meo militibus Archebaldo de Douglas consanguineo meo…" witnessed the charter dated 3 Nov 1351 under which "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei"[629]. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Archibaldus…dictus Blac Archebalde, filius nobilis Jacobi de Douglas…" was captured at the battle of Poitiers in 1356[630]. "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[631]. He succeeded in 1388 as Earl of Douglas. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death in 1400 of "Archibaldus de Douglas, comes eiusdem"[632]. Fraser records details of his career[633].

m (Papal dispensation 23 Jul 1362) as her second husband, JOAN Moray, widow of THOMAS Moray Lord of Bothwell, daughter of MAURICE Moray Earl of Strathearn & his wife Joan Menteith (-[Jan 1403/Aug 1409]). "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[634].

Archibald & his wife had three children (see Fraser for details of these descendants[635]):

1. ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1370]-killed in battle Verneuil 17 Aug 1424, bur 24 Aug 1424 Tours Cathedral). He succeeded his father in [1400/01] as Earl of Douglas. Charles VII King of France created him Duc de Touraine 19 Apr 1424. The Geste des Nobles records that in 1424 “le conte de Douglas” arrived in France where “le roy de France” granted him “la duchié de Touraine”[636]. He was killed fighting against the Duke of Bedford[637]. The Geste des Nobles names “le duc de Touraine, James de Douglaz son fils, le conte de Buchan son gendre connestable de France...” among those killed in battle “devant Verneuil” 17 Aug 1424[638]. m (before 1390) Lady MARGARET Stewart, daughter of ROBERT III King of Scotland & his wife Annabel Drummond (-[26 Jan 1450/Sep 1456], bur Lincluden Church). Archibald & his wife had [three] children:

a) ARCHIBALD Douglas ([1390]-Restalrig 26 Jun 1439, bur St Bride’s, Douglas). He succeeded his father as Earl of Douglas. [m firstly MATILDA Lindsay, daughter of DAVID Lindsay Earl of Crawford & his wife ---.] m [secondly] (Papal dispensation 6 Jun 1425, before 26 Apr 1425) as her first husband, EUPHEMIA Graham of Strathearn, daughter of PATRICK Graham Earl of Strathearn & his wife --- (-[1 Aug/1 Nov] 1468). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Archebaldi de Douglas" and "Euphemie de Graham", issued by Pope Martin V, is dated 26 Jun 1425[639]. She married secondly (Papal dispensation 25 Feb 1441, [1441]) as his first wife, James Hamilton Lord Hamilton. “Malise Earl of Menteith” granted "the lands of Elastonne...” to “his kinsman James Lord Hamilton, knight, and Eufamia his spouse, sister of Earl Malis (and widow of Archibald fifth Earl of Douglas)" by charter dated 17 Dec 1453[640]. King James II granted “the lands of the baronies of Drumsergart and Cormannok...” to "James Lord Hamilton and his spouse Euphamia Countess of Douglas, otherwise spouse of the deceased Archibald Earl of Douglas and Lord of Lauderdale”, by reason of “the forfeiture of James, formerly Earl of Douglas and Lord of Lauderdale", by charter dated 1 Jul 1455[641]. Archibald & his [second] wife had three children:

i) WILLIAM Douglas (1423-beheaded Edinburgh Castle 24 Nov 1440). He succeeded his father as Earl of Douglas. m JANET Lindsay, daughter of DAVID Lindsay Earl of Crawford & his wife Marjory Ogilvy of Auchterhouse (-[1483/84]).

ii) DAVID Douglas (-beheaded Edinburgh Castle 24 Nov 1440).

iii) MARGARET Douglas "the Fair Maid of Galloway" (-[21 Jan 1473/early 1475]). m firstly (1444) WILLIAM Douglas Earl of Douglas, son of JAMES Douglas Earl of Douglas & his second wife Beatrice Sinclair (1425-murdered Stirling Castle 22 Feb 1452). m secondly (1453, divorced) as his first wife, her brother-in-law, JAMES Douglas Earl of Douglas, son of JAMES Douglas Earl of Douglas & his second wife Beatrice Sinclair (1425-Lindores Abbey [after 22 May] 1491, bur Lindores Abbey). m thirdly ([1459/60]) as his first wife, JOHN Stewart Earl of Atholl, son of JAMES Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn & his wife Joan Beaufort ([1440]-the Laighwood 15 Sep 1512, bur Dunkeld Cathedral).

b) ELIZABETH Douglas (-[1451]). m firstly JOHN Stewart Earl of Buchan Constable of France, son of ROBERT Stewart Duke of Albany & his second wife Harriet Keith ([1381]-killed in battle Verneuil 17 Aug 1424). The Geste des Nobles names “le duc de Touraine, James de Douglaz son fils, le conte de Buchan son gendre connestable de France...” among those killed in battle “devant Verneuil” 17 Aug 1424[642]. m secondly ([1425]) THOMAS Stewart Master of Mar Lord of Badenoch, illegitimate son of ALEXANDER Stewart Earl of Mar & his mistress --- (-before 1435) m thirdly as his first wife, WILLIAM Sinclair Earl of Orkney, son of HENRY Sinclair Earl of Orkney & his wife Jill Douglas of Nithdale (-[1480]). He was created Earl of Caithness in 1455. He resigned the earldom of Orkney in 1470.

c) [JAMES Douglas (-killed in battle Verneuil 17 Aug 1424). The Geste des Nobles names “le duc de Touraine, James de Douglaz son fils, le conte de Buchan son gendre connestable de France...” among those killed in battle “devant Verneuil” 17 Aug 1424[643]. The primary source which identifies his mother has not been identified.]

2. JAMES Douglas of Balvany ([1375?]-[24 Mar/28 Mar] 1443, bur Douglas). Earl of Avondale and Lord Balvany 1437. He succeeded his great-nephew as Earl of Douglas in 1440. [m firstly [--- Stewart, daughter of ROBERT Stewart Duke of Albany & his [first wife Margaret Graham Ctss of Menteith/second wife Muriella Keith] (-[1424])]. The estimated date of birth of James Earl of Douglas, and his known marriage dated to 1424, suggests that an earlier marriage is likely. Balfour Paul, after noting that "his only recorded wife is Beatrice Sinclair", says that Earl James "is three times within a year styled ‘brother’ by Murdach Duke of Albany, which suggests that he married [firstly] an unknown or a widowed daughter of Robert Duke of Albany or that he married a sister-in-law of Duke Murdach", adding that "no evidence on the point has been discovered"[644]. Balfour Paul does not cite the sources for the three documents, but Fraser cites an “Act of General Council at Inverkeithing” dated 28 Aug 1423, a “precept for infefting Henry Ramsay of Colluthie in Leuchars” dated 28 Aug 1423, and a charter of Pittendriech dated 4 Mar 1424 (N.S.)[645]. If this parentage of James’s supposed first wife is correct, his estimated birth date suggests that she could have been born from her father’s second marriage.] m [secondly] (1424) BEATRICE Sinclair, daughter of HENRY Sinclair Earl of Orkney & his wife Jill Douglas of Nithsdale (-[Jun 1455/8 Feb 1463]). Earl James & his [second] wife had [eleven] children:

a) WILLIAM Douglas (1425-murdered Stirling Castle 22 Feb 1452). Twin with his brother James. He succeeded his father in 1443 as Earl of Douglas. m (1444) as her first husband, MARGARET Douglas "the Fair Maid of Galloway", daughter of ARCHIBALD Douglas Earl of Douglas & his second wife Eupheme Graham of Strathearn (-[21 Jan 1473/early 1475]). She married secondly (1453, divorced) as his first wife, her brother-in-law, James Douglas Earl of Douglas, and thirdly as his first wife, John Stewart Earl of Atholl.

b) JAMES Douglas (1425-Lindores Abbey [after 22 May] 1491, bur Lindores Abbey). Twin with his brother William. He succeeded his brother as Earl of Douglas. m firstly (1453) as her second husband, his sister-in-law, MARGARET Douglas "the Fair Maid of Galloway", widow of WILLIAM Douglas Earl of Douglas, daughter of ARCHIBALD Douglas Earl of Douglas & his wife Eupheme Graham of Strathearn (-[21 Jan 1473/early 1475]). She married thirdly as his first wife, John Stewart Earl of Atholl. m secondly as her third husband, ANNE de Holand, widow firstly of JOHN Neville, and secondly of JOHN Neville Lord Neville, daughter of JOHN de Holand Duke of Exeter & his first wife Anne Stafford (-26 Dec 1486).

c) ARCHIBALD Douglas (-killed Arkinholm 1 May 1455). He was installed in parliament as Earl of Moray 3 Jul 1445, a reflection of the power of the Douglas family rather than of his wife's hereditary right. He rebelled against the king following the murder of his brother William Earl of Douglas. He was attainted posthumously and his assets and title declared forfeited[646]. m ([Aug 1434/26 Apr 1442]) as her first husband, Lady ELIZABETH Dunbar, daughter of JAMES Dunbar Earl of Moray & his wife Katherine [Janet] Seton of Gordon (-before 17 Feb 1486). She married secondly (contract 20 May 1455, divorced before 10 Mar 1460) as his first wife, George Gordon Master of Huntly, who succeeded in 1470 as Earl of Huntly, and thirdly ([1462]) as his second wife, John Colquhoun of Luss.

d) HUGH Douglas (-executed 1455).

e) JOHN Douglas (-executed 1463). Lord of Balveny, forfeited 1455.

f) HENRY Douglas . Priest.

g) GEORGE Douglas (-young).

h) MARGARET Douglas . m HENRY Douglas of Borg in Galloway, son of JAMES Douglas Baron of Aberdour & his first wife Lady Elizabeth Stewart of Scotland.

i) BEATRICE Douglas (-1490 or after). m (before 17 Mar 1450) WILLIAM Hay of Erroll, Perthshire, Lord Hay, Constable of Scotland, son of GILBERT Hay & his wife Alice Hay of Yester (-[Slains] after 15 Nov 1461). He was created Earl of Erroll in 1452. m secondly (before 12 Oct 1463) ARTHUR Forbes, son of --- (-after 1 Jun 1474).

j) JANET Douglas . m (before 23 Jul 1451) as his first wife, ROBERT Fleming, son of MALCOLM Fleming of Biggar and Cumbernauld & his wife Elizabeth Stewart of the Dukes of Albany (-[26 Mar 1491/16 Jan 1493]). He was created Lord Fleming in [1451/54].

k) ELIZABETH Douglas . m WILLIAM Wallace of Craigie, son of ---.

3. MARJORY Douglas (-before 11 May 1421). The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage "apud Bothwel" of "dux Rothsay David princeps, primogenitus regis Roberti tercii" and "Archibaldus de Douglas…filiam suam Mariam"[647]. Accounts dated 1421 record pension payments “in plenam solucionem termini Pentecostes” to “quondam domine Marie ducisse Rothesaie” and her death “post quem terminum” after which the pension stopped[648]. m firstly (Bothwell Church Feb 1400) DAVID Stewart Duke of Rothesay, son of ROBERT III King of Scotland & his wife Annabella Drummond (24 Oct 1378-Falkland Castle 26 Mar 1402, bur Lindores Abbey). m secondly (1403) WALTER Halyburton of Dirletoun, son of --- (-1447).

Earl Archibald had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress (see Fraser for details[649]):

4. WILLIAM Douglas of Nithsdale (-killed in battle Danzig [1391/92]). The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Archibaldus de Douglas…filium…Willelmum" was killed "ab Anglicis super pontem de Dansekyn"[650]. Accounts dated 1391 record payments made to “domino Willelmo de Douglas, in partem pensionis...” and in early 1393 a reference to “quondam dominus Willelmus de Douglas”[651]. m (1387) Lady EGIDIA Stewart, daughter of ROBERT II King of Scotland & his second wife Eupheme of Ross. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Archibaldus de Douglas…filium…Willelmum" married "rex Scociæ Robertus…filiam…Egidia Pulcra"[652]. Balfour Paul dates her marriage to 1387[653]. The Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun records that “Schyr Willame off Dowglas, that till Schyr Archebald swne than was” married “the Kyng...hya douchtyr Dame Gylis that than was the fayrest off fassown and off face” in 1387 and was granted “the Lordschipe als off Nyddysdale”[654]. William & his wife had one child:

a) JILL Douglas (-1438 or after). The Liber Pluscardensis records that the only daughter of "Willelmum [Douglas]" and his wife "rex Scociæ Robertus…filiam…Egidia Pulcra" married "dominus comes Orcadiæ Henricus de Sancto Claro" by whom she had "comitem Orcadiæ…Willelmum ac alios plures filios et filias"[655]. m firstly (before 17 Nov 1407) HENRY Sinclair Earl of Orkney, son of HENRY Sinclair Earl of Orkney & his wife Jean Halyburton of Dirletoun (-[1 Feb] 1421). m secondly (after 29 Apr 1422) ALEXANDER Stewart, son of MURDOCH Stewart Duke of Albany & his wife Isabel of Lennox (-beheaded Stirling 25 Mar 1425).

C. EARLS of MORTON

JOHN Douglas, son of JAMES Douglas of Laudoun & his wife --- (-before 3 Nov 1351). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 3 Nov 1351 under which his brother "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei"[656].

m (Papal dispensation 12 Oct 1344) AGNES de Graham, daughter of JOHN de Graham of Dalkeith, Abercorn and Eskdale & his wife ---.

John & his wife had ten children:

1. JAMES Douglas of Dalkeith and Aberdour (-1420). "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei", naming "Willelmo de Douglas fratri eiusdem Jacobi…Johanni de Douglas fratri eorundem Jacobi et Willelmi…Henrico de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi Willelmi et Johannis…Thome de Douglas fratri predictorum Jacobi, Willelmi, Johannis et Henrici", by charter dated 3 Nov 1351[657]. David II King of Scotland granted "terram de Garmilton" to "Jacobo de Douglas filio et heredi quondam Johannis de Douglas militis" by charter dated 12 Jan 1360[658]. A charter dated 30 Jun 1367 records the death of "quondam Maria de Douglas filia et heres quondam Willelmi de Duglas de Lydelisdal militis consanguinea Jacobi de Douglas" and the inheritance of "dictus Jacobus"[659]. "Patricius de Dumbar comes" granted "terram de Dundasshill" to "Jacobo de Douglas filio et heredi quondam Johannis de Douglas militis" by undated charter[660]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, requested burial "in monasterio…de Newbotyll juxta corpus quondam Agnetis socie mee", appointed "Jacobum filium suum primogenitum ex Agnete uxore mea" as his heir, and in default "Willielmum filium suum progenitum ex Elizabetha sponsa filia Regis...Willelmum filium meum genitum ex Agnete uxore mea”, appointed “domini Archibaldi comitis de Douglas et domini Galwydie et domini Henrici de Douglas avunculi sui” as guardians of “Jacobum filium meum vel Willelmum quem ipsorum heredem meum esse contigerit” substituting “...domini Willielmi de Douglas avunculi sui...domini Comitis Marchie avunculi sui", bequeathed property to "Jacobe filie mee…Johanni de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo…Comiti Marchie…domino Jacobo filio meo...domino Willelmo fratri meo…Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo…Willielmo de Douglas filio meo...domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo...Johanni de Leuyngstoun...Elizabeth sorori mee…domino Henrico de Douglas fratri meo...Archibaldo comiti de Douglas…Egidie uxori mee…uni filiarum Philippi de Aberbuthnow ad suum maritagium…Katerine de Douglas ad suam maritagium", and appointed executors “Egidiam uxorem meam Dominos Willielmum et Henricum de Douglas fratres meos dominum Jacobum de Douglas de Aberdouer filium meum dominum Johannem de Hamylton dominum de Cadyhow dominum Johannem de Leuyngstoun dominum de Calentare Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[661]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, repeated the same burial instructions, appointed the same heirs, bequeathed property to “Jacobe filie mee [including unam obligationem...per dominum Johannem de Hamyltone]...Johanni de Douglas filio meo...Domino comiti Marchie...Domino Jacobo de Douglas filio meo naturali...domino Willelmo fratri meo...Willielmo de Douglas filio meo...Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo...Elisabet sorori mee...domino Archebaldo comiti de Douglas...Willielmo filio meo...condono et relaxo Domino Roberto de Leuyngstone maritagium suum...Egidie uxori mee...Johanni de Douglas filio meo naturali...domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo...une filiarum Philippi de Arbuthno--...Katerine de Douglas ad suum maritagium...duabus filiabus Philippi de Arbuthno--...une filiarum domini Willielmi de Douglas fratris mei ad suum maritagium...”, and appointed executors “dominum Willielmum de Douglas fratrem meum dominum Jacobum de Douglas de Aberdouer filium meum dominum Johannem de Levyngstoun dominum de Kalentare...Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[662]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “domini Johannis de Douglas militis patris nostri et domine Agnetis matris nostre, domini Willielmi de Douglas domini Wallis de Ledalle avunculi nostre et Marie filie sue Agnetis eciam et Egidie uxorum nostrarum Johannis Henrici militis Thome et Nicholai de Douglas fratrum nostrorum Johannis de Douglas filii nostri Elene et Mergarete sorum nostrarum...defunctorum” and for the souls of “nostra et dominorum Jacobi Willielmi et Jacobi militum filiorum nostrorum et filiarum nostrarum...ac domini Willielmi de Douglas fratris nostri militis et duorum filiorum et Elisabeth sororis nostre”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[663]. [m firstly ---. The 25 Oct 1372 which names James’s daughter Margaret indicates that she was born from an earlier otherwise unrecorded marriage, assuming that the document is correctly dated.] m [secondly] (21 Nov 1372) AGNES Dunbar, daughter of PATRICK Dunbar & his wife Isabel Randolph of Moray (-before 1378, bur Newbottle Monastery). David II King of Scotland granted revenue from "burgi…de Aberdeen…[et] de Hadyngton" to "Agneti de Dunbarr" by charter dated 21 Jan 1370[664]. The date of her marriage is shown in Burke's Peerage, although this shows Agnes as the daughter of Patrick Earl of Dunbar & his second wife Agnes Randolph of Moray[665], which is clearly impossible from a chronological point of view. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the undated charter under which Robert II King of Scotland confirmed the property of "Georgii de Dunbarr comitis Marchie consanguinei nostri" and which names "dñm Jacobum de Douglas milite dñm de Dalketh…[et] sororem nostram Agnetem de Dunbarr…uxorem"[666]. Her place of burial is confirmed by the testament of her husband "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, which requested burial "in monasterio…de Newbotyll juxta corpus quondam Agnetis socie mee"[667]. m [thirdly] (contract Oct 1378) as her third husband, EGIDIA Stewart, widow firstly of JAMES Lindsay Lord of Crawford and Kirkmichael and secondly of HUGH Eglinton, daughter of WALTER Stewart High Steward of Scotland & his second wife Isabel de Graham (-1396). The marriage contract between "Egidia de Lyndesay" and "dñm Jacobum de Douglas dñm de Dalketh" is dated Oct 1378, witnessed by "dñis Willelmo de Douglas et Herico fratribus predicti dñi Jacobi militibus Thoma de Douglas Nicholao de Douglas…"[668]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…Egidie uxori mee…" and appointed her as first executor[669]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Egidie uxori mee...”[670]. Burnett records that accounts in May 1397 indicate that “both mother and son had died within the previous year” (full source citations)[671]. James & his [first] wife had one child:

a) MARGARET Douglas (-before 30 Sep 1390). "Archebaldus de Douglas dñs Galwidie et de Bothevile" confirmed "terras de Arbuthnot" to "Philippo de Arbuthnot et Margarete de Douglas filie Jacobi de Douglas militis dñi de Dalkeith" by charter dated 25 Oct 1372 which names "Joneta sponsam nostram"[672]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…une filiarum Philippi de Aberbuthnow ad suum maritagium…"[673]. Margaret’s omission presumably indicates that she was deceased at the time. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “......une filiarum Philippi de Arbuthno--...duabus filiabus Philippi de Arbuthno--...”[674]. m [as his second wife,] PHILIP de Arbuthnot, son of HUGH de Arbuthnot & his wife ---[675].

James & his [second] wife had four children:

b) JAMES Douglas ([1373/74?]-before 22 May 1441). Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "Baroniam de Prestoun" to "Jacobo de Douglas de Dalketh militi…et Jacobo de Douglas filio suo ex Agnete de Dunbarr sorore comitis Marchie", and in default of direct male heirs to "Willelmo de Douglas militi fratri ipsius Jacobi de Douglas patris…Henrico de Douglas militi fratri ipsorum Jacobi et Willelmi…Thome de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi et Willelmi ac Henrici", by charter dated 2 Jan 1375[676]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, appointed "Jacobum filium suum primogenitum ex Agnete uxore mea" as his heir, and in default "Willielmum filium suum progenitum ex Elizabetha sponsa filia Regis...Willelmum filium meum genitum ex Agnete uxore mea”, appointed “domini Archibaldi comitis de Douglas et domini Galwydie et domini Henrici de Douglas avunculi sui” as guardians of “Jacobum filium meum vel Willelmum quem ipsorum heredem meum esse contigerit”[677]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, for the souls of “nostra et dominorum Jacobi Willielmi et Jacobi militum filiorum nostrorum et filiarum nostrarum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[678]. He succeeded his father in 1420 in the barony of Aberdour, co. Fife, and in the castle and town of Dalkeith. He may have been created Lord Dalkeith in [1430][679]. m firstly (contract, Apr 1378, before 10 Nov 1387) Lady ELIZABETH Stewart, daughter of ROBERT III King of Scotland & his wife Annabel Drummond (-before 1411). The marriage contract between "Jacobus de Douglas filius et heres…dñi Jacobi", and if he died "Willelmus de Douglas filius predictus dñi Jacobi nunc minor", and "dñm Johannem primogenitum dñi nostri Regis comite de Carrick senescallim Scocie…filiabus…Margareta filia sua seniore aut Elizabeth filia sua minore" is dated Apr 1378[680]. m secondly as her first husband, JANET Borthwick, daughter of WILLIAM Borthwick of Borthwick & his wife ---. She married secondly George Crichton Earl of Caithness. James & his first wife had three children:

i) WILLIAM Douglas of Whittinghame in East Lothian (before 30 Sep 1390-[1425]). The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, appointed "Jacobum filium suum primogenitum ex Agnete uxore mea" as his heir, and in default "Willielmum filium suum progenitum ex Elizabetha sponsa filia Regis...Willelmum filium meum genitum ex Agnete uxore mea”[681]. m (1420, Papal dispensation 9 Dec 1421) as her second husband, MARGARET Borthwick, widow of WILLIAM Abernethy, daughter of ---. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Wilhelmi de Douglas…filii…Jacobi de Douglas militis et domini loci de Dalbrech primogeniti" and "Margarithe de Borchwilr relicte qm Wilhelmi de Abirnechi", issued by Pope Martin V, is dated 9 Dec 1421[682].

ii) JAMES Douglas (-[8 Sep 1456/14 Mar 1458]). m ELIZABETH Gifford, daughter of JAMES Gifford of Sheriffhall & his wife --- (-after 8 Sep 1456). James & his wife had one child:

(a) JAMES Douglas (-[22 Jun/22 Oct] 1493). He was created Earl of Morton. m (before 15 May 1459) Lady JOAN Stewart, daughter of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Lady Joan Beaufort ([1428]-after 16 Oct 1486). She was deaf and dumb, known as "the dumb lady of Dalkeith". She lived in France from Aug 1445 to spring 1458[683]. They were ancestors of the later Earls of Morton, extinct in the male line in 1548.

iii) HENRY Douglas of Borg in Galloway . m MARGARET Douglas, daughter of JAMES Douglas Earl of Douglas. Descendants.

c) WILLIAM Douglas ([1374/77?]-after 1 Jun 1406). The marriage contract between "Jacobus de Douglas filius et heres…dñi Jacobi", and if he died "Willelmus de Douglas filius predictus dñi Jacobi nunc minor", and "dñm Johannem primogenitum dñi nostri Regis comite de Carrick senescallim Scocie…filiabus…Margareta filia sua seniore aut Elizabeth filia sua minore" is dated Apr 1378[684]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, appointed "Jacobum filium suum primogenitum ex Agnete uxore mea" as his heir, and in default "Willielmum filium suum progenitum ex Elizabetha sponsa filia Regis...Willelmum filium meum genitum ex Agnete uxore mea”, appointed “domini Archibaldi comitis de Douglas et domini Galwydie et domini Henrici de Douglas avunculi sui” as guardians of “Jacobum filium meum vel Willelmum quem ipsorum heredem meum esse contigerit”, bequeathed property to "…Willielmo de Douglas filio meo..."[685]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, appointed the same heirs and bequeathed property to “...Johanni de Douglas filio meo...Domino Jacobo de Douglas filio meo naturali...Willielmo de Douglas filio meo...Willielmo filio meo...condono et relaxo Domino Roberto de Leuyngstone maritagium suum...Egidie uxori mee...Johanni de Douglas filio meo naturali...domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo...”[686]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, for the souls of “nostra et dominorum Jacobi Willielmi et Jacobi militum filiorum nostrorum et filiarum nostrarum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[687].

d) JACQUELINE Douglas ([1373/75?]-after 30 Sep 1390). Her birth date is estimated from her parents’ marriage date and the likely birth date of her oldest son. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed “baronia de Kynele...” to “Johi de Hamiltoue de Cadyhow militi” and his heirs by “Jacobe de Douglas filie...fratris nostri Jacobi de Douglas de Dalketh sponse sue” by charter dated 8 Nov “Anno regni nostri octodecimo” [1388][688]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "Jacobe filie mee… " and appointed executors “...dominum Johannem de Hamylton dominum de Cadyhow dominum Johannem de Leuyngstoun dominum de Calentare...”[689]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “Jacobe filie mee [including unam obligationem...per dominum Johannem de Hamyltone]...”[690]. Jacqueline was named first among the beneficiaries in both testaments. m (before 8 Nov 1388) JOHN Hamilton of Cadzow, son of DAVID Hamilton of Cadzow & his wife Janet Keith (-after 28 Oct 1398, maybe killed in battle Homildon Hill 14 Sep 1402).

e) AGNES Douglas (-[before 30 Sep 1390?]). The marriage contract between "dñm Jacobum de Douglas dñm de Dalketh…Agneta de Douglas filia" and "Johannem de Levyngistoue" is dated 1381[691]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "...Johanni de Leuyngstoun..." and appointed executors “...dominum Johannem de Hamylton dominum de Cadyhow dominum Johannem de Leuyngstoun dominum de Calentare...”[692]. The omission of Agnes from the testament suggests that she had already died. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...condono et relaxo Domino Roberto de Leuyngstone maritagium suum...”, and appointed executors “...filium meum dominum Johannem de Levyngstoun dominum de Kalentare...”[693]. m (contract 15 Aug 1381) as his second wife, JOHN de Livingstone of Callendar, son of WILLIAM de Livingstone of Callendar & his wife Christian de Callendar (-killed in battle Homildon Hill 14 Sep 1402).

James had [three] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

f) JOHN Douglas of Aberdour (-after 30 Sep 1390). The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…Johanni de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo…domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo..."[694]. The order of names suggests that John was older than his brother James. As noted below, James was also appointed as one of the executors indicating that he was adult at the time which in turn suggests that he must have been illegitimate, which must also have been the case with John if he was older than James. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Johanni de Douglas filio meo...Domino Jacobo de Douglas filio meo naturali...Johanni de Douglas filio meo naturali...domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo...”[695]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Johannis de Douglas filii nostri...” by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[696].

g) JAMES Douglas of Aberdour (-after 30 Sep 1390). The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…Johanni de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo…domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo..." and appointed executors “...dominum Jacobum de Douglas de Aberdouer filium meum...”[697]. The appointment of James as executor indicates that he was adult at the time, so could not have been his father’s legitimate son. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Johanni de Douglas filio meo...Domino Jacobo de Douglas filio meo naturali...Johanni de Douglas filio meo naturali...domino Jacobo de Douglas de Aberdouer filio meo...” and appointed executors “...dominum Jacobum de Douglas de Aberdouer filium meum...”[698]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, for the souls of “nostra et dominorum Jacobi Willielmi et Jacobi militum filiorum nostrorum et filiarum nostrarum...ac domini Willielmi de Douglas fratris nostri militis et duorum filiorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[699].

h) [KATHERINE Douglas . The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…Katerine de Douglas ad suam maritagium"[700]. She is named last among the beneficiaries, after the witnesses, suggesting that the bequest was an afterthought. No relationship between Katherine and the testator is specified. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Katerine de Douglas ad suum maritagium...”[701]. Maybe she was another of James’s illegitimate children.

2. WILLIAM Douglas (-after Apr 1378). "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei", naming "Willelmo de Douglas fratri eiusdem Jacobi…Johanni de Douglas fratri eorundem Jacobi et Willelmi…Henrico de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi Willelmi et Johannis…Thome de Douglas fratri predictorum Jacobi, Willelmi, Johannis et Henrici", by charter dated 3 Nov 1351[702]. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "Baroniam de Prestoun" to "Jacobo de Douglas de Dalketh militi…et Jacobo de Douglas filio suo ex Agnete de Dunbarr sorore comitis Marchie", and in default of direct male heirs to "Willelmo de Douglas militi fratri ipsius Jacobi de Douglas patris…Henrico de Douglas militi fratri ipsorum Jacobi et Willelmi…Thome de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi et Willelmi ac Henrici", by charter dated 2 Jan 1375[703]. The marriage contract between "Egidia de Lyndesay" and "dñm Jacobum de Douglas dñm de Dalketh" is dated Oct 1378, witnessed by "dñis Willelmo de Douglas et Herico fratribus predicti dñi Jacobi militibus Thoma de Douglas Nicholao de Douglas…"[704].

3. JOHN Douglas (-after 3 Nov 1351). "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei", naming "Willelmo de Douglas fratri eiusdem Jacobi…Johanni de Douglas fratri eorundem Jacobi et Willelmi…Henrico de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi Willelmi et Johannis…Thome de Douglas fratri predictorum Jacobi, Willelmi, Johannis et Henrici", by charter dated 3 Nov 1351[705]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Johannis Henrici militis Thome et Nicholai de Douglas fratrum nostrorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[706].

4. HENRY Douglas of Lugton and Lochleven (-[20 Oct/31 Dec] 1392). "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei", naming "Willelmo de Douglas fratri eiusdem Jacobi…Johanni de Douglas fratri eorundem Jacobi et Willelmi…Henrico de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi Willelmi et Johannis…Thome de Douglas fratri predictorum Jacobi, Willelmi, Johannis et Henrici", by charter dated 3 Nov 1351[707]. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "Baroniam de Prestoun" to "Jacobo de Douglas de Dalketh militi…et Jacobo de Douglas filio suo ex Agnete de Dunbarr sorore comitis Marchie", and in default of direct male heirs to "Willelmo de Douglas militi fratri ipsius Jacobi de Douglas patris…Henrico de Douglas militi fratri ipsorum Jacobi et Willelmi…Thome de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi et Willelmi ac Henrici", by charter dated 2 Jan 1375[708]. The marriage contract between "Egidia de Lyndesay" and "dñm Jacobum de Douglas dñm de Dalketh" is dated Oct 1378, witnessed by "dñis Willelmo de Douglas et Herico fratribus predicti dñi Jacobi militibus Thoma de Douglas Nicholao de Douglas…"[709]. The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, appointed “domini Archibaldi comitis de Douglas et domini Galwydie et domini Henrici de Douglas avunculi sui” as guardians of his minor sons and heirs substituting “...domini Willielmi de Douglas avunculi sui...domini Comitis Marchie avunculi sui", bequeathed property to "…Comiti Marchie…domino Willelmo fratri meo…Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo…Elizabeth sorori mee…domino Henrico de Douglas fratri meo...Archibaldo comiti de Douglas…", and appointed executors “...Dominos Willielmum et Henricum de Douglas fratres meos...Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[710]. The testament of "Henricus de Douglas dominus de Legtoun", dated 20 Oct 1392, appointed "Willielmum filium meum genitum ex Marjoria uxore mea" as his heir[711]. Accounts dated 1392 and 1393 record payments to “domino Henrico de Douglas...racione sponse sue...et domine Marjorie relicte quondam dicti domini Henrici”[712]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Johannis Henrici militis Thome et Nicholai de Douglas fratrum nostrorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[713]. He was ancestor of the later Earls of Morton, from 1588. m as her second husband, MARJORY Stewart, widow of ALEXANDER Lindsay of Glenesk, daughter of JOHN Stewart of Ralston & his wife --- (-1439). Balfour Paul records her parentage and two marriages, noting that she had at least one son by her second marriage (no sources cited)[714]. Her parentage, name, and first marriage are confirmed by the following document: King Robert II granted property to “Sir David Lindsay [afterwards Earl of Crawford]”, with remainder to “his brother-german Alexander, whom failing, Willelmo Lindesay fratri eciam dicti David...nepte nostra Marjoria de Lindesay suscepto” [undated by Burnett][715]. Her parentage and second marriage are confirmed by a 20 Mar 1416 indenture between “Robert Duke of Albany, [her brother] Sir Walter Stewart of Ralstoun, and [her son] William Douglas of Lugton “nevoy” of the last” by which Sir Walter “designed his ‘eme’, binds himself to resign Ralstoun and certain other lands to Douglas and his heirs”[716]. Burnett dates her second marriage to “before 1387” and names her second husband “Sir Henry Douglas of Lugton and Lochleven (fourth son of Sir John Douglas, younger brother of the “Knight of Liddesdale”), who died 1391”[717]. The testament of "Henricus de Douglas dominus de Legtoun", dated 20 Oct 1392, appointed "Willielmum filium meum genitum ex Marjoria uxore mea" as his heir[718]. Accounts dated 1395, 1396, 1398, and 1400 record payments to “domine Marjorie de Lyndesay, sponse quondam domini Henrici de Douglas militis...testante domino Patricio Graham recipiente ex parte dicte domine Marjorie”[719]. Burnett records that “a small annual payment from the fermes of Crailo...her third of an annuity...belonging to her first husband...assigned by her to the Minorite Friars of Dundee, enables us to fix the year of her death as 1439” (sources cited)[720]. Henry & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM Douglas . The testament of "Henricus de Douglas dominus de Legtoun", dated 20 Oct 1392, appointed "Willielmum filium meum genitum ex Marjoria uxore mea" as his heir[721]. Under a 20 Mar 1416 indenture between “Robert Duke of Albany, [her brother] Sir Walter Stewart of Ralstoun, and William Douglas of Lugton “nevoy” of the last”, Walter Stewart “designed his ‘eme’, binds himself to resign Ralstoun and certain other lands to Douglas and his heirs”[722].

5. THOMAS Douglas (-after 2 Jan 1375). "Willelmus de Douglas dominus vallis de Lydel" granted "baronia mea de Newlandis et de Kylboughok" to "Jacobo de Douglas nepoti meo filio quondam domini Johannis de Douglas fratris mei", naming "Willelmo de Douglas fratri eiusdem Jacobi…Johanni de Douglas fratri eorundem Jacobi et Willelmi…Henrico de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi Willelmi et Johannis…Thome de Douglas fratri predictorum Jacobi, Willelmi, Johannis et Henrici", by charter dated 3 Nov 1351[723]. Robert II King of Scotland confirmed "Baroniam de Prestoun" to "Jacobo de Douglas de Dalketh militi…et Jacobo de Douglas filio suo ex Agnete de Dunbarr sorore comitis Marchie", and in default of direct male heirs to "Willelmo de Douglas militi fratri ipsius Jacobi de Douglas patris…Henrico de Douglas militi fratri ipsorum Jacobi et Willelmi…Thome de Douglas fratri eorumdem Jacobi et Willelmi ac Henrici", by charter dated 2 Jan 1375[724]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Johannis Henrici militis Thome et Nicholai de Douglas fratrum nostrorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[725].

6. WILLIAM Douglas (-after 1 Jun 1406). The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, appointed “domini Archibaldi comitis de Douglas et domini Galwydie et domini Henrici de Douglas avunculi sui” as guardians of his minor sons and heirs substituting “...domini Willielmi de Douglas avunculi sui...domini Comitis Marchie avunculi sui", bequeathed property to "…Comiti Marchie…domino Willelmo fratri meo…Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo…domino Henrico de Douglas fratri meo...Archibaldo comiti de Douglas…", and appointed executors “...Dominos Willielmum et Henricum de Douglas fratres meos...Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[726]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Domino comiti Marchie...domino Willelmo fratri meo...Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo...une filiarum domini Willielmi de Douglas fratris mei ad suum maritagium...”, and appointed executors “dominum Willielmum de Douglas fratrem meum...Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[727]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, for the souls of “...domini Willielmi de Douglas fratris nostri militis et duorum filiorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[728]. m ---. The primary source which confirms the name of William’s wife had not been identified. William & his wife had two children:

a) two sons . “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, for the souls of “...domini Willielmi de Douglas fratris nostri militis et duorum filiorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[729].

7. NICHOLAS Douglas (-before 1 Jun 1406). The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo…" and appointed executors “...Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[730]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Nicholao de Douglas fratri meo...” and appointed executors “dominum Willielmum de Douglas fratrem meum...Nicholaum de Douglas fratrem meum...”[731]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Johannis Henrici militis Thome et Nicholai de Douglas fratrum nostrorum...”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[732].

8. HELEN Douglas . “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Elene et Mergarete sorum nostrarum...” by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[733].

9. MARGARET Douglas . “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, in memory of “...Elene et Mergarete sorum nostrarum...” by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[734].

10. ELIZABETH Douglas (-after 1 Jun 1406). The testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 30 Sep 1390, bequeathed property to "…Elizabeth sorori mee…”[735]. A second testament of "Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalkeith", dated 19 Dec 1392, bequeathed property to “...Elisabet sorori mee...”[736]. “Jacobus de Douglas dominus de Dalketh...” transformed the chapel of St Nicholas Dalkeith into a collegiate church, for the souls of “...Elisabeth sororis nostre”, by charter dated 1 Jun 1406[737].

Chapter 7. DUKES of ALBANY (STEWART)

ROBERT Stewart, son of ROBERT II King of Scotland & his first wife Elizabeth Mure ([1340]-3 Sep 1420). The Liber Pluscardensis names "Johannem…postea…rex…Robertum Albaniæ ducem, ac…Alexandrum comitem Buchaniæ qui…Lupus de Badzenoch vocabatur" as the three sons of "dominus Robertus rex secundus" and his first wife "Elizabeth filia domini Adam de Mure"[738]. Earl of Menteith 1361, de iure uxoris. Earl of Fife 30 Mar 1371 after Isabel Ctss of Fife resigned the earldom to him[739]. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Robertus Stewart de Fife, regis secundo genitus" invaded England, dated to [1385] from the context, with "Archibaldus de Douglas de Galwidia ac…Jacobus de Douglas comes eiusdem pater, Blak Archibaldi dictus"[740]. Guardian/Governor of Scotland 1 Dec 1388[741]. Duke of Albany 28 Apr 1398. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "rex Robertus tercius" created "fratrem suum Robertum comitem de Fife et de Menteth" as "ducem Albaniæ" in 1398[742]. Earl of Atholl 2 Sep 1403. Earl of Buchan 1406.

m firstly (Papal dispensation 9 Sep 1361) as her fourth husband, MARGARET Graham Ctss of Menteith, widow of firstly of JOHN Moray of Bothwell, divorced wife secondly of THOMAS Earl of Mar, and widow thirdly of JOHN Drummond of Concraig, daughter of JOHN Graham & his wife Mary Ctss of Menteith (-[21 Jul 1372/4 May 1380]). The dispensation for the marriage between “Roberti comitis de Stratherne” and “Margarite comitisse de Methelt”, despite their 4^o consanguinity, is dated 9 Sep 1361[743].

m secondly (Papal dispensation 4 May 1380) MURIELLA Keith, daughter of WILLIAM Keith & his wife Margaret Fraser (-[10 Nov? 1448/1 Jun 1449]). Accounts dated 1449 record payments made to “domine Murielle quondam ducisse Albanie”, “de termino beati Martini ultimo ante ipsius mortem et de termino Pentecostes ultimo preterito post dicte domine ducisse decessum”[744].

Robert & his first wife had four children (the order of birth of the daughters is uncertain):

1. MURDOCH ([1362]-beheaded 25 May 1425). Duke of Albany. Regent of Scotland.

- see below.

2. JANET Stewart (-after 1379). The marriage between “Robertum Senescalli comitem de Fife et de Menteth...dominam Margaretam sponsam suam...Jonetam Senescalli filiam” and “dominum Bertoldum de Loen militem dominum Barnebugall, dominam Philippam de Movbray sponsam suam...David filium et heredem” is dated 20 Jul 1372[745]. Accounts dated 1377 and 1379 record payments to “Jonete filie comitis de Fyfe...per annum...pro toto tempore vite Johannis de Yle”[746]. Betrothed (20 Jul 1372) to DAVID “von Loen”, son of BERTHOLD “von Loen” Lord of Barnebugale & his wife Philippa de Mowbray. The “Loen/Lon” family, presumably from the Rhine area in Germany, has not been identified. Berthold has not been connected with the Heinsberg/Looz family (see the document LIMBURG). Fraser discusses some background relating to Berthold and his marriage[747]. King David II granted “baroniam de Barnebugale...infra vicecomitatum de Edynbwrgh in constabularia de Lynlitheu” to “Bartholomeo de Loen militi...ac nostre...consanguinee Philippe de Movbray sponse sue” by charter dated 6 Jan 1361[748].

3. daughter . Her parentage and marriage are indicated by the following documents: accounts dated 1407 record payments to “Willelmi de Abernethi, nepotis sui [referring to Robert Duke of Albany]”[749]. Burnett names “Sir William Abernethy of Saltoun” as father of this William Abernethy and suggests that the couple married “probably before 1385”, based on their son being of age at the time of the 1407 payments[750]. Burnett also discusses why this wife of William should not be identified as the beneficiary of the following charter, in which she is not named as niece of the king: King Robert III granted “lands...in the barony of Rethy and Kingaltvy” to “William of Abernethy of Saltoun...and Mary his wife” by charter dated 1404[751]. Burnett notes that he “knows of no positive evidence” that this supposed daughter was not the same person as Janet who is named above[752]. “...David de Edmonstoun, Johanne de Swyntoun, Patricio de Abernethy, nepotibus nostris...” witnessed a charter of Robert Duke of Albany dated 1413[753]. m [as his first wife,] WILLIAM Abernethy of Saltoun, son of --- (-1420).

4. MARGARET . Balfour Paul records her parentage and dates her marriage to “after 1390”, and notes that her husband “was killed at Homildon, 14 September 1402” (no source cited for his date and place of death)[754]. If she married soon after 1390, Margaret was probably born from her father’s first marriage. Burnett also says that her name was Margaret[755]. Her parentage and marriage are indicated by the following documents: accounts dated 1415 record payments to “Roberto Senescalli de Fyfe, domino Roberto de Lawedre et [her son] Johanni de Swintoun, nepoti domini gubernatoris [referring to Robert Duke of Albany]” and in 1417 to “Johanni de Swyntoun, nepoti domini ducis”[756]. “...David de Edmonstoun, [her son] Johanne de Swyntoun, Patricio de Abernethy, nepotibus nostris...” witnessed a charter of Robert Duke of Albany dated 1413[757]. m (after 1390) as his second wife, JOHN Swinton, son of --- (-killed in battle Homildon 14 Sep 1402).

Robert & his [first/second] wife had [four] children (their order of birth is uncertain):

5. ISABEL Stewart . Her parentage and two marriages are confirmed by John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) which in 1409 names “Walterus de Haliburton dominus de Dirlton, gener tunc gubernatoris” who married “filiam eius Isabellam comitissam de Ross”[758]. The Complete Peerage dates her first marriage to “before 1398” (no source cited)[759]. This date suggests that Isabel could have been from her father’s second marriage. m firstly (before 1398) ALEXANDER Leslie Earl of Ross, son of WALTER Leslie & his wife Eupheme Ctss of Ross (-Dingwall 8 May 1402, bur Fearn Abbey). m secondly (before Feb 1408) WALTER Haliburton of Dirleton, son of ---.

6. JOAN Stewart . Her parentage and marriage are indicated by “Robert Stewart of Lorn filio nostro” witnessing charters of “the Regent” dated 1409 and 1414[760]. Burnett names Robert Stewart of Lorn as the second husband of Margaret who is named above, noting “the statement of Duncan Stewart, accepted by later genealogists, that the name of...[the] wife [of Robert Stewart of Lorn] was Margaret”, concluding that “we can hardly be wrong in identifying her as the widow of Sir John Swinton, a supposition consistent with the dates”[761]. The Complete Peerage names “Joan Stewart” as Robert’s wife, noting the 27 Sep 1397 dispensation for their marriage (no source citation)[762]. This dispensation has not been found, so the name of Robert’s wife has not been checked. The date of this dispensation suggests that Joan may have been born from her father’s second marriage. m (Papal dispensation 27 Sep 1397) ROBERT Stewart Lord of Lorn and Innermeath, son of JOHN Stewart Lord of Lorn & his wife Isabel of Argyll (-before 1449).

7. [--- ([1424]). The estimated date of birth of James Earl of Douglas, and his known marriage dated to 1424, suggests that an earlier marriage is likely. Balfour Paul, after noting that "his only recorded wife is Beatrice Sinclair", says that Earl James "is three times within a year styled ‘brother’ by Murdach Duke of Albany, which suggests that he married [firstly] an unknown or a widowed daughter of Robert Duke of Albany or that he married a sister-in-law of Duke Murdach", adding that "no evidence on the point has been discovered"[763]. Balfour Paul does not cite the sources for the three documents, but Fraser cites an “Act of General Council at Inverkeithing” dated 28 Aug 1423, a “precept for infefting Henry Ramsay of Colluthie in Leuchars” dated 28 Aug 1423, and a charter of Pittendriech dated 4 Mar 1424 (N.S.)[764]. If this parentage of James’s supposed first wife is correct, his estimated birth date suggests that she could have been born from her father’s second marriage. m [as his first wife,] JAMES Douglas of Balvany, son of ARCHIBALD Douglas "the Grim" Earl of Douglas & his wife Joan Moray of Strathearn ([1375?]-[24 Mar/28 Mar] 1443, bur Douglas). Earl of Avondale and Lord Balvany 1437. He succeeded his great-nephew as Earl of Douglas in 1440.]

8. MARJORY (-before Aug 1432). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 18 Jan 1404 under which "Robert Duke of Albany, Earl of Fyfe and Menteth, governor of Scotland" gave "the lands of Menstrie in the shire of Clackmannan…resigned by Charles Cambell" to "his…son [=son-in-law] Duncan Cambell of Lochow"[765]. No record has been found to indicate how many years before this date she may have married: it is not therefore possible to suggest whether Marjory was born from her father’s first or second marriage. Her marriage is also confirmed by the charter dated 12 Mar 1440 under which her grandson "Sir Duncan le Cambel knight Lord of Lochawe" donated alms from "his lands of Ardenaslate" to the church of Dunovyng [Dunoon], for the souls of "his grandfather Celestin Cambel and Isabella Lamont [Laigmani] his lawful wife…Colin Cambel his father and Mariote filie M’Cwill Cambel matris quondam nostre…his late wife Marcellina Stewart and Margaret Stewart his present wife"[766]. m (before 18 Jan 1404) as his first wife, DUNCAN Campbell of Lochow, son of COLIN Campbell of Lochow, Argyllshire & his second wife Mariot Campbell (-1453, bur Kilmun). He was created Lord Campbell in 1445.

Robert & his second wife had four children:

9. JOHN ([1381]-killed in battle Verneuil 17 Aug 1424). "Robert Duke of Albany, Earl of Fyfe and Menteth, governor of Scotland" gave "the lands of Menstrie in the shire of Clackmannan…resigned by Charles Cambell" to "his…son Duncan Cambell of Lochow" by charter dated 18 Jan 1404, witnessed by "…John Stewart Earl of Buchan son of the grantor…"[767]. Earl of Buchan. Constable of France. Great Chamberlain of Scotland 1406. m (Nov 1413) as her first husband, ELIZABETH Douglas, daughter of ARCHIBALD Douglas Earl of Douglas Duc de Touraine & his wife Lady Margaret Stewart (-[1451]). She married secondly ([1425]) Thomas Stewart Master of Mar Lord of Badenoch, and thirdly as his first wife, William Sinclair Earl of Orkney and Caithness. John & his wife had one child:

a) MARGARET (-before 8 Jan 1461). m (before 8 Jan 1437) as his first wife, GEORGE Seton of Seton, East Lothian, son of WILLIAM Seton & his wife Janet [Dunbar] (-shortly after 15 Jul 1478). He was created Lord Seton in [1451].

10. ANDREW (-[20 Sep 1406/1413]). Robert Duke of Albany granted the earldom of Buchan to his son John, remainder successively to “Andrew Stewart his brother-german...Robert Stewart his brother-german”, by charter dated 20 Sep 1406[768].

11. ROBERT (-after 1431). Robert Duke of Albany granted the earldom of Buchan to his son John, remainder successively to “Andrew Stewart his brother-german...Robert Stewart his brother-german”, by charter dated 20 Sep 1406[769]. Accounts dated 1429, 1431 record payments to “Roberto Senescalli filio quondam domini Roberti ducis Albanie”[770].

12. ELIZABETH . “Robertus Dux Albanie comes de Fife et de Menteth ac Gubernator Regni Scocie” confirmed “terras baronie de Bigare” to “filio nostro Malcolmo Flemyng de Bigare et Elizabeth Stewart filie nostre sponse sue” by charter dated 28 Jun 1413[771]. m (before 28 Jun 1413) MALCOLM Fleming of Biggar & Cumbernauld, son of DAVID Fleming of Biggar & his second wife Isabel heiress of Monycabock (-beheaded Edinburgh Castle 24 Nov 1440)[772].

MURDOCH Stewart, son of ROBERT Stewart Duke of Albany & his first wife Margaret Graham Ctss of Menteith ([1362]-beheaded 25 May 1425). Duke of Albany. Regent of Scotland.

m (contract 17 Feb 1392) ISABEL of Lennox, daughter of DUNCAN Earl of Lennox & his wife Ellen Campbell (-[early May] [1458]). “Schir Robert Erle of Fiffe” and “Schir Duncane Earle of the Leuenax” agreed the marriage of “Schir Murthow, sone and ayre to the forsaid Erle of Fife” and “Isabel the eldast dochter of the said Erle of Leuenax”, providing for the sharing of the cost of marrying the other daughters of the Earl of Lennox “Elizabeth or Mergarete...the tother of his dochteris”, dated 17 Feb 1391 (O.S.) (“Transumpt” dated 21 Jul 1473)[773].

Murdoch & his wife had five children:

1. ROBERT (-[1416/Jul 1421]). Accounts dated 1415 record payments to “Roberto Senescalli de Fyfe, domino Roberto de Lawedre et Johanni de Swintoun, nepoti domini gubernatoris [referring to Robert Duke of Albany]”[774]. Master of Fife. Betrothed (dispensation 4 May 1414) to his first cousin once removed, EUPHEME Stewart Ctss Palatine of Strathearn, widow of PATRICK Graham, daughter of DAVID Stewart Earl Palatine of Strathearn, Earl of Caithness & his wife --- Lindsay ([1378]-1415).

2. WALTER (-beheaded Stirling 25 May 1425). Master of Fife, Lennox and Menteith. Betrothed (Papal dispensation 5 Sep 1415) to his first cousin once removed, EUPHEME Stewart Ctss Palatine of Strathearn, widow of PATRICK Graham, daughter of DAVID Stewart Earl Palatine of Strathearn, Earl of Caithness & his wife --- Lindsay ([1378]-1415). m firstly (unlawfully) his niece, --- Campbell, daughter of DUNCAN Campbell of Lochow (later Lord Campbell) & his first wife Margery Stewart. A manuscript pedigree records the marriage of “Walter - ---Campbell, filia militis de Lashow, non legitima uxor”[775]. m secondly (Papal dispensation 24 Apr 1421) JANET Erskine, daughter of ROBERT Lord Erskine & his wife ---. The dispensation for the marriage between “Walter Stewart de Levenax domicelli” and “Jonete de Erskyn...filii...Robert de Erskyn militis nate domicelle” is dated 24 Apr 1421[776]. Walter had two illegitimate children by his first unlawful marriage:

a) ANDREW (-[1/12] Jul 1488). He was created Lord Avandale in 1456[777]. James III King of Scotland granted him the lands and rents of the Earldom of Lennox for life 4 May 1471[778]. Legitimated Aug 1472. Resigned 1486. [m (before 21 Mar 1466) ---.]

b) ALEXANDER .

Walter had three illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

c) MURDOCH (-before 1472).

d) ARTHUR (-before 1488). Legitimated 1472/79.

e) WALTER (-1488). Feudal Baron of Morphie. Legitimated 1472/79. m ELIZABETH Arnot, daughter of --- Arnot Laird of Arnot & his wife ---. Walter & his wife had four children:

i) ALEXANDER (-1489). m ---. The name of Alexander’s wife is not known. Alexander & his wife had one child:

(a) ANDREW (-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). He was created Lord Avandale before 1500.

- see below.

ii) JOHN .

iii) GEORGE . Of Johnston. He was ancestor of the Stuarts of Inchbreck and Laithers.

iv) MARGARET . m ALEXANDER Cunningham of Drumquharth, son of ---.

3. ALEXANDER Stewart of Kinclevin (-beheaded Stirling 25 May 1425). m (after 29 Apr 1422) as her second husband, JILL Douglas, widow of HENRY Sinclair Earl of Orkney, daughter of WILLIAM Douglas of Nithsdale & his wife Lady Egidia Stewart (-1438 or after).

4. JAMES Stewart More (-before 18 May 1451). First of Baldorran. James had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress:

a) JAMES . Second of Baldorran. m ANNABEL, daughter of PATRICK Buchanan of that Ilk & his wife ---. Ancestors of the Stewarts of Balquhidder, in Burke's Landed Gentry, Stewart of Ardvoirlich.

b) MATILDA . Isabella Duchess of Albany granted “the lands of Duntreath” to “William of Edmonstone and Matilda Stewart his spouse” by charter dated 15 Feb 1445[779]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by “a precept of sasine among the family archives of the lands of Dungoyak and other portions of Duntreath” dated 17 May 1456[780]. m (before 15 Feb 1445) WILLIAM Edmonstone of Duntreath, son of WILLIAM Edmonstone of Duntreath & his wife Lady Mary Stewart (-1486)[781] .

5. ISABEL . Fraser records her parentage and marriage (no sources cited)[782]. m WALTER Buchanan of that Ilk, son of ---.

Murdoch had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

6. daughter . m ARCHIBALD Campbell, son of --- & his [---] Marjorie Stewart.

ANDREW Stewart, son of ALEXANDER Stewart Lord Avandale & his wife --- (-killed in battle Flodden 1513). He was created Lord Avandale before 1500[783].

m (before 4 Feb 1500) MARGARET Kennedy, daughter of JOHN Lord Kennedy & his second wife Elizabeth Seton of the Earls of Huntly (-1542 before 28 May).

Andrew & his wife had eight children:

1. ANDREW Stewart . Lord Ochiltree 1534.

- LORDS OCHILTREE, BARONS CASTLE STUART, EARLS CASTLE STUART, EARLS of ARRAN.

2. HENRY Stewart ([1495/1500]-soon after 10 Oct 1551). He was created Lord Methven 17 Jul 1528. Lord Chancellor and Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. m firstly --- “Lady Leslie”, daughter of ---. m secondly (1528) as her third husband, MARGARET Tudor, widow firstly of JAMES IV King of Scotland and divorced wife secondly of ARCHIBALD Douglas Earl of Angus, daughter of HENRY VII King of England & his wife Elizabeth of York (Palace of Westminster 28 Nov 1489-Methven Castle, Perthshire 18 Oct 1541, bur Carthusian Monastery of St John, Perth). m thirdly (before 5 Nov 1544) as her third husband, JANET Stewart, widow firstly of ALEXANDER Gordon Master of Sutherland, and divorced wife secondly of HUGH Kennedy of Girvanmaily, daughter of JOHN Stewart Earl of Atholl & his wife Janet Campbell of Argyll. She married fourthly (contract 9 Apr 1557) Patrick Ruthven Lord Ruthven, and fifthly James Gray of Foulis. Henry & his first wife had one child:

a) JOHN (-killed in battle at Pinkie 1547). Master of Methven.

Henry & his second wife had one child:

b) daughter.

Henry & his third wife had five children (who were legitimated in 1551):

c) JOAN (-before 1571). m (contract 14 Oct 1551) as his first wife, COLIN Campbell, son of ARCHIBALD Campbell Earl of Argyll & his second wife Margaret Graham of the Earls of Menteith (Darnaway 10 Sep 1584). He succeeded his half-brother in 1573 as Earl of Argyll.

d) DOROTHEA (-after Aug 1605). m (Perth 17 Aug 1561) WILLIAM Ruthven Lord Ruthven, son of PATRICK Ruthven Lord Ruthven & his first wife Janet Douglas (-executed Stirling 4 May 1584). He was created Earl of Gowrie in 1581.

e) MARGARET . m firstly ANDREW Stewart Master of Ochiltree, son of ANDREW Stewart Lord Ochiltree & his wife Agnes Cuningham (-1578). m secondly UCHTRED Macdowall of Garchland, son of ---.

f) daughter .

g) HENRY (before 1544-killed in battle siege of Edinburgh 1572). Legitimated 1551. Lord Methven. m as her first husband, JEAN Ruthven, daughter of PATRICK Lord Ruthven & his first wife Janet Douglas (-Sep 1591). She married secondly ([Oct 1573]) as his second wife, Andrew Leslie Earl of Rothes. Henry & his wife had two children:

i) HENRY (-1585). Lord Methven. m CATHERINE Stewart, daughter of HENRY Stewart [son of JAMES Earl of Arran] & his wife --- .

ii) DOROTHEA . m JOHN Stewart of Campsie, son of ---.

3. JAMES Stewart (-killed in battle Dunblane 1547). Of Beath. m as her second husband, MARGARET Lindsay, widow of RICHARD Stewart Lord Innermeath, daughter of JOHN Lord Lindsay.

- LORDS DOUNE, EARLS of MORAY.

4. ALEXANDER . 1541.

5. WILLIAM . 1548. m ISABEL Kerr, daughter of ---.

6. BARBARA . m firstly (before 1535) JAMES Sinclair of Sanday, son of ---. m secondly (1541) RUARIDH Macleod Chief of Lewis, son of ---.

7. AGNES . m JOHN Boswell of Auchinleck, son of ---.

8. ANNE . m BARTHOLOMEW Crawford of Carse, son of ---.

[1] Chronicle of Holyrood, p. 151, cited in CP XI 142.

[2] CP XI 141.

[3] Goodall, W. (ed.) (1759) Joannis de Fordun Scotichronicon cum Supplementis et Continuatione Walteri Boweri, Vols. I, II (Edinburgh) ("Joannis de Fordun (Goodall)"), Vol. I, Lib. VIII, Cap. II, p. 448.

[4] Duncan, A. M. M. (2002) The Kingship of the Scots (Edinburgh University Press), pp. 71-2.

[5] Skene, W. F. (ed.) Skene, F. J. H. (trans.) (1872) John of Fordun’s Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, Historians of Scotland Vol. IV (Edinburgh) ("John of Fordun (Skene)"), Annals, I, p. 249.

[6] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. I, Lib. VIII, Cap. II, p. 448.

[7] CP XI 141.

[8] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. I, Lib. VIII, Cap. II, p. 448.

[9] Duncan (2002), pp. 71-2.

[10] Stevenson, J. (trans.) (1991) A Medieval Chronicle of Scotland: The Chronicle of Melrose (Llanerch Press) ("Chronicle of Melrose"), 1156, p. 11.

[11] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. I, Lib. VIII, Cap. II, p. 448.

[12] John of Fordun (Skene), Annals, I, p. 249.

[13] Pálsson, H. and Edwards, P. (trans.) (1978) Orkneyinga Saga, The History of the Earls of Orkney (Penguin Books), 109, p. 218.

[14] John of Fordun (Skene), Annals, XXII, p. 270.

[15] Chronicle of Melrose, 1215, pp. 40-1.

[16] Innes, C. N. (ed.) (1837) Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Edinburgh) ("Moray Bishopric"), 259, p. 333.

[17] Balfour Paul, Sir J. (1910) The Scots Peerage (Edinburgh), Vol. VII, p. 232.

[18] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. IX, Cap. XLIX, p. 61.

[19] Moray Bishopric, 80, p. 89.

[20] Moray Bishopric, 80, p. 89.

[21] CP XI 143.

[22] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XXIV, p. 165.

[23] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 960, p. 246.

[24] Stephenson, J. (ed.) (1870) Documents illustrative of the History of Scotland from the death of King Alexander the Third to the accession of Robert Bruce 1286-1306 (Edinburgh), Vol. II, CCCLXXXV, p. 92.

[25] Stephenson (1870) Vol. II, CCCCLIX, p. 214.

[26] Stephenson (1870) Vol. II, CCCCLXVIII, p. 227.

[27] Andrew Wyntoun, Vol. II, Book VIII, c. VI, p. 310.

[28] Stuart, A. (1798) Genealogical History of the Stewarts (London), p. 427.

[29] Oliver, J. R. (ed.) (1860) Monumenta de Insula Manniæ, Vol. I (Douglas, Isle of Man), Chronicon Manniæ et Insularum, p. 170.

[30] Stephenson (1870) Vol. II, CCCCLXVIII, p. 227.

[31] Skene, F. J. H. (ed.) (1877) Liber Pluscardensis, Historians of Scotland Vol. VII (Edinburgh), Vol. I, Liber IX, CXXVIII, p. 270.

[32] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XIII, p. 150.

[33] Balfour Paul The Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Graham, Duke of Montrose, p. 204, citing Crawfurd’s Peerage, p. 338 (not yet consulted).

[34] Bannatyne Club (1847) Liber Insule Missarum abbacie de Inchaffery Registrum Vetus (Edinburgh) ("Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum"), Preface Appendix, p. xlvii.

[35] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XIII, p. 150.

[36] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 84.

[37] Burnett, G. (1880) The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Vol. IV (Edinburgh), Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, pp. clvii-clviii, citing Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scottorum (“R.M.S.”), Vol. 1, p. 165 [not consulted].

[38] Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Edinburgh, 1837), 271, p. 353.

[39] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VII, p. 241, citing “Reg. Avenionensis, vols. 269, f. 391; 272, f. 569” [not consulted].

[40] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VII, p. 241.

[41] CP XI 147 footnote c.

[42] CP XI 146 footnote h.

[43] CP XI 147 footnote c.

[44] Turnbull, W. B. (1842) Extracta e Variis Cronicis Scocie, from the Ancient Manuscript in the Advocates Library at Edinburgh (Edinburgh) ("Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie"), p. 202.

[45] Stuart (1798), p. 419.

[46] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CII, p. 313.

[47] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 83.

[48] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 84.

[49] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 84.

[50] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XV, Cap. XXI, p. 444.

[51] CP XI 148.

[52] CP XI 148-9.

[53] CP XI 151.

[54] CP XI 151 based on his sasine in 1456.

[55] CP XI 152.

[56] CP XI 152.

[57] CP VII 77.

[58] CP XI 153 footnote d.

[59] CP VII 77-8 footnote d.

[60] CP VII 77-8 footnote d.

[61] CP VII 78 footnote d.

[62] CP VIII 339 footnote a and 340 footnote b.

[63] Fraser, W. (1880) The Red Book of Menteith (Edinburgh), Vols. I, II.

[64] Fraser (1880), Vol. I, pp. xvii-xviii.

[65] Fraser (1880), Vol. I, p. xviii.

[66] Fraser (1880), Vol. I, p. xviii.

[67] Smythe, W. (1843) Liber Ecclesie de Scon, Munimenta Vetustiora Monasterii Sancte Trinitatis et Sancti Michaelis de Scon (Edinburgh) ("Scone"), 5, p. 5.

[68] Innes, C. (ed.) (1843) Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (Edinburgh) ("Glasgow Bishopric"), Tome I, 40, p. 36.

[69] Balfour Paul, Sir J. (ed.) (1904) The Scots Peerage (Edinburgh), Vol. V, Lennox, p. 328, and Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 125.

[70] Bannatyne Club (1841) Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancti Andree in Scotia (Edinburgh) ("St Andrew’s Priory"), p. 318.

[71] CP VIII 659.

[72] Bannatyne Club (1842) Liber Cartarum Abbatiæ Benedictine S. S. Trinitatis et B. Margarete Regine de Dunfermelyn (Edinburgh) ("Dunfermline"), 60, p. 34.

[73] CP VIII 659.

[74] CP VIII 659.

[75] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 7, 8, pp. 214-15.

[76] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 7, 8, pp. 214-15.

[77] CP VIII 660.

[78] Bannatyne Club (1832) Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (Edinburgh) ("Paisley Monastery"), p. 214.

[79] Fraser, W. (ed.) (1872) Registrum Monasterii S. Marie de Cambuskenneth (Edinburgh) ("Cambuskenneth"), 133, p. 176.

[80] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 127.

[81] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XI, p. 92.

[82] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XIV, p. 96.

[83] CP VIII 662.

[84] Roger, C. (ed.) (1879) Rental Book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus (London) ("Cupar"), Vol. I, Breviarum Antiqui Registri, 34, p. 333.

[85] CP VIII 659.

[86] Luard, H. R. (ed.) (1874) Matthæi Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora (London) (“MP”), Vol. V, 1258, p. 724.

[87] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XI, p. 92.

[88] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XXXIII, p. 120.

[89] Bain, J. (1884) Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland preserved in the Public Record Office (Scottish Record Office) ("Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain)"), Vol. II, 153, p. 48.

[90] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 466, p. 110.

[91] CP VIII 663 footnote a and b.

[92] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 127.

[93] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[94] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XI, p. 92.

[95] Dennistoun, J. (ed.) (1833) Cartularium Comitatus de Levenax (Edinburgh) ("Lennox Cartularium"), p. 19.

[96] Paisley Monastery, p. 225.

[97] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XI, p. 92.

[98] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 9, p. 216.

[99] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XXXIII, p. 120.

[100] CP VIII 663 footnote a and b.

[101] Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie, p. 114.

[102] Stephenson, Vol. I (1870) , XII, p. 22, and Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), p. 219.

[103] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 13, p. 220.

[104] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 127.

[105] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[106] CP VIII 663, citing “Theiner Vetera Monumenta Hib. et Scot. no. 504”.

[107] Theiner, A. (1864) Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum (Rome), DIV, p. 257.

[108] Stephenson, Vol. I (1870) , XII, p. 22, and Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), p. 219.

[109] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 823, p. 195.

[110] CP VIII 663-4.

[111] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 16, p. 222.

[112] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 89.

[113] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 90.

[114] Stephenson (1870) Vol. II, CCCCXV, p. 134.

[115] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 17, p. 223.

[116] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 34, p. 252.

[117] CP VIII 664-5.

[118] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 93, citing “Rymer’s Foedera, Vol. I, p. 995”.

[119] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 1771, p. 476.

[120] Palgrave, Sir F. (1837) Documents and Records illustrating the History of Scotland (London), Vol. I, CLIV, p. 354.

[121] Stewart, D. (1739) A short historical and genealogical account of the Royal Family of Scoltand...and of the surname of Stewart (Edinburgh), p. 208.

[122] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 94.

[123] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward II 1307-1313 (London, 1894), p. 108.

[124] Stewart (1739), p. 208.

[125] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. III, 410, p. 78.

[126] People of Medieval Scotland 1093-1071 (“PoMS”), Document 1/53/80 (“RRS, v. no. 72” = Duncan, A. A. M. (1988) Regesta Regum Scottorum (Edinburgh), Vol. V, 72, p. 354), available (English translation only) at <https://www.poms.ac.uk/record/source/10142/> (30 Mar 2022). I am grateful to Bill Stewart for highlighting this source by email 30 Mar 2022.

[127] Scalacronica: by Sir Thomas Gray of Heton, Knight (Edinburgh, 1836), p. 144.

[128] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 34, p. 252.

[129] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 137, footnote 1, continued on p. 138.

[130] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 137, citing “Acta Parl. Scot., i. 744”.

[131] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Graham, Duke of Montrose, p. 208, citing Fraser Red Book of Menteith, Vol. I, p. 104 (not yet consulted).

[132] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Graham, Duke of Montrose, p. 208, citing The Scottish Antiquary, Vol. XVII, p. 186 (not yet consulted).

[133] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XIII, p. 150.

[134] Theiner (1864), DLXXIX, p. 290.

[135] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 27, p. 237.

[136] Theiner (1864), DCXL, p. 315.

[137] Theiner (1864), DCXLV, p. 317.

[138] Stephenson (1870) Vol. II, CCCCXV, p. 134.

[139] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. III, 193, p. 38.

[140] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. III, 429, p. 81.

[141] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. III, VII, pp. 393, 429.

[142] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. III, 534, p. 103.

[143] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 136, citing “Acta Parl. Scot., i. 473, 1474 “where the date is inadvertently given as 18 instead of 5 December 1318””.

[144] Scalacronica: by Sir Thomas Gray of Heton, Knight (1836), p. 144.

[145] Robertson, W. (1798) An Index drawn up about the year 1629 of many records of charters granted by the different sovereigns of Scotland 1309-1413 (Edinburgh), 29, p. 11, 8, p. 16, 111, p. 19, 16, p. 20, 17, p. 21.

[146] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 20, p. 225.

[147] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 21, p. 227.

[148] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XIII, Cap. XXIII, p. 305.

[149] CP VIII 664.

[150] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 137, citing “Rotuli Scotiæ, i. 346, 399, 570, 572”.

[151] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 21, p. 227.

[152] Stephenson, Vol. I (1870) , XII, p. 22, and Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), p. 219.

[153] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[154] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), pp. 433-6.

[155] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 437.

[156] CP VIII 663, footnote (d), citing “Acts of Parl. [S], Vol. i. 474”.

[157] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 137, citing “Acta Parl. Scot., i. 744”.

[158] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), pp. 436-54.

[159] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 454.

[160] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[161] Robertson (1798), 6, p. 23.

[162] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 21, p. 227.

[163] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 455, citing “Fraser, W. The Red Book of Grandtully, Vol. I¨, p. 127*” [not consulted].

[164] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 197.

[165] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[166] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 26, p. 235.

[167] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 28, p. 238.

[168] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 29, p. 239.

[169] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[170] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[171] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 197.

[172] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Erskine, Earl of Mar, pp. 591-2, 595, Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 132.

[173] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Erskine, Earl of Mar, p. 595, citing “Cal. Papal Petitions, I. 286; Letters, III. 564”.

[174] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Erskine, Earl of Mar, p. 596, citing “Exch. Rolls, III. 141, 185, 217”.

[175] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 197.

[176] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 455.

[177] CP XII/1 385.

[178] Robertson (1798), 69, p. 19.

[179] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 23, p. 230.

[180] Balfour Paul, Vol. I, Campbell, Earls of Atholl, p. 435, citing “Thelner’s Monumenta Vetera, 275” [not consulted].

[181] CP I 310.

[182] CP XII/1 387-9.

[183] CP XII/1 541-4.

[184] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 455.

[185] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 20, p. 225.

[186] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 21, p. 227.

[187] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[188] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 29, p. 239.

[189] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[190] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), pp. 461-3.

[191] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[192] Fraser (1874) Lennox, Vol. 2, 33, p. 43.

[193] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[194] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[195] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 461.

[196] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 461, and Fraser, W. (1874) The Lennox (Edinburgh) Vol. I, p. 291.

[197] CP VII 595.

[198] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 461, and Fraser Lennox, Vol. I (1874), p. 291.

[199] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 460.

[200] Bannatyne Club (1837) Liber Sancte Marie de Melros: Munimenta Vetustiora Monasterii Cisterciensis de Melros (Edinburgh) ("Melrose Liber"), Tome I, 29, p. 20.

[201] Chronicle of Melrose, 1193, p. 28.

[202] Bannatyne Club (1847) Prioratus Cisterciensis B. Marie de Northberwic munimenta vetusta (Edinburgh) ("North Berwick St Mary"), 13, p. 13.

[203] Melrose Liber, Tome I, 32, p. 25.

[204] Melrose Liber, Tome I, 189, p. 170.

[205] Melrose Liber, Tome I, 192, p. 172.

[206] North Berwick St Mary, 13, p. 13.

[207] North Berwick St Mary, 13, p. 13.

[208] Melrose Liber, Tome I, 189, p. 170.

[209] Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie, p. 110.

[210] Dugdale Monasticon VI, Gysburn Priory, Yorkshire, IV, Nomina Antecessorum de Carleton de Familia de Brus, p. 268.

[211] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber VII, CXXVIII, pp. 104-5.

[212] Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie, p. 110.

[213] Chronicle of Melrose, 1270, p. 122.

[214] North Berwick St Mary, 21, p. 22.

[215] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber VII, CXXVIII, p. 104.

[216] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XXIX, p. 114.

[217] CP III 55.

[218] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. X, Cap. XXIX, p. 114.

[219] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber VII, CXXVIII, pp. 104-5.

[220] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 187, p. 151.

[221] North Berwick St Mary, 15, p. 14.

[222] Sellar, W. D. H. ‘The Earliest Campbells - Norman, Briton or Gael’, Scottish Studies, Vol. 17, pp. 114-16, available at <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5802c4d9414fb5e45ce4dc44/t/5998c534f43b55e2eecfab0f/1503184184438/Campbell%2C+Earliest-Norman%2CBriton%2CorGael.pdf> (4 Apr 2021), and MacPhail, J. R. N. (ed.) (1916) Highland Papers, Vol. II, Scottish History Society, Second Series, 12 (Edinburgh), p. 84.

[223] Balfour Paul (1904) The Scots Peerage, Vol. I, Campbell, Dukes of Argyll, p. 319.

[224] Sellar ‘Campbells’, pp. 111, 116.

[225] Sellar ‘Campbells’, p. 111.

[226] CP VII 595.

[227] Le Prévost, A. (1840) Orderici Vitalis Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ (Paris) ("Orderic Vitalis (Prévost)"), Vol. II, Liber IV, p. 185.

[228] Orderic Vitalis (Prévost), Vol. II, Liber IV, pp. 188 and 192.

[229] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 9, p. 12.

[230] Dunfermline, 37, p. 22.

[231] St Andrew’s Priory, p. 197.

[232] Skene, W. F. (1880) Celtic Scotland, Vol. III, p. 117.

[233] Skene (1880), Vol. III, p. 117.

[234] Skene (1880), Vol. III, p. 117.

[235] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 101, p. 86.

[236] Melrose Liber, Tome I, 29, p. 20.

[237] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 101, p. 86.

[238] Paisley Monastery, p. 157.

[239] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 101, p. 86.

[240] Paisley Monastery, p. 157.

[241] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 328, and Vol. VI, Menteith, p. 125.

[242] Paisley Monastery, p. 157.

[243] Bambury, P. and Beechinor, S. (eds.) (2000) The Annals of Ulster (Corpus of Electronic Texts Edition “CELT”, University College, Cork), available at <http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/index.html> (22 Feb 2006), 1216.4, p. 261, and Skene, W. F. (ed.) (1867) Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and other early memorials of Scottish history (Edinburgh) ("Skene (1867)"), From the Annals of Ulster, p. 374.

[244] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 328, citing Fraser, Lennox Book, Vol. II, p. 402 (not yet consulted).

[245] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 328, citing Fraser, Lennox Book, Vol. II, p. 402 (not yet consulted).

[246] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 101, p. 86.

[247] Paisley Monastery, p. 162.

[248] Paisley Monastery, p. 217.

[249] Paisley Monastery, p. 180.

[250] Paisley Monastery, p. 191.

[251] Lennox Cartularium, Introduction, p. x.

[252] Paisley Monastery, p. 157.

[253] Paisley Monastery, p. 158.

[254] Paisley Monastery, p. 217.

[255] Lennox Cartularium, p. 25.

[256] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 328, citing Fraser, Lennox Book, Vol. II, p. 402 (not yet consulted).

[257] Paisley Monastery, p. 158.

[258] Paisley Monastery, p. 162.

[259] Paisley Monastery, p. 171.

[260] Paisley Monastery, p. 209.

[261] Lennox Cartularium, p. 19.

[262] Lennox Cartularium, p. 30.

[263] Paisley Monastery, p. 217.

[264] Lennox Cartularium, p. 25.

[265] Lennox Cartularium, p. 91.

[266] Lennox Cartularium, p. 91.

[267] Lennox Cartularium, p. 38.

[268] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 328, citing Fraser, Lennox Book, Vol. II, p. 402 (not yet consulted).

[269] Paisley Monastery, p. 158.

[270] Paisley Monastery, p. 171.

[271] Lennox Cartularium, p. 19.

[272] Lennox Cartularium, p. 25.

[273] Lennox Cartularium, p. 30.

[274] St Andrew’s Priory, p. 262.

[275] Paisley Monastery, p. 171.

[276] Paisley Monastery, p. 217.

[277] Lennox Cartularium, p. 30.

[278] Lennox Cartularium, Introduction, p. xi.

[279] Lennox Cartularium, p. 19.

[280] Lennox Cartularium, p. 30.

[281] Lennox Cartularium, p. 96.

[282] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 330, citing Fraser, Lennox Book, Vol. II, pp. 401-2 (not yet consulted).

[283] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. V, Lennox, p. 330, citing Fraser, Lennox Book, Vol. II, pp. 401-2 (not yet consulted).

[284] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 101, p. 86.

[285] Glasgow Bishopric, Tome I, 102, p. 87.

[286] Paisley Monastery, p. 157.

[287] Lennox Cartularium, p. 19.

[288] Paisley Monastery, p. 158.

[289] Paisley Monastery, p. 162.

[290] Paisley Monastery, p. 171.

[291] Paisley Monastery, p. 217.

[292] Paisley Monastery, p. 158.

[293] Lennox Cartularium, p. 25.

[294] Paisley Monastery, p. 19.

[295] Lennox Cartularium, p. 23.

[296] Lennox Cartularium, p. 46.

[297] Lennox Cartularium, p. 49.

[298] Fraser, Sir. W. (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, p. 240 (not yet consulted), cited in CP VII 591.

[299] Lennox Cartularium, p. 51.

[300] Lennox Cartularium, p. 92.

[301] Lennox Cartularium, p. 6.

[302] Lennox Cartularium, p. 66.

[303] Lennox Cartularium, p. 44.

[304] Lennox Cartularium, Introduction, p. x.

[305] Lennox Cartularium, p. 6.

[306] Lennox Cartularium, p. 66.

[307] Lennox Cartularium, p. 92.

[308] Lennox Cartularium, p. 58.

[309] Lennox Cartularium, p. 92.

[310] Lennox Cartularium, p. 6.

[311] Lennox Cartularium, p. 77.

[312] CP VII 593.

[313] Fraser (1874) Lennox, Vol. 2, 33, p. 43.

[314] CP VII 593.

[315] Fraser (1874) Lennox, Vol. 2, 33, p. 43.

[316] Fraser (1874) Lennox, Vol. 2, 33, p. 43.

[317] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, p. 105.

[318] CP VII 594 footnote a.

[319] Fraser (1874) Lennox, Vol. 2, 33, p. 43.

[320] Lennox Cartularium, p. 77.

[321] CP VII 592 footnote f.

[322] Lennox Cartularium, p. 77.

[323] Lennox Cartularium, p. 77.

[324] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, p. 171.

[325] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 51, 53, pp. 73, 75.

[326] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 52, p. 74.

[327] CP VII 595.

[328] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, p. 326.

[329] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 47, p. 67.

[330] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 52, p. 74.

[331] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 86, p. 132.

[332] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, p. 196.

[333] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, p. 330, citing “Old Inventory of the Duke of Lennox’s Writs at Buchanan. Written on parchment, without seal or subscription”.

[334] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, p. 337.

[335] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, pp. 337-8.

[336] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 86, p. 132.

[337] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, p. 196.

[338] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. II, 86, p. 132.

[339] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, p. 327.

[340] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, p. 328.

[341] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, p. 196.

[342] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, pp. 196, 359.

[343] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, pp. 358-60.

[344] Fraser (1874) The Lennox, Vol. I, pp. 361-4.

[345] Fraser, W. (1892) The Sutherland Book (Edinburgh), Vol. I, p. 7.

[346] Orkneyinga Saga 13, p 38.

[347] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. I, p. 8, footnote 2, citing Dunfermline, 24, p. 14.

[348] Sutherland, J. B. ‘Freskin, adventurous Fleming or locator? Founder of the house of Moravia in medieval Scotland’, Foundations, Vol. 11 (2019), pp. 51-2.

[349] Bartlett, R. (1994) The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350 (Penguin), Limited Preview in Google Books, no page numbers, reference found by searching “Ollec”.

[350] Darlington, R. R. (ed.) (1968) The Cartulary of Worcester Cathedral Priory (Register I) (London, Pipe Roll Society NS Vol. 38), 252, p. 134, discussed in Introduction, pp. xxxi-xxxii.

[351] Hunter, J. (ed.) (1833) Magnum rotulum scaccarii vel magnum rotulum pipæ de anno 31 regni Henrici primi (London) (“Pipe Roll 31 Hen I (1129/30)”), p. 136.

[352] Sutherland ‘Freskin’ (2019), pp. 52-3.

[353] Nisbet, A. (1984 reprint) A System of Heraldry, Vol. 2, Appendix, p. 183 note (a), cited in Sutherland ‘Freskin’ (2019), p. 53.

[354] Lawrie, A. C. (1905) Early Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153 (MacLehose), CCXXX, p. 185.

[355] Early Scottish Charters, p. 430.

[356] Sutherland ‘Freskin’ (2019), pp. 57-8.

[357] Hearn, T. (1733) Chronicon, sive annales prioratus de Dunstaple (Oxford), Vol. 1, Præfatio, p. LXI, and Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.) (1960, 2012) Regesta Regum Scottorum, I, The Acts of Malcolm IV (Edinburgh U.P.), 175, p. 219 [Limited preview, Google Books].

[358] People of Medieval Scotland 1093-1071 (“PoMS”), Document 1/6/100 (“RRS, v. no. 72” = Duncan, A. A. M. (1988) Regesta Regum Scottorum (Edinburgh), Vol. II, 116), summary available (English only) at <https://www.poms.ac.uk/record/source/550/> (5 Apr 2022).

[359] Sutherland ‘Freskin’ (2019), pp. 53-4.

[360] Other witnesses include Matthew Bishop of Aberdeen (from 1172 to 1199) and Count Waltheof (count from 1166 to 1182).

[361] Moray Bishopric, 3, p. 4.

[362] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. I, pp. 4-5.

[363] Balfour Paul, Vol. VIII, Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland, p. 319.

[364] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and Archibald, abbot of Dunfermline 1178-1198.

[365] Moray Bishopric, 11, p. 9.

[366] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and Archibald, abbot of Dunfermline 1178-1198.

[367] Moray Bishopric, 12, p. 9.

[368] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and John Bishop of Caithness (from 1187-1199].

[369] Shaw, L. (1775) The History of the Province of Moray (Edinburgh), Appendix, XXVII, p. 406.

[370] Moray Bishopric, 19, p. 14.

[371] Balfour Paul, Vol. VIII, Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland, p. 320, citing “Acta Parl. Scot., i. 118”.

[372] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[373] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and John Bishop of Caithness (from 1187-1199].

[374] Shaw, L. (1775) The History of the Province of Moray (Edinburgh), Appendix, XXVII, p. 406.

[375] Moray Bishopric, 19, p. 14.

[376] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[377] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 2, p. 2.

[378] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 3, p. 2.

[379] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[380] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[381] Moray Bishopric, 59, p. 65.

[382] Moray Bishopric, 86, p. 99.

[383] Fraser, W. (1885) Douglas Book, Vol. I (Edinburgh), p. 14, citing “Rose of Kilravock, Spalding Club, p. 120”.

[384] Moray Bishopric, 53, p. 61.

[385] Fraser (1885), Douglas, Vol. I, p. 10.

[386] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 3, p. 2.

[387] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. I, p. 12.

[388] Gordon, Sir R (1813) A genealogical history of the Earldom of Sutherland (Edinburgh), p. 33.

[389] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. I, p. 15.

[390] Burnett (1878) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. I, pp. 13, 18.

[391] Moray Bishopric, 217, p. 278.

[392] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 7, p. 7.

[393] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 508, p. 124.

[394] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 643, p. 149.

[395] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 823, p. 196.

[396] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 1494, p. 388.

[397] Palgrave (1837), Vol. I, CXLII, 80, p. 314.

[398] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. I, p. 21, Vol. II, 9, p. 10.

[399] CP XII/1 540.

[400] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. I, p. 22.

[401] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XIII, p. 150.

[402] CP XII/1 541-4.

[403] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clviii.

[404] Laing, D. (1879) The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland by Androw of Wyntoun, Vol. III (Edinburgh), Book IX, Chap. XXVII, line 3101, p. 110, and lines 3163 and 3169, p. 112.

[405] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and Archibald, abbot of Dunfermline 1178-1198.

[406] Moray Bishopric, 12, p. 9.

[407] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and John Bishop of Caithness (from 1187-1199].

[408] Shaw, L. (1775) The History of the Province of Moray (Edinburgh), Appendix, XXVII, p. 406.

[409] Moray Bishopric, 19, p. 14.

[410] Balfour Paul, Vol. VIII, Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland, p. 320, citing “Acta Parl. Scot., i. 118”.

[411] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[412] Other witnesses include Hugh, Chancellor from 1189 to 1199, and Archibald, abbot of Dunfermline 1178-1198.

[413] Moray Bishopric, 12, p. 9.

[414] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[415] Moray Bishopric, 46, p. 40.

[416] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[417] Moray Bishopric, 108, p. 121.

[418] Moray Bishopric, 213, p. 275.

[419] Moray Bishopric, 215, p. 277.

[420] Moray Bishopric, 216, p. 278.

[421] Moray Bishopric, 99, p. 113.

[422] Moray Bishopric, 215, p. 277.

[423] CP II 475.

[424] Skene, W. F. (1890) Celtic Scotland 2nd Edn (Edinburgh), Vol. III, Appendix V, p. 450.

[425] Moray Bishopric, 126, p. 139.

[426] Moray Bishopric, 126, p. 139.

[427] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 73.

[428] CP II 475.

[429] Moray Bishopric, 130, p. 144.

[430] CP II 475.

[431] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[432] Moray Bishopric, 46, p. 40.

[433] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[434] Moray Bishopric, 74, p. 80.

[435] Moray Bishopric, 108, p. 121.

[436] Moray Bishopric, 108, p. 121.

[437] Moray Bishopric, 119, p. 131.

[438] Moray Bishopric, Preface, p. xxxvii.

[439] Batten, E. C. (1877) The Charters of the Priory of Beauly (London) ("Beauly"), VI, p. 60.

[440] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 1178, p. 300.

[441] Beauly, VI, p. 60.

[442] Beauly, VI, p. 60.

[443] Stephenson (1870) Vol. II, CCCLXXXV, p. 92.

[444] Beauly, VI, p. 60.

[445] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 307, p. 84.

[446] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XXIV, p. 165.

[447] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 742, p. 176.

[448] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 960, p. 246.

[449] Andrew Wyntoun, Vol. II, Book VIII, c. VI, p. 312.

[450] Stephenson (1870), Vol. I, LV, p. 81, quoting Fine Roll, 17 Edw I m 11.

[451] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 307, p. 84.

[452] Stephenson (1870), Vol. I, L, LII, and LV, pp. 69, 78, and 81.

[453] Andrew Wyntoun, Vol. II, Book VIII, c. VI, p. 312.

[454] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XI, Cap. XXIV, p. 165.

[455] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 742, p. 176.

[456] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XII, Cap. XXIX, p. 171.

[457] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. II, Moray, Lord of Bothwell, p. 127, citing Wallace Papers, p. 159.

[458] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XII, Cap. XXIX, p. 171.

[459] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 1178, p. 300.

[460] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XIII, Cap. XLIII, p. 328.

[461] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber IX, CXXXVII, p. 286.

[462] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XIII, Cap. XII, p. 287.

[463] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 151.

[464] Stuart (1798), p. 429.

[465] Moray Bishopric, 233, p. 300.

[466] Theiner (1864), DLXXIX, p. 290.

[467] Fraser, W. (1880) The Red Book of Menteith (Edinburgh), Vol. II, 27, p. 237.

[468] Theiner (1864), DCXL, p. 315.

[469] Theiner (1864), DCXLV, p. 317.

[470] Moray Bishopric, 233, p. 300.

[471] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 124, p. 97.

[472] Moray Bishopric, Preface, p. xxxviii.

[473] Balfour Paul, Vol. I, Murray, Dukes of Atholl, p. 451.

[474] Moray Bishopric, 12, p. 464.

[475] Fraser, W. (1868) The Red Book of Grandtully (Edinburgh), Vol. I, Appendix, I, p. 125.

[476] Dunfermline, 207, p. 120.

[477] Dunfermline, 89, p. 54.

[478] Balmerino, 27, p. 22.

[479] Red Book of Grandtully, Vol. I, Appendix, I, p. 125.

[480] Moray Bishopric, 13, p. 465.

[481] Moray Bishopric, 13, p. 465.

[482] Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum, 46, p. 45.

[483] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XIII, Cap. XXV, p. 307.

[484] Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum, Preface Appendix, 23, p. xl.

[485] Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum, Preface Appendix, 28, p. xlv.

[486] Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum, Preface Appendix, 28, p. xlv.

[487] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. I, Murray, Duke of Atholl, pp. 455-502.

[488] Robertson (1799), 14, p. 60.

[489] Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum, Preface Appendix, 23, p. xl.

[490] Inchaffray Liber Insule Missarum, Preface Appendix, 24, p. xli.

[491] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 1-3.

[492] Andrew Wyntoun, Vol. II, Book VIII, c. VIII, pp. 320-1.

[493] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 3-19.

[494] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 27-36.

[495] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 37-8.

[496] Innes, C. (ed.) (1846) Liber S. Marie de Calchou, Registrum cartarum abbacie Tironensis de Kelso 1113-1567 (Edinburgh) ("Kelso"), Tome II, 454, p. 346.

[497] Lennox Cartularium, p. 30.

[498] Fraser (1880), Menteith, Vol. II, 7, p. 214.

[499] Moray Bishopric, 53, p. 61.

[500] Fraser (1885), Douglas, Vol. I, p. 10.

[501] Thomson, T. (ed.) (1853) Registrum Honoris de Morton (Edinburgh) ("Morton Registrum"), Vol. I, Preface, Appendix, p. xxxiii.

[502] Fraser (1880), Menteith, Vol. II, 7, p. 214.

[503] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[504] Paisley Monastery, p. 209.

[505] Morton Registrum, Vol. I, Preface, p. xiii.

[506] Morton Registrum, Vol. I, Preface, Appendix, 1, 2, pp. xxxiii, xxxiv.

[507] Moray Bishopric, 74, p. 80.

[508] Bannatyne Club (1849) Abbacie Cisterciensis beate virginis de Neubotle Chartarium Vetus (Edinburgh) ("Newbattle"), 138, p. 104.

[509] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 45.

[510] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 46, citing “Upper Ward of Lanarkshire, vol. ii, p. 60” [not consulted].

[511] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[512] Kelso, Tome I, 210, p. 174.

[513] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[514] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 3, p. 2.

[515] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[516] Moray Bishopric, 53, p. 61.

[517] Fraser (1885) Douglas, p. 42.

[518] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[519] Fraser Sutherland (1892), Vol. III, 3, p. 2.

[520] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[521] Fraser (1885) Douglas, p. 43, citing Moray Bishopric, p. 89.

[522] Kelso, Tome I, 210, p. 174.

[523] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[524] Moray Bishopric, 53, p. 61.

[525] Moray Bishopric, 41, p. 35.

[526] Kelso, Tome I, 210, p. 174.

[527] Moray Bishopric, 23, p. 17.

[528] Moray Bishopric, 53, p. 61.

[529] Moray Bishopric, 39, p. 33.

[530] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. III, p. 135, and Vol. VI, p. 26, citing “Nisbet’s Heraldry, App. 3” [not consulted].

[531] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 46.

[532] Morton Registrum, Vol. I, Preface, p. xiv.

[533] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 56.

[534] Lennox Cartularium, p. 30.

[535] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), 2, p. 207.

[536] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), 4, p. 210.

[537] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. I, 2452, 2538, pp. 485, 509.

[538] Kelso, Tome I, 202, p. 168.

[539] Dunfermline, 170, p. 97.

[540] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 63.

[541] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. I, 2452, 2538, pp. 485, 509.

[542] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 30, p. 8.

[543] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[544] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. II, 1420, p. 372.

[545] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. I, 2047, p. 394.

[546] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), 2, p. 207.

[547] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), 2, p. 207.

[548] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), 4, p. 210.

[549] Dunfermline, 170, p. 97.

[550] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. III, 1, p. 1.

[551] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 10, p. 8.

[552] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 13, p. 10.

[553] Morton Registrum, Vol. I, Preface, p. xv.

[554] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 14, p. 11.

[555] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 20, p. 14.

[556] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 16, p. 12.

[557] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 15, p. 11.

[558] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 30, p. 22.

[559] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[560] Scone, 150, p. 109.

[561] John of Fordun (Skene), Annals, CLXX, p. 360.

[562] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. III, 23, p. 19.

[563] Rymer, T. (1740) Fœdera, Conventiones, Literæ 3rd Edn (London), Tome III, Pars I, p. 87.

[564] Rymer (1740), Tome III, Pars I, p. 109.

[565] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 83, p. 64.

[566] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[567] Rymer (1740), Tome III, Pars I, p. 87.

[568] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[569] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[570] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[571] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. I, 2047, p. 394.

[572] Calendar of Documents Scotland (Bain), Vol. I, 2452, p. 485.

[573] Kelso, Tome I, 201, p. 168.

[574] Stephenson (1870), Vol. I, CI, p. 154.

[575] Stephenson (1870), Vol. I, CXXIX, p. 215.

[576] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 89-102.

[577] Stuart (1798) Stewarts, pp. 14, 54, citing “Barbour’s History, pp. 192-3”.

[578] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. I, p. 13.

[579] Spalding Club (1856) The Brus writ be Master Johne Barbour (Aberdeen), p. 261.

[580] Stephenson (1870), Vol. I, LVI, p. 83.

[581] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 102, citing “Writ of Privy Seal, 20th January 1298-99”.

[582] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 109, citing “Barbour’s Bruce, p. 31”.

[583] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 14, p. 11.

[584] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 16, p. 12.

[585] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 21, p. 15.

[586] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 22, p. 16.

[587] Scone, 129, p. 95.

[588] John of Fordun (Skene), Annals, CXLIV, p. 345.

[589] Luce, S. (ed.) (1869) Chroniques de J. Froissart (Paris) ("Froissart"), Tome I, Livre 1, 51, alternative text, p. 324.

[590] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 109-84.

[591] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. III, Douglas, p. 146, citing Surtees Society (1841) The Priory of Coldingham: the correspondence, inventories, 21, 22 (not consulted).

[592] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. III, Douglas, p. 147.

[593] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 188-9.

[594] Froissart, Tome I, Livre 1, 51, alternative text, p. 324.

[595] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. III, Douglas, pp. 140 and 144.

[596] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 192.

[597] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 191.

[598] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 114, p. 89.

[599] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 192-9.

[600] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. III, Douglas, pp. 140 and 144.

[601] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber IX, CXXVIII, p. 270.

[602] McCall, H. B. (1894) History and Antiquities of Mid Calder (Edinburgh), citing a charter “in Lord Torpichen’s charter chest”. [information provided by Elizabeth Nathan in a private email to the author dated 15 Jan 2012]

[603] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 203.

[604] Andrew Wyntoun, Vol. II, Book VIII, c. XLI, p. 480.

[605] McCall (1894), citing a charter “in Lord Torpichen’s charter chest”. [information provided by Elizabeth Nathan in a private email to the author dated 15 Jan 2012]

[606] Andrew Wyntoun, Vol. II, Book VIII, c. XLI, p. 480.

[607] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. III, 23, p. 19.

[608] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 216-86.

[609] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 292-319.

[610] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. I, p. 16.

[611] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CI, p. 311.

[612] Stuart (1798) Stewarts, p. 439.

[613] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxiii.

[614] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxiii.

[615] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, p. 120.

[616] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 320.

[617] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 320.

[618] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 320.

[619] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, p. 320.

[620] Aberdeen Antiquities, Vol. IV, p. 162.

[621] Laing, H. (1850) Descriptive catalogue of the impressions from ancient Scottish seals (Edinburgh), 241, p. 45.

[622] CP VIII 410-1.

[623] CP VIII 413 footnote c.

[624] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. II, p. 17.

[625] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber IX, CXXXIII, p. 279.

[626] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. III, 18, p. 15.

[627] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 214-5.

[628] Froissart, Tome I, Livre 1, 51, alternative text, p. 324.

[629] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[630] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber IX, CXLIII, p. 299.

[631] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 124, p. 97.

[632] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CXVI, p. 340.

[633] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 321-53.

[634] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 124, p. 97.

[635] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 353-4, 360-496.

[636] Vallet de Viriville, A. (1859) Chronique de la Pucelle ou Chronique de Cousinot (Paris), Fragments de la Geste des Nobles François, Chap. 211, p. 196.

[637] CP IV 434.

[638] Vallet de Viriville (1859), Fragments de la Geste des Nobles François, Chap. 213, p. 198.

[639] Stuart (1798), p. 455.

[640] Historical Manuscripts Commission, Eleventh Report, Appendix, Part VI, The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton (London, 1887), The Charters and Miscellaneous Historical Papers of...the Duke of Hamilton..., 13, p. 16.

[641] Historical Manuscripts Commission, Eleventh Report, Appendix, Part VI, Hamilton Manuscripts (1887), 16, p. 17.

[642] Vallet de Viriville (1859), Fragments de la Geste des Nobles François, Chap. 213, p. 198.

[643] Vallet de Viriville (1859), Fragments de la Geste des Nobles François, Chap. 213, p. 198.

[644] Balfour Paul, Vol. III, Douglas, Earls of Douglas, p. 174.

[645] Fraser, Douglas, Vol. I (1885), p. 443, citing Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, Vol. I, p. 589, Fraser, W. History of the Carnegies Earls of Southesk, p. 510, and “Hist. MSS. Commissioners, 9th Report, Part ii, p. 185” [none of these sources consulted].

[646] CP IX 177.

[647] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CXV, p. 339.

[648] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, p. 343.

[649] Fraser (1885) Douglas, Vol. I, pp. 355-9.

[650] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CVIII, p. 325.

[651] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. III, pp. 281, 332.

[652] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CVIII, p. 324.

[653] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. I, p. 16.

[654] Laing (1879) Cronykil Androw of Wyntoun, Vol. III, Book IX, Chap. VII, lines 673-674, p. 30, 706-711, p. 31.

[655] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CVIII, p. 325.

[656] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[657] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[658] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 73, p. 57.

[659] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 83, p. 64.

[660] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 42, p. 32.

[661] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[662] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[663] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[664] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 108, p. 84.

[665] Burke's Peerage, Vol. II, p. 2001, and Vol. I, p. 895.

[666] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 127, p. 99.

[667] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[668] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 166, p. 139.

[669] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[670] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[671] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. cxciv.

[672] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 124, p. 97.

[673] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[674] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[675] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. I, Arbuthnot, p. 276.

[676] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 140, p. 111.

[677] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[678] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[679] CP IV 39.

[680] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 162, p. 136.

[681] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[682] Stuart (1798), p. 454.

[683] CP IX 286-7.

[684] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 162, p. 136.

[685] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[686] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[687] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[688] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 184, p. 162.

[689] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[690] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[691] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 172, p. 145.

[692] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[693] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[694] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[695] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[696] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[697] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[698] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[699] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[700] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[701] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[702] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[703] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 140, p. 111.

[704] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 166, p. 139.

[705] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[706] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[707] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[708] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 140, p. 111.

[709] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 166, p. 139.

[710] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[711] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 194, p. 176.

[712] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. III, pp. 308, 320.

[713] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[714] Balfour Paul Scots Peerage, Vol. I, p. 14.

[715] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. cxci, footnote 2 citing R.M.S., Vol. 1, p. 172 [not consulted].

[716] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. cxc, footnote 6, citing “the Earl of Morton’s charters”.

[717] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. cxci.

[718] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 194, p. 176.

[719] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. III, pp. 354, 381, 434, 493.

[720] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. cxcii.

[721] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 194, p. 176.

[722] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. cxc, footnote 6, citing “the Earl of Morton’s charters”.

[723] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 70, p. 53.

[724] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 140, p. 111.

[725] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[726] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[727] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[728] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[729] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[730] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[731] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[732] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[733] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[734] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[735] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 193, p. 170.

[736] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 196, p. 179.

[737] Morton Registrum, Vol. II, 278, p. 324.

[738] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CX, p. 329.

[739] CP V 375.

[740] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CVIII, p. 324.

[741] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), pp. 154-5.

[742] Liber Pluscardensis, Vol. I, Liber X, CXI, p. 331.

[743] Theiner (1864), DCXLV, p. 317.

[744] Burnett (1882) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. V, p. 342.

[745] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 37, p. 258.

[746] Burnett (1878) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. II, pp. 561, 610.

[747] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), pp. 138-40.

[748] Fraser Menteith, Vol. II (1880), 31, p. 247.

[749] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, pp. 42, 63.

[750] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxv.

[751] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxv, footnote 1, citing “Antiquities of shires of Aberdeen and Banff, ii, p. 227” [not consulted].

[752] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxv, footnote 1.

[753] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxvi, citing R.M.S., Vol. 1, p. 255 [not consulted].

[754] Balfour Paul, Vol. I, Stewart, Dukes of Albany, p. 149.

[755] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxvIi, citing “a paper by Mr. Campbell Swinto on the Swinton family, in the Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club”.

[756] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, pp. 226, 279.

[757] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxvi, citing R.M.S., Vol. 1, p. 255 [not consulted].

[758] Johannis de Fordun (Goodall), Vol. II, Lib. XV, Cap. XXI, p. 444.

[759] CP XI 148.

[760] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxxvii, citing R.M.S., Vol. 1, p. 246 [not consulted] and “MS. note by Mr Riddell from Airlie charter-chest”.

[761] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, pp. clxxxvi, clxxxvii.

[762] CP VIII 138.

[763] Balfour Paul, Vol. III, Douglas, Earls of Douglas, p. 174.

[764] Fraser, Douglas, Vol. I (1885), p. 443, citing Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, Vol. I, p. 589, Fraser, W. History of the Carnegies Earls of Southesk, p. 510, and “Hist. MSS. Commissioners, 9th Report, Part ii, p. 185” [none of these sources consulted].

[765] Fourth Report of the Royal Historical Manuscripts Commission, p. 483.

[766] Balfour Paul, Vol. I, Campbell, Dukes of Argyll, p. 330, quoting Original Charter, No. 304, Gen. Reg. House.

[767] Fourth Report of the Royal Historical Manuscripts Commission, p. 483.

[768] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 237, citing R. M. S., pp. 229, 230 [not consulted].

[769] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 237, citing R. M. S., pp. 229, 230 [not consulted].

[770] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, pp. 470, 500, 532.

[771] Anderson, J. (1739) Selectus Diplomatum et Numismatum Scotiæ Thesaurus (Edinburgh), p. LXIII, and Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 238.

[772] Balfour Paul, Vol. VIII, Fleming, Earl of Wigtown, pp. 531-2.

[773] Fraser (1874) Lennox, Vol. 2, 33, p. 43.

[774] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. Iv, p. 226.

[775] Burnett (1880) Exchequer Rolls, Vol. IV, Appendix to Preface, I, Stewart Genealogy, p. clxxix, footnote 1, citing “Manuscript pedigree...Advocates’ Library (MS. 33. 2. 36), and stated by Sir James Balfour, in whose handwriting it is, to have been taken from Camden’s Collections, which he received from Sir Robert Cotton”.

[776] Stuart (1798) The Stewarts, p. 451.

[777] CP XII/1 271-3.

[778] CP VII 594 footnote c.

[779] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 280.

[780] Edmonstone of Duntreath, Sir A. (1875) Genealogical Account of the Family of Edmonstone of Duntreath (Edinburgh), p. 32 (no source citation or text).

[781] Edmonstone (1875), pp. 30-3.

[782] Fraser Menteith, Vol. I (1880), p. 280.

[783] CP XII/1 273-4.