Italian nobles families in the 6th to 12th centuries are set out in three sets of documents, NORTHERN ITALY (1), CENTRAL ITALY, and the present document SOUTHERN ITALY (1). This geographic split in presenting the research on Italian nobility is justified by the divergent ways in which the noble families evolved in these three areas during the early medieval period, which is explained in part by the different outside influences to which each area was subject.

The southern Italian principalities established themselves between the 6th and 9th centuries. The Lombards who moved into southern Italy in the latter part of the 6th century established the principality of Benevento. The principality of Salerno broke away from Benevento at the time of the civil war which followed the death of Sicard Prince of Benevento in 839, its autonomy being confirmed by Louis II King of Italy in 849. Capua separated in [860/61] and established itself as the third autonomous Lombard principality in southern Italy. Naples had been one of the Byzantine colonies in southern Italy. The duchy of Naples became autonomous in the 8th century, with its vassal states of Gaeta and Amalfi, which asserted their independence in the 9th century. Geographical distance from the northern Italian kingdom's administrative centres of Pavia and Ravenna enabled the southern Lombard principalities to evolve on autonomous lines. In addition, the Papal territories represented a buffer between northern and southern Italy, especially after the 756 Donation of Pepin under which Papal claims to many parts of central Italy were recognised by the Frankish invaders.

The Lombard duchies in southern Italy had three main adversaries: the Byzantines whose colonies survived in the southern part of the Italian peninsula until well into the 11th century, the north African Muslims who conquered Sicily, Messina and Siracusa in the mid-9th century and raided the coastal cities on the west of mainland Italy throughout the period, and the Normans who established themselves in Puglia [Apulia] from the 11th century onwards.

Byzantine possessions in southern Italy in the mid-9th century were restricted to Gallipoli and Otranto, as well as land south of a line from Rossano to Amantes in Calabria, the two areas being separated by the principality of Salerno[1]. However, Byzantium reconquered Bari in 876, Taranto in 880, and Conversano by 899, while the capital of the duchy of Benevento was occupied between 891 and 894[2]. They expanded their territories considerably during the 10th and early 11th centuries, so that by the early 11th century Byzantium controlled the whole of Puglia, the land of Otranto, and the major part of Calabria. A Papal bull dated 1024, organising the ecclesiastical province of Canosa-Bari, shows that the Byzantines held Bari, Canosa, Meduno, Giovenazzo, Melfi, Rubo, Trani, Canne, Minervino, Aquatecta, Montemelo, Lavello, Cisterna, Bitalbi, Salpi, Conversano, Polignano, and Ecatera at that date[3]. Two charters dated 1003 and 1005 show that Venosa was held by the Byzantines[4]. Liudprand, describing the ecclesiastical province of Otranto, records Otranto, Turcico, Gravina, Matera and Tricarico as Byzantine possessions[5]. Taranto, Brindisi and Acerenza were also Byzantine territory in the early 11th century[6].

The dating of the Lombard rulers of southern Italy must be considered approximate as in many cases it depends on calculation from the lengths of their reigns as stated in primary sources, not all of which are consistent with each other. Few dates can be corroborated accurately against non-Lombard sources.

Chapter 1. BENEVENTO

A. DUKES of BENEVENTO [584]-774, PRINCES of BENEVENTO 774-839 (FAMILY of GISULF)

The Lombard duchy of Benevento was established in 571, and because of its remoteness from the northern centre of Lombard power developed largely autonomously. It sacked the monastery of Monte Cassino in 580, raided Naples from 581, and ensured that the Byzantine enclaves in southern Italy did not expand further. The first recorded Lombard duke of Benevento was Zotto[7]. Arichis II Duke of Benevento proclaimed himself Prince of Benevento in 774, as sole Lombard ruler in Italy after the Lombard Italian kingdom was incorporated into the Frankish domain following the defeat of Desiderius King of the Lombards. By the early 9th century, the principality of Benevento had expanded to include most of Puglia and Calabria. Prince Sicard concluded a peace agreement with the duchy of Naples in 836[8], and in 838 conquered Amalfi. However, after he was assassinated in 839, the principality broke apart in a civil war between his brother and one of Sicard´s officers Radelchis. Peace was eventually restored by Louis II King of Italy [Carolingian] who arranged the creation of the new principality of Salerno out of Beneventan territory under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani which was signed in early 849[9].

It is possible to assess the geographical extent of the principality of Benevento in the early 11th century from a bull of Pope Benedict VIII dated 1014, which named the towns of Bovino, Ascoli, Larino, Trivento, Lucera, Sant´Agata, Avellino, Ariano, Vulturaria, Telese, Alife, Sessula, Lesina, Termoli, and Siponto, as well as the region of Gargano, within the principality. Chalandon points out that Siponto was lost by Benevento by 1023, according to the cartulario of Tremiti[10].

1. ZOTTO, son of --- (-[603/04]). He was installed as ZOTTO Duke of Benevento in [583/84]. Paulus Diaconus names "primus Langobardorum dux in Benevento…Zotto" stating that he ruled the principality for 20 years[11]. Paulus Diaconus records the death of "Zottone Beneventanorum duce", specifying that "Arigis" was appointed to succeed as missus by King Agilulf[12].

1. ARICHIS, son of --- (-[640]). He was related to Gisulf II Duke of Friulia, but the precise relationship has not yet been identified. Paulus Diaconus records the death of "Zottone Beneventanorum duce", specifying that "Arigis" was appointed to succeed as missus by King Agilulf, and that he was "consanguineus" of "Gisulfi Foroiulani ducis" (presumably referring to Duke Gisulf II) whose sons he had educated[13]. According to the Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, "Archis" was installed as ARICHIS I Duke of Benevento in [604/05] and ruled 50 years[14], although this period must be exaggerated. m ---. The name of Duke Arichis's wife is not known. Duke Arichis & his wife had one child:

a) AION (-killed in battle Siponto [641/42]). The Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis records that "Aio, Arichis filius" succeeded as AION I Duke of Benevento and ruled for 1 year 5 months[15]. According to Paulus Diaconus, he was made to drink a potion which drove him mad, and was killed fighting the Slavs who raided the Adriatic coast of Italy[16]. He was succeeded by his relative Radoald, who was the son of Gisulf II Duke of Friulia.

GISULF II Duke of Friulia, son of GISULF I Duke of Friulia & his wife --- (-killed 610). Duke of Friulia. He was killed by the Avars.

1. other children: see FRIULIA.

2. RADOALD (-[647/48]). Paulus Diaconus names "Taso et Cacco iam adulescentes, Raduald…et Grimuald adhuc in puerili ætate" as the sons of "Gisulfus Foroiulanus dux", when recording their escape after their father was killed[17]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Radoald…et Grimoald" went to Benevento to join "Arichis Beneventanorum ducem"[18]. He succeeded his relative Aion I in [641/42] as RADOALD Duke of Benevento. Paulus Diaconus records that "Raduald duce" ruled for 5 years[19].

3. GRIMOALD (-671, bur Ticino, Basilica of St Ambrosius). Paulus Diaconus names "Taso et Cacco iam adulescentes, Raduald…et Grimuald adhuc in puerili ætate" as the sons of "Gisulfus Foroiulanus dux", when recording Grimoald's difficulty in escaping after the death of their father[20]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Radoald…et Grimoald" went to Benevento to join "Arichis Beneventanorum ducem"[21]. He succeeded his brother in [647/48] as GRIMOALD I Duke of Benevento. Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimuald eius germanus" succeeded his brother Radoald and ruled for 25 years[22]. Godepert King of the Lombards sought help from Duke Grimoald in his dispute with his brother King Perctarit in 662, promising Grimoald the hand of their sister in marriage. He deposed King Godepert and installed himself as GRIMOALD King of the Lombards in 662[23]. He threatened to end the peace with the khan of the Avars unless they expelled ex-King Perctarit, the brother of King Godepert[24]. According to Paulus Diaconus, Grimoald defeated an invading army of Franks by leaving his camp unattended with food and wine and attacking the Franks after they had feasted[25]. The same source records that he avenged the murder of his older brothers by destroying the city of Opitergium, where they had been killed, and distributing its territories between Friulia, Tarvisium and Ceneta[26]. Paulus Diaconus also states that Lupus Duke of Friulia rebelled against King Grimoald but was defeated with the help of the Avars, who refused to return home until King Grimoald began assembling an army against them[27]. According to Paulus Diaconus, King Grimoald made a peace treaty with Dagobert II King of the Franks[28], but this report must be inaccurate as King Dagobert only succeeded as king five years after Grimoald died. Paulus reports that Grimoald died allegedly as a result of poisons applied by his doctors when wounds from a previous phlebotomy opened and bled, and was buried "in basilica beati Ambrosii"[29]. m firstly ITA, daughter of --- (-before [663]). Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimuald" had "Romualdum filium et duas filias" by "captiva puella, sed tamen nobili…Ita"[30]. m secondly ([663]) --- of the Lombards, daughter of ARIPERT I King of the Lombards & his wife ---. Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimuald" married "Ariperti regis filiam" soon after starting to rule at Ticino[31]. Duke Grimoald & his first wife had two children:

a) ROMOALD (-687). Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald and his wife Ita[32]. He succeeded his father in 671 as ROMOALD I Duke of Benevento.

- see below.

b) GISA (-Sicily after 662). Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald and his wife Ita[33]. "Gysa soror Romuald" is named in the Benedicti Chronicon [34]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Romualdi sororem…Gisa" was given as a hostage to Emperor Constans II when his withdrawal from Benevento was negotiated, and that she was taken to Sicily where she died[35].

c) daughter . Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald & his wife[36]. Paulus Diaconus records that King Grimoald arranged the marriage of "sua filia, Romualdi altera sorore" to "Transamundum…Capuæ comes"[37]. m ([663]) TRASIMONDO Count of Capua, son of ---. Paulus Diaconus records that "Transamundum…Capuæ comes" was installed as TRASIMONDO Duke of Spoleto after helping Grimoald Duke of Benevento to secure the Lombard throne[38], the event probably being dated to [665].

Duke Grimoald & his second wife had one child:

d) GARIPALD (-after 671). Paulus Diaconus names "Garibald" as the son of King Grimoald and his wife "Ariperti regis filia"[39]. The same source records that, although still a child, he succeeded his father in 671 as GARIPALD King of the Lombards, but was deposed almost immediately by Perctarit[40].

ROMOALD, son of GRIMOALD I Duke of Benevento, King of the Lombards & his first wife Ita --- (-687). Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald and his wife Ita[41]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names Romoald as son of Grimoald[42]. His father appointed him as regent at Benevento after seizing the kingdom of the Lombards[43]. Paulus Diaconus records that Romoald was besieged in Benevento by Emperor Constans II in [663], and that his father led troops to relieve the siege at which time the emperor withdrew to Naples[44]. Paulus also records that Romoald defeated the Roman commander Saburrus near Forinus[45]. He succeeded his father in 671 as ROMOALD I Duke of Benevento. He captured Taranto and Brindisi and subjugated the whole region[46]. Paulus Diaconus records that Romoald died after ruling for 16 years[47].

m ([664]) THEUDERADA, daughter of LUPUS dux of Forum Iulii [Friulia] & his wife --- (-after 690). Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimualdus rex…suo filio Romualdo" married "Lupo duce…filiam eius Theuderadam" after her father's death[48]. "Theuderada" is named wife of Duke Romoald in the Benedicti Chronicon, but her origin is not given[49]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Romualdus…coniux…eius Theuderata" built "basilicam…beati Petri apostolic" at Benevento[50]. Romoald married Theuderada after her father, who had rebelled against King Grimoald, was killed. She was regent in 690 during the minority of her son Duke Gisulf[51]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment "in Benevento palatio…in præsentia Domnæ Ageltrudis imperatricis augustæ et domni Radelchis principis" by "Lodoicus castaldeus" against "Bernardus clericus filius…Bernardi…in monasterio Sanctæ Mariæ…ad Castanietum propinquo Castro Piniano" founded by "domna Theoderada ducissa…et…Domno Gisulfo Duce filio eius", by charter dated to [896][52].

Duke Romoald & his wife had three children:

1. GRIMOALD (-690). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names Grimoald as son of Romoald[53]. Paulus Diaconus names (in order) "Grimualdum, Gisulfum…et Arichis" as the three sons of Duke Romoald & his wife[54]. He succeeded his father in 687 as GRIMOALD II Duke of Benevento. Paulus Diaconus records that "Romuald…eius filius Grimualdus" ruled for three years[55]. m WIGLINDA of the Lombards, daughter of PERCTARIT King of the Lombards & his wife Rodelinda --- ([Benevento late 662 or Ticino after 672]-). Paulus Diaconus names "Wigilinda, soror Cunincperti, filia Perctarit regis" as wife of "Romuald…eius filius Grimualdus"[56]. She is not referred to by Paulus Diaconus when he records her mother's exile[57], which suggests that she was born either in Benevento later in 662 or in Ticino after 672.

2. GISULF ([after 672]-706). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Gisulfus" as brother of Grimoald[58]. Paulus Diaconus names (in order) "Grimualdum, Gisulfum…et Arichis" as the three sons of Duke Romoald & his wife[59]. He succeeded his brother in 690 as GISULF I Duke of Benevento, under the regency of his mother, his birth date being estimated on the assumption that he was under 18 years old at the time. Paulus Diaconus records that "Gisulfus eius germanus" succeeded Grimoald and ruled for 17 years[60]. Paulus also records that Gisulf captured the Roman city of Sura, with Hirpinum and Arcis, plundered Campania and was persuaded to return to Benevento after Pope John VI sent gifts and ransomed all his captives[61]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Gisolfus Summus dux gentis Langobardorum" donated property to Volturno monastery founded by "nobis carnis consanguinitate propinqui Paldo, Tato et Taso" by charter dated 703[62]. m WINIPERGA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus names "Winiperga" as wife of "Gisulfus, eius germanus [Grimualdo]" but does not give her origin[63]. Duke Gisulf I & his wife had one child:

a) ROMOALD ([690]-731). Paulus Diaconus names "Romuald" as the son of Duke Gisulf & his wife[64]. "Romoaldus" is named as son of Gisulf in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti[65]. Paulus Diaconus names "Gisulfo Beneventano duce…Romuald eius filius" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[66]. He succeeded his father in 706 as ROMOALD II Duke of Benevento.

- see below.

3. ARICHIS (after 673-). Paulus Diaconus names (in order) "Grimualdum, Gisulfum…et Arichis" as the three sons of Duke Romoald & his wife[67]. Stasser suggests that he was the ancestor of Arechis II who succeeded Luitprand as Duke of Benevento in 758[68].

ROMOALD, son of GISULF I Duke of Benevento & his wife Winiperga --- ([690]-731). Paulus Diaconus names "Romuald" as the son of Duke Gisulf & his wife[69]. "Romoaldus" is named as son of Gisulf in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti[70]. Paulus Diaconus names "Gisulfo Beneventano duce…Romuald eius filius" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[71]. He succeeded his father in 706 as ROMOALD II Duke of Benevento. The monastery of Monte Cassino was resettled in [718], and a new monastic complex emerged at San Vinzenzo al Voltunro fifty kilometres to the north-east[72].

m firstly ([715]) GUMPERGA, daughter of --- & his wife Aurona of the Lombards. Paulus Diaconus names "Gumpergam…filia Auronæ, Liutprandi regis sororis" as wife of "Romoald dux Beneventi"[73].

m secondly RANIGUNDA, daughter of GAIDOALD Duke of Brescia & his wife ---. Paulus Diaconus records that Duke Romoald had "aliam coniugem…Ranigundam filiam Gaidualdi Brexiani ducis"[74].

Duke Romoald II & his first wife had one child:

1. GISULF ([720]-after Nov 745). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Gisulfus puerulus" as son of Romuald[75]. Paulus Diaconus names "Gisulfum" as the son of "Romoald dux Beneventi" & his first wife[76]. When his father died, attempts were made to kill him and prevent his succession, but the people intervened and saved his life, enabling him to succeed as GISULF II Duke of Benevento. He was deposed in a palace revolt and replaced by Audelahis, who was in turn replaced in [734/35] by Gregorius, nephew of Luitprand King of the Lombards. King Luitprand invited Gisulf to his court at Pavia where he was brought up and his marriage arranged[77]. Paulus Diaconus records that Gisulf II was restored as Duke of Benevento I in 742 by King Luitprand[78]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Gisulfus…Dux Beneventi Langobardorum gentis" donated several churches to Volturno monastery by two charters dated 750[79]. "Gisolfus…dux Langobardorum gentis" donated property "in finibus Teano, loco Bairanum" to the monastery of Santa Maria in Cingla and "Acetruda…abbatissa", by charter dated Sep [745][80]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Anseramo scanfardo…cum Lupu et Ansone filii sui" sold property to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom Gisolfi summo duci, anno nono decimo ducati eius, men Nobembii, indict quarta decima" (Nov [745] according to the indiction, [749/50] for the regnal year)[81]. m ([736/37]) SCAUNIPERGA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus records that the marriage of "Gisulfumque suum nepotem" and "Scaunipergam nobili ortam progenie" was arranged by Liutprand King of the Lombards[82]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Scauniperga" as wife of "Gisolfus Beneventanorum dux"[83]. She was regent of Benevento until 756, during the minority of her son Luitprand. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domna Scaniperga et Domnus…Liuprand summi Ducibus gentis Langobardorum" donated serfs to Volturno monastery by charter dated Nov 747[84]. Duke Gisulf II & his wife had one child:

a) LUITPRAND (-after 758). He succeeded his father as LUITPRAND Duke of Benevento. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domna Scaniperga et Domnus…Liuprand summi Ducibus gentis Langobardorum" donated serfs to Volturno monastery by charter dated Nov 747[85]. He revolted against Desiderius King of the Lombards, who deposed him in 758, replacing him as duke by Arechis.

1. AUDELAHIS (-after 734). He was installed in 731 as AUDELAHIS Prince of Benevento after he deposed Duke Gisulf II. The primary source which records this has so far not being identified. His succession is ignored by Paulus Diaconus.

1. GREGORIUS, son of --- (-742). Paulus Diaconus records that Liutprand King of the Lombards installed "suum nepotem Gregorium" as duke of Benevento after deposing Duke Gisulf[86]. "Gregorius" is named in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti as "nepos Lioprandi"[87], who installed him as GREGORIUS Duke of Benevento in [734/35] in place of Gisulf. Paulus Diaconus records that he reigned for seven years and was replaced by Godeschalk[88]. m (after [734/35]) GISELPERGA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus names "Giselperga" as wife of "Gregorius", specifying that the marriage was arranged by King Liutprand[89].

2. GODESCHALK (-745). Paulus Diaconus records that "Godescalcus" was installed as GODESCHALK Duke of Benevento after Duke Gregorius died, recording in a later passage that he was deposed and fled to Greece but died en route[90]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[91]. m ANNA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus names "Anna" as wife of "Godescalcus", recording in a later passage that she arrived safely in Constantinople after her husband died[92].

Brother and sister:

1. ARICHIS, son of --- ([736]-Salerno 26 Aug 787, bur Salerno Cathedral). The parentage of Arichis is unknown. Stasser suggests that he may have been descended from Arichis, third son of Romoald I Duke of Benevento, possibly his grandson[93]. He was installed as ARICHIS II Duke of Benevento in 758 by Desiderius King of the Lombards after the deposition of Duke Luitprand. The dating clause of a charter under which "Arnaisclo fi[lius] q[uon]dd[am] Vvillerami" sold property to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom Arechis summi ducis Langobardorum, anno septimo ducati eius, men Magio per indict sec[un]da" (May [764])[94]. He proclaimed himself Prince of Benevento in 774, as sole Lombard ruler after the incorporation of the Lombard Italian kingdom into the Frankish domain after the defeat of King Desiderius. Paul the Deacon lived at his court[95]. He founded the church of Santa Sophia at Benevento[96]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Arichis…Longobardorum gentis princeps" donated property to Volturno monastery by undated charter[97]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Arichis summus Dux gentis Langombardorum" confirmed the donation to Volturno monastery by "quondam Arichis filius Radychis" by charter dated 778[98]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Aredeo fi[lius] qdd Georgii" donated property to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom Arechis summi duci genti Langobardorum, anno vicesimo sec[un]do ducati eius, men Magio per indict sec[un]da" (May [779])[99]. It should be noted that this document refers to "ducati eius" not "principatu eius". Different manuscripts of the Annales Beneventani record the death of "Arechis princeps et dux Samnitum" on "VII Kal Sep 788" and in Aug 787[100]. The Annales Laurissenses record the deaths in 787 of "Harichis dux Beneventanus" and of "Romaldum filium suum"[101]. Einhard records the deaths (in 786) of "Aragisus dux Beneventanorum…Rumoldo maiore filio suo" and the accession of "minore ducis filio Grimoldo"[102]. His place of burial is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which records that his son "Grimoald" was buried "in…ecclesia sedis Salernitanæ iuxta sepulchra patris fratrisque"[103]. m ([758]) ADALPERGA of the Lombards, daughter of DESIDERIUS King of the Lombards & his wife Ansa --- (-after Feb 788). The Chronicon Salernitanum names Adalperga, daughter of Desiderius, as wife of "Arichis Beneventanus dux"[104]. She is referred to as the wife of Duke Arichis in the Versus de Annis by Paulus Diaconus, the initial letters of each verse of the poem spelling out the words "Adelperga pia"[105]. Paul the Deacon dedicated his history of the Roman Empire to her[106]. Pope Hadrian I records "Adalberga relicta Arigihs…duas filias suas secum" in a letter to Charles I King of the Franks dated to [777/78][107]. Duke Arichis & his wife had five children:

a) ROMOALD ([761/62]-21 Jul 787, bur Salerno Cathedral). "Rumoldum et Grimoldum" are named as sons of "Aragisus" by Einhard[108]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[109]. The Annales Beneventani record the death "pridie Kal Aug 787" of "Roimoaldus filius Arechi", earlier in the same month in which his father died[110]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Romoald filii Arichis" died aged 25[111]. The Annales Laurissenses record the deaths in 787 of "Harichis dux Beneventanus" and of "Romaldum filium suum"[112]. The Annales Laurissenses record the deaths in 787 of "Harichis dux Beneventanus" and of "Romaldum filium suum"[113]. Einhard records the deaths (in 786) of "Aragisus dux Beneventanorum…Rumoldo maiore filio suo" and the accession of "minore ducis filio Grimoldo"[114]. His place of burial is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which records that his brother "Grimoald" was buried "in…ecclesia sedis Salernitanæ iuxta sepulchra patris fratrisque"[115].

b) GRIMOALD (-Apr 806, bur Salerno Cathedral). "Rumoldum et Grimoldum" are named as sons of "Aragisus" by Einhard[116]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[117]. Grimoald was taken by Charles I King of the Franks as a hostage for his father's good behaviour, but after the death of his father his mother persuaded the king to release him[118]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was installed as GRIMOALD III Prince of Benevento in succession to his father[119], in return for recognising Carolingian suzerainty. Einhard records the deaths (in 786) of "Aragisus dux Beneventanorum…Rumoldo maiore filio suo" and the accession of "minore ducis filio Grimoldo"[120]. The Annales Regni Francorum record that, in 788, he won an overwhelming victory over Byzantine forces in Calabria[121]. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 792, under which "Melonianus" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "Grimoald…dux gentis Langobardorum"[122]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Trasemundus fi[lius] Quodescalci" donated property "in Borfoniana finibus Apulie" to Montecassino refers to "temporibus domni Grimualdi Longobardorum gentis principis, anno septimo principatus eius, men Martio, quintadecima indict" (Mar [792])[123]. Grimoald revolted against the Franks in 792, from which time he issued coins in his own name. He also refused to shave his beard despite the Carolingian order to do so[124]. Einhard records that "Grimaldus Beneventanorum dux" captured "Winigisum comitem Spoletii" at "Luceria" and released him the following year[125]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Winigisus dux Spolitanus" was besieged and captured by "Grimoldo" in 802, but released in the following year[126]. The Annales Regni Francorum also record that, in 802, Grimoald captured Winichis dux of Spoleto at Lucera, and released him the following year[127]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Lupo fi[lius] q[uon]dd[am] Gavioli" sold property "in vico Bonelle" to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom…Grimoalt summo magno princ Langobardorum genti, quinto decimo anno, men Aprile per indict undecima" (Apr [803])[128]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Vitaliano fi[lius] Vitali" sold property "in Prata, loco…Vico Bonelle" to Montecassino refers to "temporibus dom Grimoaldi summo magni princ Langobardorum ientis, octabo decimo anno princ eius, men Ianuario per indict quarta decima" (Jan [806])[129]. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Prince Grimoald in 806[130]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Grimoald" was buried "in…ecclesia sedis Salernitanæ iuxta sepulchra patris fratrisque"[131]. The Epitaphium Grimoaldi records that "vixisti septem [ter binis floridus annis]"[132]. m ([789/91], repudiated [795]) EUANTHIA, daughter of --- & his wife Hypatia. Erchempert records that "Grimoalt neptem augusti Achivorum in coniugium sumpsit nomine Wautiam"[133]. The Vita Philareti by Niketas of Amnia records the marriage of Euanthia, granddaughter of Philaretos (and sister of Maria, first wife of Emperor Konstantinos VI), to "un roi des Lombards nommé Argousis"[134]. Her repudiation is referred to in a letter from Theodore the Studite to Emperor Konstantinos VI reproaching him of his licentious lifestyle alleging that it provoked "la répudiation d´une épouse légitime dans une contrée lointaine"[135]. The dating of the repudiation is presumably around the same time as Emperor Konstantinos repudiated his first wife [dated to Jan 895], which is recorded by Theophanes[136].

c) GISULF . The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[137].

d) THEODERADA (-after Feb 788). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[138]. Pope Hadrian I records "Adalberga relicta Arigihs…duas filias suas secum" in a letter to Charles I King of the Franks dated to [777/78][139].

e) ADELCHISA (after 773-after Nov 817). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[140]. Pope Hadrian I records "Adalberga relicta Arigihs…duas filias suas secum" in a letter to Charles I King of the Franks dated to [777/78][141]. Her date of birth is estimated from the introduction of Paulus Diaconus´s Historia Romana, written in 773, which is addressed to "dominæ Adelpergæ" and refers to her having three children[142], on the assumption that Adelchisa was the younger sister and that their brothers Romoald and Grimoald were definitely born at that date. Abbess of San Salvatore d´Alife. "Sico…Longobardorum gentis princeps" donated property to "Adelchisa filia…domini Arichis", at the request of "Radelchis gastaldi", by charter dated Nov 817[143]. "Sichenolfus…Langobardorum gentis princ[eps]" donated property, including that previously held by "dom[ne] Adelghise que nunc nostri palatii pertinet", to Santa Maria in Cingla by charter dated to [839/Jul 849][144].

2. daughter (-after 774). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Arichis primus Beneventi principum" appointed "germanamque suam" as first abbess of Benevento Santa Sophia, dated to Nov 774[145].

1. ERMENRICH . m ---. The name of Ermenrich´s wife is not known. As noted below, it is possible that she was related to Grimoald III Prince of Benevento. Ermenrich & his wife had one child:

a) GRIMOALD "Stoleseyz" (-murdered May 818). His parentage is confirmed by the Vita S. Sabini which records that it was written during the reign of "Hermerich prole Grimoald"[146]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Idelrici filius Grimoalt, quem lingua Todesca…Stoleseyz fuit appellatus"[147]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records him as "exadelphos" of his predecessor[148], but the precise relationship is not known. The absence of the name Ermenrich in the family of the princes of Benevento suggests that the connection was through Grimoald´s mother. The Annales Beneventani record that "Grimoaldus thesaurarius/Grimoaldus Falco" succeeded in 806 as GRIMOALD IV Prince of Benevento[149]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Grimoalt storesais" as successor of "Grimoalt"[150]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Forti sculdais fi[lius] Roderissi sculdais, abitator in civitat Tarentina" donated property in Taranto to Montecassino refers to "temporibus…Grimualdi summi principis gentis Longobardorum, anno sec[un[do princ[i]p[atu]s eius, mse Octobrio, indic prima" (Oct [807])[151]. He was forced to pay tribute of 25,000 solidi to Emperor Charles I in 812, and from 814 annual tribute of 7,000 solidi to Emperor Louis I[152]. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 816, under which "Roppolo filius quondam Tremodi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the eleventh year of "domni Grimualdi Beneventane provincie princeps"[153]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento after reigning for 11 years and 7 months (dated to May 818)[154]. Erchempert records that "Radechis comes Consinus, Sico Agerentinus castaldus" conspired to kill Grimoald[155]. The Annales Beneventani record Grimoald´s death in 818[156].

SICO, son of --- ([769/72]-Oct [830/32]). No information has been found relating to the parentage of Sico. His birth date is estimated from an Epitaphium Grimoaldi which records that he died aged 60[157]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico…cum uxorem et filiis et cunota sua" left the city of Spoleto to travel to Constantinople, but stayed at Benevento with "princeps Grimoalt"[158]. Gastald of Acerenza. Erchempert names "Sico Agerentinus castaldus" among the conspirators against Prince Grimoald IV[159]. The Annales Beneventani record that he succeeded in 817 as SICO I Prince of Benevento[160]. The dating clause of a charter dated 11 Aug 818, under which "Leo filius quondam Piperati" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the second year of "domnis nostri Siconi princeps Beneventane provincie"[161]. He raided Naples and captured the body of San Gennaro, the patron saint of the city[162]. The Annales Beneventani record that Sico died in 832[163], but the charter dated May 835, quoted below, refers to the fifth year of his son "domni nostri Sichardi…Beneventane provincie princeps"[164]. According to the Catalogus Principum Salerni, "Syco Spoletinus" was Count of Salerno for 15 years 8 months[165]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[166].

m ---. The name of Prince Sico's wife is not known.

Prince Sico & his wife had seven or more children:

1. SICARD (-murdered 839[167]). The Annales Beneventani record that "Sycardus filius Sico princeps" succeeded his father as SICARD Prince of Benevento[168], the Catalogus Principum Salerni stating that he ruled for 7 years 9 months[169]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Sichardus…Beneventanæ Provinciæ Princeps" donated land "in partibus Liburiæ…Pantano" to Volturno monastery by charter dated Feb [833][170]. The dating clause of a charter dated May 835, under which "Willus filius quondam Luperissi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "domni nostri Sichardi…Beneventane provincie princeps"[171]. In 836, "Sicardus Langobardorum gentis princeps" made a peace agreement with Naples, represented by Ioannes bishop elect of the church of Naples and Andreas magister militum[172]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Sicardus Princeps" was killed after reigning 7 years[173]. m ADELCHISA, daughter of DAUFER "Mutus" & his wife --- (-before Feb 852). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Adelchisa filia Dauferii qui cognominatus fuit Mutus propter impeditionem suæ linguæ" as wife of Sicard[174]. "Gontarius abbas monasterii sancti Modesti" was testamentary executor of "domina Adelchisa qui fuit principessa relicta domni Sichardi principis" and as such donated her property in Canosa to Monte Casino by charter dated Feb 852[175].

2. SICONULF [Sikenolf] (-Salerno [Nov/Dec] 849). Nithard names "Sigenulf" as brother of "Sigihard"[176]. "Syconulfum eius fratrem [=Sycard]" is named in the Catalogus Principum Salerni, when recording his imprisonment at Taranto[177]. On the death of his older brother, Radelchis deprived Siconulf of Benevento and imprisoned him at Taranto. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, with help from Amalfi, he escaped and was brought back to Salerno which, under his leadership, declared war on Benevento[178]. During the civil war which followed, Siconulf gained control of the southern and western parts of the old principality of Benevento, declaring himself SICONULF Prince of Salerno. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 842, under which "Antipertu et Arnipertu germani filii quondam Cuniperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconolfi"[179]. The ensuing civil war was eventually settled by Louis King of Italy [Carolingian] who arranged the creation of the new principality of Salerno out of Beneventan territory under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani which was signed in early 849 [180]. The Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis records the death of Siconolfo at Salerno[181].

- see below, Chapter 2.A. PRINCES of SALERNO.

3. SICHELENDA . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[182]. m ---, son of AZO & his wife ---.

4. daughter . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[183]. m URSO Gastald of Conza, son of ---.

5. daughter . m RADELMUNDO Gastald of Acerenza, son of ---.

6. other daughters . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[184].

B. PRINCES of BENEVENTO 839-897 (FAMILY of RADELCHIS)

It is not certain that the following family group, who is recorded in Benevento in the late 8th century, was related to the family of Radelchis who succeeded as Prince of Benevento in 839. However, the common use of the name Ursus in both groups suggests that they may have been related. The status of the so-called duchy of "Cerreto Sanita" in Benevento, recorded as shown below, has not been clarified, especially because dukes of Benevento (of the family of Gisulf, see Part A. above) are recorded during the same time-frame.

1. URSUS, son of MUNICHIS Duke of Friulia & his wife --- . Paulus Diaconus names "Munichis, qui pater post Petri Foroiulani et Ursi Cenetensis ducum"[185]. Duke of Cerreto Sanita (in Benevento). same person as…? URSUS (-before 6 Mar 776). "Ursoni bone memorie…Duci" is recorded as the father of "Johannes…Dux" in the latter´s charter dated 6 Mar 776 which records a donation to Nonantola monastery[186]. The co-identity with dux Ursus, son of Munichis, is not certain. The precise territorial extent of the duchy ruled by Ioannes cannot be ascertained from the text of the 776 charter, although the donation to Nonantola (near Modena in Tuscany) suggests that it was further north than the duchy of Benevento. However, no other reference has yet been found to a second dux Ursus during this period, which suggests that the co-identity may be correct. m ARIFLADA, daughter of --- (-before 6 Mar 776). Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 6 Mar 776 under which her son "Johannes…Dux ac Ursa sorore mea, Ancilla Christi, filius ac filia Ursoni bone memorie" donated property to the monastery of Nonantola, for the souls of "genitori nostri Domno Ursoni Duci et Domna Ariflada genetrice nostra"[187]. Ursus & his wife had two children:

a) JOHANNES (-after 6 Mar 776). Dux. "Johannes…Dux ac Ursa sorore mea, Ancilla Christi, filius ac filia Ursoni bone memorie" donated property to the monastery of Nonantola, for the souls of "genitori nostri Domno Ursoni Duci et Domna Ariflada genetrice nostra", by charter dated 6 Mar 776, subscribed by "Opertus Comes…"[188].

b) URSA (-after 6 Mar 776). "Johannes…Dux ac Ursa sorore mea, Ancilla Christi, filius ac filia Ursoni bone memorie" donated property to the monastery of Nonantola, for the souls of "genitori nostri Domno Ursoni Duci et Domna Ariflada genetrice nostra", by charter dated 6 Mar 776, subscribed by "Opertus Comes…"[189]. Nun.

1. RADELCHIS, son of --- ([788/60]-849). His birth date is estimated from the Epitaphium Radelchis Principis which records that he died aged 60[190]. He seized power in Benevento in 839 on the death of Sicard Prince of Benevento. During the civil war which followed, he gained control of Benevento and the northern parts of the old principality, declaring himself RADELCHIS I Prince of Benevento. The civil war was eventually settled by Louis King of Italy [Carolingian] who arranged a division of territories between the two sides under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani signed in early 849, Benevento losing half its territory[191]. In 847, the Arabs captured Bari, where they established an emirate, and Taranto[192]. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Prince Radelchis in 849[193]. m GARETRUDA, daughter of --- (-1 Jun ----). The Epitaphium Caretrudæ names "coniux Radelchis…hæc Caretruda", adding that she died aged 70 and had twelve children[194]. Prince Radelchis & his wife had twelve children:

a) URSO ([809/16]-[844/50]). "Ursus fils aîné de Radelchis I" is named in a charter of his father in favour of "gastald Gaidenard" dated May 841[195]. The Epitaphium Ursi records that he was the son of "Radelchis" and that he died before his father aged 34[196].

b) RADELGAR ([822]-[Nov/Dec] [853/54]). The Annales Beneventani record that "Radelgarius filius Radelchis princeps" succeeded his father in 849 as RADELGAR I Prince of Benevento[197]. The contemporary Epitaphium Radelcarii Principis names "Radelcarius, Beneventi celsa potestas"[198], arranged in the compilation immediately after the Epitaphium of his supposed mother. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in 854 of "Radelgarius Princeps"[199]. m TASSELGARDA, daughter of ---. "Radelcharius…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property, at the request of "Tasselgardæ…conjugis nostræ", by charter dated Nov 851[200]. Prince Radelgar & his wife had [two] children:

i) GAIDERIS (-881). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Gaiderius filius Radelgarii" succeeded after the murder of his uncle in 878 as GAIDERIS Prince of Benevento[201]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was deposed and expelled from Benevento in Jan 881[202]. m ---. The name of Gaideris´s wife is not known. Gaideris & his wife had one child:

(a) son . His parentage is confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Gaideris" made an alliance with "Pandonolfo", confirmed by the marriage of the son of the former to the daughter of the latter, dated to [880][203]. m ([880]) --- di Capua, daughter of PANDENOLF Count of Capua & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Gaideris" made an alliance with "Pandonolfo", confirmed by the marriage of the son of the former to the daughter of the latter, dated to [880][204].

ii) [--- di Benevento . Erchempert names "Landone filio Landonolfi, cognato…Gaideris"[205], which could indicate that Lando was the brother-in-law of Gaideriso. m LANDO di Capua, son of LANDENOLF di Capua & his wife --- (-885).]

c) ADELCHIS (-murdered 878). The Annales Beneventani record that "Adelgis germanus frater Radelgarii" succeeded his brother in 854 as ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento[206].

- see below.

d) AIO (824 or after-886). The Annales Beneventani record "Aio episcopus" in 840 and the death in 886 of "Aio episcopus"[207]. Bishop of Benevento 17 Jul 840. His parentage is not specified, but the Epitaphium Caretrudæ records that "coniux Radelchis…hæc Caretruda" was the mother of a bishop[208].

e) LADELCHIS (-after Jun 862). The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf, dated 849, names "Petrum filium Landonis et Paldefrit filium Paldulfi" and "Adelgisum et Ladelgisum filios meos et Potonem nepotem meum" as sureties/hostages for performance of the agreement[209]. "Le Prince Adelchis" gave the property of Drogo, who died without heirs, to "son frère Ladelchis" on the request of "un autre frère Arechis qui était son référendaire" by charter dated Jun 862[210].

f) ARECHIS (-after Jun 862). "Le Prince Adelchis" gave the property of Drogo, who died without heirs, to "son frère Ladelchis" on the request of "un autre frère Arechis qui était son référendaire" by charter dated Jun 862[211].

g) six other children . The Epitaphium Caretrudæ names "coniux Radelchis…hæc Caretruda", adding that she died aged 70 and had twelve children[212].

ADELCHIS, son of RADELCHIS I Prince of Benevento & his wife Caretruda --- (-murdered 878). The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf, dated 849, names "Petrum filium Landonis et Paldefrit filium Paldulfi" and "Adelgisum et Ladelgisum filios meos et Potonem nepotem meum" as sureties/hostages for performance of the agreement[213]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Adelgis germanus frater Radelgarii" succeeded his brother in 854 as ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento[214]. Emperor Louis II occupied Benevento in 866, using it as his southern base particularly to plan the recapture of Bari from the Arabs. During this time, the emperor minted coins in association with Prince Adelchis[215]. The over-bearing manner of Empress Engelberga triggered her arrest, and that of her husband, at Benevento in Aug 871, although their release was negotiated within a month by the bishop of Benevento[216]. Regino records that "Adalgisus dux Beneventanus" rebelled against Emperor Louis in 871, having been corrupted by the Greeks[217]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the abbot of Volturno, at the request of "Audoaldi comitis cognati nostri", by charter dated Feb [878][218]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records that "Adelchis Princeps" was killed in 878[219]. A charter of his son "Aio…Langobardorum gentis princeps", dated May [885], records that "dom Adelchis princip…genitori nostro" was killed by "Potoni fi[lii] Potitionis"[220].

m ADELTRUDA, daughter of ---. "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property, at the request of "Adeltrudæ…conjugis nostræ", by charter dated Feb 876[221]. She may have been the sister of Count Audoald, as suggested by the Chronicon Vulturnense which records that "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the abbot of Volturno, at the request of "Audoaldi comitis cognati nostri", by charter dated Feb [878][222].

Prince Adelchis & his wife had [ten] children:

1. RADELCHIS (-900). Erchempert records that "filiorum trium, Maionis et Maienolfi nec non et Radelgisi filii Adelgisi Beneventani principis" supported "Pando [di Capua]" in attacking "Guaiferio" Prince of Salerno, dated to 863[223]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Radelchis iunior/Radelgis filius predicti Adelgisii" succeeded in 881 as RADELCHIS II Prince of Benevento[224]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was deposed and expelled from Benevento in 885[225] and, in a later passage, that he was restored as Prince of Benevento in 898[226]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Radelchis…gentis Langobardorum Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Santa Maria, at the request of "Garichisæ nostræ sororis", by charter dated Aug [898][227]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was deposed again in Jan 900, by Atenolf I Prince of Capua "cognatus eius", who seized the Beneventan throne[228]. m ARNIPERGA, daughter of --- (-after Feb 881). "Radelchis…Langobardorum gentis princeps filius domini bonæ recordationis Adelchis" donated property, at the request of "Arniperge…conjugi nostre", by charter dated Feb 881[229]. Stasser suggests that she was Arniperga di Capua, daughter of Pando di Capua & his wife ---, on the assumption that "cognatus" in the following source should be interpreted as "brother-in-law" and therefore that Radelchis´s wife was Pandenolf´s sister[230]: the source in question is Erchempert, who records that "Pandonolfus" requested "Radelgisum principem cognatum suum" for help against "filiis Landonis et filiis Landonolfi"[231]. A difficulty with this theory is that a second source, the Annales Beneventani, record that in Jan 900 Radelchis II was deposed by Atenolf I Count of Capua "cognatus eius", who then seized the Beneventan throne[232]. Stasser, in another passage, contradicts himself by suggesting that the wife of Radelchis II was the sister of Atenolf, also on the basis that "cognatus" should be interpreted as meaning "brother-in-law"[233]. Pandenolf Count of Capua was the son of Pando, while Atenolf was the son of Pando´s brother Landenolf. Arniperga could not therefore have been the sister of both these Capuan counts. It is clear that "cognatus" in one or both of the sources quoted must be given a broader meaning than brother-in-law. It is probably a safe conclusion that Radelchis was distantly related to the counts of Capua, and that the relationship may have been through his wife Arniperga as "consanguineus" was the term generally applied to indicate blood relationship, but the precise nature of the relationship is not known.

2. MAIO (-[May 878/Oct 884]). Erchempert records that "filiorum trium, Maionis et Maienolfi nec non et Radelgisi filii Adelgisi Beneventani principis" supported "Pando [di Capua]" in attacking "Guaiferio" Prince of Salerno, dated to 863[234]. "Maio" is named in a charter of "son père" dated May 878[235].

3. MAGENULF (-after 863). Erchempert records that "filiorum trium, Maionis et Maienolfi nec non et Radelgisi filii Adelgisi Beneventani principis" supported "Pando [di Capua]" in attacking "Guaiferio" Prince of Salerno, dated to 863[236].

4. AIO (-Oct 891). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Aio frater Radelchis" succeeded in 884 as AIO Prince of Benevento[237]. The Byzantines, under Nikephoros Phokas, launched a major campaign in southern Italy between late 883 and 885, recapturing most of Calabria from Benevento and Salerno[238]. Byzantine forces attempted to capture Beneventan towns in [888] and Prince Aio responded by seizing Bari, although the town was recaptured within a year. This was followed by an invasion of Beneventan territory by Naples[239]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record war between Capua and Naples "in Liburia ad sanctum Cartium" in the second year of the reign of Atenolf Count of Capua, that Atenolf "indictione 6 post dies undecim" captured "Berelais", but that in the same week he was defeated by "Aio princeps cum quodam patricio Constantinopolitano"[240]. "Aio…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property which belonged to "Potoni fi[lii] Potitionis infra finibus Alifanis et Telesinis", for which he had killed "dom Adelchis princip…genitori nostro", to Montecassino, at the request of "Ladelchis…germani nostri", by charter dated May [885][241]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Oct 891 of "Aio Princeps"[242]. m ---. The name of Aio's wife is not known. Prince Aio & his wife had one child:

a) URSUS (-892 or after). The Annales Beneventani record that "Ursus puer filius Aio" succeeded his father in 891 as URSUS Prince of Benevento[243]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Sybbaticius/Simbaticius", Byzantine strategos of Calabria, captured Benevento in Oct 892, deposed Ursus, and established the town as the Byzantine administrative capital for the newly established theme of Longobardia in place of Bari[244]. The contemporary Epitaphium Ursi names "Ursus…splendida progenies", specifying that "hunc genuit princeps Bardorum stemmate clarus Radelchis", although it does not name his father[245].

5. LADELCHIS (-after May 885). "Aio…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property which belonged to "Potoni fi[lii] Potitionis infra finibus Alifanis et Telesinis", for which he had killed "dom Adelchis princip…genitori nostro", to Montecassino, at the request of "Ladelchis…germani nostri", by charter dated May [885][246].

6. AGELTRUDA (-after 921). Herimannus names "Angildruda" as widow of Guido and mother of Lambert, but does not give her origin[247]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. "Vuido…imperator augustus" confirmed earlier donations to the church of Parma by "coniugi nostræ Ageltrudi" by charter dated 21 Feb 891[248]. The Annales Fuldenses name "Ageldrudis vidua Widonis" in 896[249]. A document dated 1 Dec 898 records a peace agreement reached between Berengar King of Italy and "Ageltrudæ relicta quondam Widoni imperatoris" and "filio eius Lamberto [imperatoris]"[250]. m GUIDO III Duke of Spoleto, son of GUIDO II Duke of Spoleto & his wife Ita of Benevento (-894). He was elected GUIDO I King of Italy at Pavia 12 Feb 889. He was crowned Emperor at Rome 21 Feb 891.

7. GAIRICHISA (-after Aug 898). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Radelchis…gentis Langobardorum Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Santa Maria, at the request of "Garichisæ nostræ sororis", by charter dated Aug [898][251].

8. [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that, after the murder of "Adelgis", he was replaced by "Gaideris filius Radelgari nepos extincti" and "Cailo et Dauferius generi illius" were expelled from Benevento[252]. It is possible that either she or her unnamed sister was the same person as Adelchis´s daughter named Gairichisa, named above. m GAILO, son of --- (-after 878).]

9. [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that, after the murder of "Adelgis", he was replaced by "Gaideris filius Radelgari nepos extincti" and "Cailo et Dauferius generi illius" were expelled from Benevento[253]. It is possible that either she or her unnamed sister was the same person as Adelchis´s daughter named Gairichisa, named above. m DAUFER, son of --- (-after 878).]

10. [--- di Benevento . The Annales Beneventani record that Atenulf deposed Radelchis Prince of Benevento "cognatus eius" and seized the Beneventan throne[254]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" in this passage should be interpreted as "brother-in-law" and therefore that Atenulf had married secondly the daughter of Prince Adelchis. m (before 899) as his second wife, ATENOLF Count of Capua, son of LANDENOLF of Capua & his wife --- (-[912]).]

1. GUIDO di Spoleto, son of --- di Spoleto & his wife --- (-murdered Rome early 897). He succeeded his [cousin] in [888/89] as GUIDO IV Duke of Spoleto. The Chronicon Salernitanum quotes a letter addressed to "Guaimario principi", when Benevento was threatened by the Byzantines, requesting help from "Guidoni cognato vestro…sororem suam vestramque coniugem", the same passage later referring to "Guido marchio" [Guido IV Duke and Marchese of Spoleto] and "suæque sorori Idte", dated to 896 in the margin of the MGH edition of the text[255]. The Annales Beneventanti record that he expelled the Byzantines from Benevento in 895[256], forcing them back to Bari, and established himself as GUIDO Prince of Benevento[257]. He returned to Spoleto in 897 and offered Benevento to his brother-in-law Guaimar Prince of Salerno, who was captured and blinded on his way to the city[258]. He was killed by Alberico, who later succeeded as Duke of Spoleto.

C. PRINCES of BENEVENTO 940-1074 (FAMILY of PRINCES of CAPUA)

After Atenolf I Count of Capua deposed Radelchis Prince of Benevento in Jan 900, he seized the Beneventan throne[259] and united Benevento with Capua. He used the title "Langobardorum gentis princeps"[260]. The following members of the royal family of Capua ruled separately as princes of Benevento.

LANDOLF di Capua, son of ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua & his wife --- (-after 979). A charter dated Jul 969 records a donation by "Landolfus filius bone memorie domni Atenolfi, qui fuid princeps Benebenti"[261]. He succeeded his father in 940 as LANDOLF Duke of Benevento. He was exiled by Pandolf I Prince of Capua and took refuge in Naples, from where he appealed to his sister for shelter at Salerno. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that he was made gastald of Conza and his sons were given Salernitan territories[262]. In 973, Landolf captured Gisolf I Prince of Salerno and succeeded as LANDOLF Prince of Salerno, but Gisolf was restored soon after with the help of Pandolf I Prince of Capua[263]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "suus patruus [referring to Pandolf I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua and Benevento] Landolfus…filius..:Atenolfi principis", who had been expelled from Capua and found refuge in Naples, invaded Salerno, deposed Gisulf Prince of Salerno (dated to 973)[264].

m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known.

Duke Landolf & his wife had four children:

1. GUAIMAR . The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf[265]. Conte di Marsi.

2. INDULF . The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf[266]. Conte di Sarni.

3. LANDOLF (-after 1004). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf[267]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "suus patruus [referring to Pandolf I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua and Benevento] Landolfus…filius..:Atenolfi principis" left "filium suum…Landulfus" in Naples when he invaded Salerno (dated to 973)[268]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, after the death of "Landenulfus", "Landulfus qui fuerat Neapolim derelictus" donated "Laurim castellum" and also left for Salerno[269]. "Otto…imperator augustus" confirmed donations to the church of Salerno by "Landulfi filii item Landulfi" by charter dated 2 Nov 982[270].

4. LANDENOLF (-[973]). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf, specifying that Landenolf "habuit unum claucosum oculum"[271]. Conte di Lauri. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, after the death of "Landenulfus", "Landulfus qui fuerat Neapolim derelictus" donated "Laurim castellum" and also left for Salerno[272]. m ---, daughter of TASSELGARD & his wife ---. The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf and records that "ipse Landenulfus" married "puellam…Tasselgardi filiam"[273]. Landenolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOLF (-after 5 Dec 981). "Otto…imperator augustus" gave judgment in a dispute between Abbot Iohannes of San Vincenzo, Volturno and "Landolfo comite filium cuiusdam Landenolfi comiti" in a charter dated 5 Dec 981, before "Gunzolino marchio et Azzolino Teatino comitibus[274].

ADELFER [IV] di Avellino, son of ADELFER [III] Conte di Avellino & his wife --- (-after 1005). "I conti Madelfrid e Adelferio, figli del fu Adelferio" granted land in Avellino to "Ludovico figlio di Ermengardo" by charter dated Aug 993[275]. He was installed in 1003 as ADELFER Prince of Benevento, deposed in 1005. The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[276]. m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer [IV] & his wife had two children:

1. ADELFER [V] (-after 1005). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[277].

2. other children: CONTI di AVELLINO.

LANDOLF di Capua, son of PANDOLF III Prince of Capua & his wife --- (-Sep 1034). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino"[278]. The calculation of the regnal years of "Landolfi filii eius [=domini Pandolfi]" in the Annales Beneventani suggests that he was installed as joint Prince of Benevento, jointly with his father, in [987][279]. LANDOLF V Prince of Benevento. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Sep 1034 of "Landulphus Princeps"[280].

m ---CARDA, daughter of MANSO II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- ([982/87]-[1004/09], bur Benevento San Pietro). The epitaph of "---carda…Landulfi…uxor proles Mansonis…ducis" records that she died aged 22, and was buried at Benevento San Pietro[281].

Duke Landolf & his wife had two children:

1. PANDOLF (-Feb 1073). The calculation of the regnal years of "Pandolfi filii eius [=domni Landolfi]" in the Annales Beneventani suggests that he was installed as joint Prince of Benevento, jointly with his father, in [1011][282]. PANDOLF VI Prince of Benevento. "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito by charter dated Jul 1045, whose dating clause refers to the forty-first year of "Domini Pandolfi…Principis" and the seventh year of "Domini Landolfi…filii eius"[283]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Leone Papa et Principe Beneventano et Catapano imperiali" fought the Normans "in principatu Beneventu", but that "Rodulphus Princeps" escaped and Pope Leo was captured by "Humphredo et Northmannis" in Jun 1053[284]. The Annales Beneventani record that he became a monk in 1059[285]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Feb 1073 of "Pandulphus Princeps"[286]. m ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-20 May after 1069). The necrology of Benevento San Pietro records the death 20 May of "Altruda principissa", who Stasser suggests was the wife of Prince Pandolf VI[287]. Duke Pandolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOLF (-18 Dec 1077[288]). "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito by charter dated Jul 1045, whose dating clause refers to the forty-first year of "Domini Pandolfi…Principis" and the seventh year of "Domini Landolfi…filii eius"[289]. He was installed as LANDOLF VI joint Prince of Benevento in Aug 1038. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the installation in Aug 1038 of "Landulphus junior"[290]. He submitted to the Pope in 1051, papal suzerainty over the town being recognised by Emperor Heinrich III the following year[291]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Ricardus princeps et Robertus dux" besieged Benevento from Jan to 8 Apr 1078[292]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that Benevento was incorporated into the Papal States after the death of Landolf VI[293]. m [ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-7 Jul [1069/1119]) or MARIA, daughter of --- (-10 Nov [1069/1119]). The necrology of Benevento San Pietro records the death 7 Jul of "Altruda principissa" and 10 Nov of "Maria principissa", who Stasser suggests were the wives of Prince Landolf VI and Prince Pandolf IV[294].] Duke Landolf & his wife had one child:

i) PANDOLF (-Feb 1073[295]). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Padolfus filius eius [=Landulfus]" was installed as PANDOLF IV joint Prince of Benevento in Aug 1056[296]. m [ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-7 Jul [1069/1119]) or MARIA, daughter of --- (-10 Nov [1069/1119]). The necrology of Benevento San Pietro records the death 7 Jul of "Altruda principissa" and 10 Nov of "Maria principissa", who Stasser suggests were the wives of Prince Landolf VI and Prince Pandolf IV[297].]

2. ATENULF (-after [1041]). According to Amatus, the Normans chose "Atenulf…the Prince of Benevento's brother" as their leader to fight the Greeks[298], dated from the context of the passage to [1041], but Amatus records in a later passage that he defected to Benevento taking with him the captured prisoners whom he sold and was "deprived of his wealth and castelli by the Normans"[299].

D. CONTI di ALIFE

1. ALDEMARO (-before [965]). Conte di Alife. m ---. The name of Aldemaro´s wife is not known. Aldemaro & his wife had one child:

a) AUDOALDO . Conte di Alife. “Audoaldo comes filius bonæ memoriæ Aldemarii comitis et Aldemarii comes filius quondam Audoaldi comiti” donated property “loco Cengla...de...comitato nostro Alifano” to “monasterii S. Maria...in loco...Cingla...cum Landulfus comiti advocatorem ipsius monasterii”, confirmed by “Johannes presbyter atque prepositus ipsius monasterii...cum supradicto Audoaldo comite genitore meoque Aldemarii comiti” and by “Audoaldo comite...vice supradicti Audoaldi comiti consobrino fratre meo atque genitor meoque Aldemarii comiti...et pro parte Aldemarii comiti nepoti nostrorumque Audoaldi et Audoaldi comitibus atque consobrino fratre meoque Aldemarii comiti...cum supradict. Johannes presbiter”, by charter dated Mar “hoctabodecimo anno principatus domni Paldolfi...principis et duodecimo anno principatus domni Landolfi magni principis filius eius...duodecima indictione”[300]. This charter can probably be dated to the mid-960s, the difficulty being the computation of the precise regnal years of the rulers of Benevento/Capua due to the overlap resulting from the installation of each prince as joint prince during the lifetime of his predecessor.

2. AUDOALDO (-before [965]). Conte di Alife. m ---. The name of Audoaldo´s wife is not known. Audoaldo & his wife had one child.

a) ALDEMARO . Conte di Alife. “Audoaldo comes filius bonæ memoriæ Aldemarii comitis et Aldemarii comes filius quondam Audoaldi comiti” donated property “loco Cengla...de...comitato nostro Alifano” to “monasterii S. Maria...in loco...Cingla...cum Landulfus comiti advocatorem ipsius monasterii” by charter dated Mar “hoctabodecimo anno principatus domni Paldolfi...principis et duodecimo anno principatus domni Landolfi magni principis filius eius...duodecima indictione”[301]. This charter can probably be dated to the mid-960s, the difficulty being the computation of the precise regnal years of the rulers of Benevento/Capua due to the overlap resulting from the installation of each prince as joint prince during the lifetime of his predecessor. m ---. The name of Aldemaro´s wife is not known. Aldemaro & his wife had one child:

i) ALDEMARO Borrello (-after Apr 1035). Conte di Alife. A charter dated Sep 999 records further developments in the dispute relating to “pertinenciis Alifane...Cingla”, arising out of the donation quoted above, and then involving "Aldemari comes cognomento Borrello filius vonæ memoriæ Aldemari comitis"[302]. “Aldemari comes Langobardus cognomento Borrello filius vona memoria Aldemari comitis Langobardi” made declaraations relating to the same dispute by charter dated Apr 1035[303].

The following charter names other members of the family in addition to the main donors. However, on the basis of the wording of this document only, it has not been possible to interpret the family relationships of these individuals with any confidence. “Audoaldo comes filius bonæ memoriæ Aldemarii comitis et Aldemarii comes filius quondam Audoaldi comiti” donated property “loco Cengla...de...comitato nostro Alifano” to “monasterii S. Maria...in loco...Cingla...cum Landulfus comiti advocatorem ipsius monasterii”, confirmed by “Johannes presbyter atque prepositus ipsius monasterii...cum supradicto Audoaldo comite genitore meoque Aldemarii comiti” and by “Audoaldo comite...vice supradicti Audoaldi comiti consobrino fratre meo atque genitor meoque Aldemarii comiti...et pro parte Aldemarii comiti nepoti nostrorumque Audoaldi et Audoaldi comitibus atque consobrino fratre meoque Aldemarii comiti...cum supradict. Johannes presbiter”, by charter dated Mar “hoctabodecimo anno principatus domni Paldolfi...principis et duodecimo anno principatus domni Landolfi magni principis filius eius...duodecima indictione”[304].

E. CONTI di AVELLINO

1. DAUFER (-after 818). The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento (dated to May 818), and Daufer making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in expiation of the crime[305]. m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer & his wife had two children:

a) ROFRIT (-[836/39]). The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento (dated to May 818), and Daufer making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in expiation of the crime[306]. Thesaurarius and referendarius of Sico I Prince of Benevento from [821] to [836]. The epitaph of "Rofrit" records his death aged 60[307]. m DAUFERADA, daughter of --- (-17 Oct ----). The epitaph of "Dauferada…Rofrit…iugalis" 17 Oct aged 45[308]. Her parentage is not known. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Rofrit" and "sua principessa cognata", the latter referring from the context to the wife of Sicard Prince of Benevento (who is named in another passage of the same source as the daughter of Daufer "Mutus")[309]. If, as consistently suggested by Stasser, the word "cognata" can be interpreted as brother-in-law, it is possible that Rofrit´s second wife was Dauferada, daughter of Daufer "Mutus" & his wife --- [310]. Other examples suggest that “cognata” had acquired that meaning in later centuries, but that in the 9th century it was not necessarily so limited. If that is correct, there must be other possibilities for the parentage of Dauferada. Rofrit & his wife had [three] children:

i) ADELCHIS (-killed 839). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Adelchisi Rofrit filius…et suum cognatum Landolfum comite Capuano" attempted to assassinate Radelchis I Prince of Benevento and was arrested and put to death (dated [summer/autumn] 839)[311].

ii) [daughter . The parentage of the wife of Landolf [I] is suggested by the Chronicon Salernitanum which names "Adelchisi Rofrit filius…et suum cognatum Landolfum comite Capuano"[312]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" should be interpreted as brother-in-law in this context, and therefore that Landolf´s wife was the daughter of Rofrit[313]. If that is correct, she could also have been the sister of Adelchis´s own wife. m LANDOLF [I] Count of Capua, son of PANDO & his wife --- (-[842]).]

iii) ADELFER [I] . His parentage is confirmed by the report that Guaimar I Prince of Salerno confiscated property which he had received from "sa tante Adelgisa" (which she had received from "son époux Adelfier fils de Roffrid") from "Roffrid fils de Gaido", dated to 900[314]. m ADELGISA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the report that Guaimar I Prince of Salerno confiscated property which he had received from "sa tante Adelgisa" (which she had received from "son époux Adelfier fils de Roffrid") from "Roffrid fils de Gaido", dated to 900[315].

b) POTELFRIT (-after 818). The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento (dated to May 818)[316]. m ---. The name of Potelfrit´s wife is not known. Potelfrit & his wife had one child:

i) daughter (-after Jan 900). The parentage of the wife of Landenolf is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which refers to "Potelfrit filia" as mother of "Atenolfus"[317]. m LANDENOLF di Capua, son of LANDOLF [I] Count of Capua & his wife --- (-[859]).

1. ADELFER [II] (-after 897). Gastald di Avellino. The Catalogus rerum Langobardorum et ducum Beneventanorum records that "Guaimarius Salerni princeps Beneventum" [Guaimar I Prince of Salerno] was blinded by "Avellinum…cuius castaldeus…Adelferius, nepos magni Rofrit" who escaped to Capua (dated to [896/97])[318].

Two brothers, parents not known:

1. ROFRIT (-before Jan 963). Gastald [di Larino]. "Roffrid et Adelferi germanis et gastaldei" are named in a charter dated Nov 944 or 945 which records a judgment recognising the independence of the monastery of Santa Sophia di Benevento from Monte Cassino[319].

- CONTI di LARINO.

2. ADELFER [III] (-after Oct 981). Gastald [di Avellino]. "Roffrid et Adelferi germanis et gastaldei" are named in a charter dated Nov 944 or 945 which records a judgment recognising the independence of the monastery of Santa Sophia di Benevento from Monte Cassino[320]. Conte [di Avellino]. Referendarius. Pandulfus II Prince of Benevento donated property to the abbot of Santa Sophia di Benevento, at the request of "Adelferi comiti…parenti nostro", by charter dated Oct 981[321]. m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer & his wife had two children:

a) MADELFRIT [I] (-after Jun 994). "Guaiferius castaldus et Petrus iudicibus…Bisantio comes filius quondam Adelferi thesaurarii et Madelfrit thesaurarius filius Landolfi thesaurarii et Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Roffrit comitis et Madelfrit referendario filius Adelferi referendario et comes" donated property to Cava monastery by charter dated Jan 963[322]. Conte di Avellino. "I conti Madelfrid e Adelferio, figli del fu Adelferio" granted land in Avellino to "Ludovico figlio di Ermengardo" by charter dated Aug 993[323]. "Madelfrit comes filius Adelferi" is named as mediator in a charter dated Jun 994 which records a dispute between the abbots of Salerno San Lorenzo and Salerno San Massimo[324]. m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit & his wife had one child:

i) ALOARA (-after May 1000). A charter dated May 1000 relates to "monasterio sancti Nicolai de Gallocanta" built by "Aloara comitissa filis Madelfrit comitis que fuit uxor Landoarii comitis filii vone memorie Lamberti comitis et Guaiferio comes qui sum infra etate, filius istius Aloare et predicti Landoarii", owned by "Adelberti comiti…congnato et thio nostro filio ipsius Landoari comitis"[325]. m LANDOAR, son of LAMBERT & his wife --- (-[Mar 997/May 1000]).

b) ADELFER [IV] (-after 1005). "I conti Madelfrid e Adelferio, figli del fu Adelferio" granted land in Avellino to "Ludovico figlio di Ermengardo" by charter dated Aug 993[326]. Conte di Avellino. He was installed in 1003 as ADELFER Prince of Benevento, deposed in 1005. The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[327]. m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer [IV] & his wife had two children:

i) ADELFER [V] (-after 1005). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[328].

ii) MADELFRIT [II] (-after Jun 1038). "Madelfrit comes filius vone memorie Adelferi qui fuit comes" shared property with "Bernard fils de Truppoald et Jean fils de Musandus" by charter dated Sep 1024[329]. Conte di Avellino. Property previously sold to "Madelfrit comiti filio bone memorie Adelferi qui fuit comes" was excluded from a sale by "Prectio" of the property in the county of Avellino, recorded in a charter dated Jun 1038[330].

The parentage of Ioannes and Daufer is not known, but it appears likely that they were brothers:

1. IOANNES (-before Jan 1053). Conte di Avellino. "Domini Iohannis comitis" is named as present in a charter dated Apr 1025 which records a sale of properties by "germanorum Iaquintus clericus et Iohannes puerelus"[331]. "les comtes Jean et Adelfier" are named in a document dated May 1045 issued by "Domnella fille du moine Jean"[332]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES (-after Jan 1053). Conte di Avellino. "Iohanni comiti filii vone memorie Iohanni qui fuit comes" is named in a charter dated Jan 1053 issued by "Falco fils du notaire Risus"[333].

2. DAUFER (-before May 1045). Conte di Avellino. m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer & his wife had one child:

a) ADELFER [VI] (-after May 1045). Conte di Avellino. Pandulf III and Landolf VI Princes of Benevento donated property in the county of Avellino "au clerc Rodelfier", at the request of "Adelferium comitem…nostrum parentem hac filius quoddam Dauferi qui olim fuit comes", by charter dated May 1045[334].

1. ADELFER . m ADELTRUDA, daughter of ---. Adelfer & his wife had one child:

a) SICHELGARDA (-after 1118). "Guaimarius filius Guaimarius qui fuerat filius domini Guidonis ducis filii domini Guaimarii principis et Sicelgaita noverca eius filia Adelferii comitis Beneventani" are named in a charter of Cava abbey dated Nov 1092[335]. "Sichelgarda veuve de Gaimar I de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "sa fille Mabilia [et] de l´époux de celle-ci Robert", by charter dated 1118, which names "son mundoald…Landulf de Baragiano, fils d´une fille du défunt Gaimar I de Giffoni"[336]. m as his second wife, GUAIMAR di Giffoni, son of GUIDO di Salerno Duke of Sorrento & his wife Raingarda --- (-[Oct 1091/Nov 1092], bur Cava abbey).

F. CONTI di LARINO

References to members of this family are found in primary sources between the mid-10th and mid-11th centuries. However, the repetition of the same names means that a definitive family reconstruction is not possible. Stasser suggests various interesting hypotheses[337], but none can be considered conclusive enough to be used as the basis for the presentation in the present document. The main difficulty is that links could be through the female as well as the male line. The principal family members with the same name have been assigned sequential numbers in square brackets below. It must be emphasised that this numbering system is designed only to assist identification of further links in the family and that it has no historical significance.

ROFRIT di Avellino, son of --- (-before Jan 963). Gastald [di Larino]. "Roffrid et Adelferi germanis et gastaldei" are named in a charter dated Nov 944 or 945 which records a judgment recognising the independence of the monastery of Santa Sophia di Benevento from Monte Cassino[338]. It is assumed that this Rofrit was the ancestor of the conti di Larino, although no primary source has yet been identified which confirms that this hypothesis is correct beyond doubt.

m ---. The name of Rofrit´s wife is not known.

Rofrit & his wife had three children:

1. ROFRIT [II] (-after 11 Aug 992). Pandolf Count of Capua donated property at Albut in Liburia to Santa Sophia, at the request of "Roffrid comes", by charter dated Oct 970[339]. Paldolf Prince of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Benevento Santa Sophia, at the request of "Roffrid comes…nostro", by charter dated Aug 986[340]. Pandolf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Modesto di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…thium nostrum", by charter dated to [Aug 991/Aug 992][341]. Pandulf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento granted the city of Trivento to "Randoisio comite…hac filius Berardi comiti", at the request of "Roffridum comitem", by charter dated 11 Aug 992[342]. m ---. The name of Rofrit´s wife is not known. Rofrit [II] & his wife had one child:

a) MARIA (-after 1003). "Mulier vidua…Maria filia bone memorie Roffridus comes et relicta Potefrid bonæ memoriæ Magenolfi comiti" donated the church of San Apolinario near castellum Macchiagodena to Volturno by charter dated Nov 1003[343]. m POTELFRID, son of MAGENOLF Conte di Boiano & his wife --- (-before 1003).

2. ADELFER (-after Jan 963). "Guaiferius castaldus et Petrus iudicibus…Bisantio comes filius quondam Adelferi thesaurarii et Madelfrit thesaurarius filius Landolfi thesaurarii et Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Roffrit comitis et Madelfrit referendario filius Adelferi referendario et comes" donated property to Cava monastery by charter dated Jan 963[344].

3. GAITELGRIMA . The epitaph of "Gaitelgrima…proles Roffredi…coniux Landulfi principis" records that she died aged over 60 years old[345]. Stasser suggests that her father was the same person as Rofrit Conte di Larino[346]. The hypothesis appears to be confirmed correct by the charter dated to [Aug 991/Aug 992] under which Pandolf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Modesto di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…thium nostrum"[347]. m (Summer 958) LANDOLF V Prince of Capua and Benevento, son of LANDOLF IV Prince of Capua & his wife [Maria de Gaeta/Euanthia ---] (-968).

1. DAUFER (-before 986). The chronology suggests that Daufer was the son of Rofrit di Avellino gastald [di Larino], but this affiliation is not beyond doubt. m ([955]) --. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer [I] & his wife had four children:

a) MADELFRIT [I] (-[before 18 Dec 1012]). Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[348].

- see below.

b) ROFRIT [III] (-before 1030). "Madelfrit et Rofrit germani atque comites et filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit comiti" donated the church of Santa Maria di Corneto to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated May 1010[349].

- see below.

c) DAUFER [II] (-after 1001). Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[350].

d) MAGENOLF (-after 1001). Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[351].

MADELFRIT [I] di Larino, son of DAUFER Conte di Larino & his wife --- (-[before 18 Dec 1012]). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Madelfrid comitis" adjudged the monastery of San Benedetto di Pettinari to the prior of San Benedetto di Larino, dated to [986][352]. Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[353]. The abbot of Monte Cassino granted property to "Madelfrit comiti" which had been donated by "Dauferi genitoris mei" by charter dated Jul 1006[354]. "Madelfrit et Rofrit germani atque comites et filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit comiti" donated the church of Santa Maria di Corneto to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated May 1010[355].

m ---. The name of Madelfrid´s wife is not known.

Madelfrid [I] & his wife had three children:

1. ROFRIT [V] (-before 1045). Landolf V and Pandulf III Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Santi Lupulo e Zosimo di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…nostrum parentum", by charter dated 11 Sep 1015[356]. "Roffrit filius…bone memorie Malfrit comitis et Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Rofrit comitibus" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Nov 1042[357]. m ADELEITA, daughter of --- (-after Aug 1049). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Adelferius comes de Beneventano principatu" donated the monastery of San Eustachio di Pantasia to Monte Cassino, dated to Aug 1049[358], the corresponding charter dated Aug 1049 recording that the donor acted "avec sa mère Adeleita et son épouse Adeltruda"[359]. Rofrit [IV] & his wife had three children:

a) ADELFIER (-after 8 Mar 1050). Pandulf III and Landulf VI Princes of Benevento donated property next to the river Fresilone to the monastery of Santa Colomba, at the request of "Adelfier fils du comte Roffrid", by charter dated 8 Mar 1050[360]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Adelferius comes de Beneventano principatu" donated the monastery of San Eustachio di Pantasia to Monte Cassino, dated to Aug 1049[361], the corresponding charter dated Aug 1049 recording that the donor acted "avec sa mère Adeleita et son épouse Adeltruda"[362]. m ADELTRUDA, daughter of --- (-after Aug 1049). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Adelferius comes de Beneventano principatu" donated the monastery of San Eustachio di Pantasia to Monte Cassino, dated to Aug 1049[363], the corresponding charter dated Aug 1049 recording that the donor acted "avec sa mère Adeleita et son épouse Adeltruda"[364].

b) DAUFER (-after 1050). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Dauferio comiti de Larino" donated territory "in pertinentia Thermulensi" to Monte Cassino, dated to [1050][365].

c) MADELFRIT (-after 1052). "Madelfrid comes filius quondam bo. me. Rofridi que fuit comes" granted his part of Santa Maria in Aurole which came from "domni Madelfrid barbuto qui fuit comes et ciano meo" to "Falco" by charter dated Nov 1052[366].

2. MADELFRIT [II] (-before Apr 1016). Pandulf II, Landolf V and Pandulf III Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Benedetto di Benevento, at the request of "Madelfridum comitem…et filii Madelfrid", by charter dated 18 Dec 1012[367].

3. POTO [II] (-before Nov 1041). "Poto comes et filius…bone memorie Madelfrit comes" donated the territory of Vivario near the river Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated 1016[368].

1. POTO [I] (-after 17 May 988). Conte di Greci. Pandulf II and Landulf V Princes of Benevento granted "la cité de Greci" to "comte Poto", at the request of "comte Adelfier", by charter dated 17 May 988[369].

ROFRIT [III] di Larino, son of DAUFER Conte di Larino & his wife --- (-before 1030). "Madelfrit et Rofrit germani atque comites et filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit comiti" donated the church of Santa Maria di Corneto to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated May 1010[370].

m ([970]) ---.

Rofrit [III] & his wife had one child:

1. MADELFRIT [III] (-after Aug 1044). "Roffrit filius…bone memorie Malfrit comitis et Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Rofrit comitibus" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Nov 1042[371]. "Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Roffrit comes" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti, for the souls of "Theodenande uxoris mee et…filiorum vivis atque defunctis", by charter dated Aug 1044, witnessed by "…Rofrit comes…"[372]. m THEODENANDA, daughter of --- (-after Aug 1044). "Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Roffrit comes" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti, for the souls of "Theodenande uxoris mee et…filiorum vivis atque defunctis", by charter dated Aug 1044, witnessed by "…Rofrit comes…"[373]. Madelfrit & his wife had one child:

a) ROFRIT (-Jan [1060/62]). "Rofrit comes filius…bone memorie Malfrit comitis", on his deathbed, donated the church of Santa Colomba near castellum Portocannone to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jan [1060/62][374].

1. TASSELGARD [I] (-before Jul 1045). m MARIA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "patris mei Tesselgardi et genitricis meæ Mariæ, et Bertæ materteræ meæ…"[375]. It is assumed that Berta was the donor´s maternal aunt, assuming that "matertera" should be interpreted in its strict sense in the document. Tasselgard [I] & his wife had three children:

a) TASSELGARD [II] (-Dec 1049). Conte di Larino. "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "patris mei Tesselgardi et genitricis meæ Mariæ, et Bertæ materteræ meæ…mearumque uxorum mortuis et vivis, quarum nomina sunt, Marada, et…filiorum meorum Tesselgardi et Bernardi, et Porum: necnon et fratrum meorum Roffria et Malfria", by charter dated Jul 1045, whose dating clause refers to "Domini Pandolfi…Principis et…Domini Landolfi…filii eius", subscribed by "Dauferius Comes…"[376]. "Traselgardus filius…bone memorie domini Tasselgardi qui fuit comes", on his deathbed, and "domina Altruda uxor mea" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Dec 1049, witnessed by "…Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes, Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes…"[377]. m firstly MARADA, daughter of ---. This earlier marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…mearumque uxorum mortuis et vivis, quarum nomina sunt, Marada…"[378]. As Tesselgardo´s living wife makes a similar donation in the same document, it is assumed that Marada was the name of his earlier deceased wife. m secondly ALTRUDA, daughter of MAGENOLFO & his wife --- (-after Dec 1049). Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…mearumque uxorum mortuis et vivis, quarum nomina sunt, Marada…"[379]. The same document includes a similar donation by "Alarada Comitissa filia Magenolfi Comitis…uxor prædicti Tesselgardi Comitis". "Traselgardus filius…bone memorie domini Tasselgardi qui fuit comes", on his deathbed, and "domina Altruda uxor mea" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Dec 1049, witnessed by "…Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes, Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes…"[380]. Tasselgard [II] & his [first/second] wife had two children:

i) TASSELGARD [III] . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…filiorum meorum Tesselgardi et Bernardi…"[381].

ii) BERNARDO . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…filiorum meorum Tesselgardi et Bernardi…"[382].

b) ROFRIT [VI] (-after Feb [1059/62]). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…fratrum meorum Roffria et Malfria"[383]. "Rofrit comes filius…bone memorie Traselgardi qui fuit comes" donated the church of San Andrea de Silpoli to Santa Maria di Tremiti, with the advice of "Roffreda filio meo", by charter dated Feb [1059/62][384]. No direct proof has been found that this Rofrit was the father of the children shown below. However, the fact that one of them was called Tasselgard indicates a close connection with the family. m [ROFREDA], daughter of --- (-after Jun 1057). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum dominus Rofreda comes genitor meus [error for "domina Rofreda genetrix mea"?]…" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][385]. Rofrit & his wife had six children: Rofrit [VI] & his wife had six children:

i) ROFRIT (-after Aug 1059). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum dominus Rofreda comes genitor meus [error for "domina Rofreda genetrix mea"?] cum domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione, and other property in Pleuti next to land "que fuit domini Malfrit comitis filii…bone memorie Traselgardi comitis", to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][386]. "Rofrit comes filius…bone memorie Traselgardi qui fuit comes" donated the church of San Andrea de Silpoli to Santa Maria di Tremiti, with the advice of "Roffreda filio meo", by charter dated Feb [1059/62][387]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Roffredum quondam Roffredi Comitis filium" restored "Cellam…Sanctam Mariam in Castanieto" to Volturno by charter dated Aug 1059[388].

ii) ATTO (-after Jun 1063). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][389]. "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][390].

iii) TASSELGARD [IV] (-after Jun 1063). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][391]. "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][392].

iv) MADELFRIT [VI] (-[Jun 1057/Jun 1064]). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][393]. m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit [VI] & his wife had one child:

(a) ROFRIT (-after Jun 1063). "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][394].

v) ATENOLF (-after Jun 1063). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][395]. "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][396].

vi) SICONULF (-after Jun 1057). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][397].

c) MADELFRIT [V] (-after Nov 1054). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…fratrum meorum Roffria et Malfria"[398]. "Malfrit marchione filius quoddam bone memorie Tasselgardi comitis" donated the church of San Pietro di Puliano to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Nov [1054/56][399].

1. ROFRIT [IV] (-before 1030). m ---. The name of Rofrit´s wife is not known. Rofrit & his wife had three children:

a) GRIMOALD (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030, signed by "les comtes Alfan et Landulf"[400]. m ---. Grimoald & his wife had [four] children:

i) ALFAN (-before Jun 1047). m ---. Alfan & his wife had one child:

(a) IOANNES (-after Jun 1105). A charter dated Jun 1047 records the presence of "domni…Guaimarii…principis et ducis [et] domnus Guido dux et Paldulfus germani eius…filii…domni Guaimarii principis" at a donation, with "Atenolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis, et…Iohannem comitem filium quondam Alfani comitis" named as guarantors[401]. "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[402]. "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid" by charter dated Jun 1105, which names "consobrinum fratrem Ademar fils du comte Landulf" as fiduciary[403].

ii) ROFRIT . m ---. Rofrit & his wife had one child:

(a) IOANNES (-after Jun 1105). "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid" by charter dated Jun 1105[404].

iii) RICCIA (-before Mar 1078). "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[405]. m MANSO, son of ARECHIS [Riso] di Amalfi & his wife --- (-before Mar 1078).

iv) [--- . Her parentage and marriage are suggested by the charter dated Jun 1105 under which "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid", which names her son "consobrinum fratrem Ademar fils du comte Landulf" as fiduciary[406]. m LANDOLF, son of [ADEMAR di Amalfi & his wife ---] (-before May 1064).]

b) DAUFER [III] (-before 1030). m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer [III] & his wife had one child:

i) ROFRIT (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[407].

c) POTO [III] (-before 1030). His relationship to the family of Grimoald is confirmed by the charter dated Jun 1105 under which "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père"[408]. ["Poto figlio del fu Roffrid" donated land outside Benevento at Calcara to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", with the consent "della moglia Adeltruda", by charter dated Aug 987[409]. It is not certain that this document refers to the same Poto, although the chronology suggests that this may be correct.] m ---. The name of Poto´s wife is not known. If the charter dated Aug 987, under which "Poto figlio del fu Roffrid" donated land outside Benevento at Calcara to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", with the consent "della moglia Adeltruda"[410], refers to the same Poto as is shown in this family, her name was Adeltruda. Poto & his wife had three children:

i) RODELGRIMA (-after Sep 1065). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[411]. "Rolegrima filia quondam Potonis comitis que fuerat uxor quondam Ederradi comitis" donated property to "Landolfo filio quondam Roffrit comitis", with the consent of "Aldemari clerici filii quondam Landemarii comitis et Maraldi filii quondam Landolfi comitis mundoalt sui", by charter dated Sep 1065[412]. m EDERAD, son of --- (-before Sep 1065)

ii) ALOARA (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[413].

iii) ALFERADA (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[414].

1. MADELFRIT [IV] (-before Jun 1052). m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit [IV] & his wife had one child:

a) PURPURA (-before Jun 1052). "Gualbertus filius…Gusberti" donated property, which came to him from "Purpure filia quodam Malfrit comite que fuit uxor mea", to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun 1052[415]. m GUALBERT, son of GUISBERT & his wife --- (-after Jun 1052).

2. MADELFRIT [VII] (-before 1 Feb 1104). m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit [VII] & his wife had one child:

a) OLFUS Caraczulo (-after 1 Feb 1104). "Mari et Olfus, qui nominator Caraczulo, filio q. d. Malfredo comitis beneventani" donated property by charter dated 1 Feb [1104][416].

G. CONTI di SUESSA e d´ISERNIA

LANDENOLF [I] di Capua, son of ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua and Benevento & his wife Sichelgaita di Gaeta (-before Mar 963). His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 5 May 964 under which Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento granted "civitatem Isernensem" to his son "Landolfo comitis…fratri nostro fil. quondam Landenolfi thio nostro"[417]. His affiliation is confirmed by the charter of his grandson "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" dated 981, under which he donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine[418]. Another possibility is suggested by the epitaph of his son "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis"[419]. No other reference has been found to "Landenulfi principis", alive in the early 10th century, although it is possible that he was another otherwise unrecorded son of Atenolf Count of Capua. If the latter is correct, the other sources quoted above indicate that Sichelgaita di Gaeta must have been the wife of this Landenolf. Another epitaph, which records the death of his grandson "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[420], suggests that the reference to "Landenulfi principis" may simply have been an error.

m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known.

Landenolf & his wife had two children:

1. ATENOLF [I] (-before 981). "Domnum Atenolfum et domnum Landolfum germanis filiis bone memorie Landenolfi" are named as present in a charter dated Mar 963 which records a judgment relating to land "Baloneu" in favour of Monte Cassino[421]. Conte de Suessa. "Atenulfus comes filius bone recordatione domini Landolfi" donated property along the banks of the river Garigliano to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 971[422]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment, dated Jun 976, relating to property of the monastery of San Martin di Monte Marsico in the presence of "dominum Atenolfum et Landulfum germanis comitibus eiusdem civitatis [=civitatis Suessane]"[423]. m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known. Atenolf & his wife had two children:

a) ATENOLF [II] (-after 981). Conte de Suessa. "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine, by charter dated 981[424].

b) LANDENOLF [II] (-after May 984). "Landenolfus filius quondam domni Atenolfi bone memorie" donated property inherited from "domni Atenolfi comiti genitore meo et ei obvenit a domna Sikelgaita principissa visabia mea" to "domno Marino filio domni Constantini" by charter dated May 984[425].

2. LANDOLF [I] "Grecus" ([935/40]-[997/1002], bur Santa Maria d´Isernia). "Domnum Atenolfum et domnum Landolfum germanis filiis bone memorie Landenolfi" are named as present in a charter dated Mar 963 which records a judgment relating to land "Baloneu" in favour of Monte Cassino[426]. Conte d´Isernia. Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento granted "civitatem Isernensem" to "Landolfo comitis…fratri nostro fil. quondam Landenolfi thio nostro" by charter dated 5 May 964[427]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment, dated Jun 976, relating to property of the monastery of San Martin di Monte Marsico in the presence of "dominum Atenolfum et Landulfum germanis comitibus eiusdem civitatis [=civitatis Suessane]"[428]. The epitaph of "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis" records his death aged 62[429]. m ([958/60]) SICHELGAITA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Mar 1003 under which her sons "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem"[430]. Landulf & his wife had three children:

a) LANDENOLF [III] (-after Oct 1004, bur Santa Maria d´Isernia). "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem", with the consent of "uxoribus nostris", by charter dated Mar 1003[431]. Conte d´Isernia. Pope John XVIII confirmed the rights of "Landinolfus comes filius comitis Landolfi Greci" over the church of Santa Maria d´Isernia, restored by him "cum bone memorie Gemma conjuge sua", by bull dated Oct 1004[432]. The epitaph records the death of "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[433]. m GEMMA, daughter of --- (-[Mar 1003/Oct 1004]). Pope John XVIII confirmed the rights of "Landinolfus comes filius comitis Landolfi Greci" over the church of Santa Maria d´Isernia, restored by him "cum bone memorie Gemma conjuge sua", by bull dated Oct 1004[434].

b) LAIDOLF (-after Mar 1003). "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem", with the consent of "uxoribus nostris", by charter dated Mar 1003[435]. Conte d´Isernia. m --- (-after Mar 1003). The name of Laidolf´s wife is not known. Laidolf & his wife had one child:

i) BERNARDO [I] (-after 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[436]. m ---. The name of Bernardo´s wife is not known. Bernardo & his wife had five children:

(a) BERNARDO [II] (-after 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[437].

(b) son (-killed in battle before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[438].

(c) son (-killed in battle before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[439].

(d) daughter (-before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[440].

(e) daughter (-before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[441].

c) LANDOLF [II] (-before Mar 1003). Conte d´Isernia. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Mar 1003 under which his brothers "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem"[442]. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf [II] & his wife had two children:

i) LANDOLF [III] (-before 1069). Conte de Suessa. "Domno Landolfus et Landolfo filio eius et Atenolfo comitibus de civitate Suessa" are named as present in a charter dated to [1047/48] which records a judgment of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[443]. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf [III] & his wife had two children:

(a) LANDOLF [IV] (-after 1083). "Domno Landolfus et Landolfo filio eius et Atenolfo comitibus de civitate Suessa" are named as present in a charter dated to [1047/48] which records a judgment of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[444]. Conte de Suessa. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf [IV] & his wife had one child:

(1) AGELTRUDA (after 1050-before 1100). "Johannes filius bone memorie Paldulfi filii domini Guaimarii principis et Ageltruda uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis Sesse civitatis" are named in a charter dated 1083[445]. m IOANNES di Salerno Signore di Capaccio, son of PALDULF di Salerno & his wife Theodora di Tusculanum (-after 1083).

(b) LANDO (-after 1069). His parentage is confirmed by the marriage contract of his daughter "domnum Lando comes Suessa filius bone recordationis domni Landolfi…Offa…filiam suam" dated 1069[446]. Conte de Suessa. m ---. The name of Lando´s wife is not known. Lando & his wife had one child:

(1) OFFA (after 1052-after 1069). The marriage contract of "Bernardus consule de civitate Fundane filius quondam bone recordationis domni Leoni" and "domnum Lando comes Suessa filius bone recordationis domni Landolfi…Offa…filiam suam" is dated 1069, and names "Crescentius consule Fundano e filius quondam bone recordationis domni Crescentius" as fiduciary[447]. m (1069) BERNARDO Conte di Fondi, son of LEO Conte di Fondi & his wife --- (-after 1069).

ii) PIETRO (-after 1049). The Stemma principum Langobardorum records "Pierre comte de Suessa fils de Landulf de Suessa, et son épouse Gemma, fille de Docibilis vir illustris"[448]. Conte di Suessa. "Domnus Petrus comes Suessanus…" and "duc Atenulf I de Gaète, les ducs de Fundi et son beau-père Docibilis fils de Landulf" are named as present in a charter dated Jun 1049 which records a memoratorium of "comte Ederrad de Traetto"[449]. m GEMMA, daughter of DOCIBILIS & his wife ---. The Stemma principum Langobardorum records "Pierre comte de Suessa fils de Landulf de Suessa, et son épouse Gemma, fille de Docibilis vir illustris"[450]. "Domnus Petrus comes Suessanus…" and "duc Atenulf I de Gaète, les ducs de Fundi et son beau-père Docibilis fils de Landulf" are named as present in a charter dated Jun 1049 which records a memoratorium of "comte Ederrad de Traetto"[451].

1. ATENOLF [III] (-after [1047/48]). Atenolf [III] was presumably the grandson of Landolf [I] but no indication has been found about his precise parentage. Conte d´Isernia e Suessa. "Atenulfum comitem Iserniensem et Landonem comitem Cajactiensem" are named as fiduciaries in a charter dated Apr 1029[452]. "Domno Landolfus et Landolfo filio eius et Atenolfo comitibus de civitate Suessa" are named as present in a charter dated to [1047/48] which records a judgment of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[453].

H. CONTI di TEANO

ATENOLF di Capua, son of ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua and Benevento & his wife Sichelgaita di Gaeta (-after 15 Mar 952). "Atenolfus comes fili bone memorie domni Atenolfi prin[cipis]" refers to a dispute with the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla relating to land "in Bairano finibus pertinentiis nostro comitato Teano", in a charter dated Aug [944][454]. Conte di Teano. Landulf and Pandulf his son Princes of Benevento donated property to Monte Cassino, at the request of "Atenulfus comes…nepoti nostro", by charter dated 15 Mar 952[455].

m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known.

Atenolf [I] & his wife had one child:

1. ATENOLF [II] (-after May 964). "Atenolfus comes filius bone recordationis domni Atenolfi comitis…et…Radelgardis…uxor…filia bonæ memoriæ Potoni" donated property at Teano to Santa Maria de Cingla, by charter dated May 961[456]. Conte di Teano. "Atenolfus comes Teanensis et filius bone recordacionis domni Atenolfi comitis" recorded a dispute with Santa Maria de Cingla, by charter dated May 964[457]. m RADELGARDA, daughter of POTO & his wife --- (-after May 961). "Atenolfus comes filius bone recordationis domni Atenolfi comitis…et…Radelgardis…uxor…filia bonæ memoriæ Potoni" donated property at Teano to Santa Maria de Cingla, by charter dated May 961[458]. Atenolf [II] & his wife had five children:

a) LANDO (-after Nov 986). Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento donated property to Monte Cassino, at the request of "Lando comes…nepoti nostro filio quondam Atenolfi comitis", by charter dated Oct 968[459]. Conte di Teano. The testament "du comte Lando, fils du comte Atenulf" is dated Oct 986[460]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando comes ex civitate Teanense filius bonæ memoriæ domni Atenulfi comitis" donated property "in finibus…civitatis Teanensis", including "terræ meæ et de nepoti meæ quem genitor meus…habuit de pars episcopi Teanensi…[et terra] qui fuit Landoni senioris castaldei…[et] terra…ad potestatem Sellectæ et Gemmæ sorori meæ", by charter dated Nov 986[461]. m as her first husband, GISULFA di Chieti, daughter of ATTO [II] Conte di Chieti & his wife --- (-after May 998). "Jesulfa comitissa quæ fuit uxor bonæ memorie Landoni comitis comitatu Teano et filia Attoni comitis…uxor…Rainaldi comiti filii bonæ recordatione Berardi comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino by charter dated to [989/96][462]. She married secondly Rinaldo Conte di Marsi. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Oderisius comes…Gervisæ coniugie suæ"[463]. "Gervisa comitissa filia Actoni comitis et uxor…Rainaldi comitis Marsicane urbis" donated property "in finibus comitatui Teanensis in loco Baccari et Corrigre…datum Landoni comitis anteriori viri mei…comes…Teanensis filius Atenolfi comitis" to Monte Cassino by charter dated May 998[464].

b) ATENOLF [III] (-before Nov 986). Conte di Teano. "Le comte Atenulf, fils du feu comte Atenulf, et son épouse Blatta" donated property to San Salvatore di Cucuruzzu by charter dated Nov 982[465]. m BLATTA, daughter of ---. "Le comte Atenulf, fils du feu comte Atenulf, et son épouse Blatta" donated property to San Salvatore di Cucuruzzu by charter dated Nov 982[466].

c) DAUFIER (-[before Nov 986]). Conte di Teano. m ---. The name of Daufier´s wife is not known. Daufier & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES (-after Nov 1027). Conte di Teano. "Iohannes comes Teanensis…et filii bone memorie domni Dauferi comitis" donated property "quod…pertinuit Gervisæ comitissæ…Landoni comiti Teanensis et thius meus" to San Salvatore di Cucuruzzu by charter dated Nov 1027[467].

d) SELLECTA (-after Nov 986). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando comes ex civitate Teanense filius bonæ memoriæ domni Atenulfi comitis" donated property "in finibus…civitatis Teanensis", including "terræ meæ et de nepoti meæ quem genitor meus…habuit de pars episcopi Teanensi…[et terra] qui fuit Landoni senioris castaldei…[et] terra…ad potestatem Sellectæ et Gemmæ sorori meæ", by charter dated Nov 986[468].

e) GEMMA (-after Nov 986). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando comes ex civitate Teanense filius bonæ memoriæ domni Atenulfi comitis" donated property "in finibus…civitatis Teanensis", including "terræ meæ et de nepoti meæ quem genitor meus…habuit de pars episcopi Teanensi…[et terra] qui fuit Landoni senioris castaldei…[et] terra…ad potestatem Sellectæ et Gemmæ sorori meæ", by charter dated Nov 986[469].

The following (probable) brothers were grandsons of Pandolf I Prince of Capua and Benevento and his wife Aloara, but it is not known which of the couple´s sons was their father. Stasser says that "on peut affirmer avec une quasi certitude qu´il s´agit de Gisulf", excluding Laidolf on the basis that Pandolf VI Prince of Capua would have claimed this connection in contemporary documentation if he had been Laidolf´s son[470]. Stasser´s analysis does not consider the possibility that Atenolf was their father.

1. PANDOLF (-[1026/28]). According to Stasser, "les sources ne précisent pas lequel …[des] six fils connus [du prince Pandulf I de Capoue] fut le fondateu de cette lignée, mais on peut affirmer avec une quasi certitude qu´il s´agit de Gisulf"[471]. Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus et Gisulfus Teanenses comites" [presumably brothers, although the relationship between the donors is not specified in the document] donated land at Cesima to Monte Cassino, dated to [1011/22][472]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfo Teanensi comiti" succeeded as PANDOLF VI Prince of Capua, dated to [1022][473]. "Pandolphus et Johannes filius eiusdem principis…Langobardorum gentis principes" confirmed the rights of the monastery of San Salvatore near Naples, at the request of Emperor Heinrich II, by charter dated 2 Sep 1022[474]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[475]. "Paldolfus et Joannes filius eiusdem…principis…Langovardorum gentis principes" confirmed rights as abbess to "domna Sichelgayta abbatissa" (abbess of Santa Maria di Cingla), at the request of "Landenolfus comes Calacianus…filius quondam Landolfi", by charter dated 13 Jun 1024[476]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus…Teanensis quem principem Capuæ factum ab imperatore" joined "Boaino", left Capua for Naples, and later lived in Rome where he died, dated to [1026/28][477]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that Prince Pandolf VI was exiled with his son "in Romaniam"[478]. m ---. The name of Pandolf's wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had three children:

a) IOANNES (-after 1026). "Pandolphus et Johannes filius eiusdem principis…Langobardorum gentis principes" confirmed the rights of the monastery of San Salvatore near Naples, at the request of Emperor Heinrich II, by charter dated 2 Sep 1022[479]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[480]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Iohanne filio suo [=Pandulfo Teanensi]" ruled jointly with his father as IOANNES Prince of Capua but was exiled with his father "in Romaniam"[481]. "Otto…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted Pontecorvo to "principis Capuani…Iohannis Gagetani senioris consulis atque ducis nostri" by charter dated 15 Oct 999[482]. m BLATTA, daughter of --- (-after Jul 1049). "…Blacta…monachile…quæ fui principissa et relicta quondam Johanni principis filia [sic] supradicti Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[483]. Stasser suggests that she was Blatta of Naples, daughter of Sergius IV Duke of Naples & his wife ---, based on the close connection between the ducal family of Naples and Pandolf VI Prince of Capua who found refuge with Duke Sergius IV after being expelled from Capua[484].

b) PANDOLF (-before Jul 1049). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1049 under which "Landolfus…Teanensis comes et filius quondam…bonæ memoriæ domni Paldulfi principis…et…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa[485]. m ANNA, daughter of SERGIUS & his wife --- (-after Jul 1049). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…et…Anna comitissa filia Sergii et relicta quoddam supradicti Paldulfi comiti" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[486]. Stasser suggests that she was Anna of Naples, daughter of Sergius IV Duke of Naples & his wife ---, based on the close connection between the ducal family of Naples and Pandolf VI Prince of Capua who found refuge with Duke Sergius IV after being expelled from Capua[487]. Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) PANDOLF (-after Jul 1049). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[488].

ii) LANDOLF (-after 19 Jan 1065). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[489]. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[490].

c) LANDOLF (-[19 Jan 1065/Sep 1070]). Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Laidulfus Teanensis comes" captured "Adenulfum qui postmodum dux Caietæ" at Teano, in support of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno against Pandulf VII Prince of Capua, but that in revenge "Aquinenses comites" imprisoned the abbot of Monte Cassino who was helped by "Landulfus…Teanensis comes", dated to [1039][491]. "Landolfus…Teanensis comes et filius quondam…bonæ memoriæ domni Paldulfi principis…et…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…et…Blacta…monachile…quæ fui principissa et relicta quondam Johanni principis filia [sic] supradicti Paldulfi principis…et Urania comitissa filia Johanni comitis et uxor…supradicti Landolfi comitis…et…Anna comitissa filia Sergii et relicta quoddam supradicti Paldulfi comiti" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[492]. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[493]. m URANIA, daughter of IOANNES & his wife --- (-after Jul 1049). "Landolfus…Teanensis comes et filius quondam…bonæ memoriæ domni Paldulfi principis…et Urania comitissa filia Johanni comitis et uxor…supradicti Landolfi comitis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[494]. Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) IOANNES (-after Jul 1086). "Iohannes quoque filius Landulfi comitis Teanensis" donated part of his castle at Mortula to the monastery of Monte Cassino in Sep 1070[495]. Conte di Venafro. "Iohannes comes Benafri filius Landolfi comitis…et son épouse Anna" donated castellum de Cardeto to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jul 1086[496]. m ATTA di Venafro, daughter of PALDO Conte di Venafro & his wife Maria --- (-after Jul 1086). "Atta filia Paldi comitis de civitate di Venafro…uxor…Iohannis comitis filii quoddam Landolfi qui fuit comes de suprascripta civitate" donated her part of land "infra finibus Teanense civitatis loco Presenzano ubi ad Savinianu" to the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla by charter dated Feb 1072[497]. "Iohannes comes Benafri filius Landolfi comitis…et son épouse Anna" donated castellum de Cardeto to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jul 1086[498]. Ioannes & his wife had three children:

(a) PALDO di Venafro (-after Jun 1123). "Paldi comes filius domni Ioannis comitis" is named in a charter dated Jun 1089 under which "comte Hugues Morinus" donated property[499]. Conte di Venafro. "Paldo comte de Venafro" was named in the charter dated 1118 under which "Roger comte de Calvi" donated property[500]. m ---. The name of Paldo´s wife is not known. Paldo & his wife had one child:

(1) ATENOLF di Venafro (-bur Monte Cassino). An epitaph records the death (undated) of "Adenulfi comitis filius Paldi comiti di Venafro"[501].

(b) ALTRUDA (-after Nov 1104). "Guilielmus…domino castelli…Nove…filius quondam Guilielmi qui dictus est de Magnia et Altruda filia quondam Johannis comitis Tianensis" donated property to the abbey of Cava by charter dated Nov 1104[502]. m GUGLIELMO Signore di Novi Velia, son of GUGLIELMO de Mannia & his wife --- (-after Nov 1104).

(c) SICHELGAITA (-after 1119). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[503]. m as his second wife, GREGORIO di Capaccio, son of PALDULF di Salerno & his wife Theodora di Tusculanum (-[1118/19]).

ii) LANDOLF (after [1050]-after Sep 1070). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "frater eius [=Iohannes] Landulfus infans"[504]. "Landolfus infans infra ætate filii quondam Landolfi qui fuit comes Teanensis" donated his part of castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1070[505].

2. [GISULF (-after 1011). Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus et Gisulfus Teanenses comites" [presumably brothers, although the relationship between the donors is not specified in the document] donated land at Cesima to Monte Cassino, dated to [1011/22][506].] m ---. The name of Gisulf´s wife is not known. Gisulf & his wife had [five] children:

a) PETRUS (-after 19 Jan 1065). Conte di Teano. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[507].

b) IOANNES (-after 19 Jan 1065). Conte di Teano. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[508]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

i) PIETRO (-after Oct 1116). "Le comte Pierre fils du comte Jean de Teano et son fils le comte Jean" confirmed their part of Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Oct 1116[509]. m ---. The name of Pietro´s wife is not known. Pietro & his wife had one child:

(a) IOANNES (-after Oct 1116). "Le comte Pierre fils du comte Jean de Teano et son fils le comte Jean" confirmed their part of Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Oct 1116[510].

c) LAIDOLF (-before 19 Jan 1065). Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Laidulfus Teanensis comes" captured "Adenulfum qui postmodum dux Caietæ" at Teano, in support of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno against Pandulf VII Prince of Capua, but that in revenge "Aquinenses comites" imprisoned the abbot of Monte Cassino who was helped by "Landulfus…Teanensis comes", dated to [1039][511]. m ---. The name of Laidolf's wife is not known. Laidolf & his wife had two children:

i) PANDOLF (-[19 Jan 1065/7 Dec 1089]). A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[512]. m ---. The name of Pandolf´s wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had one child:

(a) PANDOLF (-after Sep 1091). "…Pandulphi de Presumzanu" witnessed the charter dated 7 Dec 1089 which records a judgment in favour of the monastery of San Stefano di Fossanova[513]. Conte di Presenziano. "Pandulfus comes filius domni Pandulfi qui fuit comes Tiano" donated his part of castellum Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1091, signed by "Pandulfus comes, Ectore, Laidulfus…"[514]. m MARIA, daughter of --- (-after Apr 1108). "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[515]. Pandolf & his wife had four children:

(1) ECTORE (-after 1115). "Pandulfus comes filius domni Pandulfi qui fuit comes Tiano" donated his part of castellum Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1091, signed by "Pandulfus comes, Ectore, Laidulfus…"[516]. "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[517]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Hector, Pandulfus et Gisulfus filii Pandulfi de Presenzano" occupied castellum Camino but were forced to return it to Monte Cassino on the intervention of Pope Pascal II, dated to [1115][518].

(2) LAIDULF (-after Sep 1108). "Pandulfus comes filius domni Pandulfi qui fuit comes Tiano" donated his part of castellum Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1091, signed by "Pandulfus comes, Ectore, Laidulfus…"[519]. "Laydulfus comes filius quondam Pandulfi comitis Thianense" donated his part of castellum Mortula and Camino to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1108[520].

(3) PANDOLF (-after 1115). "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[521]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Hector, Pandulfus et Gisulfus filii Pandulfi de Presenzano" occupied castellum Camino but were forced to return it to Monte Cassino on the intervention of Pope Pascal II, dated to [1115][522].

(4) GISULF (-after 1115). "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[523]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Hector, Pandulfus et Gisulfus filii Pandulfi de Presenzano" occupied castellum Camino but were forced to return it to Monte Cassino on the intervention of Pope Pascal II, dated to [1115][524].

ii) LANDENOLF (-after [Aug 1101]). A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[525]. "Landenulf comte de Presenziano, fils du défunt comte Laidulf de Teano, avec ses fils Landulf et Laidulf" donated his rights to castellum Mortula by charter dated Sep 1097[526]. "Landenulfus comes filius quondam Laidolfi comitis" donated his part of Camino to Monte Cassino by charter dated Aug 1101[527]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Landenulfus comes, filius Laydolfi comitis" when recording his donation to Monte Cassino (Aug 1101 in the margin)[528]. m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Landenolf & his wife had two children:

(a) LANDOLF (-after Sep 1097). "Landenulf comte de Presenziano, fils du défunt comte Laidulf de Teano, avec ses fils Landulf et Laidulf" donated his rights to castellum Mortula by charter dated Sep 1097[529].

(b) LAIDOLF (-after Sep 1097). "Landenulf comte de Presenziano, fils du défunt comte Laidulf de Teano, avec ses fils Landulf et Laidulf" donated his rights to castellum Mortula by charter dated Sep 1097[530].

d) daughter . The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Teanenses comites" betrothed "sororem suam" to "propinquo suo [=Richer abbot of Monte Cassino]…Ardemanno" provided he granted them "Vantra" castle but that "Laidulfum unum ex eisdem comitibus" was imprisoned (which suggests that the proposed marriage never took place), dated to [1039/40][531]. Betrothed ([1039/40]) to ARDEMANNO, son of ---.

e) [daughter (-after [May/Jul] 1045). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus" captured "sororem Teanensium comitum" to force the liberation of "Adenulfus" [Duke of Gaeta] who had been captured by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, dated to [May/Jul] 1045[532]. It is not known whether this person was the same as the other sister of the counts of Teano who is referred to above.]

Stasser suggests that the following person was another brother of Pandolf VI Prince of Capua, although emphasising that this affiliation is only a hypothesis[533].

1. LAIDOLF (-before Feb 1046). "Laidolfus comes" is named as present in a charter dated 1028 under which "Gemma…uxor Leoni filii quondam Corbi et filia Iaquinti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the eleventh year of "domni Grimualdi Beneventane provincie princeps"[534]. m firstly ---. The name of Laidolf´s first wife is not known, but the marriage of his daughter before May 1023 strongly suggests this earlier marriage. m secondly ALOARA, daughter of TRUPPOALD & his wife ---. A charter dated Feb 1046 records that "Aloara que fuit uxore quondam Laidolfi comitis et filia quondam Truppoaldi comitis et…Iohannes comes germano suo" granted property to "Ademari filio quondam Grimoaldi et Amatus filio quondam Petri…thio et nepotes"[535]. Laidolf & his first wife had six children:

a) daughter . Amatus records that the "sister of Guaimar's [Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] wife was married to the Duke of Sorrento who had exiled her" and that Pandolf IV Duke of Capua attempted to seduce "the daughter of this lady"[536]. The editor of the edition consulted notes that the two sisters were the daughters of Laidolf, citing the sources which are quoted below relating to Gemma di Capua, wife of Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno[537]. However, as discussed more fully in the chapter dealing with the dukes of Salerno, it appears probable that Gemma di Capua was Duke Guaimar IV´s third wife whom he married in [1031/32]. Is it certain, therefore, that Amatus is referring to Guaimar´s third wife? The key to answering this question is determining how closely the relevant passage in Amatus can be dated. Amatus, in the paragraph preceding the passage reporting the attempted seduction of the young lady, records the succession of Duke Guaimar IV to his father[538], which is dated from other sources to [Feb/Jun] 1027. In the paragraph about the attempted seduction, Amatus records that "Guaimar…prepared to avenge this infamy. He brought forth his wealth…and presented these gifts to the Normans…[who] wasted no time in proclaiming his lordship over all the princes". Chalandon suggests that the dispute (which is also recorded by Malaterra[539]) broke out after Pandolf IV´s attack on Benevento in 1036[540]. This appears to be correct: Amatus records that Emperor Konrad II intervened in Italy in response to the problem[541], and his visit to Italy can be dated to 1037/38 from other sources (see, for example, the detailed account in the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis which specifies the date 1038 for the emperor´s arrival in Italy[542]). It can therefore safely be concluded that the attempted seduction of the daughter of the duke of Sorrento´s wife should be dated to [1035/36] and therefore that her mother was the sister of Prince Guaimar´s [third] wife Gemma di Capua. This means that the duke of Sorrento´s must have married the Capuan lady before 1020, assuming that her daughter was adolescent by [1035/36]. m (before 1020, repudiated [before 1035]) --- Duke of Sorrento, son of --- (-after 1038).

b) PANDOLF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). He was installed in 1052 as PANDOLF Prince of Salerno. Amatus records that, after the murder of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno in 1052, "they…made Pandulf prince as he was first born of the brothers"[543]. Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[544].

c) ATENULF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[545].

d) son (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[546].

e) LANDOLF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). Amatus names Landulf "youngest of the four brothers of Guaimar's wife" as one of the murderers of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno[547]. Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[548].

f) GEMMA (-after Dec 1070). Amatus refers to the wife of Prince Guaimar as sister of Landolf, one of his murderers[549]. "Waimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gemme Principisse…coniugis", by charter dated May 1032[550]. A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter under which "Guaimar Prince of Salerno", in "the fourteenth year" of his reign, granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro"[551]. It is assumed that this document refers to Prince Guaimar IV (whose fourteenth year was 1032) and that "Laidolfi comitis" was therefore the father of the prince´s third wife. Gemma, daughter of Laidulf, donated a mill at Vietri to the monastery of Cava dated Dec 1070, consented to by her five named sons[552]. m (before May 1032) as his third wife, GUAIMAR IV Duke of Salerno, son of GUAIMAR III Duke of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1010/12]-murdered 3 Jun 1052).

I. CONTI di VENAFRO

1. AUDOALD (-after Feb 878). Conte. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the abbot of Volturno, at the request of "Audoaldi comitis cognati nostri", by charter dated Feb [878][553]. The relationship between Count Audoald and Prince Adelchis has not been traced. It is possible that Audoald was the brother of Adelchis´s wife, assuming that "cognatus" can be interpreted in this document as "brother-in-law". Audoald is placed with the conti di Venafro because his name is repeated several times in their family groupings.

The following reconstruction results from the charter dated Jan 955 which is quoted below. It is clear from the document that Ademar thesaurarius was great-grandfather of all four named donors. It is also clear that Audoald, son of Ademar, was not the brother of Alfan and Ademar, sons of Ademar. Their fathers must therefore have been first cousins. Another possible variation is that Patero was the son of another unnamed son of Ademar [I], rather than the brother of Ademar [III].

1. ADEMAR [I] . Thesaurarius. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had two children:

a) --- . m ---. One child:

i) ADEMAR [II] (-before Jan 955). Conte [di Venafro]. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had two children:

(a) ALFAN (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][554].

(b) ADEMAR [IV] (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][555].

b) --- . m ---. [Two] children:

i) [ADEMAR [III] (-before Jan 955). m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had one child:

(a) AUDOALD (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][556].

ii) [PATERO . m ---. The name of Patero´s wife is not known. Patero & his wife had one child:

(a) LANDOLF (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][557].

1. ADEMAR [V] (-before Aug 987). The names of this family suggest that Ademar [V] was closely connected with the family of Ademar [I] who is shown above. It is possible that Ademar [V] was the same person as either Ademar [III] or Ademar [IV]. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar [V] & his wife had two children:

a) AUDOALD (-after Aug 990). "Poto figlio del fu Roffrid" donated land outside Benevento at Calcara to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", with the consent "della moglia Adeltruda", by charter dated Aug 987[558]. "Pietro figlio di Dauferio" donated land at Calcara and Pantano, inherited "dalla moglie Aloara", to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 987[559]. "Il conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro" paid money to "Poto figlio di Giovanni Sapaticio", in the presence "dei conti Magenolfo et Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 990[560]. m ---. The name of Audoald´s wife is not known. Audoald & his wife had two children:

i) ADEMAR (-after Aug 1003). "Madelberto presbitero ed il nipote Giovanni" donated land in Telese at Cortesano, Titerno and Piscinola "ai conti Aldemaro e Audoaldo, figli del fu Audoaldo" by charter dated Aug 1003[561].

ii) AUDOALD (-after Aug 1003). "Madelberto presbitero ed il nipote Giovanni" donated land in Telese at Cortesano, Titerno and Piscinola "ai conti Aldemaro e Audoaldo, figli del fu Audoaldo" by charter dated Aug 1003[562].

2. MAGENULF (-after Aug 990). "Il conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro" paid money to "Poto figlio di Giovanni Sapaticio", in the presence "dei conti Magenolfo et Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 990[563]. m ---. The name of Magenulf´s wife is not known. Magenulf & his wife had one child:

a) ADEMAR (-after 8 Apr 1043). "Comte Rodelpot fils du comte Poto…[et] ses frères" divided land outside Benevento at Plesco di Calcara held jointly with "la comtesse Gaitelgrima, fille de feu le comte Alfan et épouse du comte Adémar fils du comte Magenulf" by charter dated Nov 1041[564]. "I principi Pandolfo III e Landolfo VI" granted fiscal immunities to specified persons, at the request "del conte Aldemario", by charter dated 8 Apr 1043[565]. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of ALFAN & his wife --- (-after Nov 1041). "Comte Rodelpot fils du comte Poto…[et] ses frères" divided land outside Benevento at Plesco di Calcara held jointly with "la comtesse Gaitelgrima, fille de feu le comte Alfan et épouse du comte Adémar fils du comte Magenulf" by charter dated Nov 1041[566].

3. ADEMAR (-after Aug 990). "Il conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro" paid money to "Poto figlio di Giovanni Sapaticio", in the presence "dei conti Magenolfo et Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 990[567].

4. ADEMAR (-before Mar 1022). m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had one child:

a) ADEMAR (-after Mar 1022). A charter dated Mar 1022 records an agreement between "Aldemari comes filius idem Aldemari que fuit Comes" and the abbot of Volturno relating to a dispute about properties in Telesia[568].

1. PALDEFRID (-after Nov 954). Conte di Venafro. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment against "Paldefrit comes castaldatus Benafrani" who had appropriated properties of the monastery of Volturno, by charter dated Nov 954[569]. m ---. The name of Paldefrid´s wife is not known. Paldefrid & his wife had two children:

a) PANDOLF [I] . "Pandulf et le diacre Landulf, fils du défunt comte Paldefrid de Venafro, et Paldo fils di défunt comte Adenulf de Venafro" opposed the rights of Monte Cassino to certain property in the county of Venafro by charter dated to [966][570]. Conte di Venafro. m ---. The name of Pandolf´s wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) AUDOALD (-after 1032). "Audoald fils du défunt comte Pandulf de Venafro et ses neveux Pandulf et Landulf" shared properties in Cardito, Fondiniani, Casale and Acquafundata in the county of Venafro by charter dated 1032[571]. Conte di Venafro.

ii) son . m ---. Two children:

(a) PANDOLF [II] . "Audoald fils du défunt comte Pandulf de Venafro et ses neveux Pandulf et Landulf" shared properties in Cardito, Fondiniani, Casale and Acquafundata in the county of Venafro by charter dated 1032[572].

(b) LANDOLF . "Audoald fils du défunt comte Pandulf de Venafro et ses neveux Pandulf et Landulf" shared properties in Cardito, Fondiniani, Casale and Acquafundata in the county of Venafro by charter dated 1032[573].

b) LANDOLF (-after Dec 970). "Pandulf et le diacre Landulf, fils du défunt comte Paldefrid de Venafro, et Paldo fils di défunt comte Adenulf de Venafro" opposed the rights of Monte Cassino to certain property in the county of Venafro by charter dated to [966][574]. "Landolfus diaconus et monachus filius Paldefridi comitis" donated property in the county of Venafro to Monte Cassino by charter dated Dec 970[575].

2. [ATENOLF (-before [966]).] m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known. Atenolf & his wife had one child:

a) PALDO [I] . "Pandulf et le diacre Landulf, fils du défunt comte Paldefrid de Venafro, et Paldo fils di défunt comte Adenulf de Venafro" opposed the rights of Monte Cassino to certain property in the county of Venafro by charter dated to [966][576].

1. LANDENOLF . It is possible, but not certain, that Landenolf was the same person as the unnamed younger son of Pandolf [I] Conte di Venafro (see above). Conte di Venafro. m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Landenolf & his wife had one child:

a) PANDOLF [III] (-after Sep 1071). As mentioned above, assuming that Pandolf [III]´s father was the same person as the unnamed younger son of Pandolf [I] Conte di Venafro, Pandolf [III] was the same person as Pandolf [II]. Conte di Venafro. "Paldolfi comite Benafro filius cuiusdam domni Landenolfi comiti" was authorised by "domna Maria religiosa abbatissa…consobrine sorori tuæ" (abbess of Santa Maria de Cingla) to occupy castellum de Sant´Arcangelo by charter dated to [1062][577]. "Paldulfus comes de civitate Venafro et fili quoddam Landenulfi qui fuit comes" donated land "infra finibus Teano loco Presenzanu ubi Sabinianu…cum Paldo germano meo" to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1071[578].

b) PALDO [II] (-after Feb 1072). Conte di Venafro. "Paldi…comes…cum Maria comitissa conjuge mea" donated castellum di Veticusu to Monte Cassino by charter dated Mar 1064[579]. m MARIA, daughter of ---. "Paldi…comes…cum Maria comitissa conjuge mea" donated castellum di Veticusu to Monte Cassino by charter dated Mar 1064[580]. Paldo & his wife had one child:

i) ATTA di Venafro (-after Jul 1086). "Atta filia Paldi comitis de civitate di Venafro…uxor…Iohannis comitis filii quoddam Landolfi qui fuit comes de suprascripta civitate" donated her part of land "infra finibus Teanense civitatis loco Presenzano ubi ad Savinianu" to the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla by charter dated Feb 1072[581]. "Iohannes comes Benafri filius Landolfi comitis…et son épouse Anna" donated castellum de Cardeto to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jul 1086[582]. m IOANNES di Teano, son of LANDOLF Conte di Teano & his wife Urania --- (-after Jul 1086).

J. OTHER NOBILITY in BENEVENTO

1. RODOALD (-before Jun 766). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[583]. m ---. The name of Rodoald´s wife is not known. Rodoald & his wife had three children:

a) RADULHIN (-after Jun 766). The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[584].

b) ERMEPERT (-after Jun 766). The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[585].

c) EUFEMIA (-after Jun 766). The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[586]. Nun.

1. RODERISSUS (-before 810). m ---. The name of Roderissus´s wife is not known. Roderissus & his wife had two children:

a) RODEGAR (-after 807). "Rodegari…Theodericus, Framici fi[lius] Roderissi" witnessed the charter dated Oct [807] ("temporibus…Grimualdi summi principis gentis Longobardorum, anno sec[un[do princ[i]p[atu]s eius, mse Octobrio, indic prima") under which "Forti sculdais fi[lius] Roderissi sculdais, abitator in civitat Tarentina" donated property in Taranto to Montecassino[587]. Gastald [di Conza]. "Rodegari gastaldius filius quondam Roderissi…habitator in Gasananu" donated property "in finibus C[on[sinis…territorio Abolæ", including property belonging to "Eusebia c[on]iuge mea iuxta fines Canusie quæ…habui de genitore suo…Guartecausæ", to Montecassino by charter dated to Apr [795 or 810] ("temporibus domini n[ostr]I Grimoaldi summi principis Langobardorum gentis, mse Aprili idict IIIa", which could refer to either date, although the donor´s signatory in the charter dated Oct [807] quoted below suggests that the latter date may be correct)[588]. m EUSEBIA, daughter of GUARTACAUSA & his wife --- (-after [Apr 810]). "Rodegari gastaldius filius quondam Roderissi…habitator in Gasananu" donated property "in finibus C[on[sinis…territorio Abolæ", including property belonging to "Eusebia c[on]iuge mea iuxta fines Canusie quæ…habui de genitore suo…Guartecausæ", to Montecassino by charter dated to Apr [795 or 810][589]. Rodegar & his wife had [one] child:

i) [RODERISSUS . "Raderissi, Cunefrid filius Cunicici" witnessed the charter dated Apr [795 or 810] under which "Rodegari gastaldius filius quondam Roderissi…habitator in Gasananu" donated property to Montecassino[590]. The parentage of the witness Roderissus is not specified in the document but his name suggests that he may have been the son of the donor, whose father bore the same name.]

b) FRAMICUS (-after Oct 807). "Rodegari…Theodericus, Framici fi[lius] Roderissi" witnessed the charter dated Oct [807] ("temporibus…Grimualdi summi principis gentis Longobardorum, anno sec[un[do princ[i]p[atu]s eius, mse Octobrio, indic prima") under which "Forti sculdais fi[lius] Roderissi sculdais, abitator in civitat Tarentina" donated property in Taranto to Montecassino[591].

1. TATO (-before 797). m ---. The name of Tato´s wife is not known. Tato & his wife had one child:

a) WACO (-after 797). Gastaldo . “Guacco gastaldeus filius bona memoria Tatonis” donated property in Benevento to Montecassino. including property inherited from “Mitolino bisavio meo”, making provisions for after the death of “Tasia uxor mea”, by charter dated Jan “Grimoaldo...principis...Langobardorum gentis nono anno principatus eius...indictione quinta” [797 if referring to Grimoaldo III Prince of Benevento, or 812 if referring to Grimoald IV][592]. m TASIA, daughter of --- (-after 797). “Guacco gastaldeus filius bona memoria Tatonis” donated property in Benevento to Montecassino. including property inherited from “Mitolino bisavio meo”, making provisions for after the death of “Tasia uxor mea”, by charter dated Jan “Grimoaldo...principis...Langobardorum gentis nono anno principatus eius...indictione quinta” [797 if referring to Grimoaldo III Prince of Benevento, or 812 if referring to Grimoald IV][593].

1. DAUFER (-before Jul 830). m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer & his wife had one child:

a) RODEGAR . "Rodegari gastaldius filius sanctæ recordationis Dauferii" confirmed the foundation of a hospice, under the authority of Montecassino, near ponte Leproso and donated property in Benevento by charter dated Jul [830][594]. Gastald.

1. MAIO (-before Jan 813). Gastald. m ---. The name of Maio´s wife is not known. Maio & his wife had one child:

a) MAIO (-after Nov 849). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Majo castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Mayonis castaldei" donated "casalem meum in finibus Capuæ in loco…Ponte Pozzolano et…in Monte Mariniano" to Volturno monastery by charter dated Jan 813 at Benevento[595]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[596].

2. TRUPPOALD (-after Nov 849). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[597].

3. RADELCHIS (-after Nov 849). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[598].

1. PALDO (-before Oct 817). m ---. The name of Paldo´s wife is not known. Paldo & his wife had one child:

a) STEFANO (-after Oct 817). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[599]. m IMETRADA, daughter of ---. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[600]. Stefano & his wife had five children:

i) PALDO . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[601].

ii) TATO . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[602].

iii) [RADEGISA . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[603]. It is assumed that the three persons named after the donor´s wife were their daughters, but this is not specified in the document.]

iv) [ARNEGISA . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[604]. It is assumed that the three persons named after the donor´s wife were their daughters, but this is not specified in the document.]

v) [LEOPOLA . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[605]. It is assumed that the three persons named after the donor´s wife were their daughters, but this is not specified in the document.]

1. ATTIO (-before Jun 877). Gastald. "Be[ne]d[ic]tus et Sicardus filii bone memorie Attioni gast[aldei]" donated property "in finibus Tianu, loco---Scatunianu et Purpuranu" to Montecassino by charter dated Jun [877][606]. m ---. The name of Attio´s wife is not known. Attio & his wife had two children:

a) BENEDICTO (-after Jun 877). "Be[ne]d[ic]tus et Sicardus filii bone memorie Attioni gast[aldei]" donated property "in finibus Tianu, loco---Scatunianu et Purpuranu" to Montecassino by charter dated Jun [877][607].

b) SICARD (-after Jun 877). "Be[ne]d[ic]tus et Sicardus filii bone memorie Attioni gast[aldei]" donated property "in finibus Tianu, loco---Scatunianu et Purpuranu" to Montecassino by charter dated Jun [877][608].

1. LODOVICO (-after [896]). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment "in Benevento palatio…in præsentia Domnæ Ageltrudis imperatricis augustæ et domni Radelchis principis" by "Lodoicus castaldeus" against "Bernardus clericus filius…Bernardi…in monasterio Sanctæ Mariæ…ad Castanietum propinquo Castro Piniano" founded by "domna Theoderada ducissa…et…Domno Gisulfo Duce filio eius", by charter dated to [896][609].

1. RAIMELFRID (-after Jul 949). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that Leo abbot of the monastery of Volturno "et Adeferi referendario abocatore meo" claimed ownership of the monastery of San Salvatore di Alife in the court of the prince of Benevento, in ther presence of "Raimelfrid castaldeo et judice…cum Alfano castaldeo", by charter dated Jul 949[610].

2. ALFAN (-after Jul 949). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that Leo abbot of the monastery of Volturno "et Adeferi referendario abocatore meo" claimed ownership of the monastery of San Salvatore di Alife in the court of the prince of Benevento, in ther presence of "Raimelfrid castaldeo et judice…cum Alfano castaldeo", by charter dated Jul 949[611].

3. GAIDERAD . m ---. The name of Gaiderad´s wife is not known. Gaiderad & his wife had one child:

a) EDERAD (-after Jan 975). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Erderado castaldeus filius cuiusdam Caiderradi habitator sum civitati Beneventanæ" donated "infra civitate Lisine et…ecclesiam Sancti Johannis…Caldole" to the monastery of Volturno by charter dated Jan 975[612].

Chapter 2. SALERNO

A. PRINCES of SALERNO 849-978 (FAMILY of SICONULF)

The principality of Salerno separated from Benevento at the time of the civil war which followed the death of Sicard Prince of Benevento in 839, its autonomy being confirmed by Louis II King of Italy in 849. The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf Prince of Salerno, dated 849, specifies the towns which lay within the principality of Salerno: Taranto, Latiniano, Cassano, Cosenza, Laino, Lucania, Conza, Montella, Rota, Salerno, Sarno, Cimiterio, Furculo, Capua, Teano and Sora, as well as half of the gastaldat of Acerenza[613]. The extent of Salernitan territory eroded over the years. By about 860, the rulers of Capua had severed their links with Salerno and acted autonomously, resulting in the loss of the towns of Capua, Teano and Sora[614]. Byzantine possessions in southern Italy were restricted to Gallipoli and Otranto, as well as land south of a line from Rossano to Amantes in Calabria, the two areas being separated by the principality of Salerno[615]. However, Byzantium reconquered Bari in 876, Taranto in 880, and Conversano by 899, while the capital of the duchy of Benevento was occupied between 891 and 894[616]. By the early 11th century, Byzantium had reconquered Acerenza, as well as the territory south of that town, Bisignano, Cassano and Cosenza[617]. The princes of Salerno must have acknowledged Byzantine suzerainty, at least from time to time, as shown by the Byzantine titles which were used by the Salernitan princes, as recorded in the various charters which are quoted below.

SICONULF [Sikenolf], son of SICO I Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-Salerno [Nov/Dec] 849). Nithard names "Sigenulf" as brother of "Sigihard"[618]. "Syconulfum eius fratrem [=Sycard]" is named in the Catalogus Principum Salerni, when recording his imprisonment at Taranto[619]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, on the death of his older brother, Radelchis deprived Siconulf of Benevento and held him captive at Taranto. With help from Amalfi, he escaped and was brought back to Salerno which, under his leadership, declared war on Benevento[620]. During the civil war which followed, Siconulf gained control of the southern and western parts of the old principality of Benevento, declaring himself SICONULF Prince of Salerno. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 842, under which "Antipertu et Arnipertu germani filii quondam Cuniperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconolfi"[621]. "Sichenolfus…Langobardorum gentis princ[eps]" donated property, including that previously held by "dom[ne] Adelghise que nunc nostri palatii pertinet", to Santa Maria in Cingla by charter dated to [839/Jul 849][622]. The civil war was eventually settled by Louis II King of Italy [Carolingian], who arranged the creation of the new principality of Salerno out of Beneventan territory under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani signed in early 849[623]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[624]. Siconulf´s death is dated from the charter dated Dec 849, whose dating clause refers to the first year of "domni nostri Siconi filii Siconolfi magno principis"[625]. The Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis records the death of Siconulf at Salerno[626].

m ITTA, daughter of ---(-after [Nov/Dec] 849). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Sikenolfus…suæ coniugis Ittæ" when recording that she survived her husband[627]. The origin of Prince Siconulf's wife is not known. Erchempert names "Guido dux Spoletanorum, Siconulfi cognatus" when recording that the former attacked the latter, dated to [843/43][628]. The Chronicon Salernitanum also names "Sikenolfus…suum cognatum Guidonem" when recording the same event[629]. This has been interpreted in two ways. Hlawitschka and Bougard proposed that the relationship indicated was that Guido of Spoleto had married a sister of Siconulf, daughter of Sico I Prince of Benevento[630]. On the other hand, Taviani Carozzi and Settipani considered that the correct interpretation was that Siconulf´s wife was Guido´s sister[631], and therefore Itta di Spoleto, daughter of Lambert [I] Marchese and Duke of Spoleto & his wife ---. Stasser approves the principle argument in favour of the latter hypothesis, which is based on the Chronicon Salernitanum recording the marriages of three of the daughters of "Sico princeps" and adding that the author could not remember the husbands of the others[632], and the unlikelihood that a marriage of one daughter with Guido of Spoleto would have been forgotten. The difficulty with both hypotheses is the assumption that "cognatus" should be interpreted only as meaning "brother-in-law", although the word could indicate a more remote family relationship.

Prince Siconulf & his wife had one child:

1. SICO ([839/45]-[May/Oct] 855). The dating clause of a charter dated Dec 849, under which "Leo quondam Iohanni [filius]" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the first year of "domni nostri Siconi filii Siconolfi magno principis"[633]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Syco eius filius [=Syconolfus] puer" succeeded his father as SICO II Prince of Salerno, under the regency of his godfather Petrus ("Petri comitis viri illustris de Salerno") and the latter's son Ademar[634]. His birth date range is estimated based on "puer" indicating a pre-adolescent, and taking into account that Sico was still a minor when he died. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 850, under which "Leo filius quondam Iohanni" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the first year of "domni nostri Siconi filii bone memorie domni Siconolfi summo princeps"[635]. The dating clause of a charter Mar 852, under which "Teodericus filius Leonis" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconis et domni Petri rectori eius"[636]. The dating clause of a charter Feb 854, under which "Lupus et Lanpertus et Amipertus diaconus et Walpertus germani filii Boneperti" and others donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "domni nostri Siconi et domni Petri rectori eius" and the first year of "domni Ademari principibus"[637], demonstrating that Ademar shared power with Prince Sico before the latter was killed. The Catalogus Principum Salerni and the Chronicon Salernitanum record that Sico was taken north by Louis II King of Italy [Carolingian] for grooming as eventual successor, but was assassinated in 853 by Petrus and Ademar when he returned to Benevento [638]. His death is dated to [May/Oct] 855, as the dating clause of a charter dated May 855, under which "Locerna religiosa femina filia quondam Santiperti et relicta…quondam Gennari filio Optimi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "domni nostri Siconis et domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[639], while the dating clause of a charter dated Oct 855, under which "Teodi et Cunipertus germani filii Pauliperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[640]. Betrothed ([849]) to --- di Capua, daughter of LANDENOLF di Capua & his wife ---. Erchempert records that "Landonolfus" betrothed "natam suam" to "Siconolfo…filio illius" but that "filiis eius" died young "post patris"[641].

PETRUS, son of --- ([Dec 855/Feb 856]). The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Petrus, godfather of Sico II Prince of Salerno, and his son were appointed regents on the new prince's accession in 851[642]. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 852, under which "Teodericus filius Leonis" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconis et domni Petri rectori eius"[643]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni and the Chronicon Salernitanum record that Petrus and Ademar arranged Sico´s assassination when he returned to Salerno in 853[644], although the death of Sico is dated to [May/Oct] 855 as demonstrated by the charters quoted above. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 855, under which "Teodi et Cunipertus germani filii Pauliperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[645]. Petrus´s death is dated to [Dec 855/Feb 856], as the dating clause of a charter dated Dec 855, under which "Leodempertus filio Miteperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the seventh year of "domni nostri Petri" and the third year of "domni Ademari principibus"[646], while the dating clause of a charter dated Feb 856, under which "Roffrida flius quondam Ropperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "principatu domni Ademari" without mentioning Petrus[647].

m AUDPERGA, daughter of --- (-before Apr 858). Her marriage is confirmed by the Chronicon Vulturnense which records that "Domnus Ademari Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "domnus Petrus genitor meus…et ipsa Audperga" where they lived until their deaths, by charter dated Apr 858 "quinto anno principatus domini nostri Ademari"[648].

Petrus & his wife had one child:

1. ADEMAR (-861). The Catalogus Principum Salerni and the Chronicon Salernitanum record that "filius Petri prefati comitis Adimarius" installed himself as ADEMAR Prince of Salerno in 853 after he and his father murdered Sico II[649]. However, the dating clause of a charter Feb 854, under which "Lupus et Lanpertus et Amipertus diaconus et Walpertus germani filii Boneperti" and others donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "domni nostri Siconi et domni Petri rectori eius" and the first year of "domni Ademari principibus"[650], demonstrating that Ademar shared power with Prince Sico before the latter was killed. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 855, under which "Teodi et Cunipertus germani filii Pauliperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[651]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus Ademari Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "domnus Petrus genitor meus…et ipsa Audperga" where they lived until their deaths, by charter dated Apr 858 "quinto anno principatus domini nostri Ademari"[652]. He was deposed in 861 by Guaifer, who succeeded as Prince of Salerno. m GUMELTRUDA, daughter of ---. "Gumeltruda" is named as wife of "Ademarius" in the Chronicon Salernitanum, which says that she was avaricious[653]. Prince Ademar & his wife had one child:

a) PETRUS . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Ademari filius Petrus"[654].

DAUFER "Mutus", son of --- (-before Mar 852). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius…cum Guaiferium Maioque suis filiis" sent a delegation to Salerno, dated to [839/40] from the context[655]. [Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][656]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as Daufer´s son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.] The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Dauferii qui cognominatus fuit Mutus propter impeditionem suæ linguæ"[657]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius cognominatus Mutus" settled in "Nuceriam in loco…Forma", dated to [839/40] from the context[658].

m ---. The name of Daufer's wife is not known.

Daufer & his wife had [eight] children:

1. [DAUFERADA . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Rofrit" and "sua principessa cognata", the latter referring from the context to the wife of Sicard Prince of Benevento (who is named in another passage of the same source as the daughter of Daufer "Mutus", see above)[659]. If, as consistently suggested by Stasser, the word "cognata" can be interpreted as brother-in-law, then it is possible that Rofrid´s wife was Adelchisa´s sister[660]. Other examples suggest “cognata” had acquired that meaning in later centuries, but that in the 9th century it was not necessarily so limited. If that is correct, there must be other possibilities for the parentage of Dauferada. The epitaph of "Dauferada…Rofrit…iugalis" records her death 17 Oct aged 45[661]. m ROFRIT, son of DAUFER & his wife --- (-[836/39]).]

2. ADELCHISA . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Adelchisa filia Dauferii qui cognominatus fuit Mutus propter impeditionem suæ linguæ" as wife of Sicard[662]. "Gontarius abbas monasterii sancti Modesti" was testamentary executor of "domina Adelchisa qui fuit principessa relicta domni Sichardi principis" and as such donated her property in Canosa to Monte Casino by charter dated Feb 852[663]. m SICARD Prince of Benevento, son of SICO I Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-murdered 839).

3. [ROMOALD (-after 840). Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][664]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as Daufer´s son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.]

4. [ARICHIS (-after 840). Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][665]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as his son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.]

5. [GRIMOALD (-after 840). Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][666]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as his son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.]

6. GUAIFER "Balbus" (-[Feb/Aug] 880, bur Teano). [Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][667]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as his son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.] The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius…cum Guaiferium Maioque suis filiis" sent a delegation to Salerno, dated to [839/40] from the context[668]. "Teodericus filius Loenis" sold property to "Waiferio filius bone memorie Dauferi" by charter dated Mar 852[669]. "Radechis comes filius Moncolani" sold property "circo carbonario propinquo civitatem Salernitatem" to "Waiferi comiti filius Dauferi" by charter dated Apr 856[670]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Guaiferius Balbus, filius Daiferi exulis Beneventani" usurped Salerno from his nephew[671]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names him "Muti Dauferii filius"[672]. He deposed his nephew and installed himself as GUAIFER Prince of Salerno in 861. Around this time, Capua broke free from Salerno and established itself as an autonomous principality[673]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 865, under which "Antipertus filius Trudiperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fourth year of "principatus domni nostri Waiferii magni principis"[674]. An Aghlabid force invaded Calabria from North Africa in 871, besieged Salerno and devastated the surrounding countryside. Amalfi sent help to Salerno to help withstand the siege, which was finally lifted after Louis II King of Italy dispatched a Frankish force from the north[675]. In 873, a Byzantine force recaptured Otranto from the Arabs, and in 876 Bari from the Lombards[676]. Erchempert records that "Landulfus" [Count of Capua] captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[677]. The dating clause of a charter Feb 880, under which "Senato filius Ragimperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the nineteenth year of "principatu domni nostri Waiferius" and the fourth year of "domni Waimari principibus"[678]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Guaifer became a monk[679]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Guaiferius…princeps" became a monk and travelled to "cœnobium beati Benedicti" but died before arriving, and was buried "Teanensi in castro eius ecclesia", dated to [880] from the context[680]. m firstly --- (-[849]) The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Guaiferius" killed his wife whom he suspected of adultery, dated to [849] from the context[681]. m secondly ([856]) LANDELAICHA di Capua, daughter of LANDO [I] Count of Capua & his wife Aloara --- (-after Mar 882). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "comes Capuanus Lando" had "duas filias", one of whom was intended to marry "Guaiferii" [dated to [856] from the context][682]. Her marriage is also indicated by Erchempert who records that "Landulfus" captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[683]. "Domne Landelaiche uxorem domni Waiferii principis" is named in a charter dated Jul 869, which also refers to, but does not name, "filiis et filie sue"[684]. "Domna Landelaicha…cum…domno Waimario principe filio suo" made a donation by charter dated Mar 882[685]. Prince Guaifer & his second wife had [five] children:

a) GUAIMAR (-901). The dating clause of a charter dated Feb 880, under which "Senato filius Ragimperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the nineteenth year of "principatu domni nostri Waiferius" and the fourth year of "domni Waimari principibus"[686]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius eius filius [=Guaiferius Balbus]" succeeded his father in 880 as GUAIMAR I Prince of Salerno[687].

- see below.

b) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m PULCHARUS prefect of Amalfi, son of MARINUS prefect of Amalfi & his wife --- (-after Sep 879).

c) ARECHIS ([860/70]-after Jul 923). "Arechis et Dauferius germani filii cuiusdam domni Waiferii qui fuit princeps" are named in a charter dated Feb 904[688]. "Arechiso gastaldo" is named as present in a charter dated Jul 923 which records that "Iohannelgarius monachus filius Iohanni…et…Ermengarda qui fuit uxor eius" donated property to San Massimo di Salerno[689].

- see Part B.

d) DAUFER ([860/70]-[Feb 904/928]). "Arechis et Dauferius germani filii cuiusdam domni Waiferii qui fuit princeps" are named in a charter dated Feb 904[690]. Gastald.

- see Part C.

e) [GUAIFER (-after [887]). Erchempert records that "filiis Landonis…Lando cum omnibus germanis suis…Landonolfus, Pando et nepos eorum Guaiferius" returning to "Teanum"[691]. It is not certain that Guaifer was the son of Guaifer Prince of Salerno but his name indicates that this may be correct.]

7. MAIO (-after [839/40]). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius…cum Guaiferium Maioque suis filiis" sent a delegation to Salerno, dated to [839/40] from the context[692]. Maio is named "Guaiferi germanus" in the Chronicon Salernitanum[693]. m ---. The name of Maio's wife is not known. Maio & his wife had one child:

a) DAUFER . The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Dauferius Beneventanus" succeeded Ademar as Prince of Salerno but ruled only 18 days before he was expelled by his uncle "Guaiferio"[694]. He installed himself as DAUFER Prince of Salerno in 861. He is named as son of Maio in the Chronicon Salernitanum[695].

GUAIMAR di Salerno, son of GUAIFER Prince of Salerno & his wife Landelaiche --- (-901). The dating clause of a charter dated Feb 880, under which "Senato filius Ragimperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the nineteenth year of "principatu domni nostri Waiferius" and the fourth year of "domni Waimari principibus"[696]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Weimarius eius filius [=Guaiferius Balbus]" succeeded his father in 880 as GUAIMAR I Prince of Salerno[697]. The dating clause of a charter dated Aug 880, under which "Odelbertus filius ---" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fourth year of "principatu domni nostri Waimarii"[698]. The Byzantines, under Nikephoros Phokas, launched a major campaign in southern Italy in late 883 and recaptured most of Calabria from Benevento and Salerno[699]. Erchempert records that, in 887, Duke Guaimar visited Constantinople and was invested as patrikios[700]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, after the Byzantine capture of Benevento in 892, the Byzantines unsuccessfully attempted to capture Salerno[701]. The dating clause of a charter dated Aug 893, under which "Petrus filius quondam Raudiperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the seventeenth year of "principatus domni nostri Waimario imperiali patricio" and the first year of "principatus domni Waimario filio eius"[702]. Guido of Spoleto Prince of Benevento offered the throne of Benevento to Prince Guaimar in 897, but the latter was captured and blinded on his way to the city[703]. The Catalogus rerum Langobardorum et ducum Beneventanorum records that "Guaimarius Salerni princeps Beneventum" [Guaimar I Prince of Salerno] was blinded by "Avellinum…cuius castaldeus…Adelferius, nepos magni Rofrit" (dated to [896/97])[704]. Subject to unpredictable and violent behaviour, he was deposed in 900 by his son and confined to the monastery of St Maximus[705].

m ([880]) ITTA di Spoleto, daughter of --- di Spoleto & his wife --- ([865]-after [897/98]). The Chronicon Salernitanum quotes a letter addressed to "Guaimario principi", when Salerno was threatened by the Byzantines, requesting help from "Guidoni cognato vestro…sororem suam vestramque coniugem", the same passage later referring to "Guido marchio" [Guido IV Duke and Marchese of Spoleto] and "suæque sorori Idte", dated to 896 in the margin of the MGH edition of the text[706]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Idte uxore præfati principis senioris" (referring from the context to "Guaimarii principis") refused the marriage of her daughter to Landolf, son of Atenulf Count of Capua, on the basis that she was "ex regali stegmate orta", dated to [897/98] from the context[707]. The date of her marriage is based on the assumption that her daughter was nubile at the time, and is also consistent with the dates attributed to her son Guaimar. Her estimated birth date follows from her assumed marriage date. Her having inherited property in Spoleto, which she transmitted to her descendants, is confirmed by the Chronica Mon. Casinensis which records that her grandson "Gisulfus…Salernitanus princeps filius Guaimarii" donated property possessed by "Lambertus dux et marchio…in comitatu Marsicano, et Balva, et Forcone, et Amiterno, necnon et marchia Firmana et ducatu Spoletino" to the monastery[708].

Prince Guaimar & his wife had [four] children:

1. GUAIMAR (-946). The dating clause of a charter dated Aug 893, under which "Petrus filius quondam Raudiperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the seventeenth year of "principatus domni nostri Waimario imperiali patricio" and the first year of "principatus domni Waimario filio eius"[709]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius alter, Gybbosus dictus, eius filius [=Weimarius]" succeeded in 900 as GUAIMAR II Prince of Salerno[710] after deposing his father. He participated in the joint Capuan, Beneventan and Salernitan expedition which removed the Arab settlement from the mouth of the River Garigliano in 915, although this is not mentioned in Salernitan sources[711]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that his forces defeated a Byzantine army along the Basintello River, east of Acerenza[712]. The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 933, under which "Adelpertus, qui Cicero vocatur, filius Adelberti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the forty-first year of "principatus domni nostri Guaimarii principi" and the first year of "domni Gisulfi principi filio eius"[713]. m firstly ---. The fact of Prince Guaimar's first marriage is deduced from the estimated date of his daughter's marriage, around the same time as her father's own marriage to Gaitelgrima of Capua. m secondly ([920/23]) GAITELGRIMA of Capua, daughter of ATENOLF II Prince of Capua and Benevento & his wife --- (-950 or after). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Gaitelgrima Atenolfi principi Beneventi filia" when recording the death of her husband "Guaimari"[714]. "Gisolfus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" gave property at the request of "Gaitelgrime…matrix nostre" by charter dated 950[715]. As she is not named in later charters, it is possible that the donation was made around the time of her death. Prince Guaimar & his first wife had one child:

a) ROTILDA di Salerno (-after 954). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Atenolfus Beneventanus princeps" married "Guaimarius…sua filia Rothilda"[716]. m ([925]) ATENOLF di Capua, son of LANDOLF III joint Prince of Capua & his wife Gemma of Naples (-943).

Prince Guaimar & his second wife had two children:

b) GISULF ([930]-[Nov/Dec] 977). The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 933, under which "Adelpertus, qui Cicero vocatur, filius Adelberti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the forty-first year of "principatus domni nostri Guaimarii principi" and the first year of "domni Gisulfi principi filio eius"[717]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Gesulfus filius Gybbosi" succeeded his father in 946 as GISULF I Prince of Salerno[718]. On his accession, Landolf III Prince of Capua and Ioannes III Duke of Naples prepared to invade Salerno, but they were repulsed by the Salernitans with support from Amalfi[719]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that he appointed "Priscum, comitem suum tesaurarium et magistrum palatii"[720]. In 973, Duke Gisolf was deposed by Landolf of Capua gastald of Conza, his maternal uncle, helped by Marinus II Duke of Naples and Manso II Duke of Amalfi, but was restored soon after with the help of Pandolf I Prince of Capua[721]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Duke Gisulf adopted Pandolf's second son, Paldulf (see Part B. below), as his heir in Salerno[722]. "Gisolfus et Gemma vir et uxor et Paldolfus optatus filius noster…Langobardorum gentis principibus" granted property in Salerno to "Nicole magistri filius Sergi" by charter dated 974[723]. A charter dated Nov 977 refers to the 40th year of "Gisolfi…principis" and the 4th year of "domne gemme uxoris eius et domni Paldofi optato eorum filio"[724]. m GEMMA, daughter of ---. "Gisolfus et Gemma vir et uxor et Paldolfus optatus filius noster…Langobardorum gentis principibus" granted property in Salerno to "Nicole magistri filius Sergi" by charter dated 974[725]. A charter dated Nov 977 refers to the 40th year of "Gisolfi…principis" and the 4th year of "domne gemme uxoris eius et domni Paldofi optato eorum filio"[726]. A charter dated Dec 977 refers to the 4th year of "domne gemme et domni Paldofi optato filio eius…principis"[727]. "Otto…imperator augustus" confirmed privileges to the church of Salerno which had been granted by "Gisulpus princeps cum uxore sua Gemma", by charter dated 31 Jan 983[728].

c) GUIDO (-after Nov 936). "Andrea filius Ramperti" gave property to "Guidoni comes filius…domni Guaimarii principi" by charter dated Nov 936[729]. It is assumed that Guido was an otherwise unrecorded younger son of Prince Guaimar by his second wife. As he is not named in later charters, he probably died young.

2. GUIDO di Salerno ([880/90]-after Apr 940). A charter dated May 947 refers to a donation by "domnus Guaimarius princeps" at the request of "Guidoni comitis et thensaurarii fratri suo"[730]. "Guido comes filius…domni Guaimarii prioris principis" gave property to "Ursu" by charter dated Aug 932[731]. Thesaurarius. A charter dated Apr 940 refers to property received from "Widoni comitis filius domni Waimarii principi" which was donated by "Adelchisi filius Albuin…et Adelchisi filium meum"[732]. m ---. The name of Guido´s wife is not known. Guido & his wife had [two] children:

a) GUAIMAR di Salerno ([910/20]-[Aug 967/Dec 974]). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis…et…Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated land "in locum Nucerie" to "Benedictus presbiter" by charter dated Jun 1064 (redated to Jun 954)[733]. A charter dated 959 names "comte Gaimar fils du comte Guy, son épouse Adeltruda dite Mira et leurs fils Guaifier et Guy"[734].

- see Part C.

b) [GUAIFER "Imperatus/Imperator" di Salerno ([910/20]-[May/Jun] 981). No primary source has been identified which confirms that Guaifer "Imperatus" was the son of Guido thesaurarius, but this affiliation provides the best explanation for the primary source extracts quoted in this document, which are otherwise difficult to interpret. He is not named in his own capacity in any of the sources identified. An explanation for Guaifer´s "imperial" nickname has not been found.]

- see Part D.

3. [GUAIFER . Capasso names "Guaimarium II, Guidonem, Guaiferium, et Immam comitissam" as the children of "Guaimarius" and his wife "Iotam sive Idtam Guidonis II Spoletensium ducis filiam"[735], without citing the corresponding primary sources.]

4. [EMMA] (-after [897/98]). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Idte uxore præfati principis senioris" (referring from the context to "Guaimarii principis") refused the marriage of her daughter to Landolf, son of Atenulf Count of Capua, on the basis that she was "ex regali stegmate orta", dated to [897/98] from the context[736]. Capasso names "Guaimarium II, Guidonem, Guaiferium, et Immam comitissam" as the children of "Guaimarius" and his wife "Iotam sive Idtam Guidonis II Spoletensium ducis filiam"[737], without citing the corresponding primary sources. Stasser says "elle est appelée "Emma comitissa" par Capasso et A. Sanfelice", implying that he had not found the primary source on which the information is based[738]. If the information is correct, the identity of her husband "comes" has not been ascertained.

B. DESCENDANTS of ARECHIS di SALERNO

ARECHIS, son of GUAIFER Prince of Salerno & his wife Landelaiche --- ([860/70]-after Jul 923). "Arechis et Dauferius germani filii cuiusdam domni Waiferii qui fuit princeps" are named in a charter dated Feb 904[739]. "Arechiso gastaldo" is named as present in a charter dated Jul 923 which records that "Iohannelgarius monachus filius Iohanni…et…Ermengarda qui fuit uxor eius" donated property to San Massimo di Salerno[740].

m ---. The name of Arechis´s wife is not known. The dates of death of Arechis´s children suggest that they were born late in their father´s life, maybe from a second marriage.

Arechis & his wife had three children:

1. GUAIFER (-after Mar 972). A charter dated Aug 918 names "Waiferio" as advocato of the church of San Massimo di Salerno[741]. "Guaiferius monachus filius quondam Arechisi et mulier…Alpherada monachile…relicta quondam Maioni filio istius Guaiferi et Aloara filia predicti Maioni et…Petrus gastaldus filius Aghenardi virum istius Aloare" donated property to the monastery of Santa Maria and San Michele at Duliaria in the territory of Amalfi by charter dated Mar 972[742]. m ---. The name of Guaifer´s wife is not known. Guaifer & his wife had one child:

a) MAIO (-before Mar 972). m ALFERADA, daughter of --- (-after Mar 972). "Guaiferius monachus filius quondam Arechisi et mulier…Alpherada monachile…relicta quondam Maioni filio istius Guaiferi et Aloara filia predicti Maioni et…Petrus gastaldus filius Aghenardi virum istius Aloare" donated property to the monastery of Santa Maria and San Michele at Duliaria in the territory of Amalfi by charter dated Mar 972[743]. Maio & his wife had one child:

i) ALOARA (-after Mar 972). "Guaiferius monachus filius quondam Arechisi et mulier…Alpherada monachile…relicta quondam Maioni filio istius Guaiferi et Aloara filia predicti Maioni et…Petrus gastaldus filius Aghenardi virum istius Aloare" donated property to the monastery of Santa Maria and San Michele at Duliaria in the territory of Amalfi by charter dated Mar 972[744]. m PETRUS gastald, son of AGHENARD & his wife --- (-after Mar 972).

2. PETRUS (-after May 975). "Petrus gastaldeus filius Arechis" is named in a charter dated May 949 which records a judgment in a dispute between "Daufier et son épouse Maria" and the abbot of San Maximo di Salerno[745]. "Petrus castaldus, qui Cristallo vocatur filius quondam Arechisi et Azzo filius quondam Azzoni…thio et nepotem" donated property near the river Liris, which Prince Gisulf had granted to "ipsius Arechisi genitor et abio noster", to Cava, in the presence of "uxori mee qui supra Cristalli aut genetrici meaque Azzoni…Iaquintus castaldus cognato meum que Cristalli filius quondam Totoni clerici et abbati", by charter dated May 975[746]. m --- (-after May 975).

3. AZZO (-[Mar 963/May 975]). Ioannes Bishop of Paestum granted to "Truppoaldus et Maio castaldei germani filii predicti Maionis castaldiei" his part in a mill built by "Maio castaldus filius quondam Dauferii comitis", dated Mar 963, also naming "Iaquinti germani illorum…et…Aczonis castaldei cognati illorum"[747]. m --- (-after May 975). Azzo & his wife had one child:

a) AZZO (-after Sep 990). "Petrus castaldus, qui Cristallo vocatur filius quondam Arechisi et Azzo filius quondam Azzoni…thio et nepotem" donated property near the river Liris, which Prince Gisulf had granted to "ipsius Arechisi genitor et abio noster", to Cava, in the presence of "uxori mee qui supra Cristalli aut genetrici meaque Azzoni…Iaquintus castaldus cognato meum que Cristalli filius quondam Totoni clerici et abbati", by charter dated May 975[748]. Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus […cum Aczone gastaldo advocato suo qui erat consobrini illius] germani filii quondam Truppoaldi", dated Sep 990[749].

C. DESCENDANTS of DAUFER di SALERNO

DAUFER, son of GUAIFER Prince of Salerno & his wife Landelaiche --- ([860/70]-[Feb 904/928]). "Arechis et Dauferius germani filii cuiusdam domni Waiferii qui fuit princeps" are named in a charter dated Feb 904[750]. Gastald.

m IMELSENDA, daughter of MADELMUS & his wife --- (-928). "Imelsenda religionsa femina filia cuiusdam Madelmi relicta quondam Dauferii gastaldi" donated property "a gravissima infirmitate preoccupata" by charter dated Aug 928, in which she names "Dauferius et Maio filii mei"[751].

Daufer & his wife had three children:

1. GUAIFER (-before Aug 928). m RADELGRIMA, daughter of ---. A charter dated Jan 966 names "Petrus castaldus filius quondam Romoaldi" as guarantor for the church of San Massimo di Salerno, and "Moncola iudex filius quondam Moncole" as guarantor for "Aloare uxori sue", under the testament of "Dauferius filius quondam Guaiferi…cum Radelgrima genetrice sua" under which "ipsa Aloara uxor ipsius Moncole iudici et Imelaita uxore Talarici qui fuerunt sorores ipsius Dauferi" inherited after Daufer´s death[752]. Guaifer & his wife had three children:

a) DAUFER (-before Jan 966). Paul Bishop of Paestun settled a dispute between "Dauferio et Maio germanis filiis Dauferii comitis" and "Dauferio filio Gauferii que fuerat frater istorum germanorum", dated Apr 932[753]. A charter dated Jan 966 names "Petrus castaldus filius quondam Romoaldi" as guarantor for the church of San Massimo di Salerno, and "Moncola iudex filius quondam Moncole" as guarantor for "Aloare uxori sue", under the testament of "Dauferius filius quondam Guaiferi…cum Radelgrima genetrice sua" under which "ipsa Aloara uxor ipsius Moncole iudici et Imelaita uxore Talarici qui fuerunt sorores ipsius Dauferi" inherited after Daufer´s death[754].

b) ALOARA (-after Feb 979). A charter dated Jan 966 names "Petrus castaldus filius quondam Romoaldi" as guarantor for the church of San Massimo di Salerno, and "Moncola iudex filius quondam Moncole" as guarantor for "Aloare uxori sue", under the testament of "Dauferius filius quondam Guaiferi…cum Radelgrima genetrice sua" under which "ipsa Aloara uxor ipsius Moncole iudici et Imelaita uxore Talarici qui fuerunt sorores ipsius Dauferi" inherited after Daufer´s death[755]. "Aloara filia quondam Dauferi relicta Moncole iudici…cum Adelferi monachus filio nostro" donated property to the church of San Massimo di Salerno by a charter dated Feb 979[756]. m MONCOLA, son of MONCOLA & his wife --- (-[Jan 966/Feb 979]).

c) IMELAITA (-[before Jan 966]). A charter dated Jan 966 names "Petrus castaldus filius quondam Romoaldi" as guarantor for the church of San Massimo di Salerno, and "Moncola iudex filius quondam Moncole" as guarantor for "Aloare uxori sue", under the testament of "Dauferius filius quondam Guaiferi…cum Radelgrima genetrice sua" under which "ipsa Aloara uxor ipsius Moncole iudici et Imelaita uxore Talarici qui fuerunt sorores ipsius Dauferi" inherited after Daufer´s death[757]. m TALARIC, son of ---.

2. DAUFER (-after Apr 932). "Imelsenda religionsa femina filia cuiusdam Madelmi relicta quondam Dauferii gastaldi" donated property "a gravissima infirmitate preoccupata" by charter dated Aug 928, in which she names "Dauferius et Maio filii mei"[758]. Paul Bishop of Paestun settled a dispute between "Dauferio et Maio germanis filiis Dauferii comitis" and "Dauferio filio Gauferii que fuerat frater istorum germanorum", dated Apr 932[759].

3. MAIO (-[Aug 960/Mar 963]). "Imelsenda religionsa femina filia cuiusdam Madelmi relicta quondam Dauferii gastaldi" donated property "a gravissima infirmitate preoccupata" by charter dated Aug 928, in which she names "Dauferius et Maio filii mei"[760]. Paul Bishop of Paestun settled a dispute between "Dauferio et Maio germanis filiis Dauferii comitis" and "Dauferio filio Gauferii que fuerat frater istorum germanorum", dated Apr 932[761]. A charter dated Aug 960 records "Sico et Petrus et Maio castaldi" as representatives of the church of San Massimo di Salerno, the last two named being the church´s owners[762]. m GAITA, daughter of --- (-after Mar 980). Pando Bishop of Paestun granted property near castellum Capaccio, next to the property of "Gaite genitricis ipsius Truppoaldi et Maionis", to "Truppoaldo filio Maionis et Ermesende germane ipsius Pandonis religionis…relicte Maionis qui fuerat germanus ipsius Truppoaldi", dated Mar 980[763]. Maio & his wife had three children:

a) TRUPPOALD (-[Mar 980/Mar 989]). Ioannes Bishop of Paestum granted to "Truppoaldus et Maio castaldei germani filii predicti Maionis castaldiei" his part in a mill built by "Maio castaldus filius quondam Dauferii comitis", dated Mar 963, also naming "Iaquinti germani illorum…et…Aczonis castaldei cognati illorum"[764].

- see below.

b) MAIO (-[Jun 965/Mar 980]). Ioannes Bishop of Paestum granted to "Truppoaldus et Maio castaldei germani filii predicti Maionis castaldiei" his part in a mill built by "Maio castaldus filius quondam Dauferii comitis", dated Mar 963, also naming "Iaquinti germani illorum…et…Aczonis castaldei cognati illorum"[765]. A charter dated Jun 965 names "Truppoaldus et Maio et Iaquintus germani filii quondam Maioni" as guarantors for the lease of lands near the church of San Paolo and San Cosimo[766]. m ERMESENDA, sister of Pando Bishop of Paestum, daughter of --- (-after Mar 989). Pando Bishop of Paestun granted property near castellum Capaccio, next to the property of "Gaite genitricis ipsius Truppoaldi et Maionis", to "Truppoaldo filio Maionis et Ermesende germane ipsius Pandonis religionis…relicte Maionis qui fuerat germanus ipsius Truppoaldi", dated Mar 980[767]. Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus germani filii quondam Truppoaldi" (including the part which had fallen to deceased "Petri germani illorum") and "Maius filius quondam Maionis…consobrini fratres…et vice Ermesende genetricis sue", dated Mar 989[768]. Maio & his wife had one child:

i) MAIO . Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus germani filii quondam Truppoaldi" (including the part which had fallen to deceased "Petri germani illorum") and "Maius filius quondam Maionis…consobrini fratres…et vice Ermesende genetricis sue", dated Mar 989[769].

c) IAQUINTUS (-[Jun 965/Dec 972]). Ioannes Bishop of Paestum granted to "Truppoaldus et Maio castaldei germani filii predicti Maionis castaldiei" his part in a mill built by "Maio castaldus filius quondam Dauferii comitis", dated Mar 963, also naming "Iaquinti germani illorum…et…Aczonis castaldei cognati illorum"[770]. A charter dated Jun 965 names "Truppoaldus et Maio et Iaquintus germani filii quondam Maioni" as guarantors for the lease of lands near the church of San Paolo and San Cosimo[771]. m ---. The name of Iaquintus´s wife is not known. Iaquintus & his wife had one child:

i) IAQUINTA (-after Dec 972). A charter dated Dec 972 relates to property "in locum Correciano finibus Salernitanis" held by "Iaquinta uxor eius filia quondam Iaquinti", naming "Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Moncole" as her husband[772]. m ADELFER gastald, son of MONCOLA & his wife Aloara --- (-after Dec 972). Adelfer´s mother was Aloara, daughter of Guaifer, see above: "Aloara filia quondam Dauferi relicta Moncole iudici…cum Adelferi monachus filio nostro" donated property to the church of San Massimo di Salerno by a charter dated Feb 979[773].

TRUPPOALD, son of MAIO & his wife Gaita --- (-[Mar 980/Mar 989]). Ioannes Bishop of Paestum granted to "Truppoaldus et Maio castaldei germani filii predicti Maionis castaldiei" his part in a mill built by "Maio castaldus filius quondam Dauferii comitis", dated Mar 963, also naming "Iaquinti germani illorum…et…Aczonis castaldei cognati illorum"[774]. A charter dated Jun 965 names "Truppoaldus et Maio et Iaquintus germani filii quondam Maioni" as guarantors for the lease of lands near the church of San Paolo and San Cosimo[775]. Pando Bishop of Paestun granted land on the road to castellum Capaccio to "Truppoaldo filio Maionis castaldei", dated Jul 979[776]. Pando Bishop of Paestun granted property near castellum Capaccio, next to the property of "Gaite genitricis ipsius Truppoaldi et Maionis", to "Truppoaldo filio Maionis et Ermesende germane ipsius Pandonis religionis…relicte Maionis qui fuerat germanus ipsius Truppoaldi", dated Mar 980[777].

m ---. The name of Truppoald´s wife is not known.

Truppoald & his wife had five children:

1. GUAIFER . Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus germani filii quondam Truppoaldi" (including the part which had fallen to deceased "Petri germani illorum") and "Maius filius quondam Maionis…consobrini fratres…et vice Ermesende genetricis sue", dated Mar 989[778]. Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus […cum Aczone gastaldo advocato suo qui erat consobrini illius] germani filii quondam Truppoaldi", dated Sep 990[779].

2. PETRUS (-before Mar 989). Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus germani filii quondam Truppoaldi" (including the part which had fallen to deceased "Petri germani illorum") and "Maius filius quondam Maionis…consobrini fratres…et vice Ermesende genetricis sue", dated Mar 989[780].

3. MAIO . Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus germani filii quondam Truppoaldi" (including the part which had fallen to deceased "Petri germani illorum") and "Maius filius quondam Maionis…consobrini fratres…et vice Ermesende genetricis sue", dated Mar 989[781]. Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus […cum Aczone gastaldo advocato suo qui erat consobrini illius] germani filii quondam Truppoaldi", dated Sep 990[782].

4. ALFAN (-before Jun 1019). Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus germani filii quondam Truppoaldi" (including the part which had fallen to deceased "Petri germani illorum") and "Maius filius quondam Maionis…consobrini fratres…et vice Ermesende genetricis sue", dated Mar 989[783]. Property near castellum Capaccio was shared between "Maio diaconus et Guaiferius et infantulus…Alfanus […cum Aczone gastaldo advocato suo qui erat consobrini illius] germani filii quondam Truppoaldi", dated Sep 990[784]. m ---. The name of Alfan´s wife is not known. Alfan & his wife had [four] children:

a) PETRUS (-after May 1072). Ioannes Bishop of Paestum transferred property near castellum Capaccio to "Guaiferio comiti filio quondam Guale" acting for "Petri filii quondam Alfani", dated Jun 1019[785]. "Petrus filius quondam Alfani comitis" bequeathed property to "Ademarii naturalis filii sui…Alfano filio ipsius Petri…Landelayce sororis sue que quondam fuerat uxor Lupeni filii Leonis" under his testament dated Apr 1064, made in the presence of "Iohanni comiti cognato suo filio quondam Alfani comitis"[786]. "Petronus…comes…in…Tarentine civitatis" donated the church of San Giorgio to the abbot of San Benedetto di Taranto, with the consent of "mei…nepoti et seniori domini Riccardi…comiti", by charter dated May 1072[787]. m ---. The name of Petrus´s wife is not known. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Petrus´s mistress is not known. Petrus & his wife had one child:

i) ALFAN (-[Aug 1079/1080]). "Petrus filius quondam Alfani comitis" bequeathed property to "Ademarii naturalis filii sui…Alfano filio ipsius Petri…Landelayce sororis sue que quondam fuerat uxor Lupeni filii Leonis" under his testament dated Apr 1064, made in the presence of "Iohanni comiti cognato suo filio quondam Alfani comitis"[788]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis…et Aloare uxori sue filie Castelmanni comitis" sold property near castellum Capaccio to "Gregorio filio quondam bone memorie domni Paldolfi filii domni Guaimarii principis" after proving his rights under charter dated Nov 1073[789]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis" by charter dated Aug 1079[790]. The relationship between Conte Alfan and Richard, son of Drogo, has not been traced but was presumably through Richard´s mother. m ALOARA, daughter of CASTELMAN & his wife Aloara --- (-after 1084). "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis…et Aloare uxori sue filie Castelmanni comitis" sold property near castellum Capaccio to "Gregorio filio quondam bone memorie domni Paldolfi filii domni Guaimarii principis" after proving his rights under charter dated Nov 1073[791]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis" by charter dated Aug 1079[792]. "Aloara veuve du comte Alfan fils du comte Pierre et son fils le comte Pierre" donated property to Cava by charter dated 1080[793]. "Le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman", by charter dated 1084[794]. Alfan & his wife had one child:

(a) PETRUS (-after 1084). "Aloara veuve du comte Alfan fils du comte Pierre et son fils le comte Pierre" donated property to Cava by charter dated 1080[795]. "Le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman", by charter dated 1084[796].

Petrus had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

ii) ADEMAR . "Petrus filius quondam Alfani comitis" bequeathed property to "Ademarii naturalis filii sui…Alfano filio ipsius Petri…Landelayce sororis sue que quondam fuerat uxor Lupeni filii Leonis" under his testament dated Apr 1064, made in the presence of "Iohanni comiti cognato suo filio quondam Alfani comitis"[797].

b) GAITELGRIMA (-after Nov 1041). "Comte Rodelpot fils du comte Poto…[et] ses frères" divided land at Plesco di Calcara held jointly with "la comtesse Gaitelgrima, fille de feu le comte Alfan et épouse du comte Adémar fils du comte Magenulf" by charter dated Nov 1041[798]. m ADEMAR Conte, son of MAGENULF Conte & his wife --- (-after Nov 1041).

c) [ALTRUDA (-before 1045). It is likely that Altruda, first wife of Drogo, was related to the comital family of Salerno of Conte Alfan son of Conte Petrus, as shown by the charter dated Aug 1079 under which "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis"[799]. The precise relationship is not known, but she is shown in the present document as the possible sister of Petrus for presentational purposes only. "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[800]. m as his first wife, DROGO de Hauteville, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his first wife Moriella --- ([1010/20]-murdered Castle of Monte Ilaro 10 Aug 1051, bur Venosa, Monastery of Santissima Trinità). He succeeded his brother in 1046 as DROGO Conte di Apulia.]

d) LAIDELAICHA (-after Apr 1064). "Petrus filius quondam Alfani comitis" bequeathed property to "Ademarii naturalis filii sui…Alfano filio ipsius Petri…Landelayce sororis sue que quondam fuerat uxor Lupeni filii Leonis" under his testament dated Apr 1064, made in the presence of "Iohanni comiti cognato suo filio quondam Alfani comitis"[801]. m LUPINUS, son of LEO & his wife --- (-before Apr 1064).

5. ALOARA . Her name is confirmed by the charter dated 1084 under which "le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman"[802]. m ADELFER, son of ADEMAR di Amalfi & his wife --- (-[Jun 1025/Jul 1027]).

D. DESCENDANTS of GUAIMAR di SALERNO

GUAIMAR di Salerno, son of GUIDO di Salerno & his wife --- ([910/20]-[Aug 967/Dec 974]). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis…et…Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated land "in locum Nucerie" to "Benedictus presbiter" by charter dated Jun 1064 (redated to Jun 954)[803]. A charter dated 959 names "comte Gaimar fils du comte Guy, son épouse Adeltruda dite Mira et leurs fils Guaifier et Guy"[804]. A charter dated Aug 967 records a donation by "Guaimari comes filius Guidoni comitis…cum Ira uxore sua"[805]. The date of his death is set by the charter dated Sep 984, quoted below, which quotes a donation dated Dec 974 by Prince Gisulf to "Guaiferii…nepoti nostro filius quondam Guaimarii comitis".

m ADELTRUDA [Mira], daughter of --- (-after Aug 967). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis…et…Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated land "in locum Nucerie" to "Benedictus presbiter" by charter dated Jun 1064 (redated to Jun 954)[806]. A charter dated Aug 967 records a donation by "Guaimari comes filius Guidoni comitis…cum Ira uxore sua"[807]. A charter dated 959 names "comte Gaimar fils du comte Guy, son épouse Adeltruda dite Mira et leurs fils Guaifier et Guy"[808].

Guaimar & his wife had [three] children:

1. GUAIFER (-[Jun 983/Sep 984]). A charter dated 959 names "comte Gaimar fils du comte Guy, son épouse Adeltruda dite Mira et leurs fils Guaifier et Guy"[809]. "Guaiferius filius quondam Guaimari comitis" donated property to "Romualdo filio quondam Leoni Franci" by charter dated Apr 983 which appoints "Romoaldus comes congnato suo filius quondam Bisantii…et ipse Guaiferii et suos filios et eredes" as mediators[810]. A charter dated Sep 984 quotes a donation dated Dec 974 by Prince Gisulf to "Guaiferii…nepoti nostro filius quondam Guaimarii comitis" as heir of "Petri comitis filii Guaiferii", a donation dated Jun 983 by Prince Gisulf to "Guaimari filius Guaiferi et Guaiferi filius Guaimari nepotes mei", a confirmation dated May 981 by Prince Pandolf to "…Guaiferio comiti et thesaurario filio quondam Guaimarii", and a donation dated Jun 981 by "…Guaiferius comes filius quondam Guaimari"[811]. It appears from the same document that Guaifer died before Sep 984 as the principle donors are named "Guaimarius et Guaiferius germani filii quondam Guaiferi comitis et Guido filius Guaimari comitis". m ---. The name of Guaifer´s wife is not known. Guaifer & his wife had two children:

a) GUAIMAR (-[Oct 991/Sep 1011]). "Guaimarius et Guaiferius germani filii quondam Guaiferi comitis et Guido filius Guaimari comitis" confirmed their fathers´ donations by charter dated Sep 984, which quotes a donation dated Jun 983 by Prince Gisulf to "Guaimari filius Guaiferi et Guaiferi filius Guaimari nepotes mei", a confirmation dated May 981 by Prince Pandolf to "Guaimario comiti filio imperatorii et Guaiferio comiti et thesaurario filio quondam Guaimarii", and a donation dated Jun 981 by "…Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guaiferi qui imperatus vocabat et Guaiferius comes filius quondam Guaimari"[812]. "Guaimarius filio bone memorie Guaiferi comitis…et vice Guaiferi germanus meus" donated property by charter dated Apr 986[813]. "Guido filius quondam Guaimarii comiti…et…Guaimarius et Guaiferi germani filii quondam Guaiferii" donated property by charter dated Sep 987[814]. "Guaiferi filio quondam Guaiferi comiti" named "Guaimarius qui fuit germanus meus" in a charter dated Sep 1011[815]. m as her first husband, GEMMA, daughter of GUAIMAR & his wife --- (-after May 1044). "Gemma relicta quondam Guaiferi, filio idem Guaiferi comiti et filia quondam Guaimari comiti" donated property by charter dated Aug 1037, which names "Guaimari comiti, germani et mundoalt meus, et filius supradicti Guaimari comiti"[816]. She married secondly Guaifer, who is assumed to have been her first husband´s younger brother. Her two marriages are confirmed by a charter dated Feb 1041 which names "domne Gemme filie quondam domni Guaimarii comitis, et relicta quondam domni Guaimarii comitis, et relicta quondam Guaiferi comiti"[817]. It is not known with certainty that Guaimar and his sister Gemma were the children of Guaimar, son of Guido. "Gemma filia quondam Germani comiti et relicta Gauiferii" donated property, with the consent of "Guaimarii comiti germani et mundoalt meum", by charter dated May 1044[818].

b) GUAIFER (-[Sep 1018/Aug 1037]). "Guaimarius et Guaiferius germani filii quondam Guaiferi comitis et Guido filius Guaimari comitis" confirmed their fathers´ donations by charter dated Sep 984[819]. "Guaimarius filio bone memorie Guaiferi comitis…et vice Guaiferi germanus meus" donated property by charter dated Apr 986[820]. "Guido filius quondam Guaimarii comiti…et…Guaimarius et Guaiferi germani filii quondam Guaiferii" donated property by charter dated Sep 987[821]. "Guaiferi filio quondam Guaiferi comiti" named "Guaimarius qui fuit germanus meus" in a charter dated Sep 1011[822]. "Guaiferius filius quondam Guaiferi comitis" donated property by charter dated Sep 1018[823]. m as her second husband, GEMMA, widow of GUAIMAR, daughter of GUAIMAR & his wife --- (-after May 1044). "Gemma relicta quondam Guaiferi, filio idem Guaiferi comiti et filia quondam Guaimari comiti" donated property by charter dated Aug 1037, which names "Guaimari comiti, germani et mundoalt meus, et filius supradicti Guaimari comiti"[824]. Her two marriages are confirmed by a charter dated Feb 1041 which names "domne Gemme filie quondam domni Guaimarii comitis, et relicta quondam domni Guaimarii comitis, et relicta quondam Guaiferi comiti"[825]. Her first husband is assumed to have been the older brother of her second husband. It is not known with certainty that Guaimar and his sister Gemma were the children of Guaimar, son of Guido. "Gemma filia quondam Germani comiti et relicta Gauiferii" donated property, with the consent of "Guaimarii comiti germani et mundoalt meum", by charter dated May 1044[826].

2. GUIDO (-after May 991). A charter dated 959 names "comte Gaimar fils du comte Guy, son épouse Adeltruda dite Mira et leurs fils Guaifier et Guy"[827]. "Guaimarius et Guaiferius germani filii quondam Guaiferi comitis et Guido filius Guaimari comitis" confirmed their fathers´ donations by charter dated Sep 984[828]. "Guido filius quondam Guaimarii comiti…et…Guaimarius et Guaiferi germani filii quondam Guaiferii" donated property by charter dated Sep 987[829]. "Guido filius bone memorie Guaimarii comitis et Aloara filia quondam Landoari comiti…vir et uxor" donated property by charter dated May 991[830]. m ALOARA, daughter of LANDOAR & his wife --- (-after May 991). "Guido filius bone memorie Guaimarii comitis et Aloara filia quondam Landoari comiti…vir et uxor" donated property by charter dated May 991[831]. Guido & his wife had three children:

a) AIDULF (-after Oct 1026). "Aydolfo et Astolfo et Gysolfo germani filii Guidoni" are named as domini of the church of San Martino on the Irno river, in a charter dated Jan 1012[832]. "Aidolfus filius quondam Guidonis" donated property to "Petrus et Iaquintus" by charter dated Oct 1026[833].

b) ASTOLF (-after Sep 1023). "Aydolfo et Astolfo et Gysolfo germani filii Guidoni" are named as domini of the church of San Martino on the Irno river, in a charter dated Jan 1012[834]. "Astilfus filius quondam Guidoni" bequeathed property to "Gemmola filia tuoque Desege que ego genuit" by charter dated Sep 1023[835]. Mistress (1): DESEIA, daughter of --- (-after Sep 1023). "Astilfus filius quondam Guidoni" bequeathed property to "Gemmola filia tuoque Desege que ego genuit" by charter dated Sep 1023[836]. Astolf had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

i) GEMMOLA (-after Sep 1023). "Astilfus filius quondam Guidoni" bequeathed property to "Gemmola filia tuoque Desege que ego genuit" by charter dated Sep 1023[837].

c) GISULF (-after 1027). "Aydolfo et Astolfo et Gysolfo germani filii Guidoni" are named as domini of the church of San Martino on the Irno river, in a charter dated Jan 1012[838]. A charter dated Aug 1043 recites the history of property donated by "Iohannes filius quondam Amandi", including declarations by "Gisolfus filius quondam Guidoni [et Aloare] et…Adeltruda filia quondam Alfani comitis…vir et uxor" dated 1026 and 1027[839]. m ADELTRUDA, daughter of ALFAN & his wife --- (-after 1027). A charter dated Aug 1043 recites the history of property donated by "Iohannes filius quondam Amandi", including declarations by "Gisolfus filius quondam Guidoni [et Aloare] et…Adeltruda filia quondam Alfani comitis…vir et uxor" dated 1026 and 1027[840]. Gisulf & his wife had two children:

i) ASTOLF (-after 1087). A charter dated Apr 1056 names "--- et Lando germano filii quondam Gisulphi comitis"[841]. "Antocia filia quondam Constantini castaldei que quondam fuerat uxor Petri comitis filii Pandenolfi clerici" sold property at Materno to "Astulfo filio quondam Gisolfi comitis" by charter dated Mar 1074[842]. "Astulf fils du comte Gisulf et son neveu le comte Guy, fils de feu le comte Landulf" donated their part of San Massimo di Salerno to the abbey of Cava by charter dated 1087[843].

ii) LANDO (-[Feb 1078/1087]). A charter dated Apr 1056 names "--- et Lando germano filii quondam Gisulphi comitis"[844]. "Guy fils de feu Guaifer fils de feu le comte Gisulf" wrote his testament on his deathbed, in the presence of "son oncle Landulf fils de feu le comte Gisulf", and bequeathes "le mundium de son épouse Sichelgaita fille de feu Jaquintus" to "Jaquintus fils de feu le juge Pierre" by charter dated Feb 1078[845]. m ---. The name of Lando´s wife is not known. Lando & his wife had one child:

(a) GUIDO (-after 1087). "Astulf fils du comte Gisulf et son neveu le comte Guy, fils de feu le comte Landulf" donated their part of San Massimo di Salerno to the abbey of Cava by charter dated 1087[846].

iii) GUAIFER (-before Feb 1078). m ---. The name of Guaifer´s wife is not known. Guaifer & his wife had one child:

(a) GUIDO (-[Feb 1078]). "Guy fils de feu Guaifer fils de feu le comte Gisulf" wrote his testament on his deathbed, in the presence of "son oncle Landulf fils de feu le comte Gisulf", and bequeathes "le mundium de son épouse Sichelgaita fille de feu Jaquintus" to "Jaquintus fils de feu le juge Pierre" by charter dated Feb 1078[847]. m SICHELGAITA, daughter of IAQUINTUS & his wife --- (-after Aug 1097). "Guy fils de feu Guaifer fils de feu le comte Gisulf" wrote his testament on his deathbed, in the presence of "son oncle Landulf fils de feu le comte Gisulf", and bequeathes "le mundium de son épouse Sichelgaita fille de feu Jaquintus" to "Jaquintus fils de feu le juge Pierre" by charter dated Feb 1078[848]. "Sichelgaita fille de feu Jaquintus et veuve de Guy fils de Guaifier fils du comte Gisulf" sold property at Vietri to "Theophilact fils de Jean" by charter dated Dec 1094[849]. "Sichelgaita fille de feu Jaquintus et veuve de Guy fils de Guaifier fils du comte Gisulf et son fils Jaquintus" renounced claims over property at Duliarola in Cilento in favour of Cava abbey by charter dated Aug 1097[850]. Guido & his wife had one child:

(1) IAQUINTUS (-after Aug 1097). "Sichelgaita fille de feu Jaquintus et veuve de Guy fils de Guaifier fils du comte Gisulf et son fils Jaquintus" renounced claims over property at Duliarola in Cilento in favour of Cava abbey by charter dated Aug 1097[851].

3. [--- di Salerno (-after Apr 983). Stasser suggests that the wife of Romoald, son of Bisantio, was the daughter of Guaimar di Salerno and his wife Adeltruda [Mira][852], on the basis of the charter dated Apr 983 under which "Guaiferius filius quondam Guaimari comitis" donated property to "Romualdo filio quondam Leoni Franci" and appoints "Romoaldus comes congnato suo filius quondam Bisantii…et ipse Guaiferii et suos filios et eredes" as mediators[853]. The difficulty with this hypothesis is the over-restrictive interpretation of the word "cognatus" which it requires. m (before Apr 983) ROMOALD Conte, son of BISANTIO & his wife --- (-after Apr 983).]

E. DESCENDANTS of GUAIFER di SALERNO

GUAIFER "Imperatus/Imperator" di Salerno, son of [GUIDO di Salerno & his wife ---] ([910/20]-[May/Jun] 981). No primary source has been identified which confirms that Guaifer "Imperatus" was the son of Guido thesaurarius, but this affiliation provides the best explanation for the primary source extracts quoted in this document, which are otherwise difficult to interpret. He is not named in his own capacity in any of the sources identified. An explanation for Guaifer´s "imperial" nickname has not been found.

m ---. The name of Guaifer´s wife is not known.

Guaifer & his wife had three children:

1. PETRUS (-before Dec 974). A charter dated Sep 984 quotes a donation dated Dec 974 by Prince Gisulf to "Guaiferii…nepoti nostro filius quondam Guaimarii comitis" as heir of "Petri comitis filii Guaiferii"[854].

2. GUAIMAR (-[Oct 991/Sep 1011]). "Guaimarius et Guaiferius germani filii quondam Guaiferi comitis et Guido filius Guaimari comitis" confirmed their fathers´ donations by charter dated Sep 984, which quotes a donation dated Jun 983 by Prince Gisulf to "Guaimari filius Guaiferi et Guaiferi filius Guaimari nepotes mei", a confirmation dated May 981 by Prince Pandolf to "Guaimario comiti filio imperatorii et Guaiferio comiti et thesaurario filio quondam Guaimarii", and a donation dated Jun 981 by "…Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guaiferi qui imperatus vocabat et Guaiferius comes filius quondam Guaimari"[855]. "Guaimarius comes filius bone memorie Guaiferii qui imperatus vocabad" donated property by charter dated Oct 991[856]. Guaimar & his wife had two children:

a) LANDOLF (-after Jan [1018/19]). "Landolfus comes filius quondam Guaimari comiti" donated property by charter dated Jan [1018/19][857].

b) GUAIMAR (-before Aug 1037). "Iohannes Iubene Amalfitanus" sold property which had belonged to "domne Rigale ducissa gentis Amalfitanorum et de Areghisi genitor illius" to "Guaimario comite filio quondam Guaimarii comitis" by charter dated Nov 1012[858]. m ---. The name of Guaimar´s wife is not known. Guaimar & his wife had two children:

i) GUAIMAR (-after May 1044). "Gemma relicta quondam Guaiferi, filio idem Guaiferi comiti et filia quondam Guaimari comiti" donated property by charter dated Aug 1037, which names "Guaimari comiti, germani et mundoalt meus, et filius supradicti Guaimari comiti"[859]. The meaning of the word "mundoalt" has not been ascertained with certainty, but from the context of other charters in the same cartulary appears to indicate "legal representative". It is not known with certainty that Guaimar and his sister Gemma were the children of Guaimar, son of Guido. "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guaimari comiti, pro vice Gemme sorori mee relicta quondam Guaiferi et filia supradicta Guaimari comiti…" donated property by charter dated Sep 1042 "Iohannes de locum Nuceria filio quondam Alfano, qui fuit genero et filiastro Faroaldi"[860]. "Gemma filia quondam Germani comiti et relicta Gauiferii" donated property, with the consent of "Guaimarii comiti germani et mundoalt meum", by charter dated May 1044[861].] m ---. The name of Guaimar´s wife is not known. Guaimar & his wife had two children:

(a) GUAIMAR (-[Jan 1064/Apr 1068]). "…Guaimarius et Iohannes comites germani filii quondam Guaimarii comitis" donated property by charter dated Dec 1058, which also names "Gemme amite eorum"[862]. "Guaimario comite filio quondam Guaimarii comitis" donated property by charter dated Jan 1064[863]. m ---. Guaimar & his wife had two children:

(1) PIETRO . "Petrus et Guaifairius germani filii quondam Guaimarii comitis" sold property to "Desideo filio quondam Ferrandi clerici" by charter dated Apr 1068[864].

(2) GUAIFER . "Petrus et Guaifairius germani filii quondam Guaimarii comitis" sold property to "Desideo filio quondam Ferrandi clerici" by charter dated Apr 1068[865].

(b) IOANNES (-after Dec 1058). "…Guaimarius et Iohannes comites germani filii quondam Guaimarii comitis" donated property by charter dated Dec 1058, which also names "Gemme amite eorum"[866]. m (before Apr 1056) --- di Sorrento, daughter of GUIDO di Salerno Duke of Sorrento & his wife Raingarda ---. "Guido…dux qui fuit filius gloriose recordationis domini Guaimarii principis et domna Raingarda duce uxor illius filia Landonis comitis coniuncti" sold property to "Sicenolfo gastaldo filio quondam Sicenolfi" by charter dated Apr 1056 which names "Iohannem comitem generum eorum filium Guaimarii comitis" as fiduciary[867].

ii) GEMMA (-after May 1044). "Gemma relicta quondam Guaiferi, filio idem Guaiferi comiti et filia quondam Guaimari comiti" donated property by charter dated Aug 1037, which names "Guaimari comiti, germani et mundoalt meus, et filius supradicti Guaimari comiti"[868]. Her two marriages are confirmed by a charter dated Feb 1041 which names "domne Gemme filie quondam domni Guaimarii comitis, et relicta quondam domni Guaimarii comitis, et relicta quondam Guaiferi comiti"[869]. Her two husbands are assumed to have been brothers. "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guaimari comiti, pro vice Gemme sorori mee relicta quondam Guaiferi et filia supradicta Guaimari comiti…" donated property by charter dated Sep 1042 "Iohannes de locum Nuceria filio quondam Alfano, qui fuit genero et filiastro Faroaldi"[870]. "Gemma filia quondam Germani comiti et relicta Gauiferii" donated property, with the consent of "Guaimarii comiti germani et mundoalt meum", by charter dated May 1044[871]. m firstly GUAIMAR, son of GUAIFER & his wife --- (-[Oct 991/Sep 1011]). m secondly GUAIFER, son of GUAIFER & his wife --- (-[Sep 1018/Aug 1037]).]

F. PRINCES of SALERNO 978-981, 1052 (FAMILY of PRINCES of CAPUA)

Gisulf I Prince of Salerno was succeeded in 978 by his adopted son Paldolf of Capua. Prince Paldolf was deposed in [Sep] 981 by Manso II Duke of Amalfi, and died before May 986, the date of a charter of his mother who names him "bone memorie". The charters quoted below show that a second Prince Paldolf (see below), whose parentage has not been established, claimed the principality of Salerno and may have succeeded in recovering the throne briefly in 993, 1008, 1012 and 1013.

Two brothers:

1. PALDOLF, son of PANDOLF I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua & his wife Aloara --- ([955/60]-before May 986). The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Paldulfum filium Pandulfi Capuæ principis eius atfinis" was adopted by Gisulf I Duke of Salerno as his heir after Pandolf's father helped to restore him to the throne of Salerno in 973[872]. His birth date range is estimated from his being still a minor on his accession in 977, but bearing in mind that he associated his son in his rule before Feb 993. "Gisolfus et Gemma vir et uxor et Paldolfus optatus filius noster…Langobardorum gentis principibus" granted property in Salerno to "Nicole magistri filius Sergi" by charter dated 974[873]. A charter dated Nov 977 refers to the 40th year of "Gisolfi…principis" and the 4th year of "domne gemme uxoris eius et domni Paldofi optato eorum filio"[874]. He succeeded his adoptive father in 977 as PALDOLF Prince of Salerno, under the guardianship of "Ioannis, filii Lambert comitis eius atfinis"[875]. A charter dated Dec 977 refers to the 4th year of "domne gemme et domni Paldofi optato filio eius…principis"[876]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that he was deposed in [Sep] 981 by Manso II Duke of Amalfi[877]. According to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, "Landulfus IV…et Paldulfus, qui fuit princeps Salerni cum patre, et mortuus est ibi post patrem suum", without specifying the relationship between the two[878]. "Aloara…principissa relicta bone memorie domini Paldolfi…et filia cuiusdam Petri comitis", with the consent of "Landenolfi principis et Gisolfi germanis filiis et mundoalt meis", donated land and rights to the monastery of San Lorenzo di Capua, for the souls of "domini Paldolfi…principis viri meo et…bone memorie Paldolfi principis Salernitane cibitate filio meo et…Landolfi principis et Atenolfi marchionis filiis meis", by charter dated May 986, witnessed by "Grimoaldo comes…"[879]. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of --- (-after May 981). Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated Sep 984 which quotes a confirmation dated May 981 by Prince Paldolf and "Gaitelgrima…principissa uxor istius domni Paldolfi…principis" to "Guaimario comiti filio imperatorii et Guaiferio comiti et thesaurario filio quondam Guaimarii"[880].

2. ATENOLF . The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Athnulph germano suo, Ingulph et Vadipert et Gudo de Suessia, nepotibus suis" were killed fighting in Calabria with "Landulph Audax filius Capiferreu"[881].

a) other children: see CAPUA.

b) PANDOLF (-1026). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[882]. "Pandulfo Teanensi" succeeded as PANDOLF VI Prince of Capua, ruling jointly with his son Ioannes and Prince Pandolf V, but was exiled with his son "in Romaniam"[883].

i) other children: see CAPUA.

ii) PANDOLF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Teano. He was installed in 1052 as PANDOLF Prince of Salerno. Amatus records that, after the murder of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno in 1052, "they…made Pandulf prince as he was first born of the brothers"[884], presumably meaning first surviving brother. He and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[885].

1. PALDOLF, son of --- (-[Apr 1012/Apr 1017]). The parents of Paldolf have not yet been identified. What is clear is that he was a different person from Paldolf Prince of Salerno, son of Pandolf I Prince of Capua, as the mother of this earlier Paldolf referred to him as "bone memorie" in a charter dated May 986 (see above). From a chronological point of view, it appears impossible that the second Paldolf was the son of the first. The dating clause of a charter dated Feb 993, under which "Bisanteo filio Iaquinti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the twelfth year of "domni Paldolfi…princeps" and the sixth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius"[886]. This suggests that Prince Paldolf wrested power from Prince Ioannes II, or at least claimed to have done so, some time in Feb 993, although his restoration must have been brief as Prince Iohannes is named in the dating clause of all previous and subsequent charters in the compilation around that time. Similar events must have occurred in Nov 1008, in Apr 1012 and in Dec 1013: the dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1008 refers to the twenty-eighth year of "principatus domni Paldolfi…principis" and the twenty-second year of "principatus domni Landolfi magni principis filii eius"[887]; of a charter dated Apr 1012 to the thirty-first year of "principatus domni Paldolfi" and the twenty-fifth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius" and the first year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii supradicti domni Landolf…principibus"[888]; and of a charter dated Dec 1013 to the thirty-second year of "domni Paldolfi…princeps", the twenty-seventh year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius" and the second year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii supradicti domni Landolfi…principis"[889]. Paldolf is not named in the charter of his son dated Apr 1017 (see below). Paldolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOLF ([975/80]-after Jun 1033). The dating clause of a charter dated Feb 993, under which "Bisanteo filio Iaquinti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the twelfth year of "domni Paldolfi…princeps" and the sixth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius"[890]. "Landenolfus comes" is named in a charter dated May 995[891]. The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1008 refers to the twenty-eighth year of "principatus domni Paldolfi…principis" and the twenty-second year of "principatus domni Landolfi magni principis filii eius"[892]. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1012 refers to the thirty-first year of "principatus domni Paldolfi" and the twenty-fifth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius" and the first year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii supradicti domni Landolf…principibus"[893]. The dating clause of a charter dated Dec 1013 refers to the thirty-second year of "domni Paldolfi…princeps", the twenty-seventh year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius" and the second year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii supradicti domni Landolfi…principis"[894]. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1017 refers to the thirtieth year of "principatus domni Landolfi…princeps" and the sixth year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii eius"[895]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1033 refers to the forty-seventh year of "principatus domni Landolfi…princeps" and the twenty-third year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii eius"[896]. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf & his wife had one child:

i) PALDOLF ([1000/05]-after Nov 1057). The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1012 refers to the thirty-first year of "principatus domni Paldolfi" and the twenty-fifth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius" and the first year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii supradicti domni Landolf…principibus"[897]. The dating clause of a charter dated Dec 1013 refers to the thirty-second year of "domni Paldolfi…princeps", the twenty-seventh year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius" and the second year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii supradicti domni Landolfi…principis"[898]. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1017 refers to the thirtieth year of "principatus domni Landolfi…princeps" and the sixth year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii eius"[899]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1033 refers to the forty-seventh year of "principatus domni Landolfi…princeps" and the twenty-third year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii eius"[900]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1054 refers to the forty-third year of "principatus domni Paldolfi…principis" and the sixteenth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius"[901]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1056 refers to the thirty-seventh year of "principatus domni Paldolfi" and the ninth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius…principibus"[902]. It is unclear why the regnal numbers in this last charter do not match those in the earlier ones, unless it refers to a different father and son of the same name. The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1057 refers to the forty-seventh year of "principatus domni…Paldolfi…principis" and the twentieth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius"[903]. m ---. The name of Paldolf´s wife is not known. Paldolf & his wife had one child:

(a) LANDOLF ([1020/25]-after Nov 1057). The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1054 refers to the forty-third year of "principatus domni Paldolfi…principis" and the sixteenth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius"[904]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1056 refers to the thirty-seventh year of "principatus domni Paldolfi" and the ninth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius…principibus"[905]. The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1057 refers to the forty-seventh year of "principatus domni…Paldolfi…principis" and the twentieth year of "principatus domni Landolfi filii eius"[906].

G. PRINCES of SALERNO 981-1072 (FAMILY of LAMBERT)

Gisulf I Prince of Salerno was succeeded in 978 by his adopted son Paldolf of Capua (see Part F. above). The latter, however, was deposed in [Sep] 981 by Manso II Duke of Amalfi. Duke Manso was deposed in 983 by Ioannes comes palatii from Spoleto[907]. The source quoted below states that Ioannes, son of Lambert, was "atfinis" of Prince Paldulf but the exact family relationship has not been traced.

1. LAMBERT, son of --- . m ---. The name of Lambert's wife is not known. Lambert & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES (-[Nov/Dec] 983). The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Ioannis, filii Lambert comitis eius atfinis" was guardian of Paldulf di Capua Prince of Salerno in 978[908]. Comes palatii at Salerno: "Gariperto filio cuiusdam Landoari comitis et Landolfus filius cuiusdam Landoari […Landoari comes genitor et abius noster]" granted property in Salerno to "Iohanni comes palatio de predicta civitate Salernitana et filius cuiusdam Lamberti comiti" by charter dated May 980[909]. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had [two] children:

i) IOANNES (-[Jan/Oct] 999). The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Ioanne altero, filio Ioannis Lamberti comitis" deposed Manso III Duke of Amalfi as Prince of Salerno in 983 and succeeded as IOANNES II "Maledictus" Prince of Salerno and ruled for 11 years[910].

- see below.

ii) [LAMBERT . Stasser suggests that Lambert was the brother of Ioannes II "Maledcitus" Prince of Salerno (died [Jan/Oct] 999), for onomastic reasons and chronological consistency[911].]

- OTHER NOBILITY in SALERNO.

IOANNES "Maledictus", son of IOANNES & his wife --- (-[Jan/Oct] 999). Comes palatii from Spoleto. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Ioanne altero, filio Ioannis Lamberti comitis" deposed Manso III Duke of Amalfi as Prince of Salerno in 983 and succeeded as IOANNES II "Maledictus" Prince of Salerno and ruled for 11 years[912]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 984, which records a donation by "Cicenus et Mari germani filii Adelghisi" and others, refers to the first year of "principatus domni nostri Iohanni et domni Guidoni eius filio…principibus"[913]. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 989, which records a donation by "Lando…episcopus sanct sedis Pestane", refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni nostri Iohanni…principis" and the first year of "principatus domni Guaimarii principis filio eius"[914].

m SICHELGAITA, daughter of --- (-after Oct 989). A charter dated Oct 989 names "domne Sichelgaita principissa uxor…domni Iohanni…principis" and "domnus Guaimarius princeps et Iohannes comes germani filii…domni Iohanni et domne Sichelgaite"[915]. "Gisolfus filius quondam Joannis comitis qui clericus et abbas fuit" donated property to the church of Cavensi by charter dated Oct 1094, which names "…Domina Sichelgaita Princeps Proabia sua…uxor…quondam Domini Johannis Principis Proabii"[916].

Ioannes & his wife had three children:

1. GUIDO (-988). The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 984, which records a donation by "Cicenus et Mari germani filii Adelghisi" and others, refers to the first year of "principatus domni nostri Iohanni et domni Guidoni eius filio…principibus"[917]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Wido eius filius [=Ioannes Maledictus]" ruled jointly with his father for 3 years 6 months before he died in a fire[918].

2. GUAIMAR (-[Feb/Jun] 1027). The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 989, which records a donation by "Lando…episcopus sanct sedis Pestane", refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni nostri Iohanni…principis" and the first year of "principatus domni Guaimarii principis filio eius"[919]. He succeeded his father in 999 as GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno.

- see below.

3. IOANNES (-[Nov 1031/Aug 1034]). A charter dated Oct 989 names "domne Sichelgaita principissa uxor…domni Iohanni…principis" and "domnus Guaimarius princeps et Iohannes comes germani filii…domni Iohanni et domne Sichelgaite"[920]. A charter dated Apr 1000 refers to property owned by "domno Guaimari principi et Iohanni comitis fratri eius"[921]. A charter dated 2 Jul 1002 refers to property owned by "domni…Guaimari…principis…et Iohanni comiti germano predicti domni principis"[922]. A charter dated Jun 1004 refers to property owned by "domni…Guaimari…principis…et Iohanni comiti germano eius"[923]. A charter dated Mar 1012 refers to property owned by "domni…Guaimari…principis…et Iohanni comiti fratri sui"[924]. "Domnus Guaimarius princeps et Iohannes comes, germani filii domni Iohanni, qui fuit princeps" donated property to Cava under a charter dated May 1022[925]. A charter dated Aug 1026 records property owned by "domni…Guaimari…et Iohanni comiti germano eius" donated property to Cava under a charter dated Aug 1025[926]. A charter dated Nov 1031 records property owned by "domni…Guaimari…princeps, filius quondam domni Guaimari principis…et…germani sui et Iohanni comiti thio illorum filio domni Iohanni olim principis"[927]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife one child:

a) --- . A charter dated Aug 1034 records property owned by "domni Guaimarii principis et de germani eius et de eredibus Iohanni comiti"[928]. A charter dated Aug 1059 records that the church of Santa Maria di Domno belonged to "heredum quondam domni Guaimarii principis filii iamdicti domni Iohannis principis…heredum quondam Iohannis comitis filii suprascripti domni Iohannis principis"[929]. m ---. Two children:

i) IOANNES (-before Apr 1110). "Jean abbé de Sainte-Marie de Domno et propriétaire de l´église avec les autres héritiers du prince Jean II" donated property to "Nicolas fils de Jean" by charter dated Mar 1078[930]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had three children:

(a) PANDOLF (-after Apr 1110). "Jean fils du comte Pandulf" was confirmed as abbot of Santa Maria di Domno by charter dated Apr 1110 which records that he and "ses cousins Pandulf, Jean et Barthélemy, fils du comte Jean" owned the church[931].

(b) IOANNES (-after Apr 1110). "Jean fils du comte Pandulf" was confirmed as abbot of Santa Maria di Domno by charter dated Apr 1110 which records that he and "ses cousins Pandulf, Jean et Barthélemy, fils du comte Jean" owned the church[932].

(c) BARTOLOMEO (-after Apr 1110). "Jean fils du comte Pandulf" was confirmed as abbot of Santa Maria di Domno by charter dated Apr 1110 which records that he and "ses cousins Pandulf, Jean et Barthélemy, fils du comte Jean" owned the church[933].

ii) PANDOLF (-before Apr 1110). m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of ABELARDO & his wife ---. "Gaitelgrima fille d´Aballanus et veuve du comte Pandulf avec ses fils l´abbé Jean de Sainte-Marie de Domno, Robert, Barthélemy" mortgaged her rights in the church of Santa Maria di Domno to Cava abbey by charter dated Dec 1117[934].

(a) IOANNES (-after Dec 1117). "Jean fils du comte Pandulf" was confirmed as abbot of Santa Maria di Domno by charter dated Apr 1110 which records that he and "ses cousins Pandulf, Jean et Barthélemy, fils du comte Jean" owned the church[935]. "Gaitelgrima fille d´Aballanus et veuve du comte Pandulf avec ses fils l´abbé Jean de Sainte-Marie de Domno, Robert, Barthélemy" mortgaged her rights in the church of Santa Maria di Domno to Cava abbey by charter dated Dec 1117[936].

(b) ROBERTO (-after Dec 1117). "Gaitelgrima fille d´Aballanus et veuve du comte Pandulf avec ses fils l´abbé Jean de Sainte-Marie de Domno, Robert, Barthélemy" mortgaged her rights in the church of Santa Maria di Domno to Cava abbey by charter dated Dec 1117[937].

(c) BARTOLOMEO (-after Dec 1117). "Gaitelgrima fille d´Aballanus et veuve du comte Pandulf avec ses fils l´abbé Jean de Sainte-Marie de Domno, Robert, Barthélemy" mortgaged her rights in the church of Santa Maria di Domno to Cava abbey by charter dated Dec 1117[938]. m ---. The name of Bartolomeo´s wife is not known. Bartolomeo & his wife had three children:

(1) PANDOLF (-after 1175). "Pandulf fils de Barthélemy fils du comte Pandulf" is named in a charter of Cava abbey dated 1175[939].

(2) GAITELGRIMA (-after 1185). "Gaitelgrima et…Truda filles de Barthélemy fils du comte Pandulf" are named in a charter of Cava abbey dated 1185[940].

(3) TRUDA (-after 1185). "Gaitelgrima et…Truda filles de Barthélemy fils du comte Pandulf" are named in a charter of Cava abbey dated 1185[941].

(d) SICHELGAITA (-after Sep 1113). "Sichelgaita fille du comte Pandulf et épouse du juge Romuald" donated her rights in the church of Santa Maria di Corno to Cava abbey by charter dated Sep 1113[942]. m ROMOALD, son of --- (-after Sep 1113).

GUAIMAR di Salerno, son of IOANNES II Prince of Salerno & his wife Sichelgaita --- (-[Feb/Jun] 1027). The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 989, which records a donation by "Lando…episcopus sanct sedis Pestane", refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni nostri Iohanni…principis" and the first year of "principatus domni Guaimarii principis filio eius"[943]. A charter dated Oct 989 names "domne Sichelgaita principissa uxor…domni Iohanni…principis" and "domnus Guaimarius princeps et Iohannes comes germani filii…domni Iohanni et domne Sichelgaite"[944]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius princeps eius frater [=Wido] benignus et clemens" succeeded as Prince of Salerno and ruled for 43 years 9 months[945]. He succeeded his father in 999 as GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 999, under which "Alfanus filius quondam Petri de Capazzana" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the eleventh year of "principatus domni nostri Guaimari…principis" without naming his father[946]. Normans returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem helped him defend Salerno from Muslim invaders [1000] and were invited to stay, the first Normans to settle in southern Italy[947]. [The dating clause of a charter dated Sep 1006 refers to the eighth year of "Guaimarii filii quondam Guaimarii principis"[948]. It is assumed that this charter is misdated and should refer to Prince Guaimar IV as no other indication has been found that the father of Prince Guaimar III was named Guaimar.] Prince of Capua and Duke of Amalfi [1010]. Duke of Sorrento [1011]. The dating clause of a charter dated May 1012 refers to the twenty-fourth year of "principatus Salerni domni…Guaimari…princeps", the fourth year of "principatus eius Capue et ducatui Amalfi", the third year of "ducatus illius Sirrenti", and the first year of "suprascriptorum principatuum et ducatuum domni Gisulfi…principis filii eius"[949]. The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1018 refers to the thirtieth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domni Guaimari eius filii…principibus"[950]. The date of his death is estimated from his being named with his son for the last time in the dating clause of a charter dated Feb 1027[951], and the dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1027 referring to the ninth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domne Gaytelgrime genetrice eius"[952]. The Annals of Romoald record the death in 1030 of "Iohannes princeps Salerni" and the succession of his son "Guaimarius"[953], but the charter quoted above shows that this date must be inaccurate.

m firstly PURPURA, daughter of --- (-[Jul 1010/1011]). "Guaimarius…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" donated property to "Luce Abbati Monasterium Sancte Barbare", with the consent of "Purpure Principisse…coniugis nostre", by charter dated 1005[954]. "Guaimarius…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" donated property to "Ecclesia Veati Michaëlis Arcangeli…in Monte…Aureo", with the consent of "Purpure Principisse…coniugis nostre", by charter dated Jul 1010[955]. The parentage of Purpura, first wife of Prince Guaimar III, is unknown. A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter under which "Guaimar Prince of Salerno", in "the fourteenth year" of his reign, granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro"[956]. If "Guaimar Prince of Salerno" in this document refers to Prince Guaimar III, the fourteenth year of his reign would have been 1006, in which case "Laidolfi comitis" would have been the father of Guaimar´s first wife Purpura. However, it is more likely that the document refers to Prince Guaimar IV (whose fourteenth year was 1032) whose wife named her father Laidolf in a later source (see below).

m secondly ([Jul 1010/1011]) GAITELGRIMA, daughter of PANDOLF III Prince of Capua and Benevento, Duke of Salerno & his wife ---. "Guaimarius et Guaimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gaitelgrime Principisse…coniugis nostre", by charter dated May 1023, the dating clause stating that the year was the thirty-fifth of "Domni Guaimarii Principis" and the fifth year of "Domni Guaimarii eius filio", subscribed by "Gaitelgrimam Guaimarii III uxorem" and "uxorem Guaimarii IV…Gemmam"[957]. Amatus records that the wife of Guaimar [III] Prince of Salerno was the sister of Pandolf [IV] Prince of Capua and that the latter was released after the intervention of Prince Guaimar[958]. The dating clause of two charters dated Jun 1027 and Jul 1027 refer to the ninth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domne Gaytelgrime genetrice eius"[959], indicating that Gaitelgrima was appointed co-ruler or regent because of the minority of her son. "Gaitelgrima" is not named in the charters from Nov 1027 onwards, presumably indicating that she died before that date.

Prince Guaimar III & his first wife had two children:

1. GISULF (-[May 1012/1013]). The dating clause of a charter dated May 1012 refers to the twenty-fourth year of "principatus Salerni domni…Guaimari…princeps", the fourth year of "principatus eius Capue et ducatui Amalfi", the third year of "ducatus illius Sirrenti", and the first year of "suprascriptorum principatuum et ducatuum domni Gisulfi…principis filii eius"[960]. Gisulf presumably died soon after the date of this charter as he is not named in any subsequent documents in the same cartulary.

2. IOANNES (-[Sep/Nov] 1018). The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1016 refers to the twenty-seventh year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domni Iohanni eius filio…principibus"[961]. The dating clause of a charter dated Sep 1018 refers to the thirtieth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the third year of "principatus domni Iohanni eius filio…principibus"[962].

Prince Guaimar & his second wife had four children:

3. GUAIMAR ([1011/12]-murdered 3 Jun 1052). The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1018 refers to the thirtieth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domni Guaimari eius filii…principibus"[963]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jul 1020 refers to the thirtieth-second year of "principatus domni Guaimari" and the second year of "principatus domni Guaimarii optato filio…principes"[964]. This is the only reference so far found to Prince Guaimar IV having been the adopted son of Prince Guaimar III. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius alter eius filius [=Weimarius]" succeeded his father as GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno and ruled for 34 years and 17 days[965].

- see below.

4. GUIDO ([1012/13]-before 1077). A charter of Guaimar III Prince of Salerno dated Feb 1032 names "Guidoni et Paldulfi germani eiusdem…potestatis"[966]. Amatus records that Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno gave the title Duke of Sorrento "to his blood brother Guido", dated to 1039[967].

- see below, Part H.

5. PALDOLF ([1014 or after]-murdered 3 Jun 1052). A charter of Guaimar III Prince of Salerno dated Feb 1032 names "Guidoni et Paldulfi germani eiusdem…potestatis"[968]. A charter dated Aug 1043 names "domni Paldolfi germani…domni Guaimari…princeps et dux"[969]. Lord of Capaccio 1040[970].

- see below, Part I.

6. daughter (-after Jun 1052). Amatus refers to the unnamed sister of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno being captured and "imprisoned in a filthy and horrible prison", together with his nephew's wife, after her brother was murdered[971]. It is unclear who this "nephew" was, as Prince Guaimar´s brothers were too young in 1052 to have had a son who was already married. It is possible that the passage refers to the wife of one of the sons of Ioannes, younger brother of Prince Guaimar III.

GUAIMAR di Salerno, [adopted] son of GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1010/12]-murdered 3 Jun 1052). The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 1018 refers to the thirtieth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domni Guaimari eius filii…principibus"[972]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jul 1020 refers to the thirty-second year of "principatus domni Guaimari" and the second year of "principatus domni Guaimarii optato filio…principes"[973]. This is the only reference so far found to Prince Guaimar IV having been the adopted son of Prince Guaimar III. It is assumed to be an error. "Guaimarius et Guaimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gaitelgrime Principisse…coniugis nostre", by charter dated May 1023, the dating clause stating that the year was the 35th of "Domni Guaimarii Principis" and the 5th of "Domni Guaimarii eius filio", subscribed by "Gaitelgrimam Guaimarii III uxorem" and "uxorem Guaimarii IV…Gemmam"[974]. Amatus records that Guaimar, son of the Prince of Salerno, was captured by the archbishop of Cologne on the orders of Emperor Heinrich II and sent to Pope Benedict [VIII][975]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius alter eius filius [=Weimarius]" succeeded his father as GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno and ruled for 34 years and 17 days[976]. The dating clause of two charters dated Jun 1027 and Jul 1027 refer to the ninth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domne Gaytelgrime genetrice eius"[977], indicating that Gaitelgrima was appointed co-ruler or regent because of the minority of her son. Orderic Vitalis records that “Drogo quidam Normannus miles” left on pilgrimage to Jerusalem and, on his return, stopped "cum sociis suis Waimalchus dux apud Psalernum", from where he expelled "Sarracenorum" who had been demanding tribute[978]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1038 refers to the twentieth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domni Iohanni eius filii"[979]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Prince Guaimar IV conquered the duchies of Sorrento and Amalfi, and the principality of Capua[980]. The dating clause of a charter dated Dec 1039 refers to the twenty-second year of "principatus Salerni domni…Guaimari", the second year of "principatus eius Capue" and the first year of "ducatus eius Amalfi et Sirento"[981] enables the dating of these conquests to be estimated precisely: Prince of Capua [1038/early 1039]. Duke of Sorrento [late 1039/1040]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Guaimarius Princeps Salerni" was installed as Duke of Amalfi in Apr 1039 and ruled for five years and six months[982]. Amatus records that Guaimar was invested as Prince of Capua by Emperor Konrad II (presumably as a confirmation of his acquisition of the principality by conquest), who also made him "his adopted son", on the latter's visit to Italy[983]. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1042 refers to the twenty-fourth year of "principatus Guaimari, et quarto principatus eius Capuæ et tertio ducatus Amalphiæ et Sirrenti" and the first year of "Gisulphi filii eius"[984]. Prince Guaimar and his son assumed the titles Duke of Apulia and Calabria: the dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1043 refers to the first year of "ducatus illorum Apulie et Calabrie"[985], this title being used for the last time in a charter dated 1047[986]. Amatus records that Prince Guaimar was expelled from Capua in [1047] by Emperor Heinrich III and that the emperor restored Prince Pandolf IV but recaptured the city[987]. The Annals of Romoald record that "Guaimarius princeps Salerni" was killed "a suis" and succeeded by his son "Gisolfus"[988]. The Annales Casinenses record that "Guaimarius princeps" was killed in 1052[989]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Guaimarius Princeps Salerni" was killed in 1052 after ruling for 23 years[990]. Amatus describes in detail the plot to murder him[991].

The primary sources present considerable difficulty about the wife or wives of Prince Guaimar IV. As will be seen from the extracts which are quoted below, the only explanation which reconciles all the sources is that the prince married three times, his first and third wives having the same name. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that one or more of these sources is defective in some way and that the information contained in the documents is inaccurate.

m firstly (before May 1023) GEMMA, daughter of ---. "Guaimarius et Guaimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gaitelgrime Principisse…coniugis nostre", by charter dated May 1023, the dating clause stating that the year was the thirty-fifth of "Domni Guaimarii Principis" and the fifth of "Domni Guaimarii eius filio", subscribed by "Gaitelgrimam Guaimarii III uxorem" and "uxorem Guaimarii IV…Gemmam"[992]. The dating of this document, together with the apparent existence of Prince Guaimar´s supposed second wife Purpura, indicates that it could not refer to Guaimar´s known wife Gemma of Capua and therefore that this Gemma was an otherwise unrecorded first wife.

m secondly PURPURA, daughter of --- (-before 1032). "Dominæ Gaytelgrimæ comitissæ filiæ bonæ recordationis domini Guaimarii…principis et ducis" donated property for the souls of "domini Drogonis et domini Roberti et domini Alfredi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" and for the souls of "Purpure genitricis suæ et…Ricardi filii sui qui de ipso Roberto comite marito suo primogenitum habuit", by charter dated Jan 1087[993]. As mentioned below, Amatus records that "Guaimar" [which indicates Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno from the context] gave his daughter in marriage to "Drogo…with a very grand dowry"[994]. Reading these two sources together, it is assumed that Gaitelgrima was the daughter of Prince Gaimar IV by an otherwise unrecorded marriage to Purpura. One possibility is that the extract from Amatus should have read "sister" instead of "daughter". However, Gaitelgrima is recorded with children from both her second and third marriages which suggests that it is unlikely that Purpura, first wife of Guaimar III Prince of Salerno, was her mother as she died in [1010/11].

m thirdly (before May 1032) GEMMA of Capua, daughter of LAIDOLF of Capua & his first wife --- (-after Dec 1070). "Waimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gemme Principisse…coniugis", by charter dated May 1032[995]. Amatus refers to the wife of Prince Guaimar as sister of Landolf, one of his murderers[996]. A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter under which "Guaimar Prince of Salerno", in "the fourteenth year" of his reign, granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro"[997]. It is assumed that this document refers to Prince Guaimar IV (whose fourteenth year was 1032) and that "Laidolfi comitis" was therefore the father of the prince´s third wife. Gemma donated a mill at Vietri to Cava, with the consent of "domni nostri Gisulfi et Landolfi et Guidonis et Iohannis et Gaimarii filiorum suorum", by charter dated Dec 1070[998].

Prince Guaimar IV & his [first/second] wife had one child:

1. IOANNES ([1025/30]-[early 1040]). The dating clause of a charter dated Jan 1038 refers to the twentieth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domni Iohanni eius filii"[999]. It is unlikely that Ioannes could have been born before 1025 considering the likely birth date of his father. However, it is also unlikely that he was born much after 1030 considering that he was named associate ruler by his father. If this is correct, Ioannes must have been born either from his father´s first or second marriage. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Ioannes eius filius [=Weimarius]" was associated as IOANNES III Prince of Salerno by his father and ruled 4 years and 9 months, and ruled in Sorrento alone after his father was expelled[1000]. He is not named as prince with his father in the dating clauses of Cava charters dated after end-1039, which suggests that Ioannes died earlier than is indicated by the Catalogus. This is especially probable as his brother Gisulf is named with his father Prince Guaimar in all charters in the same cartulary which are dated after Guaimar associated Gisulf in the principality.

Prince Guaimar IV & his second wife had one child:

2. GAITELGRIMA di Salerno ([before 1032]-after Jan 1087). Amatus records that "Guaimar" [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] gave Drogo his daughter in marriage "with a very grand dowry" after his succession[1001]. Amatus records that Prince Guaimar gave "Count Drogo's [daughter]" to "Robert brother of Count Richard", the editor of the edition consulted speculating that "daughter" must be an error for "widow"[1002]. "Domina Gaytelgrima comitissa filia…Robberti ducis" donated property to the monastery of La Trinità at Cava for the souls of "suprascripti domini Robberti et…domini Drogonis et domini Affridi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" by charter dated Jan 1087[1003], although the parentage attributed to her in this document is presumably an error. It is also curious that the document omits any reference to the donor's second husband. This copy of the document appears to be defective as another copy records that "dominæ Gaytelgrimæ comitissæ filiæ bonæ recordationis domini Guaimarii…principis et ducis" donated property for the souls of "domini Drogonis et domini Roberti et domini Alfredi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" and for the souls of "Purpure genitricis suæ et…Ricardi filii sui qui de ipso Roberto comite marito suo primogenitum habuit"[1004]. m firstly (1046) as his second wife, DROGO de Hauteville Conte di Apulia, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his first wife Moriella --- (-murdered castle of Monte Ilaro 10 Aug 1051, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa). He was invested as "Dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae" by Emperor Heinrich III in 1047. He received Benevento from Emperor Heinrich III in 1047, jointly with Rainulf Conte di Aversa, after the latter confiscated it from citizens who had refused to open its gates to him but the Beneventans invited Pope Leo IX to take over their town. m secondly ([end 1051/May 1052]) ROBERTO di Lucera Conte di Gargano, son of ASCLETTIN di Aversa & his wife ---. m thirdly AFFRED comte, son of --- (-before Sep 1081). Stasser suggests that "Affred comte de Sarno", third husband of Gaitelgrima, was the same person as"Asfred surnommé Buterellus, frère de Robert de Torpo seigneur de Lacedonia" who was named in a charter dated Nov 1081 under which this Robert de Torpo donated property to Cava abbey[1005]. Stasser mentions that Gaitelgrima had one son "Richard comte de Sarno" by her third marriage, who was named in Sep 1081 and Sep 1111, who died before Oct 1114 and was buried at Cava[1006]. He also records that "son petit-fils Richard II de Sarno" is called "ortus ex genere nortmannorum" in a charter[1007].

Prince Guaimar IV & his third wife had eight children:

3. GISULF ([1035]-2 Jan 1091). The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1042 refers to the twenty-fourth year of "principatus Guaimari, et quarto principatus eius Capuæ et tertio ducatus Amalphiæ et Sirrenti" and the first year of "Gisulphi filii eius"[1008]. Amatus records that Gisulf, son of Guaimar, was installed as GISULF II Prince of Salerno by his paternal uncle Guido after his father was murdered[1009]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Gisulfus filius eius" succeeded in 1052 after his father was killed[1010]. Amatus records that Prince Gisulf "from his earliest childhood…began little by little to vomit venom" and plotted against his paternal uncle[1011]. "Gisulfus…Longobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gemme Principisse…genitricis nostre", by charter dated May 1058[1012]. Gemma donated a mill at Vietri to Cava, with the consent of "domni nostri Gisulfi et Landolfi et Guidonis et Iohannis et Gaimarii filiorum suorum", by charter dated Dec 1070[1013]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Gesulfus, filius Weimarii" ruled under 34 years, after which "Robertus Viscardum ducem cognatum suum" conquered Salerno in 1072 after 227 years of Lombard domination[1014]. The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Gisolphus frater uxoris [=Robbertus Guiscardus]" in 1076[1015], but the subsequent mentions of Gisulf show that this date is incorrect. The Normans conquered Salerno in 1077. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "gente Salernum dux…Gisulfi" was expelled by Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia and found refuge with Pope Gregory VII who granted him "regio Campanica"[1016]. He was installed as Duke of Amalfi in [Mar/Jul] 1088[1017]. The necrology of San Matteo di Salerno records his death 2 Jun 1091[1018]. m (before Aug 1058, repudiated) MARIA, daughter of ---. A charter dated 1100 quotes three earlier charters dated Aug 1058, dealing with the division of territories of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, one of which names "Domini Gisulfi et Domine Marie Principisse uxoris ipsius Domini Gisulfi"[1019]. A charter dated Aug 1058 names "Gisulphus…Longobardorum gentis princeps…domne Gemme principis nostre"[1020]. The form of this charter is dissimilar to other charters in the same collection which suggests that it is spurious. The document does not specify explicitly that Gemma was the mother of Prince Gisulf. However, the relationship is clarified by a charter in similar form, dated Jul 1060, which names "Gisulphus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" and "domne Gemme…genitricis nostre"[1021]. This suggests that Gemma who is named in the Aug 1058 charter was also Prince Gisulf´s mother. Amatus refers to the repudiation by Prince Gisulf of his wife[1022].

4. LANDOLF ([1040 or after]-after Mar 1092). Amatus names (in order) "Gisulf, Landulf, Guido…John Seurre…and Guaimar" as the five sons of Prince Guaimar when he died[1023]. A charter dated 1100 quotes three earlier charters dated Aug 1058, dividing the territories of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno between "Domini Gisulfi…et Landulfi et Guidonis et Johannis et Guaimarii fratrum ipsius domini Gisulfi", specifying that Landolf was less than 18 years old[1024]. Amatus records that Landulf surrendered San Severino and Policastro when his brother Prince Gisulf was deposed[1025]. Gemma donated a mill at Vietri to Cava, with the consent of "domni nostri Gisulfi et Landolfi et Guidonis et Iohannis et Gaimarii filiorum suorum", by charter dated Dec 1070[1026]. Landolf donated property to Cava for the soul of "Imilie…coniugis mee filie quondam domni Adenolfi ducis Gagete civitatis" by charter dated Mar 1092[1027]. m EMILIA di Gaeta, daughter of ATENOLF I Duke of Gaeta & his wife Maria di Capua. Landolf donated property to Cava for the soul of "Imilie…coniugis mee filie quondam domni Adenolfi ducis Gagete civitatis" by charter dated Mar 1092[1028]. Landulf & his wife had two children:

a) MABILIA (-1126 or after). Mabilia, daughter of Landulf "once lord of Policastro", was a nun at St George, Salerno in 1136[1029].

b) SICA (-before Jun 1121). "Rogerius de Sancto Severino filius quondam Turgisii normanni" donated property to Cava abbey, for the soul of "domine Sike quondam…conjugis nostre filiæ quondam domini Landolfi filii domini Guaymarii principis", by charter dated Jun 1121, subscribed by "Enricus filius et heres domini Roggerii"[1030]. m ROGER di San Severino, son of TURGISIO & his wife --- (-before Mar 1125).

c) [SICHELGARDA (-after Mar 1116). "Gaufridus qui vocor de Medania Suessolanorum et Acerranorum…senior" donated property, for the souls of "…Roberti barbani mei", by charter dated Mar 1116, subscribed by "Sikelgarda sua conjux…Robertus de Medania"[1031]. He argues convincingly that the only way of explaining why Enrico di San Severino, son of Roger di San Severino & his wife Sika di Salerno, names her son "Robertus de Medania uterinus frater"[1032], is that the term "uterinus frater" must be interpreted in this document as maternal cousin. m GEOFFROY de Meduana, son of --- (-after Mar 1116).]

5. GUIDO (-murdered Capua 1075). Amatus names (in order) "Gisulf, Landulf, Guido…John Seurre…and Guaimar" as the five sons of Prince Guaimar when he died, and names "Guido the duke's [Robert "Guiscard"] brother-in-law" among those sent by Robert "Guiscard" to quell the rebellion in Trani led by Herman[1033]. A charter dated 1100 quotes three earlier charters dated Aug 1058, dividing the territories of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno between "Domini Gisulfi…et Landulfi et Guidonis et Johannis et Guaimarii fratrum ipsius domini Gisulfi", specifying that Guido received the lordships of Policastro and San Severino[1034]. Gemma donated a mill at Vietri to Cava, with the consent of "domni nostri Gisulfi et Landolfi et Guidonis et Iohannis et Gaimarii filiorum suorum", by charter dated Dec 1070[1035]. Amatus records that Guido was killed by "Norman enemies" who ambushed him en route to Capua, for a hearing concerning a dispute with "Guimund" with whom he jointly held the valley of San Severino, dated to 1075[1036].

6. IOANNES Seurre (-after [1095/1100]). Amatus names (in order) "Gisulf, Landulf, Guido…John Seurre…and Guaimar" as the five sons of Prince Guaimar when he died[1037]. A charter dated 1100 quotes three earlier charters dated Aug 1058, dividing the territories of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno between "Domini Gisulfi…et Landulfi et Guidonis et Johannis et Guaimarii fratrum ipsius domini Gisulfi"[1038]. Gemma donated a mill at Vietri to Cava, with the consent of "domni nostri Gisulfi et Landolfi et Guidonis et Iohannis et Gaimarii filiorum suorum", by charter dated Dec 1070[1039]. Amatus records that he supported his brother Prince Gisulf when Robert "Guiscard" deposed him[1040]. He became a cleric and abbot in charge of an almshouse on Monte Gargano founded in the late 1090s by his nephew Henry Count of Monte Sant'Angelo[1041]. "Henricus…comes…qm Roberti comitis" donated property to "Joannes dictus de Curte zianus meus olim filius bone memorie Guaimarii principis Salernitani avi mei" by charter dated Nov 1098[1042]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a) GISULF (-after 1094). "Gisolfus filius quondam Joannis comitis qui clericus et abbas fuit" donated property to the church of Cavensi by charter dated Oct 1094, which names "quondam Guaimario…patruelis frater suprascripti Joannis Comitis…Domina Sichelgaita Princeps Proabia sua…uxor…quondam Domini Johannis Principis Proabii" and "Guaimarii…filius Domini Guidonis Ducis filii Domini Guaimarii Principis"[1043].

7. GUAIMAR (-after 1076). Amatus names (in order) "Gisulf, Landulf, Guido…John Seurre…and Guaimar" as the five sons of Prince Guaimar when he died, calling the last named "the tormenter and devourer who was insatiable"[1044]. A charter dated 1100 quotes three earlier charters dated Aug 1058, dividing the territories of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno between "Domini Gisulfi…et Landulfi et Guidonis et Johannis et Guaimarii fratrum ipsius domini Gisulfi"[1045]. Gemma donated a mill at Vietri to Cava, with the consent of "domni nostri Gisulfi et Landolfi et Guidonis et Iohannis et Gaimarii filiorum suorum", by charter dated Dec 1070[1046]. Amatus records that Guaimar surrendered Cilento when his brother Prince Gisulf was deposed[1047].

8. SICHELGAITA ([1040/45]-Salerno 27 Jul 1090, bur Monte Cassino). The Gestis Ducum Normannorum names "primogenitam filiam Gaumarii principis Salerni…Sichelgaitam" as the wife of "Robertus Wiscardus Normannigena dux Apuliæ"[1048]. The Annals of Romoald in 1060 record the marriage of "Sikelgaitum Guaimerii principis filia" and "Robbertus Guiscardus"[1049]. Malaterra names "filiamque Gaimari Salernitani principis Sigelgaytam" as the second wife of Robert "Guiscard"[1050]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names the second wife of Robert as "sororem Salernitani principis…Sikelgaita"[1051]. Her birth date is estimated from her having borne children immediately after her marriage. Her husband became heir to the Principality of Salerno through this marriage, although her husband forestalled his inheritance by conquering Salerno in 1077. The Alexeiad names Robert "Guiscard"'s wife Gaita when recording that "she went on campaign with her husband and when she donned armour she was indeed a formidable sight"[1052]. She successfully laid siege to Trani, while her husband did the same at Taranto, as part of their campaign to suppress the rebellion of autumn 1078. She also fought in the battle to capture Durazzo in 1081/82. The Annals of Romoald record the death in Apr 1090 of "Sikelgaita ducissa mater Rogerii ducis"[1053]. m ([1058/59]) as his second wife, ROBERT "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- ([1020]-Phiscardo Bay, Cephalonia 17 Jul 1085, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa).

9. GAITELGRIMA (-[Jun 1104/9 Dec 1108]). The Annals of Romoald record the marriage in 1077 of "filiam Guaimarii princeps Salernitani" and "Riccardus princeps"[1054]. According to William of Apulia, "Gaitelgrima" daughter of Prince Guaimar IV married Jordan Prince of Capua[1055]. The Gestis Ducum Normannorum names "Gatteclina soror eius [=Sichelgaitæ] minor" as the wife of "Iordani principi Capuæ filio Ricardi senioris"[1056]. Robert Prince of Capua donated property to San Paolo di Aversa for the souls of "quondam principum Richardi…avi et Jourdani patris nec non Richardi fratris nostri et matris nostre Gaytelgrime" by charter dated 9 Dec 1108[1057]. m firstly (1077) JORDAN Prince of Capua, son of RICHARD Prince of Capua, Count of Aversa & his first wife Fredesende de Hauteville ([1045/50]-Feb 1091). m secondly ([1091/93]) UGO di Faida, son of --- (-Mar 1121).

10. [daughter . Amatus records that "Gisulf´s sister wrote to the duchess, her sister, asking for provisions", during the siege of Salerno, dated to Spring 1077[1058]. It is possible that this sister is the same person who married Jordan Prince of Capua about the same time (see above).]

H. DESCENDANTS of GUIDO di SALERNO, CONTE di CONZA, SIGNORI di GIFFONI

GUIDO di Salerno, son of GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1012/13]-before 1077). A charter of Guaimar III Prince of Salerno dated Feb 1032 names "Guidoni et Paldulfi germani eiusdem…potestatis"[1059]. Amatus records that Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno gave the title Duke of Sorrento "to his blood brother Guido", dated to 1039[1060]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Wido alter, Weimarii frater" ruled in Salerno for two months[1061]. A charter dated Jun 1047 records the presence of "domni…Guaimarii…principis et ducis [et] domnus Guido dux et Paldulfus germani eius…filii…domni Guaimarii principis" at a donation, with "Atenolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis, et…Iohannem comitem filium quondam Alfani comitis" named as guarantors[1062]. "Guido…dux qui fuit filius gloriose recordationis domini Guaimarii principis et domna Raingarda duce uxor illius filia Landonis comitis coniuncti" sold property to "Sicenolfo gastaldo filio quondam Sicenolfi" by charter dated Apr 1056 which names "Iohannem comitem generum eorum filium Guaimarii comitis" as fiduciary[1063]. Conte di Conza. Amatus records that Guido escaped death when his brother Prince Guaimar was murdered, fled to the Normans, and with their help expelled the conspirators from Salerno within a week[1064].

m RAINGARDA, daughter of LANDO Conte di Caiazzo & his wife --- (-after 1056). "Guido…dux qui fuit filius gloriose recordationis domini Guaimarii principis et domna Raingarda duce uxor illius filia Landonis comitis coniuncti" sold property to "Sicenolfo gastaldo filio quondam Sicenolfi" by charter dated Apr 1056 which names "Iohannem comitem generum eorum filium Guaimarii comitis" as fiduciary[1065].

Guido & his wife had five children:

1. [GUIDA] ([1030/32]-). Amatus records the marriage of "Guida the daughter of his [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] brother" to Guillaume d'Hauteville when the latter was installed as Count of Apulia[1066]. Considering that the birth of her father´s older brother is estimated to [1011/12], it is unlikely that Guida could have been born earlier than [1030/32]. She was therefore still a child when she married. m ([Sep 1042]) GUILLAUME d'Hauteville "Bras-de-Fer", son of TANCRED d'Hauteville & his first wife Moriella --- ([1010/20]-[May/Sep] 1046, bur Venosa, Monastery of Santissima Trinità).

2. GUAIMAR (-[Oct 1091/Nov 1092], bur Cava abbey). "Guaimar de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, for the souls of "son fils Jean, de son frère Pandulf", by charter dated Oct 1091[1067]. "Gisolfus filius quondam Joannis comitis qui clericus et abbas fuit" donated property to the church of Cavensi by charter dated Oct 1094, which names "quondam Guaimario…patruelis frater suprascripti Joannis Comitis…" and "Guaimarii…filius Domini Guidonis Ducis filii Domini Guaimarii Principis"[1068]. m firstly ---. The name of Guaimar's first wife is not known. m secondly SICHELGARDA, daughter of ADELFER Conte & his wife Adeltruda --- (-after 1118). "Guaimarius filius Guaimarius qui fuerat filius domini Guidonis ducis filii domini Guaimarii principis et Sicelgaita noverca eius filia Adelferii comitis Beneventani" are named in a charter of Cava abbey dated Nov 1092[1069]. "Sichelgarda veuve de Gaimar I de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "sa fille Mabilia [et] de l´époux de celle-ci Robert", by charter dated 1118, which names "son mundoald…Landulf de Baragiano, fils d´une fille du défunt Gaimar I de Giffoni"[1070]. Guaimar & his first wife had three children:

a) IOANNES (-before Oct 1091). "Guaimar de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, for the souls of "son fils Jean, de son frère Pandulf", by charter dated Oct 1091[1071].

b) GUAIMAR (-after Mar 1114). "Guaymarius filius Guaymarii…cum Johanne et Mauro germanis ac filiis quondam Mauri de civitate Atrano" donated property to Cava abbey on his marriage with "Gaytelgrimam sororem ipsorum Johannis et Mauri ac filiam quondam supradicti Mauri", by charter dated Apr 1088[1072]. "Guaimarius filius Guaimarius qui fuerat filius domini Guidonis ducis filii domini Guaimarii principis et Sicelgaita noverca eius filia Adelferii comitis Beneventani" are named in a charter of Cava abbey dated Nov 1092[1073]. "Guaimarius filius quondam Guaimarii qui fuit filius domini Guidonis ducis" donated property to Cava by charter dated Apr 1110, which names "Iohannem filium quondam Ademarii comitis qui dictus est Rufus" as fiduciary[1074]. "Guaimarius filius quondam bone memorie domini Guaimarii qui fuit filius domini Guidonis ducis" donated property to the monastery of San Giorgio di Salerno, in the presence of "Iohanne filio quondam Guaimarii comitis et Landulfo filio quondam Ademarii comitis", by charter dated Mar 1114 which names "Ademarius filium quondam Landulfi comitis" as fiduciary[1075]. m (Apr 1188) GAITELGRIMA, daughter of MAURO di Atrano & his wife --- (-after 1124). "Guaymarius filius Guaymarii…cum Johanne et Mauro germanis ac filiis quondam Mauri de civitate Atrano" donated property to Cava abbey on his marriage with "Gaytelgrimam sororem ipsorum Johannis et Mauri ac filiam quondam supradicti Mauri", by charter dated Apr 1088[1076]. "Landulfum filium quondam Pandulfi filii…Domini Guidonis ducis" is named as fiduciary for Cava in a charter dated 1124 which records the testament of "Gaitelgrima veuve de Gaimar II de Giffoni"[1077].

c) daughter . "Sichelgarda veuve de Gaimar I de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey by charter dated 1118, which names "son mundoald…Landulf de Baragiano, fils d´une fille du défunt Gaimar I de Giffoni"[1078]. m --- di Baragiano, son of ---.

Guaimar & his second wife had [two] children:

d) MABILIA (-[Feb 1122/1143]). "Robert seigneur d´Eboli" donated property to Cava abbey, for the souls of "Amabile…conjugis mee…Guaimarii…filiis nostris", by charter dated Sep 1105[1079]. "Sichelgarda veuve de Gaimar I de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "sa fille Mabilia [et] de l´époux de celle-ci Robert", by charter dated 1118, which names "son mundoald…Landulf de Baragiano, fils d´une fille du défunt Gaimar I de Giffoni"[1080]. "Mabilia filia quondam Guaymarii qui fuit filius domini Guidonis filii domini Guaymarii principis…uxor Symonis Normanni qui dicitur de Tibilla" confirmed the donation to Cava abbey by her mother by charter dated Feb 1122[1081]. m firstly (before 1105) ROBERTO di Eboli, son of GUGLIELMO & his wife --- (-1121). m secondly (before Feb 1122) as his first wife, SIMONE di Tivilla [Theville], son of RAOUL de Theville & his wife --- (-[1158/Feb 1159]). "Simon de Theville fils de Raoul" donated the church of San Michele Arcangelo near castellum Bessantino to the prior of San Leonardo di Siponto, for the salvation of "son père Raoul, de son épouse Mabilia et de son fils Robert", by charter dated 1143[1082].

e) [--- . m ALFAN, son of conte ADEMAR Rufus & his wife --- (-[1119/20]).]

3. PANDOLF . "Guaimar de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, for the souls of "son fils Jean, de son frère Pandulf", by charter dated Oct 1091[1083]. m ---. The name of Pandolf´s wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOLF (-after 1124). "Landulfum filium quondam Pandulfi filii…Domini Guidonis ducis" is named as fiduciary for Cava in a charter dated 1124 which records the testament of "Gaitelgrima veuve de Gaimar II de Giffoni"[1084].

4. --- di Sorrento . "Guido…dux qui fuit filius gloriose recordationis domini Guaimarii principis et domna Raingarda duce uxor illius filia Landonis comitis coniuncti" sold property to "Sicenolfo gastaldo filio quondam Sicenolfi" by charter dated Apr 1056 which names "Iohannem comitem generum eorum filium Guaimarii comitis" as fiduciary[1085]. m IOANNES, son of GUAIMAR Conte & his wife --- (-after Apr 1056).

5. [MARIA] (-1085 or after). Amatus records the marriage of the daughter of Guido and Guillaume de Hauteville[1086], in a later passage than the one recording the marriage of Guido´s daughter Guida to another Guillaume d´Hauteville. Europäische Stammtafeln[1087] confuses the two brothers named Guillaume, sons of Tancred de Hauteville, giving the same wife to each, but Amatus is clearly referring to the two different half-brothers of the same name. According to Drell, Maria witnessed her husband's 1080 will[1088]. She is named as witness of a donation by her son Robert to the abbey of Holy Trinity Venosa dated 1085[1089]. m ([1059]) GUILLAUME d'Hauteville "Sanicandro", son of TANCRED d'Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- (-1080).

I. DESCENDANTS of PALDOLF di SALERNO, SIGNORI di CAPACCIO

PALDOLF di Salerno, son of GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1014 or after]-murdered 3 Jun 1052). A charter of Guaimar III Prince of Salerno dated Feb 1032 names "Guidoni et Paldulfi germani eiusdem…potestatis"[1090]. A charter dated Aug 1043 names "domni Paldolfi germani…domni Guaimari…princeps et dux"[1091]. Lord of Capaccio 1040[1092]. A charter dated Jun 1047 records the presence of "domni…Guaimarii…principis et ducis [et] domnus Guido dux et Paldulfus germani eius…filii…domni Guaimarii principis" at a donation, with "Atenolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis, et…Iohannem comitem filium quondam Alfani comitis" named as guarantors[1093]. Amatus records that "Pandolf" was killed at the same time as Prince Guaimar IV[1094].

m ([1040/45]) THEODORA, daughter of GREGORIUS [II] Conte di Tusculo & his wife --- (-after Jul 1068). A charter dated Oct 1052 records a donation "pro parte domne Theodore…uxor fuit domni Paldulfi…filium bone memorie domni Guaimarii…princeps et pro parte de filiis eorum"[1095]. A charter dated Mar 1053 records a donation by "Guiselmari vicecomite filius quondam Martini" with the consent of "domne Theodore filie Gregorii et de domne Guaimarii, et Gregorii et Iohanni germani filii sui", which names "domnus Paldulfus…genitor supradicti domni…seniori"[1096]. A charter dated Feb 1054 names "Theodora…filia domni Gregorii Romanorum ducis et consulis et fuerat uxor Paldulfi filii…domni Guaimarii principis" when recording a donation[1097]. A charter dated Aug 1056 names "domne Theodore filie domne Gregorii consulis et ducis Romanorum, que fuerat uxor Paldulfi…filius…domni Guaimarii principis…et Guaimarii et Gregorii et Iohannis et Guidonis filii ipsius domne Theodore et iamdicti Paldulfi"[1098]. Theodora is also named in charters dated Dec 1058 and Jul 1059[1099]. A charter dated Jul 1068 records that "Ursus et Petrus germani…fils du défunt Alfan avec leurs épouses Fresa et Laita" donated property to the church of San Michele Arcangelo di Venanzana near Capaccio which belonged to "domne Theodore et domni Guaimarii et Gregorii et Guidoni et Iohannes germani filii quondam domni Paldulfi et prefate Theodore"[1100].

Pandolf & his wife had four children:

1. GUAIMAR (-[Aug 1100/1103]). A charter dated Mar 1053 records a donation by "Guiselmari vicecomite filius quondam Martini" with the consent of "domne Theodore filie Gregorii et de domne Guaimarii, et Gregorii et Iohanni germani filii sui", which names "domnus Paldulfus…genitor supradicti domni…seniori"[1101]. A charter dated Aug 1056 names "domne Theodore filie domne Gregorii consulis et ducis Romanorum, que fuerat uxor Paldulfi…filius…domni Guaimarii principis…et Guaimarii et Gregorii et Iohannis et Guidonis filii ipsius domne Theodore et iamdicti Paldulfi"[1102]. A charter dated Jul 1068 records that "Ursus et Petrus germani…fils du défunt Alfan avec leurs épouses Fresa et Laita" donated property to the church of San Michele Arcangelo di Venanzana near Capaccio which belonged to "domne Theodore et domni Guaimarii et Gregorii et Guidoni et Iohannes germani filii quondam domni Paldulfi et prefate Theodore"[1103]. "Asclitinus comes qui dicitur de Siciniano et Sicilgayta uxor eius filia bone recordationis Paldulfi qui fuit filius domini Guaimarii prinicipis" donated the church of San Pietro di Polla to Cava abbey, in the presence of "Guaimarius cognatus et germanus eorum ac filius supradicti Paldulfi", by charter dated May 1086[1104]. m SICHELGAITA di Capua, daughter of LANDOLF VIII Prince of Capua & his wife --- (-after 1098). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1098 which records that "Gaimar fils de Pandulf fils du prince Gaimar, fils du prince Jean" donated his part of the church of Santa Maria di Salerno to Cava abbey, for the salvation of "son épouse Sichelgaita, fille de Landulf, fils du prince Pandulf di Capoue et de leurs enfants", and Sichelgaita "fille de Landulf fils du prince Pandulf de Capoue" added a personal request for prayers for herself after he death[1105]. Guaimar & his wife had five children:

a) PANDOLF (-[1104/19]). m ---. The name of Pandolf´s wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had three children:

i) GUGLIELMO (-after May 1134). "Guidelmo qui dicitur de Mannia filius quondam domni Pandulfus de Caputaquis…cum domno Gisulfo germanus eius" donated property to Cava abbey by charter dated May 1134[1106]. m ---. The name of Guglielmo´s wife is not known. Guglielmo & his wife had one child:

(a) GISULF (-after Jan 1167). "Emma amita ipsius domni Gisulfi et filia quondam domni Pandulfi" donated property to Cava abbey by charter dated Jan 1167[1107]. m ---. The name of Gisulf´s wife is not known. Gisulf & his wife had one child:

(1) GUGLIELMO (-after 1187). Signore di Novi.

ii) GISULF (-after May 1134). "Guidelmo qui dicitur de Mannia filius quondam domni Pandulfus de Caputaquis…cum domno Gisulfo germanus eius" donated property to Cava abbey by charter dated May 1134[1108].

iii) EMMA (-after Jan 1167). "Emma amita ipsius domni Gisulfi et filia quondam domni Pandulfi" donated property to Cava abbey by charter dated Jan 1167[1109].

b) GREGORIO (-before 1130). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[1110]. m ---. The name of Gregorio´s wife is not known. Gregorio & his wife had four children:

i) ERMANO . "Ermannus et Basdardus germani et domni Caputaquensi, Todinus patruus ipsorum germanorum qui fuit germanus ipsius Gregorii ac filius quondam Gaymarii" are named in a charter dated 1130 which records a donation to Cava abbey[1111].

ii) PANDOLF (-after Oct 1154). "Bagelard et Pandulf, fils de Grégoire de Capaccio et leur cousin Mathieu, fils di défunt Gisulf di Capaccio" donated property outside Salerno, previously held by "Petri qui dictus est de facterosa prioris viri Marotte quondam genetricis eiusdem Mathei que postea fuit uxor…Gisulfi genitoris eiusdem Mathei", to Cava abbey by charter dated 1138[1112]. "Pandolfus et Bailardus…Cannarum domini" are named in a charter dated Oct 1154[1113].

iii) ABELARDO [Bagelardo] (-after Oct 1154). "Ermannus et Basdardus germani et domni Caputaquensi, Todinus patruus ipsorum germanorum qui fuit germanus ipsius Gregorii ac filius quondam Gaymarii" are named in a charter dated 1130 which records a donation to Cava abbey[1114]. "Bagelard et Pandulf, fils de Grégoire de Capaccio et leur cousin Mathieu, fils di défunt Gisulf di Capaccio" donated property outside Salerno, previously held by "Petri qui dictus est de facterosa prioris viri Marotte quondam genetricis eiusdem Mathei que postea fuit uxor…Gisulfi genitoris eiusdem Mathei", to Cava abbey by charter dated 1138[1115]. "Pandolfus et Bailardus…Cannarum domini" are named in a charter dated Oct 1154[1116].

iv) GEMMA (-after 1138). "Bagelard fils de Grégoire de Capaccio…avec son frère Pandulf et son cousin Mathieu" donated property to Cava abbey by charter dated 1138 which provides for the burial at the abbey of "les deux frères et leur sœur Gemma"[1117].

c) GUAIMAR (-5 Dec 1137). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[1118]. Signore di Capaccio. "Gaimar seigneur de Capaccio" named "son épouse Sibillia et leur fils Gaimar" in his testament dated Dec 1137[1119]. The necrology of Salerno cathedral records the death 5 Dec 1137 of "dom. Guaymarii Caputaquensis f. dom Guaymarii"[1120]. m SIBILLA, daughter of --- (-after Dec 1137). "Gaimar seigneur de Capaccio" named "son épouse Sibillia et leur fils Gaimar" in his testament dated Dec 1137[1121]. Guaimar & his wife had one child:

i) GUAIMAR (-after Dec 1137). "Gaimar seigneur de Capaccio" named "son épouse Sibillia et leur fils Gaimar" in his testament dated Dec 1137[1122].

d) GISULF (-after 1119). m as her second husband, MAROTTA, widow of PIETRO di Facterosa, daughter of ---. "Bagelard et Pandulf, fils de Grégoire de Capaccio et leur cousin Mathieu, fils di défunt Gisulf di Capaccio" donated property outside Salerno, previously held by "Petri qui dictus est de facterosa prioris viri Marotte quondam genetricis eiusdem Mathei que postea fuit uxor…Gisulfi genitoris eiusdem Mathei", to Cava abbey by charter dated 1138[1123]. Gisulf & his wife had one child:

i) MATTEO . "Bagelard et Pandulf, fils de Grégoire de Capaccio et leur cousin Mathieu, fils di défunt Gisulf di Capaccio" donated property outside Salerno, previously held by "Petri qui dictus est de facterosa prioris viri Marotte quondam genetricis eiusdem Mathei que postea fuit uxor…Gisulfi genitoris eiusdem Mathei", to Cava abbey by charter dated 1138[1124].

e) TUDINUS (-after 1130). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[1125]. "Ermannus et Basdardus germani et domni Caputaquensi, Todinus patruus ipsorum germanorum qui fuit germanus ipsius Gregorii ac filius quondam Gaymarii" are named in a charter dated 1130 which records a donation to Cava abbey[1126].

2. GREGORIO (-[1118/19]). A charter dated Mar 1053 records a donation by "Guiselmari vicecomite filius quondam Martini" with the consent of "domne Theodore filie Gregorii et de domne Guaimarii, et Gregorii et Iohanni germani filii sui", which names "domnus Paldulfus…genitor supradicti domni…seniori"[1127]. A charter dated Aug 1056 names "domne Theodore filie domne Gregorii consulis et ducis Romanorum, que fuerat uxor Paldulfi…filius…domni Guaimarii principis…et Guaimarii et Gregorii et Iohannis et Guidonis filii ipsius domne Theodore et iamdicti Paldulfi"[1128]. A charter dated Jul 1068 records that "Ursus et Petrus germani…fils du défunt Alfan avec leurs épouses Fresa et Laita" donated property to the church of San Michele Arcangelo di Venanzana near Capaccio which belonged to "domne Theodore et domni Guaimarii et Gregorii et Guidoni et Iohannes germani filii quondam domni Paldulfi et prefate Theodore"[1129]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis…et Aloare uxori sue filie Castelmanni comitis" sold property near castellum Capaccio to "Gregorio filio quondam bone memorie domni Paldolfi filii domni Guaimarii principis" after proving his rights under charter dated Nov 1073[1130]. A charter dated 1103 records that "Grégoire fils de Pandulf fils du prince Gaimar" agreed a division with Cava abbey, acting with the consent of "son neveu Tancrède fils de Geoffroy de Hauteville et de Theodora sœur de Grégoire"[1131]. A charter dated 1104 records that "Grégoire fils de Pandulf fils du prince Gaimar" agreed a division with Cava abbey, acting with the consent of "son neveu Tancrède fils de Theodora"[1132]. m firstly MARIA, daughter of HERBERT [Caput Asinus & his wife Delicta di Sanseverino]. Gregorio and his wife "Maria fille d´un Herbert" donated property to San Niccolo di Capaccio by charter dated May 1092[1133]. m secondly SICHELGAITA di Teano, daughter of IOANNES di Teano & his wife Atta di Venafro (-after 1119). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[1134]. Gregorio & his first wife had two children:

a) ERBERTO (-after 1096). He and his brother are named by Stasser as sons of Gregorio, probably by his first wife[1135].

b) IOANNES (-after 1132). He and his brother are named by Stasser as sons of Gregorio, probably by his first wife[1136].

Gregorio & his first wife had [two] children:

c) GUGLIELMO (-after 1134). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[1137]. He is named "dominus castello de Trintinaria" in a charter dated 1134[1138]. m ---. The name of Guglielmo´s wife is not known. Guglielmo & his wife had one child:

i) ROBERTO (-after 3 Oct 1156). Signore di Trentinaria. "Robert de Trentinaria fils du défunt Guillaume" bequeathed property to "son épouse Lolegrima, fille d´Alfan de Castrimaris camérier du roi" by charter dated 3 Oct 1156[1139]. m LOLEGRIMA, daughter of ALFAN camerarius & his wife --- (-after 3 Oct 1156). "Robert de Trentinaria fils du défunt Guillaume" bequeathed property to "son épouse Lolegrima, fille d´Alfan de Castrimaris camérier du roi" by charter dated 3 Oct 1156[1140]. Roberto & his wife had one child:

(a) GUIDO di Trentinaria . He named in the Catalogus Baronum[1141].

d) [SOPHIA (-after 1120). "Sophia épouse de Robert fils de Nicholas, fille de Grégoire" is named in a charter dated 1120 at castellum Trentinaria[1142]. Stasser highlights that Trentinaria was then owned by Guglielmo, son of Gregorio, and suggests that Sophia was his sister[1143]. m ROBERT, son of NICHOLAS & his wife --- (-after 1120).]

3. IOANNES (-[1100/16]). A charter dated Mar 1053 records a donation by "Guiselmari vicecomite filius quondam Martini" with the consent of "domne Theodore filie Gregorii et de domne Guaimarii, et Gregorii et Iohanni germani filii sui", which names "domnus Paldulfus…genitor supradicti domni…seniori"[1144]. A charter dated Aug 1056 names "domne Theodore filie domne Gregorii consulis et ducis Romanorum, que fuerat uxor Paldulfi…filius…domni Guaimarii principis…et Guaimarii et Gregorii et Iohannis et Guidonis filii ipsius domne Theodore et iamdicti Paldulfi"[1145]. A charter dated Jul 1068 records that "Ursus et Petrus germani…fils du défunt Alfan avec leurs épouses Fresa et Laita" donated property to the church of San Michele Arcangelo di Venanzana near Capaccio which belonged to "domne Theodore et domni Guaimarii et Gregorii et Guidoni et Iohannes germani filii quondam domni Paldulfi et prefate Theodore"[1146]. Signore di Cappaccio. "Johannes filius bone memorie Paldulfi filii domini Guaimarii principis et Ageltruda uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis Sesse civitatis" are named in a charter dated 1083[1147]. m firstly AGELTRUDA di Suessa, daughter of LANDOLF [IV] Conte di Suessa & his wife --- (after 1050-before 1100). "Johannes filius bone memorie Paldulfi filii domini Guaimarii principis et Ageltruda uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis Sesse civitatis" are named in a charter dated 1083[1148]. m secondly (before Apr 1100) ACZOLINA, daughter of ---. "Johannes filius bone memorie Paldulfi qui fuerat filius domni Gaimarii principis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Ageltrude amisse conjugis mee et…Aczoline…uxoris mee et filiorum nostrorum", by charter dated Apr 1100[1149]. Ioannes & his first wife had two children:

a) GIORDANO (-after 1137). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[1150]. "Iordanus dominus de casteloo Cornito ac filius quondam Iohannis similiter dominus de Cornito qui fuit filius domni Pandulfi filii domni Gaimarii principis" donated property to Cava by charter dated 1137[1151]. Signore di Corneto.

b) EMMA (-after Oct 1134). She and her husband donated the church of San Niccolo da lu Frassu, near castellum Fasanella, to Cava by charter dated Oct 1134[1152]. m LAMPUS di Fasanella, son of GUAIFER Conte & his wife --- (-after 1137).

4. GUIDO (-after Jul 1068). A charter dated Aug 1056 names "domne Theodore filie domne Gregorii consulis et ducis Romanorum, que fuerat uxor Paldulfi…filius…domni Guaimarii principis…et Guaimarii et Gregorii et Iohannis et Guidonis filii ipsius domne Theodore et iamdicti Paldulfi"[1153]. A charter dated Jul 1068 records that "Ursus et Petrus germani…fils du défunt Alfan avec leurs épouses Fresa et Laita" donated property to the church of San Michele Arcangelo di Venanzana near Capaccio which belonged to "domne Theodore et domni Guaimarii et Gregorii et Guidoni et Iohannes germani filii quondam domni Paldulfi et prefate Theodore"[1154].

5. SICHELGAITA (-after May 1086). "Asclitinus comes qui dicitur de Siciniano et Sicilgayta uxor eius filia bone recordationis Paldulfi qui fuit filius domini Guaimarii prinicipis" donated the church of San Pietro di Polla to Cava abbey, in the presence of "Guaimarius cognatus et germanus eorum ac filius supradicti Paldulfi", by charter dated May 1086[1155]. m ASCLETTIN de Sicignano, son of --- (-after May 1068).

6. THEODORA . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1103 which records that "Grégoire fils de Pandulf fils du prince Gaimar" agreed a division with Cava abbey, acting with the consent of "son neveu Tancrède fils de Geoffroy de Hauteville et de Theodora sœur de Grégoire"[1156]. A charter dated 1104 records that "Grégoire fils de Pandulf fils du prince Gaimar" agreed a division with Cava abbey, acting with the consent of "son neveu Tancrède fils de Theodora"[1157]. m as his second wife, GODEFROI de Hauteville Conte di Loritello, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his first wife Moriella --- ([1015/20]-1063).

J. CONTI di CAIAZZO

1. LANDO . Conte di Caiazzo. m ---. The name of Lando´s wife is not known. Lando & his wife had two children:

a) [LANDENOLF (-after 20 Jun 1041). Conte di Caiazzo. "Il principe Guaimario IV" granted two families in Capua to "Grimoaldo conte del palazzo di Capua", at the request "del conte di Caiazzo Landenolfo", by charter dated 20 Jun 1041[1158].]

b) RAINGARDA (-after 1056). m GUIDO di Salerno, son of GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1012/13]-before 1077). Duke of Salerno 1039. Conte di Conza.

K. OTHER NOBILITY in SALERNO

The charters of the monastery of Cava reveal an extensive network of comital families in Salerno between the 10th and 12th centuries. The reconstruction of these families from this source is shown in this Part, based on information in the first eight volumes of the published cartulary. There are many gaps and the extent of inter-marriage between the families, as well as with the families of the ruling princes of Salerno, suggests that many more family relationships existed beyond those which can be confirmed on the basis of the available information. Reconstruction is helped by the charters invariably specifying the names of the fathers of the individuals who are named. On the other hand, certainty is hampered by the duplication of names which occurs in the documents during the latter part of the period. Only those individuals who are named in the charters with the title "count" have been noted below. Numerous other persons are named in the cartulary, but it is impossible to know whether they were related to the comital families. The names of the counties in which these counts enjoyed jurisdiction are not stated in any of the charters. It is not even known whether the jurisdiction of the counts was defined by a specific geographic area or whether the title was solely honorific. Several cases are shown below where the title is linked to positions in the princely household or the governmental administration, for example comes palatii and the judges.

1. MONCOLANUS . m ---. The name of Moncolanus´s wife is not known. Moncolanus & his wife had one child:

a) RADELCHIS (-after Apr 856). "Radechis comes filius Moncolani" sold property "circo carbonario propinquo civitatem Salernitatem" to "Waiferi comiti filius Dauferi" by charter dated Apr 856[1159].

1. ADELFER (-before Jan 963). m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer & his wife had one child:

a) BISANTIO (-[Jan 963/Apr 983]). "Guaiferius castaldus et Petrus iudicibus…Bisantio comes filius quondam Adelferi thesaurarii et Madelfrit thesaurarius filius Landolfi thesaurarii et Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Roffrit comitis et Madelfrit referendario filius Adelferi referendario et comes" donated property to Cava monastery by charter dated Jan 963[1160]. m ---. The name of Bisantio´s wife is not known. Bisantio & his wife had one child:

i) ROMOALD (-after Apr 983). "Guaiferius filius quondam Guaimari comitis" donated property to "Romualdo filio quondam Leoni Franci" by charter dated Apr 983 which appoints "Romoaldus comes congnato suo filius quondam Bisantii…et ipse Guaiferii et suos filios et eredes" as mediators[1161]. m ---. The parentage of Romoald´s wife is not known. Stasser suggests[1162] that she was --- di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR di Salerno & his wife Adeltruda [Mira] ---, on the basis of the charter dated Apr 983 under which "Guaiferius filius quondam Guaimari comitis" donated property to "Romualdo filio quondam Leoni Franci" and appoints "Romoaldus comes congnato suo filius quondam Bisantii…et ipse Guaiferii et suos filios et eredes" as mediators[1163]. The difficulty with this hypothesis is the over-restrictive interpretation of the word "cognatus" which it requires.

1. LANDOLF (-after Jan 963). m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf & his wife had one child:

a) MADELFRIT (-after Jan 963). "Guaiferius castaldus et Petrus iudicibus…Bisantio comes filius quondam Adelferi thesaurarii et Madelfrit thesaurarius filius Landolfi thesaurarii et Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Roffrit comitis et Madelfrit referendario filius Adelferi referendario et comes" donated property to Cava monastery by charter dated Jan 963[1164].

1. LANDOAR . m ---. The name of Landoar´s wife is not known. Landoar & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOAR (-[Apr 944/May 966]). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to Cava monastery, with the consent of "Landoari et Petri et Gariperto germani filii mei" by charter dated Apr 944, which also records that "nos ambo bir et coniux" donated property to "Adelgarde…filie nostre…et Aloare que Sammara clara sorori tue filie nostre" near to property of "Aloara soror et cognata nostra"[1165]. m ALFERADA, daughter of IOANNES & his wife --- (-after Apr 944). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to Cava monastery, with the consent of "Landoari et Petri et Gariperto germani filii mei" by charter dated Apr 944[1166]. Landoar & his wife had five children:

i) LANDOAR (-before May 980). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to Cava monastery, with the consent of "Landoari et Petri et Gariperto germani filii mei" by charter dated Apr 944[1167]. m ---. The name of Landoar´s wife is not known. Landoar & his wife had two children:

(a) LANDOAR ([Feb/May] 980). "Gariperto filio cuiusdam Landoari comitis et Landolfus filius cuiusdam Landoari…et vice Landoari nepoti meo filio cuiusdam Landoari germani mei" declared that "Landoari comes genitor et abius noster" held property in Salerno which they granted to "Iohanni comes palatio de predicta civitate Salernitana et filius cuiusdam Lamberti comiti" by charter dated May 980[1168]. m ---. The name of Landoar´s wife is not known. Landoar & his wife had one child:

(1) LANDOAR . "Gariperto filio cuiusdam Landoari comitis et Landolfus filius cuiusdam Landoari…et vice Landoari nepoti meo filio cuiusdam Landoari germani mei" declared that "Landoari comes genitor et abius noster" held property in Salerno which they granted to "Iohanni comes palatio de predicta civitate Salernitana et filius cuiusdam Lamberti comiti" by charter dated May 980[1169].

(b) LANDOLF (-after May 980). "Gariperto filio cuiusdam Landoari comitis et Landolfus filius cuiusdam Landoari…et vice Landoari nepoti meo filio cuiusdam Landoari germani mei" declared that "Landoari comes genitor et abius noster" held property in Salerno which they granted to "Iohanni comes palatio de predicta civitate Salernitana et filius cuiusdam Lamberti comiti" by charter dated May 980[1170].

(c) ALOARA (-after May 991). "Guido filius bone memorie Guaimarii comitis et Aloara filia quondam Landoari comiti…vir et uxor" donated property by charter dated May 991[1171]. m GUIDO comes, son of GUAIMAR comes & his wife Mira --- (-after May 991).

ii) PETRUS (-after May 966). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to Cava monastery, with the consent of "Landoari et Petri et Gariperto germani filii mei" by charter dated Apr 944[1172]. A charter dated May 966 records the sale of property to "Petri castaldo…filio quondam Landoari"[1173].

iii) GARIPERT (-after May 980). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to Cava monastery, with the consent of "Landoari et Petri et Gariperto germani filii mei" by charter dated Apr 944[1174]. "Gariperto filio cuiusdam Landoari comitis et Landolfus filius cuiusdam Landoari…et vice Landoari nepoti meo filio cuiusdam Landoari germani mei" declared that "Landoari comes genitor et abius noster" held property in Salerno which they granted to "Iohanni comes palatio de predicta civitate Salernitana et filius cuiusdam Lamberti comiti" by charter dated May 980[1175].

iv) ADELGARDA (-after Apr 944). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to "Adelgarde…filie nostre…et Aloare que Sammara clara sorori tue filie nostre" near to property of "Aloara soror et cognata nostra" by charter dated Apr 944[1176].

v) ALOARA (-after Apr 944). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to "Adelgarde…filie nostre…et Aloare que Sammara clara sorori tue filie nostre" near to property of "Aloara soror et cognata nostra" by charter dated Apr 944[1177].

b) ALOARA (-after Apr 944). "Landoari filius cuiusdam Lanoari et Alferada uxor eius filia quondam Iohannis" donated property to "Adelgarde…filie nostre…et Aloare que Sammara clara sorori tue filie nostre" near to property of "Aloara soror et cognata nostra" by charter dated Apr 944[1178].

1. LAMBERT (-before Jan 995). m ---. The name of Lambert´s wife is not known. Lambert & his wife had [three] children:

a) LANDOAR (-[Mar 997/May 1000]). "Landoarius comes filius Lamberti et Petrus castaldeus filius Rocci et Leo Atrianense filius Gucti" granted property "in loco Veteri" by charter dated to before Jan 995[1179]. "Landoarius comes filius vone memorie cuidam Lamberti" reached agreement with several individuals about land at Monte Falerio by charter dated Jan 995[1180]. "Urso filio Maraldi…" sold property to "Landoario comes filio Lamberti" by charter dated Mar 997[1181]. m ALOARA, daughter of MADELFRIT comes & his wife --- (-after May 1000). A charter dated May 1000 relates to "monasterio sancti Nicolai de Gallocanta" built by "Aloara comitissa filis Madelfrit comitis que fuit uxor Landoarii comitis filii vone memorie Lamberti comitis et Guaiferio comes qui sum infra etate, filius istius Aloare et predicti Landoarii", owned by "Adelberti comiti…congnato et thio nostro filio ipsius Landoari comitis"[1182]. Landoar & his wife had one child:

i) GUAIFER ([980/85]-after May 1000). A charter dated May 1000 relates to "monasterio sancti Nicolai de Gallocanta" built by "Aloaram comitissam filiam Madelfriti comitis, uxorem Landoarii comitis" and by "Guaiferium comitem filium eius" and donated by "supradicta mater et filio", adding that the monastery was owned by "Adelberti comiti…congnato et thio nostro filio ipsius Landoari comitis"[1183]. "Infantulus infra etate…Guaiferio comes, filius quondam Landoarii comitis" donated property in Salerno by charter dated Aug 1000[1184].

b) ADALBERTO ([May 1000/May 1012]. "Ursu filius quondam Marini" sold property to "Abelverti comiti filio bone memorie Lamberti" by charter dated Apr 996[1185]. A charter dated May 1000 relates to "monasterio sancti Nicolai de Gallocanta" built by "Aloara comitissa filis Madelfrit comitis que fuit uxor Landoarii comitis filii vone memorie Lamberti comitis et Guaiferio comes qui sum infra etate, filius istius Aloare et predicti Landoarii", owned by "Adelberti comiti…congnato et thio nostro filio ipsius Landoari comitis"[1186]. A charter dated Sep 1008 records that "Adelbertus et Rodelgrimus comitibus" had founded "ecclesia monasterii Sancte Marie…in finibus Maliano illorum comitatum"[1187]. It is not clear from the document whether the joint founders were alive at the date of the charter. A charter dated May 1012 records that "quondam Lamberti comitis filii bone memorie Adelberti comitis et Adelberti comitis filii quondam Landoari comitis" founded "ecclesie Sancti Nicolai…in locum Beteri"[1188]. m ---. The name of Adalberto´s wife is not known. Adalberto & his wife had two children:

i) LAMBERTO (-[Apr 1030/Apr 1043]). A charter dated May 1012 records that "quondam Lamberti comitis filii bone memorie Adelberti comitis et Adelberti comitis filii quondam Landoari comitis" founded "ecclesie Sancti Nicolai…in locum Beteri"[1189]. The word "quondam", referring to Lambert, must be misplaced in this charter as the following document shows that Lambert must have been alive at that date. A charter dated Jan 1016 records that "Lambertus et Landoari comitibus germani filii quondam Alberti comiti" owned "ecclesie Sancti Nicolai…in locum Beteri"[1190]. "Le comte Landoar fils du comte Lambert et sa mère Gaitelgrima, fille du comte Landulf" donated property by charter dated Nov 1066, which names "Ademarium filium quondam Landolfi comitis" as fiduciary[1191]. A charter dated Apr 1043 records that "heredes quondam Lamberti comiti et Adelberti comiti filii quondam Landoarii comiti" had granted property to "Alfanus filius quondam Leoni"[1192]. m URANIA, daughter of ADEMAR & his wife --- (-after Apr 1047). "Urania comitissa filia Ademarii comitis et relicta bone memorie Lamberti comitis et Ebulus clericus et abbas et Petrus et Alebertus et Landoarius comitibus germani filii suprascripti Lamberti comitis et Uranie" donated property by charter dated Apr 1047[1193]. Lamberto & his wife had five children:

(a) PETRUS (-after Jan 1058). "Urania comitissa filia Ademarii comitis et relicta bone memorie Lamberti comitis et Ebulus clericus et abbas et Petrus et Alebertus et Landoarius comitibus germani filii suprascripti Lamberti comitis et Uranie" donated property by charter dated Apr 1047[1194]. A charter dated Jan 1058 records that "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis, que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis, filii quondam Landoari" and "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius" donated property, and names "Petrum et Adelbertum et Landoarium comites filios quondam Lamberti comitis"[1195].

(b) EBULUS (-after Apr 1047). "Urania comitissa filia Ademarii comitis et relicta bone memorie Lamberti comitis et Ebulus clericus et abbas et Petrus et Alebertus et Landoarius comitibus germani filii suprascripti Lamberti comitis et Uranie" donated property by charter dated Apr 1047[1196].

(c) ADALBERTO (-after Jun 1058). "Urania comitissa filia Ademarii comitis et relicta bone memorie Lamberti comitis et Ebulus clericus et abbas et Petrus et Alebertus et Landoarius comitibus germani filii suprascripti Lamberti comitis et Uranie" donated property by charter dated Apr 1047[1197]. A charter dated Jan 1058 records that "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis, que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis, filii quondam Landoari" and "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius" donated property, and names "Petrum et Adelbertum et Landoarium comites filios quondam Lamberti comitis"[1198]. "Adilvertus et Landuarius comites et germani, filii bone memorie domni Lamberti comitis…de civitate Salerno" donated property by charter dated Jun 1058 in Amalfi[1199].

(d) LANDOARIO (-after Jun 1058). "Urania comitissa filia Ademarii comitis et relicta bone memorie Lamberti comitis et Ebulus clericus et abbas et Petrus et Alebertus et Landoarius comitibus germani filii suprascripti Lamberti comitis et Uranie" donated property by charter dated Apr 1047[1200]. A charter dated Jan 1058 records that "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis, que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis, filii quondam Landoari" and "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius" donated property, and names "Petrum et Adelbertum et Landoarium comites filios quondam Lamberti comitis"[1201]. "Adilvertus et Landuarius comites et germani, filii bone memorie domni Lamberti comitis…de civitate Salerno" donated property by charter dated Jun 1058 in Amalfi[1202].

(e) MIRANDA (-after May 1064). "Ademarium comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis" acted as guarantor in a charter dated May 1064 under which "Petrus filius quondam Petri comitis qui fuit filius Adelferii comitis et Miranda uxor ea filia quondam Lamberti comitis" granted property to "Petro Atrianense"[1203]. m PETRUS, son of PETRUS & his wife --- (-after May 1064).

ii) LANDOARIO (-after Jan 1016). A charter dated Jan 1016 records that "Lambertus et Landoari comitibus germani filii quondam Alberti comiti" owned "ecclesie Sancti Nicolai…in locum Beteri"[1204]. same person as…? LANDOARIO . m ROTELGRIMA, daughter of ---. "Iaquintus docdus…pro pars et vice Rotelgrime comitisse relicta quondam Landoarii comiti et Aleberti comiti, mater et filius" donated property by charter dated Jan 1043[1205]. Landoario & his wife had one child:

(a) ADALBERTO (-[Jan/Apr] 1043). "Iaquintus docdus…pro pars et vice Rotelgrime comitisse relicta quondam Landoarii comiti et Aleberti comiti, mater et filius" donated property by charter dated Jan 1043[1206]. A charter dated Apr 1043 records that "heredes quondam Lamberti comiti et Adelberti comiti filii quondam Landoarii comiti" had granted property to "Alfanus filius quondam Leoni"[1207]. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of LANDOLF & his wife Aloara --- (-after Jan 1058). A charter dated Jul 1060, under which "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property, quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "…Gaitelgrime filia Landolfi comitis relicta quondam Alberti comitis et…Landoarius filius ipsorum Gaitelgrime et Alberti" donated property[1208]. A charter dated Jan 1058 is witnessed by "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis filii quondam Landoari" and records a donation by "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius et ipsius Adelberti" to "Theophilo monacho et sacerdote filio quondam Ieorgii"[1209]. Adalberto & his wife had [two] children:

(1) LANDOARIO (-after Apr 1073). A charter dated Jul 1060, under which "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property, quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "…Gaitelgrime filia Landolfi comitis relicta quondam Alberti comitis et…Landoarius filius ipsorum Gaitelgrime et Alberti" donated property[1210]. A charter dated Jan 1058 is witnessed by "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis filii quondam Landoari" and records a donation by "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius et ipsius Adelberti" to "Theophilo monacho et sacerdote filio quondam Ieorgii"[1211]. "Le comte Landoar fils du comte Lambert et sa mère Gaitelgrima, fille du comte Landulf" donated property by charter dated Nov 1066, which names "Ademarium filium quondam Landolfi comitis" as fiduciary[1212]. "Landolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis qui et filius quondam Ademarii comitis" is named as fiduciary in a charter dated Apr 1073 under which "Landoar fils du comte Lambert" donated property[1213].

(2) [PETRUS . The charter quoted below suggests that Adalberto, son of Petrus, was closely related to Gaitelgrima, possibly her grandson. However, if this hypothesis is correct, it is not known whether it was Adalberto´s father or mother was Gaitelgrima´s child. m ---. The name of Petrus´s wife is not known. Petrus & his wife had one child:

a. ADALBERTO (-after Jan 1058). A charter dated Jan 1058 is witnessed by "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis filii quondam Landoari" and records a donation by "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius et ipsius Adelberti" to "Theophilo monacho et sacerdote filio quondam Ieorgii"[1214].

c) [RODELGRIM . A charter dated Sep 1008 records that "Adelbertus et Rodelgrimus comitibus" had founded "ecclesia monasterii Sancte Marie…in finibus Maliano illorum comitatum"[1215]. The document does not state any relationship between the two, but suggests a close relationship, maybe brothers. It is not clear from the document whether the joint founders were alive at the date of the charter.]

1. LANDOLF (-before Nov 977). m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf & his wife had one child:

a) PETRUS (-after Nov 977). "Alfanus comes filius quondam Ademarii comitis et iudicis et Alfanus filius quondam Guaimarii comitis" donated property by charter dated Mar 1057, which recites the previous history of the property including a donation dated Nov 977 by "Petrus comes filius quondam Landolfi et…Aloara que Fasana vocatur, filia quondam Leoni Neapolitano…vir et uxor", by "Alfanus thio noster" and by "filii Petri comitis", and a donation dated Jun 1054 by "Alfanus comes pro parte…Alfani et Petri filii quondam Adelberti comitis et pro parte Alfani filii Guaimarii comtis" subscribed by "Sico comes et iudex"[1216]. m ALOARA [Fasana], daughter of LEO & his wife --- (-after Nov 977).

1. ROMOALD . m ---. The name of Romoald´s wife is not known. Romoald & his wife had one child:

a) PETRUS (-after 966). A charter dated Oct 959 names "Petrus castaldus filius Romoaldi" as advocatus of the church of San Massimo di Salerno[1217]. A charter dated Aug 960 records "Sico et Petrus et Maio castaldi" as representatives of the church of San Massimo di Salerno, the last two named being the church´s owners[1218]. A charter dated Jan 966 names "Petrus castaldus filius quondam Romoaldi" as guarantor for the church of San Massimo di Salerno, and "Moncola iudex filius quondam Moncole" as guarantor for "Aloare uxori sue", under the testament of "Dauferius filius quondam Guaiferi…cum Radelgrima genetrice sua" under which "ipsa Aloara uxor ipsius Moncole iudici et Imelaita uxore Talarici qui fuerunt sorores ipsius Dauferi" inherited after Daufer´s death[1219].

b) ALFAN (-[Oct 978/Jul 983]). A charter dated Oct 978 names "Alfanus gastaldus filius…Romoaldi qui fuit gastaldus" as advocatus of the church of San Massimo di Salerno[1220]. m ---. The name of Alfan´s wife is not known. Alfan & his wife had two children:

i) ROMOALD (-after Nov 1008). A charter dated Jul 983 records the presence of "Romualdus filius Alfani gastaldi" as advocatus of the church of San Massimo di Salerno[1221]. "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Alfani" donated property by charter dated Feb 1004[1222]. "Romoaldus comes" donated property by charter dated Apr 1004[1223]. A charter dated May 1006 notes the presence of "Romoalt et Petrus comitibus germani filii Alfani comiti" at a donation[1224]. A charter dated Jan 1007 notes the presence of "Romoaldus et Petrus comitibus" at a donation[1225]. A charter dated Feb 1008 notes the presence of "Romoaldus et Petrus comitibus" at a donation[1226]. A charter dated Nov 1008 notes the presence of "Romoaldus comes" at a donation[1227]. m as her first husband, ATA, daughter of LANDOLF & his wife --- (-after Nov 1059). A charter dated Nov 1059 records the division of the property of "Romoaldum comitem" between "Iaquintus filius quondam Iohannis qui dictus est Barbatu et Miranda uxor eius filia quondam Alfano comitis…cum Petro filio quondam Ursi et cum Ata uxore eius filia quondam Landolfi comitis que quondam fuerat uxor Romualdi comitis filii suprascripti Alfani"[1228]. She married secondly Petrus, son of Ursus.

ii) MIRANDA . A charter dated Nov 1059 records the division of the property of "Romoaldum comitem" between "Iaquintus filius quondam Iohannis qui dictus est Barbatu et Miranda uxor eius filia quondam Alfano comitis…cum Petro filio quondam Ursi et cum Ata uxore eius filia quondam Landolfi comitis que quondam fuerat uxor Romualdi comitis filii suprascripti Alfani"[1229]. m IOANNES Barbatus, son of ---.

iii) PETRUS (-[Feb 1021/Jul 1036]). "Petrus comes" donated property by charter dated May 1005[1230]. A charter dated May 1006 notes the presence of "Romoalt et Petrus comitibus germani filii Alfani comiti" at a donation[1231].

- see below.

PETRUS, son of ALFAN & his wife --- (-[Feb 1021/Jul 1036]). "Petrus comes" donated property by charter dated May 1005[1232]. A charter dated May 1006 notes the presence of "Romoalt et Petrus comitibus germani filii Alfani comiti" at a donation[1233]. A charter dated Jan 1007 notes the presence of "Romoaldus et Petrus comitibus" at a donation[1234]. A charter dated Feb 1008 notes the presence of "Romoaldus et Petrus comitibus" at a donation[1235]. A charter dated Jul 1014 notes the presence of "Petrus comes" at a donation[1236]. "Petrus comes filius quondam Alfani" donated property by charter dated Feb 1021[1237].

m [firstly] ---. The name of Petrus´s supposed first wife is not known. His supposed two marriages are suggested by the Jul 1036 charter, quoted below, Petrus´s son Ioannes "thio" of his daughter Aloara. The same word is used to indicate half-brother in the charter dated May 1000 which records the family of Count Adalbert (see above).

m [secondly] ---. The name of Petrus´s supposed second wife is not known. As noted below, a charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter under which "Guaimar Prince of Salerno", in "the fourteenth year" of his reign, granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro"[1238]. It is assumed that this document refers to Prince Guaimar IV (whose fourteenth year was 1032). Stasser discusses the problem of interpreting the relationship indicated by the word "thio" in this document, concluding that it probably means first cousin and therefore that Petrus senior would have been the son of Lambert, son of Ioannes II Prince of Salerno[1239]. He does not make the link with Petrus son of Alfan. The difficulty with this hypothesis is that the relationship could have been through the female line, even though the word "thio" is more often used to indicate paternal uncle. It is therefore possible that the mother of Petrus was closely related to Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno.

Petrus & his [first] wife had one child:

1. IOANNES (-after Jul 1036). "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaudoni iudici, et Iohannes comes filius quondam Petri, et Landolfus comes et Landemari germani filii quondam Maraldi, et Truppoaldus filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated Jul 1026[1240]. "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus", by charter dated Jul 1036, which states that part of the property belonged to "Raco comes filius Grimoaldi cum ipsa Aloara…Iohannes comes thio ipsius mulieri hac filius quondam Petri"[1241].

Petrus & his [first/second] wife had three children:

2. ADEMAR (-after Mar 1040). A charter dated May 1034 notes the presence of "Ademari comiti et iudici" at a donation[1242]. A charter dated Mar 1040 records that "Ademari comiti et iudici filio quondam Petri comitis et…nepotibus ipsius…Albertus et Guaimari comitibus, germani filii quondam Alfani" were owners of "ecclesie…Sancti Mathei et Sancte Thome…intus anc Salernitanam civitatem"[1243].

3. ALFAN (-before Mar 1040). m ---. The name of Alfan´s wife is not known. Alfan & his wife had two children:

a) ADALBERTO (-after Mar 1040). A charter dated Mar 1040 records that "Ademari comiti et iudici filio quondam Petri comitis et…nepotibus ipsius…Albertus et Guaimari comitibus, germani filii quondam Alfani" were owners of "ecclesie…Sancti Mathei et Sancte Thome…intus anc Salernitanam civitatem"[1244].

b) GUAIMAR (-after Mar 1040). A charter dated Mar 1040 records that "Ademari comiti et iudici filio quondam Petri comitis et…nepotibus ipsius…Albertus et Guaimari comitibus, germani filii quondam Alfani" were owners of "ecclesie…Sancti Mathei et Sancte Thome…intus anc Salernitanam civitatem"[1245].

4. PETRUS (-before Jan 1038). A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter under which "Guaimar Prince of Salerno", in "the fourteenth year" of his reign, granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro"[1246]. It is assumed that this document refers to Prince Guaimar IV (whose fourteenth year was 1032). Stasser discusses the problem of interpreting the relationship indicated by the word "thio" in this document, concluding that it probably means first cousin and therefore that Petrus senior would have been the son of Lambert, son of Ioannes II Prince of Salerno[1247]. He does not make the link with Petrus son of Alfan. The difficulty with his hypothesis is that the relationship could have been through the female line, even though the word "thio" is more often used to indicate paternal uncle. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1042 which records that his wife "Aloara comitissa, relicta quondam Petri comitis filii quondam Petri et filia quondam Romoaldi comitis" had granted property to "Grimoaldus et Iohannes et Mari germani filii quondam Iaquinti"[1248]. m (before Dec 1012) ALOARA, daughter of ROMOALD & his wife --- (-after Jul 1059). A charter dated Jul 1042 records that "Aloara comitissa, relicta quondam Petri comitis filii quondam Petri et filia quondam Romoaldi comitis" had granted property to "Grimoaldus et Iohannes et Mari germani filii quondam Iaquinti"[1249]. "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" and "Lando et Iohannes comites et referendarii germani hac filii ipsorum Petri et Aloare et Alferada olim filia Guaiferii comitis que uxor est ipsius Landonis et Bensolana filia quondam Petri et uxor est ipsius Iohannis" by charter dated Jul 1059[1250]. The same charter dated Jul 1059 quotes another charter dated Dec 1012 which records that "Petrus comes maritus ipsius Aloare" granted property to "Malfredi et Iohanni comitibus germanis predicti Aloare". The same charter dated Jul 1059 quotes another charter dated Jan 1038 which records a donation by "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis et relicta quondam Petri comitis cum duobus filios suos…Lando et Iohannes…infantes infra etatem". Petrus & his wife had two children:

a) LANDO ([1018/20]-after Aug 1059). A charter dated Aug 1042 records that "Lando et Iohannes comitibus, germani filii quondam Petri comiti" had granted property to "Iohannes de locum Nuceria filio quondam Alfano, qui fuit genero et filiastro Faroaldi"[1251]. "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" and "Lando et Iohannes comites et referendarii germani hac filii ipsorum Petri et Aloare et Alferada olim filia Guaiferii comitis que uxor est ipsius Landonis et Bensolana filia quondam Petri et uxor est ipsius Iohannis" by charter dated Jul 1059[1252]. The same charter quotes another charter dated Jan 1038 which records a donation by "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis et relicta quondam Petri comitis cum duobus filios suos…Lando et Iohannes…infantes infra etatem". Stasser traces his supposed descendants, the "Capuanus" family, in Amalfi until the 13th century[1253]. m ALFERADA, daughter of GUAIFER & his wife --- (-after Aug 1059). "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" and "Lando et Iohannes comites et referendarii germani hac filii ipsorum Petri et Aloare et Alferada olim filia Guaiferii comitis que uxor est ipsius Landonis et Bensolana filia quondam Petri et uxor est ipsius Iohannis" by charter dated Jul 1059[1254].

b) IOANNES ([1020/22]-after Aug 1059). A charter dated Aug 1042 records that "Lando et Iohannes comitibus, germani filii quondam Petri comiti" had granted property to "Iohannes de locum Nuceria filio quondam Alfano, qui fuit genero et filiastro Faroaldi"[1255]. "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" and "Lando et Iohannes comites et referendarii germani hac filii ipsorum Petri et Aloare et Alferada olim filia Guaiferii comitis que uxor est ipsius Landonis et Bensolana filia quondam Petri et uxor est ipsius Iohannis" by charter dated Jul 1059[1256]. The same charter quotes another charter dated Jan 1038 which records a donation by "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis et relicta quondam Petri comitis cum duobus filios suos…Lando et Iohannes…infantes infra etatem". m BENSOLANA, daughter of PETRUS & his wife --- (-after Aug 1059). "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" and "Lando et Iohannes comites et referendarii germani hac filii ipsorum Petri et Aloare et Alferada olim filia Guaiferii comitis que uxor est ipsius Landonis et Bensolana filia quondam Petri et uxor est ipsius Iohannis" by charter dated Jul 1059[1257].

Petrus & his [second] wife had one child:

5. ALOARA (-after Jul 1036). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus" and in the presence of "ipsa Aloara…[et] Petrus comes cognatum suum…qui est filius Areghisi", by charter dated Jul 1036, which states that part of the property belonged to "Raco comes filius Grimoaldi cum ipsa Aloara…Iohannes comes thio ipsius mulieri hac filius quondam Petri"[1258]. m RODELGRIM, son of IOANNES & his wife --- (-before Jul 1036).

1. BERENGARIO (-after Jun 1015). m ---. The name of Berengario´s wife is not known. Berengario & his wife had two children:

a) BERENGARIO (-after Jun 1015). "Verengnarius comes filius Verengnarii comitis…[et uxor mea] Rodelinda filia quondam Atenolfi comitis" donated property by charter dated Jun 1015 which states that it was their wedding day, signed by "…Imetancus comes…"[1259]. m (Jun 1015) RODELINDA, daughter of ATENOLF & his wife ---. "Verengnarius comes filius Verengnarii comitis…[et uxor mea] Rodelinda filia quondam Atenolfi comitis" donated property by charter dated Jun 1015 which states that it was their wedding day[1260].

b) SICHELGAITA (-after May 1045). "Alfanus comes filius quondam Petri comitis et…Sikelgaita filia quondam Beringneri comitis et relicta Romoaldi comitis…thia et nepotes" donated property by charter dated May 1045[1261]. m ROMOALD, son of GUIDO & his wife --- (-[Jul 1036/Sep 1042]).

c) PETRUS (-before May 1045). m ---. The name of Petrus´s wife is not known. Petrus & his wife had [two] children:

i) ALFAN (-after May 1045). "Alfanus comes filius quondam Petri comitis et…Sikelgaita filia quondam Beringneri comitis et relicta Romoaldi comitis…thia et nepotes" donated property by charter dated May 1045[1262].

ii) [ADALBERTO (-after Jan 1058). A charter dated Jan 1058 records that "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis, que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis, filii quondam Landoari" and "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius" donated property, and names "Petrum et Adelbertum et Landoarium comites filios quondam Lamberti comitis"[1263].]

1. LANDO (-before Apr 1018). "Manni castaldus filius Petri, pro pars et vice Alfani comitis filii quondam Landoni et…Landoni nepotem ipsius Alfani comitis" donated property by charter dated Apr 1018[1264]. The name of Lando´s father is not known. However, the name of his son suggests that he may have been the son of Alfan, father of Romoald and Petrus, who died [Oct 978/Jul 983]. m [ROTELGRIMA, daughter of --- (-after Jan 1043). "Iaquintus docdus…pro pars et vice Rotelgrime comitisse relicta quondam Landoarii comiti et Aleberti comiti, mater et filius" donated property by charter dated Jan 1043[1265]. It is not known with certainty that Rotelgrima was the wife of Lando, possible son of Alfan. However, the name of her son Adalberto suggests a close connection with this family.] Lando & his wife had [five] children:

a) ALFAN (-[Apr 1018/1026]). "Manni castaldus filius Petri, pro pars et vice Alfani comitis filii quondam Landoni et…Landoni nepotem ipsius Alfani comitis" donated property by charter dated Apr 1018[1266]. m ---. The name of Alfan´s wife is not known. Alfan & his wife had [four] children:

i) [ALFAN (-after Sep 1037). "Grimoaldus comes" is named as present in a charter dated Sep 1037 under which "Alfanus comes cognati meus filius quondam Alfani comiti" donated property[1267]. It is not certain that this Alfan was the son of Alfan, son of Lando.] m PURPURA, daughter of LEO di Amalfi & his wife --- (-after Jan 1043). "Purpura…filia quondam Leonis Sergii…quondam Alfani comitis" donated property inherited from her husband, who had placed it in the hands of "Grimoaldi comiti et iudici cognato suo", to Cava by charter dated Jan 1043, which names "Alfani et Tauselgardi germani filii Petri qui fuit germanus de ipso viro meus"[1268].

ii) [PETRUS . m ---. The name of Petrus´s wife is not known. Petrus & his wife had two children:

(a) ALFAN (-after Jan 1043). Purpura…filia quondam Leonis Sergii…quondam Alfani comitis" donated property inherited from her husband, who had placed it in the hands of "Grimoaldi comiti et iudici cognato suo", to Cava by charter dated Jan 1043, which names "Alfani et Tauselgardi germani filii Petri qui fuit germanus de ipso viro meus"[1269].

(b) TASSELGARD (-after Jan 1043). Purpura…filia quondam Leonis Sergii…quondam Alfani comitis" donated property inherited from her husband, who had placed it in the hands of "Grimoaldi comiti et iudici cognato suo", to Cava by charter dated Jan 1043, which names "Alfani et Tauselgardi germani filii Petri qui fuit germanus de ipso viro meus"[1270].

iii) [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Sep 1037 in which "Grimoaldus comes" is named as present and under which "Alfanus comes cognati meus filius quondam Alfani comiti" donated property[1271]. m GRIMOALD, son of --- (-after Sep 1037).]

iv) ADELTRUDA (-after 1027). A charter dated Aug 1043 recites the history of property donated by "Iohannes filius quondam Amandi", including declarations by "Gisolfus filius quondam Guidoni [et Aloare] et…Adeltruda filia quondam Alfani comitis…vir et uxor" dated 1026 and 1027[1272]. m GISOLF, son of GUIDO & his wife Aloara --- (-after 1027).

b) --- . m ---. One child:

i) LANDO . "Manni castaldus filius Petri, pro pars et vice Alfani comitis filii quondam Landoni et…Landoni nepotem ipsius Alfani comitis" donated property by charter dated Apr 1018[1273].

c) [DROGOCARO (-after Mar 1022). "Drogocaro filius Landoni comiti" donated property by charter dated Mar 1022[1274]. It is not known whether Drogocaro´s father was the same Lando who was the father of Alfan. It should be noted that Lando is not called "quondam" in this charter, which suggests that he may have been a different Lando.]

The following family was related to the preceding family of Count Alfan, as shown by the charter dated Jul 1036 which is quoted below. However, it is not known whether the relationship was through the male or female line.

1. GAUDO (-before Jul 1026). m ---. The name of Gaudo´s wife is not known. Gaudo & his wife had [three] children:

a) IAQUINTUS (-[May 1028/Feb 1041]). "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaudoni iudici, et Iohannes comes filius quondam Petri, et Landolfus comes et Landemari germani filii quondam Maraldi, et Truppoaldus filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated Jul 1026[1275]. "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated May 1028, which names "Petrus comes nepotem meum filius quondam Areghisi"[1276].

b) [ARECHIS (-before May 1028).] m ---. The name of Arechis´s wife is not known. Arechis & his wife had one child:

i) PETRUS (-after Jul 1036). "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated May 1028, which names "Petrus comes nepotem meum filius quondam Areghisi"[1277]. "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus" and in the presence of "ipsa Aloara…[et] Petrus comes cognatum suum…qui est filius Areghisi", by charter dated Jul 1036[1278].

c) [TRUPPOALD (-before Feb 1046). "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaudoni iudici, et Iohannes comes filius quondam Petri, et Landolfus comes et Landemari germani filii quondam Maraldi, et Truppoaldus filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated Jul 1026[1279]. It is possible, but not known with certainty, that "Gaudoni" and "Gaidoni" who are named in this document were the same person. At least this would explain the joint donation in which Truppoaldus was involved. m ---. The name of Truppoald´s wife is not known. Truppoald & his wife had two children:

i) IOANNES (-Sorrento before 1098). A charter dated Feb 1046 records that "Aloara que fuit uxore quondam Laidolfi comitis et filia quondam Truppoaldi comitis et…Iohannes comes germano suo" granted property to "Ademari filio quondam Grimoaldi et Amatus filio quondam Petri…thio et nepotes"[1280]. "Richardo comes cognomento Senescalcus filius…bone memorie Drogonis…comitis" donated the church of San Angelo di Terrisino, and property "Salernitanam civitatem in Lucaniensibus finis in locis Tyrisinum et Staynum et Licosa" confiscated from "Ioannes filius Truppoaldi comitis palatii et filii eius…Matrone uxori ipsius Ioannis filia cuiusdam Constantini" by "Rogerium…ducem", to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated Jul 1090[1281]. m MATRONA, daughter of CONSTANTINO gastald & his wife ---. "Richardo comes cognomento Senescalcus filius…bone memorie Drogonis…comitis" donated the church of San Angelo di Terrisino, and property "Salernitanam civitatem in Lucaniensibus finis in locis Tyrisinum et Staynum et Licosa" confiscated from "Ioannes filius Truppoaldi comitis palatii et filii eius…Matrone uxori ipsius Ioannis filia cuiusdam Constantini" by "Rogerium…ducem", to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated Jul 1090[1282]. Ioannes & his wife had [two or more] children:

(a) children . "Richardo comes cognomento Senescalcus filius…bone memorie Drogonis…comitis" donated the church of San Angelo di Terrisino, and property "Salernitanam civitatem in Lucaniensibus finis in locis Tyrisinum et Staynum et Licosa" confiscated from "Ioannes filius Truppoaldi comitis palatii et filii eius…Matrone uxori ipsius Ioannis filia cuiusdam Constantini" by "Rogerium…ducem", to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated Jul 1090[1283].

(b) --- (-[after Sep 1070]). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Sep 1070 under which her husband "Ademarium comitem generum eorum filium quondam Landolfi comitis" is named as fiduciary in relation to a donation by "Iohannes [comes palatii fils de Truppoald] et Matrona [fille du gastald Constantin]"[1284]. m ADEMAR "Rufus", son of LANDOLF & his wife --- (-[1105/10]).

ii) ALOARA (-after Feb 1046). A charter dated Feb 1046 records that "Aloara que fuit uxore quondam Laidolfi comitis et filia quondam Truppoaldi comitis et…Iohannes comes germano suo" granted property to "Ademari filio quondam Grimoaldi et Amatus filio quondam Petri…thio et nepotes"[1285]. m LAIDOLF, son of --- (-before Feb 1046).

1. LAMBERT, son of [IOANNES & his wife ---] . Stasser suggests that Lambert was the brother of Ioannes II "Maledcitus" Prince of Salerno (died [Jan/Oct] 999), for onomastic reasons and chronological consistency[1286]. m ---. The name of Lambert´s wife is not known. Lambert & his wife had two children:

a) IOANNES (-before 1042). His parentage is confirmed by the testament of his son "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis qui fuit filius Lamberti comitis", dated Nov 1065, which bequeathed property to the church of San Mateo & San Giovanni, Salerno[1287]. m MIRANDA, daughter of [GUIDO & his wife ---] (-after 1042). A charter dated 1100 includes the text of a charter dated 1041 which records that "les comtes Guy et Jean, fils du comte Jean et de Miranda" owned "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte", and the text of the testament of "le comte Guy, fils du comte Jean" who divided his property between "son épouse Megalu fille du clerc Pandenulf, sa mère Miranda, son frère Jean"[1288]. Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "Romoaldi ex parte matris consobrini fratris sui […filii Grimoaldi comitis]…"[1289]. Ioannes & his wife had two children:

i) GUIDO (-after 1042). A charter dated 1100 includes the text of a charter dated 1041 which records that "les comtes Guy et Jean, fils du comte Jean et de Miranda" owned "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte", and the text of the testament of "le comte Guy, fils du comte Jean" who divided his property between "son épouse Megalu fille du clerc Pandenulf, sa mère Miranda, son frère Jean"[1290]. m MEGALU, daughter of PANDENOLF & his wife --- (-after 1042). A charter dated 1100 includes the text of a charter dated 1041 which records that "les comtes Guy et Jean, fils du comte Jean et de Miranda" owned "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte", and the text of the testament of "le comte Guy, fils du comte Jean" who divided his property between "son épouse Megalu fille du clerc Pandenulf, sa mère Miranda, son frère Jean"[1291].

ii) IOANNES (-after Nov 1065). A charter dated 1100 includes the text of a charter dated 1041 which records that "les comtes Guy et Jean, fils du comte Jean et de Miranda" owned "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte", and the text of the testament of "le comte Guy, fils du comte Jean" who divided his property between "son épouse Megalu fille du clerc Pandenulf, sa mère Miranda, son frère Jean"[1292]. The testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis qui fuit filius Lamberti comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to the church of San Mateo & San Giovanni, Salerno[1293]. Another manuscript of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "Romoaldi ex parte matris consobrini fratris sui […filii Grimoaldi comitis] et heredum eius, [et] Leone…ex parte patris consobrino fratri suo […filio Alfani comitis]…[et] Leonis et Romoaldi et Iacobi et Grimoaldi et Berengarii germanorum ac filiorum suprascripti Alfani comitis"[1294].

b) ALFAN (-before Nov 1065). m ---, daughter of ROMOALD & his wife Sichelgaita ---. Stasser records that the wife of Alfan was the daughter of Romoald but does not cite the corresponding primary source[1295]. Alfan & his wife had six children:

i) LEO (-after Nov 1065). Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "…Leone…ex parte patris consobrino fratri suo […filio Alfani comitis]…[et] Leonis et Romoaldi et Iacobi et Grimoaldi et Berengarii germanorum ac filiorum suprascripti Alfani comitis"[1296].

ii) ROMOALD (-after Nov 1065). Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "…Leone…ex parte patris consobrino fratri suo […filio Alfani comitis]…[et] Leonis et Romoaldi et Iacobi et Grimoaldi et Berengarii germanorum ac filiorum suprascripti Alfani comitis"[1297].

iii) IACOBUS (-after Nov 1065). Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "…Leone…ex parte patris consobrino fratri suo […filio Alfani comitis]…[et] Leonis et Romoaldi et Iacobi et Grimoaldi et Berengarii germanorum ac filiorum suprascripti Alfani comitis"[1298].

iv) GRIMOALD (-after Nov 1065). Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "…Leone…ex parte patris consobrino fratri suo […filio Alfani comitis]…[et] Leonis et Romoaldi et Iacobi et Grimoaldi et Berengarii germanorum ac filiorum suprascripti Alfani comitis"[1299].

v) BERENGARIO (-after Jul 1093). Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "…Leone…ex parte patris consobrino fratri suo […filio Alfani comitis]…[et] Leonis et Romoaldi et Iacobi et Grimoaldi et Berengarii germanorum ac filiorum suprascripti Alfani comitis"[1300]. "Bérenger fils du défunt comte Alfan et sa sœur Sichelgaita épouse de Pardo, de comite Urso" donated their parts of "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte" to Cava abbey by charter dated Jul 1093[1301].

vi) SICHELGAITA (-after Jul 1093). "Bérenger fils du défunt comte Alfan et sa sœur Sichelgaita épouse de Pardo, de comite Urso" donated their parts of "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte" to Cava abbey by charter dated Jul 1093[1302]. m PARDO, son of URSO & his wife ---.

1. ATENOLF (-[May 1006/Jun 1015]). "Adenolfus comes" donated property by charter dated May 1006[1303]. m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known. Atenolf & his wife had one child:

a) RODELINDA (-after Jun 1015). "Verengnarius comes filius Verengnarii comitis…[et uxor mea] Rodelinda filia quondam Atenolfi comitis" donated property by charter dated Jun 1015 which states that it was their wedding day[1304]. m (Jun 1015) BERENGARIO, son of BERENGARIO & his wife --- (-after Jun 1015).

1. ALFAN (-before Jul 1058). m ---. The name of Alfan´s wife is not known. Alfan & his wife had one child:

a) BERENGARIO (-after Jul 1058). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis, et Romoaldus comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis, et Berengarius comes filius quondam Alfani comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1058[1305].

1. IMETANCUS . m ---. The name of Imetancus´s wife is not known. Imetancus & his wife had one child:

a) IMETANCUS (-[Aug 1028/Jan 1041]). "Verengnarius comes filius Verengnarii comitis…[et uxor mea] Rodelinda filia quondam Atenolfi comitis" donated property by charter dated Jun 1015 which states that it was their wedding day, signed by "…Imetancus comes…"[1306]. "Imetanci comiti filii quondam Imetanci" donated property by charter dated Aug 1028[1307]. m ---. The name of Imetancus´s wife is not known. Imetancus & his wife had two children:

i) ALAIS (-after Jan 1041). A charter dated Jan 1041 names "Alais et Adelferi comitibus, germanis filiis quondam Imetanci comiti" as witnesses to a donation[1308].

ii) ADELFER (-after Feb 1041). A charter dated Jan 1041 names "Alais et Adelferi comitibus, germanis filiis quondam Imetanci comiti" as witnesses to a donation[1309]. "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property by charter dated Feb 1041, which names "Adelferi comes filius quondam Imetanci comiti…" as guarantor[1310].

1. STEFANUS . m ---. The name of Stefanus´s wife is not known. Stefanus & his wife had one child:

a) GRIMOALD . "Grimoaldus filius Stefani comitis et Iohannes filius Stefani Calbenzo" donated property by charter dated Mar 1018[1311].

1. DESIDERIO [Disio] (-before Nov 1018). m ---. The name of Disiu´s wife is not known. Disiu & his wife had three children:

a) IAQUINTUS (-[Aug 1031/Feb 1041]). "Iaquintus et Lando et Disiu comitibus, germani filii quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Nov 1018[1312]. "Iaquintus et Lando et Disiio comitibus, germani filii quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Feb 1029[1313]. "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Aug 1031[1314]. m ---. The name of Iaquintus´s wife is not known. Iaquintus & his wife had two children:

i) DESIDERIO (-after Jul 1054). "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property, with the consent of "Lando comes palatio thio nostro" and in the presence of "Grimoaldi comiti", by charter dated Feb 1041, which names "Adelferi comes filius quondam Imetanci comiti et ipse Lando comes…[et] Iohannes comes filius quondam Rodegrimi" as guarantors, and also names "Disio et Iohannes comes palatii"[1315]. A charter dated Jan 1043 records that "Lando comes palatii filius quondam Disigii comitis, et Disius et Iohannes germani et comitis palatii filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii et Lando comes filii quondam Disigii comitis" granted property to "Stefanus filius quondam Ursi"[1316]. "Lando comes palatio filius quondam Desidei comitis, et Disideus et Iohanne comites palatii germani et filii quondam Iaquinti qui fuit comes palatio, et Lando comes filius quondam Disdei comitis" donated property by charter dated Dec 1045[1317]. A charter dated Jul 1054 records that "Desideus et Iohannes…germani et comites palatii filii quondam Iaquinti…comes palatii" donated property "pro parte de infantulu…Alferius filius quondam Landoni comitis thium eorum et pro parte Landoni filii quondam Desidei comitis"[1318].

ii) IOANNES (-after Jul 1054). "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property, with the consent of "Lando comes palatio thio nostro" and in the presence of "Grimoaldi comiti", by charter dated Feb 1041, which names "Adelferi comes filius quondam Imetanci comiti et ipse Lando comes…[et] Iohannes comes filius quondam Rodegrimi" as guarantors, and also names "Disio et Iohannes comes palatii"[1319]. A charter dated Jan 1043 records that "Lando comes palatii filius quondam Disigii comitis, et Disius et Iohannes germani et comitis palatii filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii et Lando comes filii quondam Disigii comitis" granted property to "Stefanus filius quondam Ursi"[1320]. "Lando comes palatio filius quondam Desidei comitis, et Disideus et Iohanne comites palatii germani et filii quondam Iaquinti qui fuit comes palatio, et Lando comes filius quondam Disdei comitis" donated property by charter dated Dec 1045[1321]. A charter dated Jul 1054 records that "Desideus et Iohannes…germani et comites palatii filii quondam Iaquinti…comes palatii" donated property "pro parte de infantulu…Alferius filius quondam Landoni comitis thium eorum et pro parte Landoni filii quondam Desidei comitis"[1322]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

(a) ALOARA (-after Jul 1060). "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1060[1323]. m LANDOLFO, son of GUAIFER & his wife --- (-after Jul 1060).

b) LANDO (-after Dec 1045). "Iaquintus et Lando et Disiu comitibus, germani filii quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Nov 1018[1324]. "Iaquintus et Lando et Disiio comitibus, germani filii quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Feb 1029[1325]. "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property, with the consent of "Lando comes palatio thio nostro" and in the presence of "Grimoaldi comiti", by charter dated Feb 1041, which names "Adelferi comes filius quondam Imetanci comiti et ipse Lando comes…[et] Iohannes comes filius quondam Rodegrimi" as guarantors, and also names "Disio et Iohannes comes palatii"[1326]. A charter dated Jan 1043 records that "Lando comes palatii filius quondam Disigii comitis, et Disius et Iohannes germani et comitis palatii filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii et Lando comes filii quondam Disigii comitis" granted property to "Stefanus filius quondam Ursi", and names "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Rottelgrimi comitis"[1327]. A charter dated Feb 1044 records a dispute between "Lando comes filius quondam Landenolfi comitis" and "Iohannes clericus filius quondam Iohannes presbiteri" before the court of "Lando comes"[1328]. "Lando comes palatio filius quondam Desidei comitis, et Disideus et Iohanne comites palatii germani et filii quondam Iaquinti qui fuit comes palatio, et Lando comes filius quondam Disdei comitis" donated property by charter dated Dec 1045[1329]. m ---. The name of Lando´s wife is not known. Lando & his wife had one child:

i) ALFERIUS . A charter dated Jul 1054 records that "Desideus et Iohannes…germani et comites palatii filii quondam Iaquinti…comes palatii" donated property "pro parte de infantulu…Alferius filius quondam Landoni comitis thium eorum et pro parte Landoni filii quondam Desidei comitis"[1330].

c) DESIDERIO [Disio] (-[Feb 1041/Jan 1043]). "Iaquintus et Lando et Disiu comitibus, germani filii quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Nov 1018[1331]. "Iaquintus et Lando et Disiio comitibus, germani filii quondam Disigi comitis" donated property by charter dated Feb 1029[1332]. "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property, with the consent of "Lando comes palatio thio nostro" and in the presence of "Grimoaldi comiti", by charter dated Feb 1041, which names "Adelferi comes filius quondam Imetanci comiti et ipse Lando comes…[et] Iohannes comes filius quondam Rodegrimi" as guarantors, and also names "Disio et Iohannes comes palatii"[1333]. m ---. The name of Desiderio´s wife is not known. Desiderio & his wife had one child:

i) LANDO (-after Jul 1054). A charter dated Jan 1043 records that "Lando comes palatii filius quondam Disigii comitis, et Disius et Iohannes germani et comitis palatii filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii et Lando comes filii quondam Disigii comitis" granted property to "Stefanus filius quondam Ursi", and names "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Rottelgrimi comitis"[1334]. "Lando comes palatio filius quondam Desidei comitis, et Disideus et Iohanne comites palatii germani et filii quondam Iaquinti qui fuit comes palatio, et Lando comes filius quondam Disdei comitis" donated property by charter dated Dec 1045[1335]. A charter dated Jul 1054 records that "Desideus et Iohannes…germani et comites palatii filii quondam Iaquinti…comes palatii" donated property "pro parte de infantulu…Alferius filius quondam Landoni comitis thium eorum et pro parte Landoni filii quondam Desidei comitis"[1336].

1. MARALDO (-before Jul 1026). m ---. The name of Maraldo´s wife is not known. Maraldo & his wife had two children:

a) LANDOLF (-after Jul 1026). "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaudoni iudici, et Iohannes comes filius quondam Petri, et Landolfus comes et Landemari germani filii quondam Maraldi, et Truppoaldus filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated Jul 1026[1337]. same person as…? LANDOLF (-before Jun 1047). m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf & his wife had [two] children:

i) ATENOLF (-after Jun 1047). A charter dated Jun 1047 records the presence of "domni…Guaimarii…principis et ducis [et] domnus Guido dux et Paldulfus germani eius…filii…domni Guaimarii principis" at a donation, with "Atenolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis, et…Iohannem comitem filium quondam Alfani comitis" named as guarantors[1338].

b) LANDEMARO (-after Jul 1026). "Iaquintus comes filius quondam Gaudoni iudici, et Iohannes comes filius quondam Petri, et Landolfus comes et Landemari germani filii quondam Maraldi, et Truppoaldus filius quondam Gaidoni" donated property by charter dated Jul 1026[1339].

1. RISANDO (-before Jan 1027). m ---. The name of Risando´s wife is not known. Risando & his wife had two children:

a) ADELFER . "Adelferi et Guaiferi germanis adque comitibus filii quondam Risandi" donated property by charter dated Jan 1027[1340].

b) GUAIFER . "Adelferi et Guaiferi germanis adque comitibus filii quondam Risandi" donated property by charter dated Jan 1027[1341].

1. RADOALD (-before Feb 1033). m ---. The name of Radoald´s wife is not known. Radoald & his wife had one child:

a) FRIDERISIO . "Friderisius comes filius quondam Radoaldi" donated property by charter dated Feb 1033[1342].

1. RAIDULF (-after Dec 1034). A charter dated Dec 1034 notes the presence of "Raidolfus comes…ex genere Francorum" at a donation[1343].

1. GRIMOALD (-before Jul 1036). m ---. The name of Grimoald´s wife is not known. Grimoald & his wife had one child:

a) ROMOALD (-after Jul 1036). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "Iohannes nepotem meum filium quondam Rodelgrimi comiti, qui fuit ipse Rodelgrimus germanus meus, et…Grimoaldus et Romoaldus comitibus germani, filii quondam Guidoni, qui fuit ipse Guido germanus meus, et…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus" and in the presence of "ipsa Aloara…[et] Petrus comes cognatum suum…qui est filius Areghisi", by charter dated Jul 1036, which states that part of the property belonged to "ipsius Grimoaldi comiti genitori meo et abio ipsorum, filii Guidoni" and another part to "Raco comes filius Grimoaldi cum ipsa Aloara…Iohannes comes thio ipsius mulieri hac filius quondam Petri"[1344].

b) RODELGRIM (-before Jul 1036). m ---. The name of Rodelgrim´s wife is not known. Rodelgrim & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES (-after Feb 1041). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "Iohannes nepotem meum filium quondam Rodelgrimi comiti, qui fuit ipse Rodelgrimus germanus meus…", by charter dated Jul 1036[1345]. "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property by charter dated Feb 1041, which names "…Iohannes comes filius quondam Rodegrimi" as guarantor[1346].

c) GUIDO (-before Jul 1036). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1036 under which his brother "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Grimoaldus et Romoaldus comitibus germani, filii quondam Guidoni, qui fuit ipse Guido germanus meus…"[1347]. m ---. The name of Guido´s wife is not known. Guido & his wife had two children:

i) GRIMOALD (-after Feb 1041). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Grimoaldus et Romoaldus comitibus germani, filii quondam Guidoni, qui fuit ipse Guido germanus meus…", by charter dated Jul 1036[1348]. A charter dated Dec 1034 notes the presence of "Grimoaldi comiti et iudice" at a donation[1349]. "Desiderio et Iohannes comites palatii…germani et filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii" donated property, with the consent of "Lando comes palatio thio nostro" and in the presence of "Grimoaldi comiti", by charter dated Feb 1041[1350]. m ---. The name of Grimoald´s wife is not known. Grimoald & his wife had [one child]:

(a) [ROMOALD (-after Mar 1074). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis, et Romoaldus comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis, et Berengarius comes filius quondam Alfani comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1058[1351]. Two manuscripts of the testament of "Iohannes comes filius quondam Iohannes comitis", dated Nov 1065, bequeathed property to "Romoaldi ex parte matris consobrini fratris sui […filii Grimoaldi comitis]…"[1352]. "Ademarium cognatum eius filium quondam Landolfi" is named as fiduciary in a charter dated Mar 1074 under which "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" sold property inherited from "Iohannis comiti filio Iohannis" to the monastery of San Martino di Forma, in the presence of "Rottelgrimo comite et iudice"[1353].]

ii) ROMOALD (-[Jul 1036/Sep 1042]). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Grimoaldus et Romoaldus comitibus germani, filii quondam Guidoni, qui fuit ipse Guido germanus meus…", by charter dated Jul 1036[1354]. m SICHELGAITA, daughter of BERENGARIO & his wife --- (-after May 1045). "Alfanus comes filius quondam Petri comitis et…Sikelgaita filia quondam Beringneri comitis et relicta Romoaldi comitis…thia et nepotes" donated property by charter dated May 1045[1355]. Romoald & his wife had [three] children:

(a) [GRIMOALD . A charter dated Sep 1042 records a grant to "Iohannes Curcone filio Landolfi de Apus Monte" by "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Romoaldi" of property "in…locum Apus-monte" which held in common with "eredes Grimoaldi comitis thio suo et eredes Alfani germano suo"[1356]. The reference to Apusmonte, in which Grimoald´s supposed aunt Miranda and first cousin Romoald also held interests, suggests that the reconstruction as shown in this document is correct. "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis, et Romoaldus comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis, et Berengarius comes filius quondam Alfani comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1058[1357].]

(b) [ALFAN (-before Sep 1042). A charter dated Sep 1042 records a grant to "Iohannes Curcone filio Landolfi de Apus Monte" by "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Romoaldi" of property "in…locum Apus-monte" which held in common with "eredes Grimoaldi comitis thio suo et eredes Alfani germano suo"[1358]. m ---. The name of Alfan´s wife is not known. Alfan & his wife had four children:

(1) ROMOALD (-after 1059). Stasser records that "Romuald, Pierre, Bérenger et Miranda", children of Alfan, are named in a charter dated 1059[1359].

(2) PETRUS (-after 1059). Stasser records that "Romuald, Pierre, Bérenger et Miranda", children of Alfan, are named in a charter dated 1059[1360].

(3) BERENGARIO (-after 1059). Stasser records that "Romuald, Pierre, Bérenger et Miranda", children of Alfan, are named in a charter dated 1059[1361].

(4) MIRANDA (-after 1059). Stasser records that "Romuald, Pierre, Bérenger et Miranda", children of Alfan, are named in a charter dated 1059[1362]. m IAQUINTUS, son of ---.

(c) [daughter . Stasser records that the wife of Alfan was the daughter of Romoald but does not cite the corresponding primary source[1363]. m ALFAN, son of LAMBERT & his wife --- (-before Nov 1065).]

iii) [MIRANDA (-after 1042). Her parentage is assumed on the basis of Romoald, who inherited property from her son Ioannes, being the son of Grimoald, son of Guido (see above). A charter dated 1100 includes the text of a charter dated 1041 which records that "les comtes Guy et Jean, fils du comte Jean et de Miranda" owned "l´église St-Apollinaire d´Apusmonte", and the text of the testament of "le comte Guy, fils du comte Jean" who divided his property between "son épouse Megalu fille du clerc Pandenulf, sa mère Miranda, son frère Jean"[1364]. m IOANNES, son of LAMBERT & his wife --- (-before 1042).]

d) IOANNES (-before Jul 1036). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1036 under which his brother "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus"[1365]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

i) RODELGRIM (-before Jul 1036). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1036 under which his paternal uncle "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus"[1366]. m ALOARA, daughter of PETRUS & his wife --- (-after Jul 1036). "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus" and in the presence of "ipsa Aloara…[et] Petrus comes cognatum suum…qui est filius Areghisi", by charter dated Jul 1036, which states that part of the property belonged to "Raco comes filius Grimoaldi cum ipsa Aloara…Iohannes comes thio ipsius mulieri hac filius quondam Petri"[1367]. Rodelgrim & his wife had [one child]:

(a) [GRIMOALD (-[Feb 1055/Dec 1067]). A charter dated Jan 1043 records that "Lando comes palatii filius quondam Disigii comitis, et Disius et Iohannes germani et comitis palatii filii quondam Iaquinti comitis palatii et Lando comes filii quondam Disigii comitis" granted property to "Stefanus filius quondam Ursi", and names "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Rottelgrimi comitis"[1368]. It is not known with certainty that Grimoald was the son of Rodelgrim, son of Ioannes. "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Rottelgrimi comitis et Rottelgrimus et Petrus filii ipsius Grimoaldi…cum Grimoaldo vicecomite filio quondam Iohannis notarii" donated property by charter dated Feb 1055, with "Maionem comitem filium quondam Landonis comitis" as guarantor[1369].] m ---. The name of Grimoald´s wife is not known. Grimoald & his wife had two children:

(1) RODELGRIM (-after Jul 1069). "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Rottelgrimi comitis et Rottelgrimus et Petrus filii ipsius Grimoaldi…cum Grimoaldo vicecomite filio quondam Iohannis notarii" donated property by charter dated Feb 1055[1370]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petro germano ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxore illius" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Dec 1067[1371]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi qui postea monachus fuit et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petrus germanus ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Jul 1069[1372]. m GEMMA, daughter of LANDOLF & his wife --- (-after Jul 1069). "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petro germano ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxore illius" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Dec 1067[1373]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi qui postea monachus fuit et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petrus germanus ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Jul 1069[1374].

(2) PETRUS (-after Jul 1069). "Grimoaldus comes filius quondam Rottelgrimi comitis et Rottelgrimus et Petrus filii ipsius Grimoaldi…cum Grimoaldo vicecomite filio quondam Iohannis notarii" donated property by charter dated Feb 1055[1375]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petro germano ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxore illius" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Dec 1067[1376]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi qui postea monachus fuit et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petrus germanus ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Jul 1069[1377]. m ALFERANA, daughter of LANDOLF & his wife --- (-after Jul 1069). "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petro germano ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxore illius" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Dec 1067[1378]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi qui postea monachus fuit et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petrus germanus ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Jul 1069[1379].

1. ROMOALD (-[before Dec 1012]). The charter dated Dec 1012, quoted in the charter dated Jul 1059 referred to below, suggests that Romoald may already have died before that date. The property transaction recorded was most likely connected with the marriage of Romoald´s daughter Aloara and would presumably have been transacted with her father, rather than her brothers, if he had still been alive. His son´s name Rodelgrim suggests that this Romoald was closely related to Grimoald (died before Jul 1036, see above) one of whose sons was also named Rodelgrim. m ---. The name of Romoald´s wife is not known. Romoald & his wife had four children:

a) MALFREDO [Madelfrit] (-after [1038]). A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes another charter dated Dec 1012 which records that "Petrus comes maritus ipsius Aloare" granted property to "Malfredi et Iohanni comitibus germanis predicti Aloare", and an earlier acceptance by "Aloara", with the consent of "Madelfrit et Rodelgrimus comitibus filii iamdicti Romoaldi", which presumably took place after the death of her husband who is not named with his wife in this part of the document[1380].

b) IOANNES (-[Jan 1038/Jul 1059]). A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes another charter dated Dec 1012 which records that "Petrus comes maritus ipsius Aloare" granted property to "Malfredi et Iohanni comitibus germanis predicti Aloare"[1381]. The same Jul 1059 charter quotes a second charter, dated Jan 1038, which records a donation by "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis et relicta quondam Petri comitis cum duobus filios suos…Lando et Iohannes…infantes infra etatem" and the presence of "Iohannes germanus predicte Aloare". m PURPURA, daughter of RADELCHIS & his wife --- (-after Jul 1059). The charter dated Jul 1059, quoted above, quotes an earlier charter dated Feb 1038 under which "Iohannes comes filius quondam Romoaldi comitis et…Purpura filia quondam Radelchisi que sum uxor istius Iohanni" confirmed a sale of property to "Aloara germana mea", and also a confirmation of a transaction (referring, it appears, to the Jul 1059 donation which is the main purpose of the charter) by "iamdicta Purpura" (suggesting that her husband Ioannes was then deceased)[1382].

c) RODELGRIM (-[after 1038]). A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier acceptance by "Aloara", with the consent of "Madelfrit et Rodelgrimus comitibus filii iamdicti Romoaldi", which presumably took place after the death of her husband who is not named with his wife in this part of the document[1383].

d) ALOARA (-after Jul 1059). A charter dated Jul 1042 records that "Aloara comitissa, relicta quondam Petri comitis filii quondam Petri et filia quondam Romoaldi comitis" had granted property to "Grimoaldus et Iohannes et Mari germani filii quondam Iaquinti"[1384]. "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" and "Lando et Iohannes comites et referendarii germani hac filii ipsorum Petri et Aloare et Alferada olim filia Guaiferii comitis que uxor est ipsius Landonis et Bensolana filia quondam Petri et uxor est ipsius Iohannis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1059, which names "Malfredi et Iohanni comitibus germanis predicti Aloare"[1385]. The same charter quotes other property transactions, of which the following are relevant to Aloara´s family. Firstly, a charter dated Dec 1012, which records that "Petrus comes maritus ipsius Aloare" granted property to "Malfredi et Iohanni comitibus germanis predicti Aloare". This transaction was presumably connected with Aloara´s marriage, which presumably took place shortly before this date. Secondly, a charter dated Jan 1038 which records a donation by "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis et relicta quondam Petri comitis cum duobus filios suos…Lando et Iohannes…infantes infra etatem" and the presence of "Iohannes germanus predicte Aloare". Thirdly, a charter under which Guaimar Prince of Salerno (indicating, it appears from the context, Prince Guaimar III which, if correct, dates the charter to Mar 1006 described as "the fourteenth year" of the prince´s reign) granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro". Fourthly, an acceptance by "Aloara" with the consent of "Madelfrit et Rodelgrimus comitibus filii iamdicti Romoaldi", which presumably took place after the death of her husband who is not named with his wife in this part of the document. Fifthly, a charter dated Feb 1038 under which "Iohannes comes filius quondam Romoaldi comitis et…Purpura filia quondam Radelchisi que sum uxor istius Iohanni" confirmed a sale of property to "Aloara germana mea", which also contained a reference to earlier grant by Prince Guaimar [III] to "Petri comiti…". Sixthly, a confirmation of the transaction (referring, it appears, to the Jul 1059 donation which is the main purpose of the charter) by "iamdicta Purpura" (suggesting that her husband Ioannes was then deceased). m (before Dec 1012) PETRUS, son of PETRUS & his [first/second wife ---] (-before Jan 1038).

1. GRIMOALD . m ---. The name of Grimoald´s wife is not known. Grimoald & his wife had one child:

a) RACO . "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" donated property, with the support of "…Aloara filia quondam Petri comiti et iudici, relicta quondam Rodelgrimi qui fuit nepotem meum et filius fuit quondam Iohanni, qui fuit germanus meus" and in the presence of "ipsa Aloara…[et] Petrus comes cognatum suum…qui est filius Areghisi", by charter dated Jul 1036, which states that part of the property belonged to "…Raco comes filius Grimoaldi cum ipsa Aloara…Iohannes comes thio ipsius mulieri hac filius quondam Petri"[1386].

1. LANDEMARIO (-before Jul 1060). m ---. The name of Landemario´s wife is not known. Landemario & his wife had two children:

a) EDERRADO (-after Jul 1060). "Gisulphus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" confirmed the grant to "Ederrado…parenti nostro, filio quondam Landemarii comitis" and to "Gaite et Marie filie quondam Friderisii comitis qui fuit germanus…Ederrado…parentibus nostris" made by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, with the consent of "domne Gemme…genitricis nostre", by charter dated Jul 1060[1387].

b) FRIDERISIO (-before Jul 1060). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1060 under which "Gisulphus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" confirmed the grant to "Ederrado…parenti nostro, filio quondam Landemarii comitis" and to "Gaite et Marie filie quondam Friderisii comitis qui fuit germanus…Ederrado…parentibus nostris" made by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno[1388]. m ---. The name of Friderisio´s wife is not known. Friderisio & his wife had two children:

i) GAITA (-after Jul 1060). "Gisulphus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" confirmed the grant to "Ederrado…parenti nostro, filio quondam Landemarii comitis" and to "Gaite et Marie filie quondam Friderisii comitis qui fuit germanus…Ederrado…parentibus nostris" made by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, with the consent of "domne Gemme…genitricis nostre", by charter dated Jul 1060[1389].

ii) MARIA (-after Jul 1060). "Gisulphus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" confirmed the grant to "Ederrado…parenti nostro, filio quondam Landemarii comitis" and to "Gaite et Marie filie quondam Friderisii comitis qui fuit germanus…Ederrado…parentibus nostris" made by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, with the consent of "domne Gemme…genitricis nostre", by charter dated Jul 1060[1390].

1. LANDENOLF (-before Feb 1044). m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Landenolf & his wife had two children:

a) LANDO (-after Feb 1044). A charter dated Feb 1044 records a dispute between "Lando comes filius quondam Landenolfi comitis" and "Iohannes clericus filius quondam Iohannes presbiteri" before the court of "Lando comes"[1391].

b) ROLEGRIM . A charter dated Apr 1050 records that "Rolegrimo comes filius quondam Landenolfi comitis" granted property to "Ioccardus filio quondam Leoni…de locum Nuncerie"[1392].

1. ADEMAR (-[1048/49]). A charter dated Nov 1034 records the presence of "Ademari comitis et iudici" at a donation[1393]. A charter dated Aug 1045 records the presence of "Ademari comes et iudex" at a donation[1394]. Ademar was not named in similar charters after 1048. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had two children:

a) ALFAN . "Alfanus filius quondam Ademarii comiti et iudicis" donated property "pro vice Alfani filii quondam Guaimarii et…Alfani et Petri filii quondam Adelberti" by charter dated Mar 1050[1395]. "Alfanus comes filius quondam Ademarii comitis et iudicis et Alfanus filius quondam Guaimarii comitis" donated property by charter dated Mar 1057, which recites the previous history of the property including a donation dated Nov 977 by "Petrus comes filius quondam Landolfi et…Aloara que Fasana vocatur, filia quondam Leoni Neapolitano…vir et uxor", by "Alfanus thio noster" and by "filii Petri comitis", and a donation dated Jun 1054 by "Alfanus comes pro parte…Alfani et Petri filii quondam Adelberti comitis et pro parte Alfani filii Guaimarii comtis" subscribed by "Sico comes et iudex"[1396].

b) URANIA (-after Apr 1047). "Urania comitissa filia Ademarii comitis et relicta bone memorie Lamberti comitis et Ebulus clericus et abbas et Petrus et Alebertus et Landoarius comitibus germani filii suprascripti Lamberti comitis et Uranie" donated property by charter dated Apr 1047[1397]. m LAMBERTO, son of ADALBERTO & his wife --- (-before Apr 1043).

1. ALFERIO . m ---. The name of Alferio´s wife is not known. Alferio & his wife had one child:

a) AUDOALD . "Audoaldus comes filius quondam Alferii comitis" donated property by charter dated Mar 1064[1398]. m ---. The name of Adoald´s wife is not known. Adoald & his wife had one child:

i) GUAIFER . "Guaiferio filio Adoaldi comitis" donated property by charter dated Feb 1052[1399].

1. GUIDO (-before Jun 1053). m ---. The name of Guido´s wife is not known. Guido & his wife had two children:

a) ALFAN . "Alfanus comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis" declared that he and "Landoni germani mei" jointly owned property by charter dated Jun 1053, and named "Sico comes filius quondam Guala" as guarantor[1400].

b) LANDO . "Alfanus comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis" declared that he and "Landoni germani mei" jointly owned property by charter dated Jun 1053, and named "Sico comes filius quondam Guala" as guarantor[1401].

1. GUIDO (-before Jun 1064). m ---. The name of Guido´s wife is not known. Guido & his wife had one child:

a) GUAIMAR (-after Jun 1064). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis", gravely ill, and "Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated property, with "Guaiferium et Guidonem filiis nostris", by charter dated Jun 1064[1402]. m ADELTRUDA, daughter of --- (-after Jun 1064). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis", gravely ill, and "Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated property, with "Guaiferium et Guidonem filiis nostris", by charter dated Jun 1064[1403]. Guaimar & his wife had two children:

i) GUAIFER (-after Jun 1064). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis", gravely ill, and "Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated property, with "Guaiferium et Guidonem filiis nostris", by charter dated Jun 1064[1404].

ii) GUIDO (-after Jun 1064). "Guaimarius comes filius quondam Guidoni comitis", gravely ill, and "Adeltruda qui Mira vocatur uxor ipsius Guaimarii comitis" donated property, with "Guaiferium et Guidonem filiis nostris", by charter dated Jun 1064[1405].

1. MANSO . m ---. The name of Manso´s wife is not known. Manso & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES [Ioannicus] (-before Sep 1054). A charter dated Jan 1055 records that "heredibus Iohannacii comitis filii Mansonis castaldi" owned property[1406]. A charter dated Apr 1055 refers to "heredum Iohannis comitis, filii Mansonis castaldi" in connection with property which was donated[1407]. m ---. The name of Ioannicus´s wife is not known. Ioannicus & his wife had three children:

i) SICO (-after Sep 1054). A charter dated Sep 1054 records the presence of "Siconem comitem et iudicem Urso et Iohannes gastaldi germani filii quondam Ioannaci castaldi" at a donation[1408].

ii) URSO (-after Feb 1056). A charter dated Sep 1054 records the presence of "Siconem comitem et iudicem Urso et Iohannes gastaldi germani filii quondam Ioannaci castaldi" at a donation[1409]. "Ursus et Iohannes gastaldi filii quondam Iohannacii gastaldi" and others donated property by charter dated Feb 1056[1410].

iii) IOANNES (-after Feb 1056). A charter dated Sep 1054 records the presence of "Siconem comitem et iudicem Urso et Iohannes gastaldi germani filii quondam Ioannaci castaldi" at a donation[1411]. "Ursus et Iohannes gastaldi filii quondam Iohannacii gastaldi" and others donated property by charter dated Feb 1056[1412].

1. ALFERIO (-before Apr 1058). m ---. The name of Alferio´s wife is not known. Alferio & his wife had two children:

a) GUAIFER (-[Apr 1058/Jul 1060]). A charter dated Apr 1058 records a donation by "Guaiferium et Lambertum comitibus germani filii quondam Alferii comitis"[1413]. A charter dated Jul 1060, under which "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property, quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "---filius quondam Alferii comitis et…Landolfus filius…Guaiferii comitis et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis et Sergius filius quondam Desidei sartori" donated property[1414]. It is assumed that Guaifer is the unnamed son referred to in this document. m ---. The name of Guaifer´s wife is not known. Guaifer & his wife had [three] children:

i) LANDOLFO (-after Jul 1060). "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1060, which quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "---filius quondam Alferii comitis et…Landolfus filius…Guaiferii comitis et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis et Sergius filius quondam Desidei sartori", and "ipse Sergius pro parte Gaitelgrime filia Landolfi comitis relicta quondam Alberti comitis et pro parte Landoarius filius ipsorum Gaitelgrime et Alberti" donated property[1415]. m ALOARA, daughter of IOANNES & his wife --- (-after Jul 1060). "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1060, which quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "---filius quondam Alferii comitis et…Landolfus filius…Guaiferii comitis et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis et Sergius filius quondam Desidei sartori", and "ipse Sergius pro parte Gaitelgrime filia Landolfi comitis relicta quondam Alberti comitis et pro parte Landoarius filius ipsorum Gaitelgrime et Alberti" donated property[1416]. Landolf & his wife had one child:

(a) GAITELGRIMA (-after Jan 1058). A charter dated Jul 1060, under which "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property, quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "…Gaitelgrime filia Landolfi comitis relicta quondam Alberti comitis et…Landoarius filius ipsorum Gaitelgrime et Alberti" donated property[1417]. A charter dated Jan 1058 is witnessed by "Adelbertus filius quondam Petri comitis et Gaitelgrima filia Landolfi comitis que fuerat uxor Adelberti comitis filii quondam Landoari" and records a donation by "ipsa Gaitelgrima et Landoarius filius eius et ipsius Adelberti" to "Theophilo monacho et sacerdote filio quondam Ieorgii"[1418]. m ADALBERTO, son of LANDOARIO & his wife --- (-[Jan/Apr] 1043).

ii) [DAUFER (-after Dec 1061). "Dauferius archidiaconus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis" donated property "pro parte…Angeli germani sui" by charter dated Dec 1061[1419].]

iii) [ANGELO (-after Dec 1061). "Dauferius archidiaconus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis" donated property "pro parte…Angeli germani sui" by charter dated Dec 1061[1420].]

b) LAMBERTO (-before Jan 1056). A charter dated Apr 1058 records a donation by "Guaiferium et Lambertum comitibus germani filii quondam Alferii comitis"[1421]. The date of his death is set by a charter dated Jul 1060, under which "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property, quotes another charter dated Jan 1056 under which "--- filius quondam Alferii comitis et…Landolfus filius…Guaiferii comitis et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis et Sergius filius quondam Desidei sartori" donated property[1422]. m ---. The name of Lambert´s wife is not known. Lambert & his wife had one child:

i) PETRUS (-after Jul 1060). "Landolfus filius quondam Guaiferii comitis et Aloara uxor sua filia Iohannis comitis palatii et Petrus filius quondam Lamberti comitis" donated property by charter dated Jul 1060[1423].

1. PANDENOLF (-before Jan 1060). m ---. The name of Pandenolf´s wife is not known. Pandenolf & his wife had one child:

a) PETRUS (-after Jan 1060). A charter dated Jan 1060 records a donation by "Petrus comes filius quondam Pandenolfi clerici"[1424]. "Petro comite filio quondam Pandenolfi clerici" donated property "pro parte…Atocie uxori mee" by charter dated Sep 1062[1425]. m ATOCIA, daughter of --- (-after Jan 1060). "Petro comite filio quondam Pandenolfi clerici" donated property "pro parte…Atocie uxori mee" by charter dated Sep 1062[1426].

Chapter 3. CAPUA

A. LOMBARD COUNTS of CAPUA 842-1098

Capua was awarded to Salerno when the latter's status as an autonomous principality was confirmed by the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani, which was negotiated in early 849 by Louis II King of Italy[1427]. The town was ruled by a gastaldo who held the additional title count. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that fire destroyed the original city of Capua "Capua vetere" in 841, as well as a replacement settlement "in monticulum…Tripliscus qui alio nomine…Sicopolis", dated to [857], when a second move was made "ad pontem Cannii…civitatem qui nunc est Capua"[1428]. By about 860, the counts had severed their links with the principality of Salerno and acted autonomously. At that time the towns of Capua, Teano and Sora formed the principality of Capua, while the later Liber censuum notes the addition of Calvi, Carinola, Caserta, Sessa, Venafro and Aquino[1429]. The contemporary sources are confusing and contradictory concerning the genealogy of the counts of Capua. In addition, the numbering of the various princes is inconsistent between the sources. Precise dating is also a problem as the primary sources rarely specify precise years for events. Dating of the death and succession of the counts and princes of Capua is therefore mainly based on calculation from the number of years and months during which successive counts held the city, as reported in the list of counts of Capua (for the 9th and early 10th centuries) which is included in the Cronica de Monasterio S. Benedicti[1430]. The following reconstruction is an attempt to reconcile the various contradictions, but cannot be guaranteed as correct.

LANDOLF [I], son of PANDO & his wife --- (-[842/44]). "Landulph Maticu [=magnarum maxillarum], filius Pald" was installed as gastald and Count of Capua, dated to 815 by the editor of the MGH edition[1431]. Erchempert records "Landolfus" as "Capuæ…gastaldeus" when recording that he supported Siconulf, son of Sico Prince of Benevento, in the civil war with Arechis Prince of Benevento (dated to 839/42)[1432]. Arab mercenaries from Benevento burnt the old city of Capua in 841, after which a new city was built a few kilometres away[1433]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Landulfus comes" left "Capua vetere", which he had held for 25 years and 3 months, and moved "in monticulum…Tripliscus qui alio nomine…Sicopolis" in 841, and died three years later[1434]. Count Landolf built a heavily fortified castrum overlooking the city of Capua, referred to as "Rebelopolis"[1435]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Landolfus senior" held "Capua veterem" for 25 years and 4 months and built "civitatem nobam in monte Trifisco" which he held for a further one year and eight months[1436].

m ---, daughter of [ROFRIT & his wife Dauferada ---]. The parentage of the wife of Landolf [I] is suggested by the Chronicon Salernitanum which names "Adelchisi Rofrit filius…et suum cognatum Landolfum comite Capuano"[1437]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" should be interpreted as brother-in-law in this context, and therefore that Landolf´s wife was the daughter of Rofrit[1438]. that is correct, she could also have been the sister of Adelchis´s own wife.

Landolf & his wife had four children:

1. LANDO [I] (-[860]). Erchempert records that "Landulfo Capuano comite" was succeeded by "quatuor…liberos Landonem…Pandonem, Landonolfum et Landolfum futurum pontificem", adding that Lando ruled in Capua[1439]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando filius eius" succeeded "Landolfus senior" as Count of Capua, dated to 842 by the editor of the MGH edition[1440]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando filius" succeeded on the death of "Landulfus comes", dated to 844 from the context, and ruled for 13 years and 8 months before "civitatem…novam…in monticulo" was destroyed by fire, after which he and "fratribus suis Landone, Pandone et Landulfo episcopo" built "ad pontem Cannii…civitatem qui nunc est Capua" where Lando ruled for another 3 years and 8 months[1441]. Erchempert records that "Landonem comitem Capuanum, filium Landolfi…et…Ademarium" resisted Emperor Louis II after his accession [in 855][1442]. Erchempert records that "Lando" was struck by paralysis not long after the death of "Landonolfo" [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition][1443]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando" held "civitatem" for 13 years and 9 months, until it was destroyed by fire, after which he and "fratribus suis…Landone, Pandone, Landolfo episcopo et Landenolfo" built "ad pontem Casulini…civitatem quæ nunc est Capua" in which he lived for a further 4 year and 9 months[1444]. m ALOARA, daughter of ---. "Aloara, Landonis coniux comitis" is named in the Chronicon Casinense, which specifies that she was expelled from Capua and went to Salerno after her husband died[1445]. Lando & his wife had [seven] children:

a) LANDO [II] (-after [887]). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando filius eius [=Lando]" succeeded his father as Count of Capua, dated to 860 by the editor of the MGH edition, but was expelled from Capua after six months by "Pandon thio suo"[1446]. Erchempert records that "Sergius magister militum" sent "duos liberos suos Gregorium magistrum militum et Cæsarium nec non et Landulfum generum suum Suessulanum" to fight "Lando…filium…Lando iunior" [Count of Capua] after his father´s death [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition] but that "Cæsarium" was captured[1447]. Erchempert records that "Landulfus" captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[1448]. Erchempert records that, after the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], "nepotes illius" divided Capuan territories among themselves and that "Pandonolfus" took "urbem Tianensem et Casam Irlam", "Lando" took "Berelais et Suessam", "alter Lando" took "Calinum et Caiaziæ", "Atenolfus" took "castrum in Calvo", and that "Landulfum…adolescentulum Landoni filium" was consecrated as bishop[1449]. It is assumed that Lando who received "Berelais et Suessam" was Lando [II] ex-Count of Capua, son of Count Lando [I], but this is not beyond all doubt. Erchempert records that, after the accession of "Atenolfus", he was opposed by "Landone germano eius…cum ceteris fratribus" (which passage must refer to Lando [II] ex-Count of Capua, cousin of Atenolf not his brother) but that "Lando" returned to "Teanum" which he left to "Landonolfus frater suus"[1450]. [m firstly ---. No direct evidence has been found of this supposed first marriage. However, the chronology of this family suggests that [884] would have been late for Lando [II] to have married for the first time, when he was probably born in the 820s.] m [secondly] ([884]) as her second husband, --- of Naples, widow of ---, daughter of [SERGIUS II Duke of Naples & his wife ---]. Erchempert records that "Athanasius" arranged the marriage of "neptem suam…adhuc lactantem" to "Landoni seniori, filio…Landonis" [dated to 884 by the editor of the MGH edition][1451].

b) LANDOLF (-[after 891]). His parentage is confirmed by Erchempert who names "Landulfo, Landonis filio" and "Sergio magistro militum…socer…illius"[1452]. A later passage in Erchempert records that "Sergius magister militum" sent "duos liberos suos Gregorium magistrum militum et Cæsarium nec non et Landulfum generum suum Suessulanum" to fight "Lando…filium…Lando iunior" [Count of Capua] after his father´s death [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition][1453]. m (before 856) --- of Naples, daughter of SERGIUS I Duke of Naples & his wife Drosu ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who names "Landulfo, Landonis filio" and "Sergio magistro militum…socer…illius"[1454]. A later passage in Erchempert records that "Sergius magister militum" sent "duos liberos suos Gregorium magistrum militum et Cæsarium nec non et Landulfum generum suum Suessulanum" to fight "Lando…filium…Lando iunior" [Count of Capua] after his father´s death [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition][1455]. Landolf & his wife had two children:

i) LANDO . Erchempert records that Athanasius II Duke of Naples besieged Avella, held by "Landolfus Suessulanus", and captured "filio eius iuniore nurumque illius, uxore…Landonis" who accompanied Guaimar Prince of Salerno to Constantinople[1456]. m ---. Erchempert records that Athanasius II Duke of Naples besieged Avella, held by "Landolfus Suessulanus", and captured "filio eius iuniore nurumque illius, uxore…Landonis" who accompanied Guaimar Prince of Salerno to Constantinople[1457].

ii) son . Erchempert records that Athanasius II Duke of Naples besieged Avella, held by "Landolfus Suessulanus", and captured "filio eius iuniore nurumque illius, uxore…Landonis" who accompanied Guaimar Prince of Salerno to Constantinople[1458].

c) LANDENOLF (-after [887]). Erchempert records that "Landulfus" captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[1459]. Erchempert records that, after the accession of "Atenolfus", he was opposed by "Landone germano eius…cum ceteris fratribus" (which passage must refer to Lando [II] ex-Count of Capua, cousin of Atenolf not his brother) but that "Lando" returned to "Teanum" which he left to "Landonolfus frater suus"[1460]. Erchempert records that "filiis Landonis…Lando cum omnibus germanis suis…Landonolfus, Pando et nepos eorum Guaiferius" returning to "Teanum"[1461].

d) PIETRO ([833/37]-after 849). The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf, dated 849, names "Petrum filium Landonis et Paldefrit filium Paldulfi" and "Adelgisum et Ladelgisum filios meos et Potonem nepotem meum" as sureties/hostages for performance of the agreement[1462]. Pietro was presumably an adolescent at that time.

e) PANDO . Erchempert records that "filiis Landonis…Lando cum omnibus germanis suis…Landonolfus, Pando et nepos eorum Guaiferius" returning to "Teanum"[1463].

f) LANDELAICHA (-after Mar 882). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "comes Capuanus Lando" had "duas filias", one of whom was intended to marry "Guaiferii" [dated to [856] from the context][1464]. Her marriage is also indicated by Erchempert who records that "Landulfus" captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[1465]. "Domne Landelaiche uxorem domni Waiferii principis" is named in a charter dated Jul 869, which also refers to, but does not name, "filiis et filie sue"[1466]. "Domna Landelaicha…cum…domno Waimario principe filio suo" made a donation by charter dated Mar 882[1467]. m ([856]) as his second wife, GUAIFER Prince of Salerno, son of DAUFER "Mutus" & his wife --- (-[Feb/Aug] 880).

g) daughter . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "comes Capuanus Lando" had "duas filias", one of whom was intended to marry "Guaiferii" [dated to [856] from the context][1468].

2. PANDO (-[862]). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando" and "fratribus suis…Landone, Pandone, Landolfo episcopo et Landenolfo" built "ad pontem Casulini…civitatem quæ nunc est Capua" after the old city was destroyed by fire[1469]. Erchempert records that "Landulfo Capuano comite" was succeeded by "quatuor…liberos Landonem…Pandonem, Landonolfum et Landolfum futurum pontificem", adding that Pando ruled "marepahissatum"[1470]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Pandon thio suo" expelled Lando [II] from Capua and succeeded as Count of Capua [dated to 860 by the editor of the MGH edition] and held the city for one year and 5 months[1471]. Around [860/61] Capua broke free from Salerno and established its autonomy[1472]. m firstly ARNIPERGA, daughter of --- (-before 856, bur Sicopolis). The epitaph of Arniperga, wife of Pando Count of Capua, records that she died aged 41[1473]. m secondly [--- of Amalfi, daughter of MARINUS Prefect of Amalfi & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Ademarus" [Prince of Salerno] captured "filium Marini Malfitani, cognatum…Pandonis" and delivered to "Sergio magistro militum"[1474]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" in this passage should be translated as brother-in-law, and therefore that the wife of Pando was the daughter of [1475]. Pando & his [first] wife had [three] children:

a) PANDENOLF (-[882]). Erchempert records that "Landolfus episcopus" succeeded on the death of "Pandone" and appointed "Pandonolfum nepotem suum vice patris sui Pandonis comitem" in Capua [dated to 862 by the editor of the MGH edition][1476]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Pandenolfus nepos eius" succeeded as Count of Capua on the death of "Landolfus episcopus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], and ruled for 3 years and eight months[1477]. Erchempert records that, after the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], "nepotes illius" divided Capuan territories among themselves and that "Pandonolfus" took "urbem Tianensem et Casam Irlam", "Lando" took "Berelais et Suessam", "alter Lando" took "Calinum et Caiaziæ", "Atenolfus" took "castrum in Calvo", and that "Landulfum…adolescentulum Landoni filium" was consecrated as bishop[1478]. The same passage records that "filii Pandonis" imprisoned "Landulfum et Atenulfum fratres suos, filios…Landonulfi" at "Caiaziac castro"[1479]. Erchempert records that "Pandonolfum et Landonolfum fratrem eius" were expelled from Capua and sent to Naples [dated to autumn 882][1480]. m --- (-after 882). The name of Pandenolf´s wife is not known. Erchempert records that "Pandonolfum et Landonolfum fratrem eius" were expelled from Capua and sent to Naples [dated to autumn 882], and that later "uxores, filii et filiæ" were also sent there[1481]. Pandenolf & his wife had [three or more] children:

i) sons/daughters . The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Erchempert records that "Pandonolfum et Landonolfum fratrem eius" were expelled from Capua and sent to Naples [dated to autumn 882], and that later "uxores, filii et filiæ" were also sent there[1482].

ii) --- di Capua . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Gaideris" made an alliance with "Pandonolfo", confirmed by the marriage of the son of the former to the daughter of the latter, dated to [880][1483]. m ([880]) --- di Benevento, son of GAIDERIS Prince of Benevento & his wife ---.

b) LANDENOLF (-after 882). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Landolfus filius Landonis" was appointed bishop on the death of "Landolfus episcopus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], but that in the same year "episcopatus" was divided by Count Pandenolf who appointed "Landenolfum fratrem suum laicum inordinate totondens" as bishop, the appointment being confirmd by Pope John VIII[1484]. Erchempert records that "Pandonolfum et Landonolfum fratrem eius" were expelled from Capua and sent to Naples [dated to autumn 882][1485]. m --- (-after 882). The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Erchempert records that "Pandonolfum et Landonolfum fratrem eius" were expelled from Capua and sent to Naples [dated to autumn 882], and that later "uxores, filii et filiæ" were also sent there[1486]. Landenolf & his wife had children:

c) [ARNIPERGA di Capua . "Radelchis…Langobardorum gentis princeps filius domini bonæ recordationis Adelchis" donated property, at the request of "Arniperge…conjugi nostre", by charter dated Feb 881[1488]. Stasser suggests that she was the sister of Pandenolf, on the assumption that "cognatus" in the following source should be interpreted as "brother-in-law"[1489]: the source in question is Erchempert, who records that "Pandonolfus" requested "Radelgisum principem cognatum suum" for help against "filiis Landonis et filiis Landonolfi"[1490]. A difficulty with this theory is that a second source, the Annales Beneventani, record that in Jan 900 Radelchis II Prince of Benevento was deposed by Atenolf I Count of Capua "cognatus eius", who then seized the Beneventan throne[1491]. Stasser, in another passage, contradicts himself by suggesting that the wife of Radelchis II was the sister of Atenolf, also on the basis that "cognatus" should be interpreted as meaning "brother-in-law"[1492]. Pandenolf Count of Capua was the son of Pando, while Atenolf was the son of Pando´s brother Landenolf. Arniperga could not therefore have been the sister of both these Capuan counts. It is clear that "cognatus" in one or both of the sources quoted must be given a broader meaning than brother-in-law. It is probably a safe conclusion that Radelchis was distantly related to the counts of Capua, and that the relationship may have been through his wife Arniperga as "consanguineus" was the term generally applied to indicate blood relationship, but the precise nature of the relationship is not known. m RADELCHIS II Prince of Benevento, son of ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-900)].]

3. LANDENOLF (-[859]). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando" and "fratribus suis…Landone, Pandone, Landolfo episcopo et Landenolfo" built "ad pontem Casulini…civitatem quæ nunc est Capua" after the old city was destroyed by fire[1493]. Erchempert records that "Landulfo Capuano comite" was succeeded by "quatuor…liberos Landonem…Pandonem, Landonolfum et Landolfum futurum pontificem", adding that Landenolf ruled "Teanum"[1494]. Erchempert records the death of "Landonolfo" [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition][1495]. m ---, daughter of POTELFRIT & his wife --- (-after Jan 900). The parentage of the wife of Landenolf is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which refers to "Potelfrit filia" as mother of "Atenolfus"[1496]. Landenolf & his wife had [five] children:

a) LANDO (-[885]). Erchempert records that, after the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], "nepotes illius" divided Capuan territories among themselves and that "Pandonolfus" took "urbem Tianensem et Casam Irlam", "Lando" took "Berelais et Suessam", "alter Lando" took "Calinum et Caiaziæ", "Atenolfus" took "castrum in Calvo", and that "Landulfum…adolescentulum Landoni filium" was consecrated as bishop[1497]. It is assumed that "alter Lando" who took "Calinum et Caiaziæ" was Lando, son of Landenolf, because he is named after the other Lando in the list, which presumably indicates a subordinate position in the family. His name is also followed by "Atenolfus", who would have been his brother. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando…pater Landolfi episcopi" was Count of Capua for 2 years and 10 months[1498]. m [--- de Benevento, daughter of RADELGAR I Prince of Benevento & his wife Tasselgarda ---. Erchempert names "Landone filio Landonolfi, cognato…Gaideris"[1499], which could indicate that Lando was the brother-in-law of Gaideriso.] Lando & his wife had one child:

i) LANDOLF (-after 1 Nov 882). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Landolfus filius Landonis" was appointed bishop on the death of "Landolfus episcopus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], but that in the same year "episcopatus" was divided by Count Pandenolf who appointed "Landenolfum fratrem suum laicum inordinate totondens" as bishop. A later passage in the same source adds that "Landolfus episcopus" obtained "totum episcopatum…Kal Nov indictione prima", and also clarifies Landolf´s parentage by specifying that "Lando…pater Landolfi episcopi" (which appears from the context to refer to Count Lando [III]) was count of Capua for two years and 10 months[1500]. Erchempert records that, after the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], "nepotes illius" divided Capuan territories among themselves and that "Pandonolfus" took "urbem Tianensem et Casam Irlam", "Lando" took "Berelais et Suessam", "alter Lando" took "Calinum et Caiaziæ", "Atenolfus" took "castrum in Calvo", and that "Landulfum…adolescentulum Landoni filium" was consecrated as bishop[1501]. Bishop of Capua.

b) LANDENOLF (-[887]). Erchempert records that "filii Pandonis" imprisoned "Landulfum et Atenulfum fratres suos, filios…Landonulfi" at "Caiaziac castro"[1502]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Landenolfus frater eius" succeeded "Lando…pater Landolfi episcopi" as Count of Capua [dated to 885 by the editor of the MGH edition] and ruled for one year and 4 months[1503].

c) ATENOLF (-[912]). Erchempert records that, after the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], "nepotes illius" divided Capuan territories among themselves and that "Pandonolfus" took "urbem Tianensem et Casam Irlam", "Lando" took "Berelais et Suessam", "alter Lando" took "Calinum et Caiaziæ", "Atenolfus" took "castrum in Calvo", and that "Landulfum…adolescentulum Landoni filium" was consecrated as bishop[1504]. The same passage records that "filii Pandonis" imprisoned "Landulfum et Atenulfum fratres suos, filios…Landonulfi" at "Caiaziac castro"[1505]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Atenolfus comes" succeeded "mense Ianuario" [dated to 887 by the editor of the MGH edition] as Count of Capua and ruled for 10 years and 6 months[1506].

- see below.

d) --- di Capua . Erchempert records that "Landonolfus" betrothed "natam suam" to "Siconolfo…filio illius" but that "filiis eius" died young "post patris"[1507]. Betrothed ([849]) to SICO di Salerno, son of SICONULF Prince of Salerno & his wife ---. He succeeded his father as SICO II Prince of Salerno in 850[1508].

e) [--- di Capua . Erchempert records that "Atenolfus" sent "Sadi cognatum suum" to Athanasius II Duke of Naples to seek help to conquer Capua, dated to 886[1509]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" should be interpreted in this passage as "brother-in-law", and that Athenolf´s sister was the wife of Sadi[1510]. However, this is not the only possible interpretation. m SADI, son of --- (-after 886).]

4. LANDOLF (-[879]). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Lando" and "fratribus suis…Landone, Pandone, Landolfo episcopo et Landenolfo" built "ad pontem Casulini…civitatem quæ nunc est Capua" after the old city was destroyed by fire[1511]. Erchempert records that "Landulfo Capuano comite" was succeeded by "quatuor…liberos Landonem…Pandonem, Landonolfum et Landolfum futurum pontificem", adding that Landolf ruled "adhuc iuvenis palatinis"[1512]. Erchempert records that, after the death of Bishop Pauliinus, "Landone" appointed "Landolfum fratrem suum" as bishop of Capua[1513]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Landolfus episcopus, frater eius" succeeded "Pando" as Count of Capua [dated to 862 by the editor of the MGH edition] and held the city for 3 years and 9 months, before being expelled by "Ludovicus imperator"[1514]. Erchempert records that "Landolfus episcopus" succeeded on the death of "Pandone" and appointed "Pandonolfum nepotem suum vice patris sui Pandonis comitem" in Capua [dated to 862 by the editor of the MGH edition][1515]. He was installed as Bishop of Capua in 863. In 866, Emperor Louis II King of Italy installed a Spoletan overseer at Capua[1516]. After the emperor was expelled from Benevento in 871, he established his southern Italian base at Capua[1517]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Landolfus episcopus" returned to Capua during the period when the emperor was expelled from Benevento and went to Berole [dated to 872 by the editor of the MGH edition], that Emperor Louis returned to Capua which he held for one year before his death, after which "Landolfus…comes et præsul" held Capua for a further 12 years[1518]. Count Landolf became the main ally of Pope John VIII in southern Italy at the time the Pope was having difficulties persuading Naples and Salerno to help fight the Arabs[1519]. Erchempert records the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition][1520].

ATENOLF, son of LANDENOLF of Capua & his wife --- (-[912]). Erchempert records that, after the death of "Landulfus" [dated to 879 by the editor of the MGH edition], "nepotes illius" divided Capuan territories among themselves and that "Pandonolfus" took "urbem Tianensem et Casam Irlam", "Lando" took "Berelais et Suessam", "alter Lando" took "Calinum et Caiaziæ", "Atenolfus" took "castrum in Calvo", and that "Landulfum…adolescentulum Landoni filium" was consecrated as bishop[1521]. The same passage records that "filii Pandonis" imprisoned "Landulfum et Atenulfum fratres suos, filios…Landonulfi" at "Caiaziac castro"[1522]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Atenolfus comes" succeeded "mense Ianuario" [dated to 887 by the editor of the MGH edition] as Count of Capua and ruled for 10 years and 6 months, adding that later he also became "princeps Beneventi"[1523]. Erchempert records that, after the accession of "Atenolfus", he was opposed by "Landone germano eius…cum ceteris fratribus"[1524], which passage must refer to Lando [II] ex-Count of Capua (cousin of Atenolf not brother). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record war between Capua and Naples "in Liburia ad sanctum Cartium" in the second year of Atenolf´s reign, that Atenolf "indictione 6 post dies undecim" captured "Berelais", but that in the same week he was defeated by "Aio princeps [Prince of Benevento] cum quodam patricio Constantinopolitano"[1525]. Prince of Benevento: in Jan 900, he deposed Radelchis Prince of Benevento "cognatus eius" and seized the Beneventan throne[1526], after which Benevento was united with Capua and the counts of Capua adopted the princely title. He used the title "Langobardorum gentis princeps" in contemporary sources[1527]. According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Atenulfus magnus…de comite factus est princeps"[1528]. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Count Atenolf in 912[1529]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a charter dated Nov 914 "quinto anno patriciatus domni nostri Landulfi…et quinto anno domni nostri Athenulfi principis"[1530], which suggests either that the date of death recorded by the Annales Beneventani is incorrect or that their father Atenolf associated his two sons in the government of his territories three years before he died.

m firstly ([884]) --- of Naples, daughter of SERGIUS II Duke of Naples & his wife --- (-before 899). "Iohannes consul et dux" [Duke of Naples] signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento and Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939], which names "domni Landenolfi patrui vestri et domni Sergi abii vestri"[1531]. Stasser points out that, from a chronological point if view, the grandfather of the named princes of Benevento and Capua could only have been Sergius II Duke of Naples, and that therefore their mother must have been his daughter[1532].

m secondly (before 899) [--- di Benevento, daughter of ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento & his wife Adeltruda ---. The Annales Beneventani record that Atenulf deposed Radelchis Prince of Benevento "cognatus eius" and seized the Beneventan throne[1533]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" in this passage should be interpreted as "brother-in-law" and therefore that Atenulf had married secondly the daughter of Prince Adelchis.]

Atenolf & his first wife had two children:

1. LANDOLF (-943). According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Landulfus I eius filius" ruled jointly with his father and, after his father's death, jointly with his brother Atenulf II[1534]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Atenolfus comes" left Capua to "filiis suis domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo"[1535]. Landolf visited Constantinople to seek military help in Capua's struggle against the Arabs and was invested as patricius[1536]. According to the Annales Beneventani, "Landulphus filius Atenolfi" was installed as Prince of Benevento in 902[1537], but the extent to which he may have governed Benevento separately from Capua is unclear. The Annales Beneventani record that he succeeded his father in 912 as LANDOLF III joint Prince of Capua and Benevento, jointly with "Atenulfo germano suo et filii eorum"[1538]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a charter dated Nov 914 "quinto anno patriciatus domni nostri Landulfi…et quinto anno domni nostri Athenulfi principis"[1539], which suggests either that the date of death recorded by the Annales Beneventani is incorrect or that their father Atenolf associated his two sons in the government of his territories three years before he died. He participated in the joint Capuan, Beneventan and Salernitan expedition which removed the Arab settlement from the mouth of the River Garigliano in 915[1540]. He was granted the Byzantine titles antipatos and patrikios in [914/early 916]: the Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Landulfus…et Athenulfus Langobardorum gentis Antipatus Patricius et Patricius" confirmed the possessions of Volturno "in finibus Venafranis" by charter dated 10 Jul 916[1541]. He and his brother invaded Byzantine Apulia in [921], captured the castrum of Ascoli and killed the Byzantine strategos[1542]. "Iohannes consul et dux" [Duke of Naples] signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento and Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939][1543]. On the accession of the minor Gisolf I Duke of Salerno in 946, Prince Landolf prepared to invade Salerno together with Ioannes III Duke of Naples, but they were repulsed by the Salernitans with support from Amalfi[1544]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in 941 of "Atenolphus frater Domni Landulfi" and in 943 of "Landulphus Antipater frater eius"[1545]. m ([Jan/Feb] 898) GEMMA of Naples, daughter of ATHANASIUS Duke of Naples & his wife --- (-after 10 Jul 961). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Athanasii filiam…Gemma" married "Atenolfi filius…Landolfus", dated to [Jan/Feb] 898 from the context[1546]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records "Landolfus et Pandolfus filius eiusdem…Langobardorum gentis" confirmed the grant of fishery rights "in lacum Patrensem" to the monastery of Volturno, granted by "domna Gemma principissa…genitrice nostra", by charter dated 960[1547]. Pandulf I and Landulf III Princes of Capua confirmed territory at Larino to Monte Cassino, at the request of "domna Gemma religiosa principessa abia nostra", by charter dated 10 Jul 961[1548]. Prince Landolf & his wife had two children:

a) ATENOLF (-943). According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Atenulfus III et Landulfus II, filii Landulfi" ruled jointly with their father[1549]. "Iohannes consul et dux" [Duke of Naples] signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento and Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939][1550]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Atenolfus princeps iunior" entered Sipontum in 936[1551]. He succeeded his father in 943 as ATENOLF III Prince of Capua and Benevento. His succession and death are not referred to in the Annales Beneventani. m ([925]) ROTILDA di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR II Prince of Salerno & his first wife --- (-after 954). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Atenolfus Beneventanus princeps" married "Guaimarius…sua filia Rothilda"[1552]. Atenolf III & his wife had [two or more] children:

i) children . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Adenolfus cum suaque uxore suosque liberos" travelled from Gaeta to Capua[1553].

b) LANDOLF (-961). According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Atenulfus III et Landulfus II, filii Landulfi" ruled jointly with their father[1554]. He succeeded his brother in 943 as LANDOLF IV Prince of Capua and Benevento.

- see below.

2. ATENOLF (-941). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Atenolfus comes" left Capua to "filiis suis domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo"[1555]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Atenulfo germano eius [=Landolfo]" succeeded his father in 912 as ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua and Benevento, jointly with "Landolfo… et filii eorum"[1556]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a charter dated Nov 914 "quinto anno patriciatus domni nostri Landulfi…et quinto anno domni nostri Athenulfi principis"[1557], which suggests either that the date of death recorded by the Annales Beneventani is incorrect or that their father Atenolf associated his two sons in the government of his territories three years before he died. He was granted the Byzantine title patrikios in [914/early 916]: the Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Landulfus…et Athenulfus Langobardorum gentis Antipatus Patricius et Patricius" confirmed the possessions of Volturno "in finibus Venafranis" by charter dated 10 Jul 916[1558]. "Iohannes consul et dux" [Duke of Naples] signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento and Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939][1559]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in 941 of "Atenolphus frater Domni Landulfi"[1560]. m ([911]) [SICHELGAITA di Gaeta, daughter of IOANNES I Duke of Gaeta & his wife ---. Sichelgaita Pss of Capua is named as "tante paternelle du duc Marinus de Gaète", Stasser suggesting that from a chronological point of view she could only have been the wife of Prince Atenolf II[1561]. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter of her great-grandson "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" dated 981, under which he donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine[1562]. Another possibility is suggested by the epitaph of her grandson "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis"[1563]. No other reference has been found to "Landenulfi principis", alive in the early 10th century, although it is possible that he was another otherwise unrecorded son of Atenolf Count of Capua. If the latter is correct, the other sources quoted in this section indicate that Sichelgaita di Gaeta must have been the wife of this Landenolf. Another epitaph, which records the death of her great-grandson "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[1564], suggests that the reference to "Landenulfi principis" may simply have been an error.] Atenolf & his wife had [four] children:

a) LANDOLF (-after 979). A charter dated Jul 969 records a donation by "Landolfus filius bone memorie domni Atenolfi, qui fuid princeps Benebenti"[1565]. He succeeded his father in 940 as LANDOLF Duke of Benevento. He was exiled by Pandolf I Prince of Capua and took refuge in Naples from where he appealed to his sister for shelter at Salerno. He was made gastald of Conza and his sons were given Salernitan territories[1566]. In 973, Duke Landolf captured Gisolf I Prince of Salerno and succeeded as LANDOLF Prince of Salerno, but Gisolf was restored soon after with the help of Pandolf I Prince of Capua[1567].

- PRINCES of BENEVENTO.

b) [LANDENOLF (-before Mar 963). His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 5 May 964 under which Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento granted "civitatem Isernensem" to his son "Landolfo comitis…fratri nostro fil. quondam Landenolfi thio nostro"[1568]. His affiliation is confirmed by the charter of his grandson "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" dated 981, under which he donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine[1569]. Another possibility is suggested by the epitaph of his son "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis"[1570]. No other reference has been found to "Landenulfi principis", alive in the early 10th century, although it is possible that he was another otherwise unrecorded son of Atenolf Count of Capua. If the latter is correct, the other sources quoted above indicate that Sichelgaita di Gaeta must have been the wife of this Landenolf. Another epitaph, which records the death of his grandson "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[1571], suggests that the reference to "Landenulfi principis" may simply have been an error.]

- CONTI di SUESSIA e d´ISERNIA.

c) ATENOLF (-after 15 Mar 952). "Atenolfus comes fili bone memorie domni Atenolfi prin[cipis]" refers to a dispute with the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla relating to land "in Bairano finibus pertinentiis nostro comitato Teano", in a charter dated Aug [944][1572]. Conte di Teano.

- CONTI di TEANO.

d) GAITELGRIMA . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Gaitelgrima Atenolfi principi Beneventi filia" when recording the death of her husband "Guaimari"[1573]. "Gisolfus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" gave property at the request of "Gaitelgrime…matrix nostre" by charter dated 950[1574]. As she is not named in later charters, it is possible that the donation was made around the time of her death. m ([920/23]) as his second wife, GUAIMAR II Duke of Salerno, son of GUAIMAR I Duke of Salerno & his wife Ita of Spoleto (-933).

LANDOLF, son of LANDOLF III joint Prince of Capua & his wife Gemma of Naples (-961). According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Atenulfus III et Landulfus II, filii Landulfi" ruled jointly with their father[1575]. "Landulph Rufus filius Landulph Antipatru, germano Athnulph de Calinulu" succeeded his brother in 943 as LANDOLF IV Prince of Capua and Benevento[1576]. According to the Annales Beneventani, "Landolfi filii eius [=Landolfus princeps]" ceased to be Prince of Benevento in 944 "in the fourth year of his reign", when his son Pandolf was installed as prince[1577]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a charter dated Aug 945 "sexto anno principatus domni Landulfi…principis et anno secundo domni Pandulfi eius filii"[1578]. "Landolfus princeps…periit inter Agarenis"[1579]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records "Landolfus et Pandolfus filius eiusdem…Langobardorum gentis" confirmed the grant of fishery rights "in lacum Patrensem" to the monastery of Volturno, granted by "domna Gemma principissa…genitrice nostra", by charter dated 960[1580]. The dating clause of a charter dated May 961, under which "Andreas filius Loperissi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the twenty-second year of "domni Landolfi…principis" and the eighteenth year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii eius"[1581]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in 961 of "Landulphus Princeps" and the succession (in Benevento) of "Landulphus germanus Pandulphi Principis"[1582].

m ([935]) ---. There are two possibilities for the wife of Prince Landolf IV. Stasser suggests that she was MARIA di Gaeta, daughter of DOCIBILIS II Lord of Gaeta & his wife Orania of Naples[1583]. He highlights that "Maria principessa" is named as one of the daughters of Docibilis in his testament dated 954, and points out that, as all the wives of the contemporary princes of Salerno are known, she must have been the wife of one of the princes of Capua-Benevento. A second possibility is that she was EUANTHIA, daughter of ---. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ names "Landulph et Yvantie ucsore sue" when referring to a donation[1584], which appears to refer to Prince Landolf IV. Stasser points out that this source is a late, spurious compilation[1585]. No indication has been found of any earlier sources on which this forgery may have been based, but the name is presumably Byzantine as it recalls "Euanthia" wife of Grimoald III Prince of Benevento (who died in 806).

Prince Landolf IV & his wife had [six] children:

1. PANDOLF (-Mar 981). The Annales Beneventani record that "Pandolfus filius eius [=Landolfus princeps]" was installed as Prince of Benevento in 944[1586]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a charter dated Aug 945 "sexto anno principatus domni Landulfi…principis et anno secundo domni Pandulfi eius filii"[1587]. He succeeded his father in 961 as PANDOLF I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua and Benevento.

- see below.

2. IOANNES (-974). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Archbishop of Capua.

3. LANDOLF (-968). According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Landulfus III et Pandulfus Capiteferreus eius frateri" ruled jointly after the death of their father before dividing their territories, Pandolf ruling Capua and Landolf Benevento[1588]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in 961 of "Landulphus Princeps" and the succession (in Benevento) of "Landulphus germanus Pandulphi Principis"[1589]. He succeeded in 961 as LANDOLF V Prince of Capua. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Landolf V in 968[1590]. m (Summer 958) GAITELGRIMA, daughter of ROFRIT di Avellino Gastald [di Larino] & his wife ---. The epitaph of "Gaitelgrima…proles Roffredi…coniux Landulfi principis" records that she died aged over 60 years old[1591]. Stasser suggests that her father was the same person as Rofrit Conte di Larino[1592]. The hypothesis appears to be confirmed correct by the charter dated to [Aug 991/Aug 992] under which Pandolf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Modesto di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…thium nostrum"[1593]. Prince Landolf & his wife had three children:

a) LANDOLF (-1007). The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Landolfus de sancta Agatha, filius Landolfi Beneventani" was elected in 1000 as LANDOLF VII Prince of Capua[1594]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Landulfus de Sancta Agatha filius…Landulfi Beneventani principis" was installed as prince after "Ademario cuidam Capuano filio Balsami clerici" was deposed[1595]. He is named "Landulfus V de sancta Agata comes, filius principis Beneventani" in the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, which states that he was elected prince after the expulsion of "Adimarius nepos Alvare princeps"[1596]. The Annales Casinenses record the death in 1007 of "Landulfus princeps Capuanus"[1597]. A short anonymous Chronicle of Cassino records the death of "Landulphus princeps Capuanus" in 1007[1598]. m ---. The name of Prince Landolf's wife is not known. Prince Landolf & his wife had one child:

i) PANDOLF (-1022). "Pandolfus Niger filius Landulfi, nepos eius [=Pandolf]" succeeded in 1014 as PANDOLF II Prince of Capua[1599]. According to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, "Pandulfus III eius filius [=Landolfus de sancta Agata]" ruled jointly with his father and with "Pandulfo IV filio Paldulfi de sancta Agata"[1600].

b) PANDOLF (-Aug 1014). The Annales Beneventani record that "Pandulphus filius eius [=Landolphus princeps]" succeeded his father in 968 as Prince of Benevento[1601]. He succeeded his brother in 1007 as PANDOLF III Prince of Capua.

- see below.

c) MARIA (-Jun [1010/20], bur Benevento San Pietro). The epitaph of "Mariæ stemmate Landulfi principis" records that she died a nun in the month of June aged 60, and was buried at Benevento San Pietro[1602].

4. [SICHELGARDA . Stasser proposes that the wife of Transmundo [I] was the daughter of Landulf IV Prince of Capua and Benevento[1603]. He highlights the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis, which records "Trasmundus Teatinus comes et marchio propinquus eiusdem principes" besieging Capua after the death of Landenolf II Prince of Capua and Benevento[1604], and suggests that the relationship "propinquus" is best explained if Transmundo´s mother was the dead prince´s paternal aunt. Her marriage is confirmed by a charter in the Chronicon Vulturnense, dated Nov 1011, which records a donation by "Transmundus comes" for the souls of "…quondam Transmundi…genitor meus et…Sikelgardæ quæ fuit genitricis …"[1605]. m TRANSMUNDO Duke and Marchese of Spoleto, Conte di Teate e Chieti, son of ATTO [I] & his wife Adelgunda --- (-[989/93]).]

5. [GEMMA (-after Oct 1006). Gemma, widow of Cadolo, is named in a charter dated Aug 982[1606]. Stasser suggests that Gemma, wife of Cadolo, was the daughter of Landulf IV Prince of Capua and Benevento[1607]. m ([953/64]) as his second wife, CADOLO Conte [in Tuscany], son of CORRADO Conte & his wife Ermengarda --- (-before Aug 982).]

6. WILLA (-after Oct 1007). "Guillia filia bone memorie Landulfi et relicta bone memorie Rodolfi comes" donated property by charter dated Aug 988[1608]. "Guillia filia bone memorie Landulfi que fuit princeps Beneventanorum" donated property by charter dated Oct 1007[1609]. m RODOLFO [II] Aldobrandeschi, son of RODOLFO [I] Aldobrandeschi & his wife --- (-before 988).

PANDOLF di Capua, son of LANDOLF V Prince of Capua & his wife Gaitelgrima di Avellino (-Aug 1014). The Annales Beneventani record that "Pandulphus filius eius [=Landolphus princeps]" succeeded his father in 968 as Prince of Benevento[1610]. According to the Annales Beneventani, the Beneventans expelled "Landolfum filium domni Pandolfi" in 982 and installed "Pandolfum filium Landolfi fratris Pandolfi" as their prince[1611], although this contradicts the earlier statement that Pandolf had been Prince of Benevento since 968. The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino"[1612]. According to the Annales Beneventani, "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned from exile in Benevento in 1005[1613]. He succeeded his brother in 1007 as PANDOLF III Prince of Capua. The Annales Casinenses record the death in 1014 of "Pandulfus princeps Capuanus"[1614]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Aug 1014 of "Pandulphus Princeps"[1615].

m ---. The name of Prince Pandolf's wife is not known.

Prince Pandolf & his wife had five children:

1. PANDOLF ([986]-19/20 Feb 1049[1616]). "Paldofus, filius Pandolfi, princeps dolosus et improbus" succeeded his father in 1014 as PANDOLF IV Prince of Capua[1617]. According to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, "Pandulfo IV filio Paldulfi de sancta Agata" ruled jointly with "Pandulfus III eius filius [=Landolfus de sancta Agata]"[1618]. Amatus recounts that Emperor Heinrich II ordered "the warlike Archbishop of Cologne to seize the Prince of Capua" and that "Prince Pandulf of Capua was sentenced to death, but…released from this sentence…[before being] taken across the Alps bound with chains about his neck"[1619]. He was released after the intervention of his sister's husband Guaimar [III] Prince of Salerno who captured Capua and drove Pandolf from the principality[1620]. The Annales Casinenses record that "Pandulfus princeps" besieged Capua for a year in 1025 after "being freed from chains" before recovering the town, and that in 1027 he entered and occupied Naples[1621]. Amatus records that Pandolf deposed Theobald abbot of Montecassino, imposed his own candidate as abbot, and expelled a tenth of the monks[1622]. Pandolf was installed as Duke of Gaeta in 1036, but was replaced by Guaimar Prince of Salerno in 1038. When Emperor Konrad II came to Italy to help Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, Pandolf sought refuge in his fortress of Sant'Agata. He sent his wife and son Pandolf to make peace with Emperor Konrad. He went to Constantinople to seek help from the Emperor but was seized and sent into exile[1623]. Pandolf was restored as Prince of Capua by Emperor Heinrich III in 1047 after Guaimar Prince of Salerno was temporarily expelled[1624]. Amatus states that, at first, Robert "Guiscard" joined "Pandulf" [Pandulf IV Prince of Capua], who promised him his daughter in marriage[1625]. m MARIA, daughter of --- (-after 1038). The "princes Pandulf II et Pandulf IV fratres…Mariam principissam…conjugem et cognatam nostram" issued a charter dated 6 Mar 1017, signed by "Paldofli…principis…Paldolfi adolescentis principis"[1626]. Stasser suggests that Maria must have been the wife of the first named and "cognata" of the second named[1627]. The Annales Altahenses Maiores record that "Pandulfi ducis uxor cum filio suo et filia" were sent by Prince Pandolf to make peace with Emperor Konrad II in 1038, and that "filius eius" who had been given as a hostage escaped but that "soror eius" remained[1628]. Prince Pandolf & his wife had four children:

a) PANDOLF (-1057). The Annales Altahenses Maiores record that "Pandulfi ducis uxor cum filio suo et filia" were sent by Prince Pandolf to make peace with Emperor Konrad II in 1038, and that "filius eius" who had been given as a hostage escaped but that "soror eius" remained[1629]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Padolfo Gualo filio suo [=Paldolfus]" succeeded his father as PANDOLF V Prince of Capua[1630]. Amatus also records the succession of Pandolf, son of Pandolf IV, in 1049[1631]. m ---. The name of Prince Pandolf's wife is not known. Prince Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) LANDOLF (-after 1062). Amatus names Landulf son of Prince Pandolf when recording his succession in 1057 as LANDOLF VIII Prince of Capua[1632]. "Landolfus filius Paldolfi Gualo" ruled for about 10 years before being expelled by "Ricsardo Aversæ comite"[1633], which exaggerates the length of his reign. According to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, "Landulfus VI qui postquam regnavit per annos 12" was expelled by "principe Normannorum Riccardo de Aversa"[1634]. This latter source does not give Landolf's parentage or mention the reign of Pandolf V, but there is clearly a break in the chronology of rulers as "Landulfus VI" is named immediately after "Padulfus V de Tiano" and his son "Ioanne". Amatus confirms that Prince Landolf surrendered Capua to Richard Count of Aversa[1635], dated to [May/Jul] 1058. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf VIII & his wife had one child:

(a) SICHELGAITA (-after 1098). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1098 which records that "Gaimar fils de Pandulf fils du prince Gaimar, fils du prince Jean" donated his part of the church of Santa Maria di Salerno to Cava abbey, for the salvation of "son épouse Sichelgaita, fille de Landulf, fils du prince Pandulf di Capoue et de leurs enfants", and Sichelgaita "fille de Landulf fils du prince Pandulf de Capoue" added a personal request for prayers for herself after he death[1636]. m GUAIMAR di Giffoni, son of PALDULF di Salerno & his wife Theodora di Tusculanum (-[Aug 1100/1103]).

ii) ADELGRIMA (-Mar 1096 or after). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Adelgrima comitissa filia Pandulfi principis Capuana…relicta Raynaldi comitis filii Berardi comitis", living in Auricula castle in Carseolano, and making a donation of four castles to Monte Cassino in 1096 (Mar 1096 in the margin)[1637]. "Adelgrima quoque comitissa filia Pandulfi principis Capuani, habitatrix in territorio Carseolano, in castello…Auricula, relicta Raynaldi comitis filii Berardi comitis" made a donation of four castles in Carseolano in 1096[1638]. m RINALDO di Marsi, son of BERARDO [III] Count of Marsi & his wife Rogata --- (-before 1096).

b) MARIA ([1020]-). Amatus names "two brothers Atenulf and Lando…Counts of Aquino, who were well disposed to Pandulf because they had married his two daughters", the marriages presumably both dated to before 1038[1639]. Senatrix. m (before 1038) ATENULF of Aquino, son of --- (-1061). He was installed as Duke of Gaeta in 1045.

c) SICHELGARDA (-[9 Sep] before 1082). Amatus names "two brothers Atenulf and Lando…Counts of Aquino, who were well disposed to Pandulf because they had married his two daughters", the marriages presumably both dated to before 1038[1640]. "Adenulfus comes et Landulfus comes et Pandulfus comes et Lando comes Aquinensis et filii Johanni Landonis comitis de Aquino" donated property to the church of Santo Marciano, for the soul of "genitricis nostra dña Sicelgarda", by charter dated 1105[1641]. It is possible that she was "Sicelgarda comitissa" whose death is recorded 9 Sep in a necrology of Benevento[1642]. m (before 1038) LANDO [II] of Aquino, son of ATENOLF [IV] di Aquino & his wife ---.

d) --- di Capua (-after [1047/49]). The Annales Altahenses Maiores record that "Pandulfi ducis uxor cum filio suo et filia" were sent by Prince Pandolf to make peace with Emperor Konrad II in 1038, and that "filius eius" who had been given as a hostage escaped but that "soror eius" remained[1643]. Amatus records that "Pandulf attracted Robert [=Guiscard] to him…and gave him a…castle…promised…him his daughter as a wife…but [later] Pandulf refused him", dated to [1047/49][1644]. Betrothed ([1047/49]) to ROBERT "Guiscard", son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- ([1020]-Phiscardo Bay, Cephalonia 17 Jul 1085, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa). Pope Nicholas II declared him ROBERT Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily in [1060].

2. ATENOLF (-30 Mar 1022). Amatus records the death at sea of "Pandulf's brother Atenulf"[1645].

3. LANDOLF di Capua (-Sep 1034). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino"[1646]. According to the Annales Beneventani, the calculation of the regnal years of "Landolfi filii eius [=domini Pandolfi]" suggests that he was installed as joint Prince of Benevento, jointly with his father, in [987][1647]. LANDOLF V Prince of Benevento.

- PRINCES of BENEVENTO.

4. MARIA (-after 1040). Amatus records that the wife of "the Patrician of Amalfi" was the sister of Pandolf IV Prince of Capua[1648]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso filius…Domini Sergii patris" succeeded in 1035 after his nephew Sergius was expelled and ruled 4 years and 3 months "cum Domina Maria genetrice sua"[1649]. She assumed power in Amalfi with her younger son in 1028, but was captured in 1029 by her older son. She resumed power in 1034. m SERGIUS of Amalfi, son of IOANNES II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- (-1028). He succeeded iin 1007 as SERGIUS III Duke of Amalfi.

5. GAITELGRIMA (-[Jul/Nov] 1027). Amatus records that the wife of Guaimar [III] Prince of Salerno was the sister of Pandolf [IV] Prince of Capua and that the latter was released after the intervention of Prince Guaimar[1650]. "Guaimarius et Guaimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gaitelgrime Principisse…coniugis nostre", by charter dated May 1023, the dating clause stating that the year was the thirty-fifth of "Domni Guaimarii Principis" and the fifth of "Domni Guaimarii eius filio", subscribed by "Gaitelgrimam Guaimarii III uxorem" and "uxorem Guaimarii IV…Gemmam"[1651]. The dating clause of two charters dated Jun 1027 and Jul 1027 refer to the ninth year of "principatus domni…Guaimari" and the first year of "principatus domne Gaytelgrime genetrice eius"[1652], indicating that Gaitelgrima was appointed co-ruler or regent because of the minority of her son. "Gaitelgrima" is not named in the charters from Nov 1027 onwards, presumably indicating that she died before that date. m ([Jul 1010/1011]) as his second wife, GUAIMAR III Duke of Salerno, son of IOANNES II Duke of Salerno & his wife --- (-[Feb/Jun] 1027).

PANDOLF, son of LANDOLF IV Prince of Capua & his wife [Maria de Gaeta/Euanthia ---] (-Mar 981). The Annales Beneventani record that "Pandolfus filius eius [=Landolfus princeps]" was installed as Prince of Benevento in 944[1653]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a charter dated Aug 945 "sexto anno principatus domni Landulfi…principis et anno secundo domni Pandulfi eius filii"[1654]. He succeeded his father in 961 as PANDOLF I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua and Benevento. According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Landulfus III et Pandulfus Capiteferreus eius frateri" ruled jointly after the death of their father before dividing their territories, Pandolf ruling in Capua and Landolf in Benevento[1655]. On his accession, Pope John XII sent a papal army south apparently with the intention of seizing Capua, but Gisulf I Prince of Salerno sent help to Capua and the papal forces dispersed[1656]. The dating clause of a charter dated May 961, under which "Andreas filius Loperissi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the twenty-second year of "domni Landolfi…principis" and the eighteenth year of "principatus domni Paldolfi filii eius"[1657]. Pandolf supported Emperor Otto I against the papacy, sheltering the emperor's nominee Pope John XIII when he was temporarily driven from Rome in [966], and was rewarded by being installed as Marchese of Camerino and Duke of Spoleto[1658]. He led Emperor Otto's forces in the invasion of Apulia in 969 but was captured and briefly taken prisoner to Constantinople[1659]. The bishoprics of Capua and Benevento were made into archbishoprics in [967] and 969 respectively[1660]. He reinstated Gisulf I Prince of Salerno in [973/74] after the latter was deposed in a palace revolution[1661]. On his death, the principality of Benevento separated from Capua. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Prince Pandolf in Mar 981[1662].

m ([950/55]) ALOARA, daughter of PIETRO Conte & his wife --- (-[late Dec] 992). "Aloara…principissa relicta bone memorie domini Paldolfi…et filia cuiusdam Petri comitis", with the consent of "Landenolfi principis et Gisolfi germanis filiis et mundoalt meis", donated land and rights to the monastery of San Lorenzo di Capua, for the souls of "domini Paldolfi…principis viri meo et…bone memorie Paldolfi principis Salernitane cibitate filio meo et…Landolfi principis et Atenolfi marchionis filiis meis", by charter dated May 986, witnessed by "Grimoaldo comes…"[1663]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domna Aluara…principissa in Caldanas de Calarias" presided, with "domnus Landenolfus…princeps…Pando comes Marefrais et Maraldo filius Madelfrit et Landolfus filius idem Landolfi, et Lando frater eius, et Landenolfus comes Castro Calinolo, et Daoferi, et Daoferio frater Vulturnensis comitibus et Pando et Auxentio", hearing a claim by Volturno monastery against "Radelchisi filius cuiusdam Radoaldi", by charter dated Jan 988[1664]. “Aloara et Landenolfus filio eius...Langoardorum gentis principes” donated property in Capua to Montecassino by charter dated “X Kal Jul anno sexto principatus domni Landenolfi...principis” [988][1665]. “Aloara et Landenolfus filio eius...Langovardorum gentis principes” donated property in Capua to Montecassino, at the request of “Aidolfus et Gisolfus comitibus...filiis et fratribus nostris”, by charter dated “anno nono principatus domni Landenolfi...principis indictione quarta” [991][1666]. "Petrus comes Langobardus filius quondam Landoni comitis Langobardi" confirmed a donation by "Aloara…principissa relicta bone memorie domni Paldolfi…principis et filia cuiusdam Petri comitis…cum consensus…Landenolfi principis…Gisolfi…filii", by charter dated to [986/1022][1667]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Alvara genetrice sua [=Landolf VI]" succeeded jointly with Landenolf after the death of her son Landolf[1668]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records the death of "Aloara", and four months later the murder of her son "Landenulfum" (dated to Easter 993)[1669].

Prince Pandolf & his wife had [eight] children:

1. LANDOLF ([955]-killed in battle Calabria 13 Jul 982). He is named "Landolfi filii eius [=Pandolfi]" in the Annales Beneventani[1670]. He succeeded his father in 981 as LANDOLF VI Prince of Capua. According to the Annales Beneventani, the Beneventans expelled "Landolfum filium domni Pandolfi" in 982 and installed his cousin Pandolf as their prince[1671]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Landenulfus [error for Landolfus] et Atenulfus…Aloaræ filii" were killed in battle in Calabria in support of Emperor Otto II[1672]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that he was killed fighting Saracens ("ab Agarenis"[1673]) in Calabria with "Athnulph germano suo, Ingulph et Vadipert et Gudo de Suessia, nepotibus suis"[1674].

2. PALDOLF ([955/60]-before May 986). The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Paldulfum filium Pandulfi Capuæ principis eius atfinis" was adopted by Gisulf I Duke of Salerno as his heir after Pandolf's father helped to restore him to the throne of Salerno in 973[1675]. He succeeded his adoptive father in 977 as PALDOLF Prince of Salerno, under the guardianship of "Ioannis, filii Lambert comitis eius atfinis"[1676]. He was deposed in [Sep] 981 by Manso II Duke of Amalfi[1677]. According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Landulfus IV…et Paldulfus, qui fuit princeps Salerni cum patre, et mortuus est ibi post patrem suum", without specifying the relationship between the two[1678]. "Aloara…principissa relicta bone memorie domini Paldolfi…et filia cuiusdam Petri comitis", with the consent of "Landenolfi principis et Gisolfi germanis filiis et mundoalt meis", donated land and rights to the monastery of San Lorenzo di Capua, for the souls of "domini Paldolfi…principis viri meo et…bone memorie Paldolfi principis Salernitane cibitate filio meo et…Landolfi principis et Atenolfi marchionis filiis meis", by charter dated May 986, witnessed by "Grimoaldo comes…"[1679].

- PRINCES of SALERNO.

3. ATENOLF (-killed in battle Calabria 13 Jul 982). A charter dated Aug 981 records an exchange of property between the inhabitants of Bitulacci and "domino Atenolfi fili bone recordationis domini Paldolfi…principis…et…domini Landenolfi et Laidolfi et Gisolfi germanis tuis filii predicti domini Paldolfi…principis"[1680]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Landenulfus et Atenulfus…Aloaræ filii" were killed in battle in Calabria in support of Emperor Otto II[1681]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Athnulph germano suo, Ingulph et Vadipert et Gudo de Suessia, nepotibus suis" were killed fighting in Calabria with "Landulph Audax filius Capiferreu"[1682].

4. LANDENOLF [II] (-murdered Capua [Easter] 993, bur 21 Apr 993 Capua St Benedict). A charter dated Aug 981 records an exchange of property between the inhabitants of Bitulacci and "domino Atenolfi fili bone recordationis domini Paldolfi…principis…et…domini Landenolfi et Laidolfi et Gisolfi germanis tuis filii predicti domini Paldolfi…principis"[1683]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti records that "Landenolfus princeps filium Paldolfi eximii princeps" succeeded as Prince of Capua[1684]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that, after the death of Landolf VI Prince of Capua, "Aloara" installed "filium Landenulfum" as prince but that he was assassinated "post quattuor menses" (which would place the murder in 983, which is inconsistent with other sources) "ad ecclesiam sancti Marcelli…quinta feria sancti paschæ" by the Capuans, after which "Trasmundus Teatinus comes et marchio propinquus eiusdem principes" besieged Capua[1685]. "Aloara…principissa relicta bone memorie domini Paldolfi…et filia cuiusdam Petri comitis", with the consent of "Landenolfi principis et Gisolfi germanis filiis et mundoalt meis", donated land and rights to the monastery of San Lorenzo di Capua, for the souls of "domini Paldolfi…principis viri meo et…bone memorie Paldolfi principis Salernitane cibitate filio meo et…Landolfi principis et Atenolfi marchionis filiis meis", by charter dated May 986, witnessed by "Grimoaldo comes…"[1686]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domna Aluara…principissa in Caldanas de Calarias" presided, with "domnus Landenolfus…princeps…Pando comes Marefrais et Maraldo filius Madelfrit et Landolfus filius idem Landolfi, et Lando frater eius, et Landenolfus comes Castro Calinolo, et Daoferi, et Daoferio frater Vulturnensis comitibus et Pando et Auxentio", hearing a claim by Volturno monastery against "Radelchisi filius cuiusdam Radoaldi", by charter dated Jan 988[1687]. “Aloara et Landenolfus filio eius...Langovardorum gentis principes” donated property in Capua to Montecassino, at the request of “Aidolfus et Gisolfus comitibus...filiis et fratribus nostris”, by charter dated “anno nono principatus domni Landenolfi...principis indictione quarta” [991][1688]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Landenolfus princeps" was killed "a Langobardis intus civitate Capua", after which "Hugo Marchio" besieged Capua, inserted in the text after the record of a charter dated 995[1689]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that he was murdered "sine causa…fraudolenter" and buried 21 Apr 993 in the church of St Benedict at Capua[1690]. According to the "Catalogus Principum Capuæ", "Landenulfus…filius Capiteferrei" was killed by unjust citizens "per malam voluntatem Laydulfi eius fratris minoris"[1691].

5. LAIDOLF (-after 999). A charter dated Aug 981 records an exchange of property between the inhabitants of Bitulacci and "domino Atenolfi fili bone recordationis domini Paldolfi…principis…et…domini Landenolfi et Laidolfi et Gisolfi germanis tuis filii predicti domini Paldolfi…principis"[1692]. “Aloara et Landenolfus filio eius...Langovardorum gentis principes” donated property in Capua to Montecassino, at the request of “Aidolfus et Gisolfus comitibus...filiis et fratribus nostris”, by charter dated “anno nono principatus domni Landenolfi...principis indictione quarta” [991][1693]. Conte di Teano. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti records that "Laydolfum frater eius [=Landenulf] quo Tianus erat comitem" succeeded his brother in 992 as LAIDOLF Prince of Capua, and that he was deposed and exiled with his wife in 999[1694]. “Laidulfus...Langovardorum gentis princeps” donated property to Montecassino, at the request of “Guido comes”, by charter dated “IV Id Dec anno secundo principatus domni Laydulfi...principis...in civitate Capuana” [993][1695]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis states that it was said that "Laidulfo" had agreed to the assassination of his brother, when recording his exile from Capua[1696]. m MARIA, daughter of ---. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Maria principissa" as "uxor Laydolfi" when recording that they were exiled by Emperor Otto III[1697].

6. GISULF (-after Aug 996). A charter dated Aug 981 records an exchange of property between the inhabitants of Bitulacci and "domino Atenolfi fili bone recordationis domini Paldolfi…principis…et…domini Landenolfi et Laidolfi et Gisolfi germanis tuis filii predicti domini Paldolfi…principis"[1698]. "Aloara…principissa relicta bone memorie domini Paldolfi…et filia cuiusdam Petri comitis", with the consent of "Landenolfi principis et Gisolfi germanis filiis et mundoalt meis", donated land and rights to the monastery of San Lorenzo di Capua, for the souls of "domini Paldolfi…principis viri meo et…bone memorie Paldolfi principis Salernitane cibitate filio meo et…Landolfi principis et Atenolfi marchionis filiis meis", by charter dated May 986, witnessed by "Grimoaldo comes…"[1699]. “Aloara et Landenolfus filio eius...Langovardorum gentis principes” donated property in Capua to Montecassino, at the request of “Aidolfus et Gisolfus comitibus...filiis et fratribus nostris”, by charter dated “anno nono principatus domni Landenolfi...principis indictione quarta” [991][1700]. Conte di Teano. “Gisolfus...comes Teanensæ civitatis filius bonæ memoriæ domni Paldolfi principi” donated property in Teano to Montecassino, referring to but not naming “uxori meæ”, by charter dated Aug “quarto anno principatus domni Landolfi...principis” [996][1701]. m --- (-after Aug 996). “Gisolfus...comes Teanensæ civitatis filius bonæ memoriæ domni Paldolfi principi” donated property in Teano to Montecassino, referring to but not naming “uxori meæ”, by charter dated Aug “quarto anno principatus domni Landolfi...principis” [996][1702]. Gisulf & his wife had [two] children:

a) [PANDOLF di Capua (-[1026/28]). Pandolf and his (probable) brother Gisulf were grandsons of Pandolf I Prince of Capua and Benevento and his wife Aloara, but it is not known which of the couple´s sons was their father. Stasser says that "on peut affirmer avec une quasi certitude qu´il s´agit de Gisulf", excluding Laidolf on the basis that Pandolf VI Prince of Capua would have claimed this connection in contemporary documentation if he had been Laidolf´s son[1703]. Stasser´s analysis does not consider the possibility that Atenolf was their father. Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus et Gisulfus Teanenses comites" [presumably brothers, although the relationship between the donors is not specified in the source] donated land at Cesima to Monte Cassino, dated to [1011/22][1704]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfo Teanensi comiti" succeeded as PANDOLF VI Prince of Capua, dated to [1022][1705]. "Pandolphus et Johannes filius eiusdem principis…Langobardorum gentis principes" confirmed the rights of the monastery of San Salvatore near Naples, at the request of Emperor Heinrich II, by charter dated 2 Sep 1022[1706]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[1707]. "Paldolfus et Joannes filius eiusdem…principis…Langovardorum gentis principes" confirmed rights as abbess to "domna Sichelgayta abbatissa" (abbess of Santa Maria di Cingla), at the request of "Landenolfus comes Calacianus…filius quondam Landolfi", by charter dated 13 Jun 1024[1708]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus…Teanensis quem principem Capuæ factum ab imperatore" joined "Boaino", left Capua for Naples, and later lived in Rome where he died, dated to [1026/28][1709]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that Prince Pandolf VI was exiled with his son "in Romaniam"[1710].]

i) IOANNES (-after 1026). "Pandolphus et Johannes filius eiusdem principis…Langobardorum gentis principes" confirmed the rights of the monastery of San Salvatore near Naples, at the request of Emperor Heinrich II, by charter dated 2 Sep 1022[1711]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[1712]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Iohanne filio suo [=Pandulfo Teanensi]" ruled jointly with his father as IOANNES Prince of Capua but was exiled with his father "in Romaniam"[1713]. "Otto…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted Pontecorvo to "principis Capuani…Iohannis Gagetani senioris consulis atque ducis nostri" by charter dated 15 Oct 999[1714]. m BLACTA, daughter of --- (-after Jul 1049). "…Blacta…monachile…quæ fui principissa et relicta quondam Johanni principis filia [sic] supradicti Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[1715].

ii) other children: CONTI di TEANO.

b) [GISULF (-after [1011/22]). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus et Gisulfus Teanenses comites" [presumably brothers, although the relationship between the donors is not specified in the source] donated land at Cesima to Monte Cassino, dated to [1011/22][1716].]

- CONTI di TEANO.

7. [AGELTRUDA (-[21 Mar 1008/18 Feb 1011]). Stasser suggests that the first wife of Rudolf III King of Burgundy was the daughter of Pandolf I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua[1717]. He bases this hypothesis firstly on onomastics, highlighting that the name Ageltruda is found only among the Lombard families, and secondly on the possibility that the marriage was arranged by Emperor Otto II during his Italian expedition in 981. "Rudulfus rex" names "coniugis nostre Agildrudis" in a charter dated 12 Jan 994[1718]. m as his first wife, RUDOLF of Burgundy, son of CONRAD I "le Pacifique" King of Burgundy [Welf] & his second wife Mathilde de France [Carolingian] (-5/6 Sep 1032, bur Lausanne Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 993 as RUDOLF III King of Burgundy.]

8. [daughter (-after 982). Stasser records that the Vita Nili iunioris contains a report that Aloara, widow of Pandolf I Prince of Capua and Benevento, persuaded two of her sons to kill an opponent, which they did with the help of their (unnamed) sister[1719].]

The relationship, if any, between the following princes and the main family of the Princes of Capua is not known.

1. ADEMAR (-[999/Mar 1009]). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Ademario cuidam Capuano filio Balsami clerici" was installed as Prince of Capua after "Laidulfo" was deposed and exiled, but was himself deposed after four months[1720]. "Adimarius nepos Alvare princeps" was installed as Prince of Capua after the deposition of Prince Laidolf in 999, but was himself expelled after a few months because of his malice[1721]. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had one child:

a) LANDENOLF (-after Mar 1009). "Landenolfus comes filius quondam Ademari comitis" donated property by charter dated Mar 1009[1722].

1. IOANNES . 1070.

2. LANDO (-after 1098). LANDO IV Prince of Capua.

B. PRINCES of CAPUA 1057-1130 (NORMAN COUNTS of AVERSA)

RICHARD di Aversa, son of ASCLETTIN Count of Aversa & his wife --- (-Capua 5 Apr 1078). Orderic Vitalis names “...Richardus Anschetilli de Quadrellis filius...” among those who left Normandy and settled in Apulia[1723]. The Catalogus Principum Capuæ names "Riccardus comes de Aversa, primus princeps Normanus…filius Asclittini comitis"[1724]. Amatus records that "Richard, the son of Asclettin…a young man" arrived in southern Italy, dated to [1046] from the context, that "his cousin Rainulf [Trincanocte]…asked Richard to leave" because he was too popular, and that Richard "went to his friend Humphrey, who was Drogo´s brother"[1725]. Amatus records that "a man called Sarulus" held "the city of Genzano which has belonged to [Richard´s] brother Asclettin" and willingly granted it to Richard[1726]. Amatus records that "Drogo seized Richard and imprisoned him", that "while Richard was in prison Count Rainulf of Aversa died" (dated to 1048), and that Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno "asked Drogo to surrender Richard to him" and installed him as Conte di Aversa[1727]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records "Richardum filium Asclittini" succeeding "Raidulfus Trinclinocte comes" as Conte di Aversa[1728]. A charter dated [Nov/Dec] 1050 is dated to the first year of "Richard count…the fourth year of the boy count Herman his nephew"[1729]. After the death of Pandolf V Prince of Capua in 1057, Richard conquered Capua and succeeded as RICHARD I Prince of Capua. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Ricardus de gente Normannorum cum Jordano eius filio" was installed as Prince of Capua in 1058 and that "Imperator" sent "Gotfridum Marchionum" in an unsuccessful attempt to expel them[1730]. According to the Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, "Ricsardo Aversæ comite" expelled Prince Landolf VIII, son of Prince Pandolf V, who ruled for about ten years after his father's death[1731], suggesting a period of joint rule which is not corroborated elsewhere. The succession of rulers is further confused by the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, according to which "principe Normannorum Riccardo de Aversa" expelled "Landulfus VI qui postquam regnavit per annos 12"[1732]. Present with Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia at the Council of Melfi, Pope Nicholas II confirmed Richard as Prince of Capua in Aug 1059. He deposed Atenulf II Duke of Gaeta in 1062, installing himself and his son Jordan as dukes[1733]. He consolidated his power in the western part of Campania, even as far as Rome. Orderic Vitalis records that Robert de Grantmesnil, ex-abbot of Ouche, in seeking his restoration as abbot sought help unsuccessfully from “Ricardum principem Capuæ filium Anschetilli de Quadrellis”[1734]. "Riccardus et Iordanes…Capuanorum principes" donated serfs of "Gregorii comitis palatii et Petri filii Doferii" to San Angelo ad Formas, for the souls of "parentum nostrorum Askitini et Robberti…et…avunculi nostri consulis et ducis Raynulfi", by charter dated 1065 "anno nono principatus [eorum] et quarto anno ducatus eorum Gajete"[1735]. In 1066, he marched on Rome, breaking his oath of vasselage to the Pope. "Richardus…princeps" donated San Angelo ad Formas to Montecassino, for the soul of "avunculi nostri…consulis et ducis Raynulfi", by charter dated Feb 1072[1736]. In 1077, he laid siege to Naples and, together with Robert "Guiscard", was excommunicated 3 Mar 1078 by Pope Gregory VII. Amatus records that Richard di Capua besieged Naples, dated to [May 1077/Apr 1078][1737]. According to Amatus, Prince Richard "died and was buried on that day on which Jesus Christ supped with His disciples"[1738]. The Annales Casinenses record that "Riccardus princeps" died "Capua quinta ferii cœnam Domini" in 1077[1739].

m firstly FREDESENDE de Hauteville, daughter of TANCRED de Hauteville & his second wife Fressenda --- ([1025][1740]-before 1074). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records "Drogo sororem suam" as wife of "Richardum filium Asclittini", but does not name her[1741]. "Iordanus…Capuanorum princeps" donated the monastery of San Ruffi in Capua to San Angelo ad Formas, for the souls of "patris mei principis Richardi ac matris meæ Fredessinde…et uxoris meæ Gaytelgrimæ", by charter dated 1082[1742].

m secondly (before Feb 1074) as her first husband, ---. Her marriage is confirmed by a letter dated Feb 1074 from Pope Gregory VII addressed to "Guilielmum comitem Burgundiæ" asking him to warn "comitem sancti Aegidii, et socerum Riccardi Capuani principis et Amedeum filium Adelettæ, cæterosque…fideles" to make peace with the Normans and provide help to Constantinople against the Saracens[1743]. Stasser concludes from this document that "comitem sancti Aegidii" [Raymond de Toulouse de Saint-Gilles] was "socerum" of Richard Prince of Capua[1744]. It should be noted that the version of the letter in question which he quotes (from the MGH Epistolæ edition) reads "comitem Sancti Egidii et socerum Riccardi Capuani…"[1745], without a comma between the two names. Stasser also omits the name of the third person in the extract which he quotes. With the addition of the comma, as well as the third person´s name, the syntax of the passage appears to indicate three different individuals, the second of whom is the anonymous "socerum Riccardi Capuani principis". Prince Richard´s widow married secondly ([Apr 1078/Mar 1079]) ---. Her second marriage, but not the name of her second husband, is confirmed by a letter dated 21 Apr 1079 from Pope Gregory VII addressed to her stepson "Jordano Capuano principi" reproaching him for having obliged "novercam tuam" to remarry[1746]. Stasser indicates that her second husband was her own stepson Prince Jordan I, and therefore that the widow of Richard I Prince of Capua was the daughter of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno[1747]. However, if this had been the case, surely Pope Gregory would have specified the fact in his letter and have been even more virulent in his attack on the prince than he was in the letter as written. Stasser also assumes that Prince Richard´s widow was a different person from the wife identified from the Pope´s earlier letter dated Feb 1074, quoted above, and that she was therefore the prince´s third wife. However, there is nothing in the two papal letters which indicates that this interpretation is correct, and no other primary source has been found which suggests that the hypothesis may be right. Until further information comes to light, it is reasonable to assume (1) that the identify of Prince Richard´s second wife is not known, and (2) that his second wife was his widow when he died.

Prince Richard & his first wife had six children:

1. daughter . Amatus records the betrothal of Richard's daughter to "the Duke of Gaeta's son" and the latter's death before the marriage could take place[1748]. Betrothed (1058) to --- of Gaeta, son of ATENULF I Duke of Gaeta Conte di Aquino & his wife Maria --- (-autumn 1058).

2. daughter . Amatus records the marriage of the daughter of Richard to "an exceptional knight, small in stature, who was very robust, strong, valiant…his adopted son…William" with the counties of Aquino, Marsia and Campagna as dowry[1749]. It is not known whether this was the same daughter who was earlier betrothed to the son of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta (see above). m ([1060/62]) GUILLAUME de Montreuil, son of GUILLAUME Giroie & his second wife Emma --- (-Rome after Sep 1068). His parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis, who also specifies that "later on in Apulia he was known as the good Norman"[1750]. His father-in-law installed him as Duke of Gaeta in [1064], but he rebelled and attempted to repudiate his wife in order to marry Maria, widow of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[1751]. He became commander of the papal army which was victorious in Campania[1752]. He gave two churches to Montecassino in Sep 1068[1753]. Amatus records that he died in Rome from "a burning fever"[1754].

3. JORDAN ([1045/50]-Feb 1091). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Richardus princeps Capuanus cum Iordane filio et fratre Rainulfo"[1755]. His birth date range is estimated from the probable birth date of his mother. According to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, "Iordanes I filius Riccardi" ruled as Prince of Capua jointly with his father in Capua and later as "dux Cagetanus"[1756]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Ricardus de gente Normannorum cum Jordano eius filio" was installed as Prince of Capua in 1058 and that "Imperator" sent "Gotfridum Marchionum" in an unsuccessful attempt to expel them[1757]. He was installed as Duke of Gaeta with his father in 1062, after the latter deposed Duke Atenolf II[1758]. "Riccardus et Iordanes…Capuanorum principes" donated serfs of "Gregorii comitis palatii et Petri filii Doferii" to San Angelo ad Formas, for the souls of "parentum nostrorum Askitini et Robberti…et…avunculi nostri consulis et ducis Raynulfi", by charter dated 1065 "anno nono principatus [eorum] et quarto anno ducatus eorum Gajete"[1759]. He lifted the siege of Naples after his father's death, and went to Rome to persuade the Pope to lift his sentence of excommunication to ensure he could succeed his father as JORDAN I Prince of Capua. At the Pope's request, he rebelled against Robert "Guiscard", but the revolt was suppressed in 1079. "Iordanus…Capuanorum princeps" donated the monastery of San Ruffi in Capua to San Angelo ad Formas, for the souls of "patris mei principis Richardi ac matris meæ Fredessinde…et uxoris meæ Gaytelgrimæ", by charter dated 1082[1760]. He supported his first cousin Bohemond, later Prince of Antioch, in his rebellion against his half-brother Roger "Borsa", after the death of their father Robert "Guiscard" in 1085[1761]. "…Domno Iordani Capuano principi…Ionathæ et Bartholomei germanorum eius…Pandulphi de Presumzanu" witnessed the charter dated 7 Dec 1089 which records a judgment in favour of the monastery of San Stefano di Fossanova[1762]. The Chronicon Fossæ Novæ records the death in 1090 of "Jordanus princeps Capuæ"[1763]. The Annals of Romoald record the death in Feb 1091 of "Iordanus Capue"[1764]. m (1077) as her first husband, GAITELGRIMA di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno & his wife Gemma of Capua (-[Jun 1104/9 Dec 1108]). The Annals of Romoald record the marriage in 1077 of "filiam Guaimarii princeps Salernitani" and "Riccardus princeps"[1765]. According to William of Apulia[1766], "Gaitelgrima" daughter of Prince Guaimar IV married Jordan Prince of Capua. The Gestis Ducum Normannorum names "Gatteclina soror eius [=Sichelgaitæ] minor" as the wife of "Iordani principi Capuæ filio Ricardi senioris"[1767]. "Iordanus…Capuanorum princeps" donated the monastery of San Ruffi in Capua to San Angelo ad Formas, for the souls of "patris mei principis Richardi ac matris meæ Fredessinde…et uxoris meæ Gaytelgrimæ", by charter dated 1082[1768]. She married secondly ([1091/93]) Ugo di Faida. Robert Prince of Capua donated property to San Paolo di Aversa for the souls of "quondam principum Richardi…avi et Jourdani patris nec non Richardi fratris nostri et matris nostre Gaytelgrime" by charter dated 9 Dec 1108[1769]. Prince Jordan & his wife had five children:

a) RICHARD (-Jan 1106). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Riccardum et Robbertum atque Iordanum" as the sons of "Riccardus princeps" (error for Jordan) & his wife[1770]. The Chronicon Amalphitani names "Ricardum, Robertum et Jonatham" as the sons of "Jordanum"[1771]. Orderic Vitalis calls him "Richard son of Jordan", great-nephew of Roger I Count of Sicily[1772]. The Gestis Ducum Normannorum names "Iordani principi Capuæ filio Ricardi senioris" as father of "Ricardi iunioris" by his wife[1773]. The Catalogus Principum Capuæ record that "Riccardus II Calbus filius Iordani" succeeded his father as RICHARD II Prince of Capua, but after some years was expelled "a comitibus Langobardis"[1774]. "Secundus Richardus…Capuanorum princeps" confirmed the donations to San Angelo ad Formas by "Iordanum principum patrem meum…Ricardus princeps pater eius avus meus" by charter dated 15 Sep 1095[1775]. With help from Roger I Count of Sicily and Roger "Borsa" Duke of Apulia, he besieged Capua in May 1098 and was reinstated, but was obliged to grant the lordship of Naples to the Count of Sicily. The Annales Cavenses record the death of "Riccardus princeps filius Iordanis" in 1105[1776], the Annals of Romoald recording his death in Jan 1106[1777].

b) ROBERT (-3 Jun 1120[1778]). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Riccardum et Robbertum atque Iordanum" as the sons of "Riccardus princeps" (error for Jordan) & his wife[1779]. The Chronicon Amalphitani names "Ricardum, Robertum et Jonatham" as the sons of "Jordanum"[1780]. According to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ, "Robertus I fratre suo saginaro" ruled as Prince of Capua jointly with his brother after the latter was restored as prince and solely after his brother's death[1781]. The Annales Ceccanenses record that in 1104 "Robbertus filius Iordanis principis" rebelled against the prince his brother[1782]. The Chronicon Fossæ Novæ records that "Robertus filius Jordani principis" rebelled against "principem…germanium eius" in 1104[1783]. The Annales Cavenses record "Robertus filius Iordanis" invading Capua in 1106 and succeeding his brother as ROBERT I Prince of Capua[1784]. Although nominally still the vassal of the Duke of Apulia, he submitted to Emperor Heinrich V, taking advantage of the weakness of Duke Roger "Borsa". "Robbertus filius bone memorie Iordanis principis procurator…principatus Capuæ" donated property, at the request of "Goffridi de Medania", by charter dated Apr 1106[1785]. "Robbertus…Capuanorum princeps" confirmed the donations to San Angelo ad Formas by "Richardum principem avum meum…Iordanus princeps filius eius meusque pater…Richardus princeps natus eius et frater meus" by charter dated Sep 1107[1786]. Robert Prince of Capua donated property to San Paolo di Aversa for the souls of "quondam principum Richardi…avi et Jourdani patris nec non Richardi fratris nostri et matris nostre Gaytelgrime" by charter dated 9 Dec 1108[1787]. The Chronicle of Falco Beneventano records that "Richardum filium Roberti principis" was installed as prince of Capua 5 May 1120, and that "princeps ipse genitor eius" died eight days later[1788]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records the death of "Robbertus Capuanorum princeps", the date "1120 3 Jun" in the margin[1789]. The Annals of Romoald record his death in Jun 1120[1790]. m ---. The name of Robert's wife is not known. Prince Robert & his wife had two children:

i) RICHARD (-10 Jun 1120). "Riccardus III eius filius [=Robertus I]" qui dicebatur Rombulus" is named in the Catalogus Principum Capuæ[1791]. The Annales Cavenses record that "Riccardus filius eius [="Roggerius princeps", error for Robert]" succeeded his father in 1120 as RICHARD III Prince of Capua, anointed 27 May 1120 but died 10 Jun 1120[1792]. The Chronicle of Falco Beneventano records that "Richardum filium Roberti principis" was installed as prince of Capua 5 May 1120, that "princeps ipse genitor eius" died eight days later, and that "filius…principis illius" died ten days after being consecrated[1793].

ii) [CRISTIANA] di Capua (-before 1121). She is shown as the first wife of King István in Europäische Stammtafeln[1794], but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. m as his first wife, ISTVÁN II King of Hungary and Croatia, son of KÁLMÁN "Könyves/the Bookman" King of Hungary & his first wife [Felicia] of Sicily (1101-1 Mar 1131, bur Oradea).

c) JORDAN (-1127). The Annals of Romoald name (in order) "Riccardum et Robbertum atque Iordanum" as the sons of "Riccardus princeps" (error for Jordan) & his wife[1795]. "Iordanes II frater Riccardi et Roberti" ruled after them according to the Catalogus Principum Capuæ[1796]. "Iordanus filius quondam domini Iordani Capuani principis" confirmed the properties of "in territorio Nucerie…monasterio…sancti Egidii", with the consent of "Robberto principe Capuani…fratre meo", by charter dated Nov 1113[1797]. He succeeded his nephew in 1120 as JORDAN II Prince of Capua. The Annales Cavenses record that "Iordanus princeps" was anointed 4 Jul 1120 but do not state the relationship with his predecessor[1798]. The Chronicle of Falco Beneventano records that "Jordanum…Roberti principis fratrem" succeeded as prince of Capua 5 May 1120 after the death of his nephew[1799]. "Iordanus Capuanorum princeps" confirmed the donations to San Angelo ad Formas by "secundus Richardus princeps frater noster…Richardi quondam avi ac Iordanis patris" by charter dated Nov 1120[1800]. The Annales Cavenses record his death in 1127[1801]. m GAITELGRIMA di Sorrento, daughter of SERGIUS [II] Duke of Sorrento & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Sep 1111, recording the swearing of allegiance to Cava, in which Sergius [II] Duke of Sorrento is named as "socer" of "Jourdain fils du prince Jourdain"[1802]. She is named Gaitelgrima in a charter dated Sep 1137 of her son Robert II Prince of Capua[1803]. Prince Jordan & his wife had two children:

i) ROBERT (-after 1154). The Catalogus Principum Capuæ record that "Robertus II filius Iordani II" succeeded his father in 1127 as ROBERT II Prince of Capua[1804]. The De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis of Alessandro Abbot of Telese records that "Grimoaldus Barensium princeps, Gofridus comes Andrensis, Tancredus de Conversano atque Rogerius Orianensis comes…et Robertus Capuanorum princeps" supported the Pope in opposing the accession of Roger Count of Sicily in Apulia (in 1127)[1805]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that Pope Honorius II invaded Apulia in 1127 with "Roberto Capuano principe, Raydulfo comite Ayrolæ cognato prædicti ducis, cum Conversanensibus, Grimoaldo principe Barensi" in an unsuccessful attempt to expel Duke Roger, adding that "dux Rogerius" made peace "cum prædictis baronibus et Roberto Capuano principe" after the Pope withdrew later in the same year[1806]. He was invested as prince by Pope Honorius II in early 1128[1807]. "Secundus Robbertus…Capuanorum princeps" donated serfs to San Angelo ad Formas by charter dated 1129[1808]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that "Robertus Capuanorum princeps et Raydulfus comes Ayrolæ…" rebelled against Duke Roger in 1130 and defeated him "apud Scafatum fluvium in territorio Nuceriæ", before their rebellion was suppressed[1809]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that, after "dominus Tancredus…cum domino Alexandro comite fratre suo et…domino Grimoaldo Barensi" made peace with Duke Roger 10 Aug [1129/30], "Robertus…Capuanus princeps et comes Raydulfus" sought help from Emperor Lothar[1810]. He submitted to Roger II Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily in 1130, making the latter's conquest of southern Italy complete. The Chronicle of Falco Beneventano records that Roger King of Sicily disinherited "principem Robertum et Rainulphum comitem" in 1132[1811]. The Ignoti Monachi Chronica records that in the first year of the reign of Guillaume I King of Sicily, [1154/55], "Robertus, qui fuerat princeps Capuanus, Robertus comes de Lauritello consanguineus regis et comes Andreas nepos condam Raynulfi" by whom he had "filium Symonem, quem constituit principem Capue" invaded the kingdom "cum Grecorum exercitu" and subjugated "totam Apuliam et Terram Laboris", and that "Robertus" was captured "in flumine Gariliano a comite Riccardo de Aquila" and sent to the king as a prisoner[1812].

ii) GAITELGRIMA (-after 1127). The primary source which records the second marriage of Duke Guillaume and his wife's parentage is not known. m ([1120/21]) as his second wife, GUILLAUME Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, son of ROGER "Borsa/the Purse" Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily & his wife Adela de Flandre ([1096/97]-Salerno 25 Jul 1127, bur Salerno Cathedral).

d) JONATHAN . The Chronicon Amalphitani names "Ricardum, Robertum et Jonatham" as the sons of "Jordanum", adding that "Jonathas" died childless from his wife "sororem Rogerii Comitis Siciliæ"[1813], although the latter statement confuses him with his paternal grandfather as it is chronologically impossible for Jonathan to have married a daughter of Tancred de Hauteville. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Ionathas filius Iordani principis" when recording his attack on Sorano[1814].

e) daughter (-after [1088/90]). A letter of Pope Urban II, dated to [12 Mar 1088/20 Nov 1090], permits the annulment of the betrothal between "Jordanis principis…filiam suam infantulum" and "Raynaldo, Rodeli filio"[1815]. Betrothed ([1086/87], contract broken [12 Mar 1088/20 Nov 1090]) RAINALD Ridel, son of GEOFFROY Ridell Duke of Gaeta & his wife .

4. JONATHAN (-1094). "…Domno Iordani Capuano principi…Ionathæ et Bartholomei germanorum eius…Pandulphi de Presumzanu" witnessed the charter dated 7 Dec 1089 which records a judgment in favour of the monastery of San Stefano di Fossanova[1816]. Conte di Carinola. The Annales Casinenses record that "Ionathas apprehendit Adenulfum comitem Atini" in 1091[1817].

5. BARTOLOMEO . "…Domno Iordani Capuano principi…Ionathæ et Bartholomei germanorum eius…Pandulphi de Presumzanu" witnessed the charter dated 7 Dec 1089 which records a judgment in favour of the monastery of San Stefano di Fossanova[1818]. Conte di Carinola. m ---. The name of Bartolomeo´s wife is not known. Bartolomeo & his wife had two children:

a) ---. m ---. One child:

i) JORDAN (-before 1121). The primary source which confirms his parentage is not known. He was installed as Duke of Gaeta in 1112, as a minor[1819].

b) RICCARDO (-1134). The primary source which confirms his parentage is not known. Conte di Carinola. He succeeded his nephew [1119/21] as Duke of Gaeta[1820]. He is recorded as Prince of Capua in 1123. m ---. The name of Riccardo's wife is not known. Riccardo & his wife had one child:

i) GIONATA [Jonathas] (-after 1161). The primary source which confirms his parentage is not known. He was installed as Conte di Conza in [1145] by Roger I King of Sicily. Hugo Falcandus names "Count Jonathan" among the conspirators against chancellor Maio in [1156][1821]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that "Jonathas comes Consiæ et Gilbertus comes Gravinæ et Boamundus comes Monopelli et Rogerus comes Acerræ et Philippus comes de Sangro et Rogerius Tricarici comes" rebelled against "Mayonem Ammiratum", dated to 1160 from the context[1822]. Hugo Falcandus records that "Count Jonathan of Conza" fled into the Abruzzi after the general conspiracy in 1161[1823]. [Conte di Caleno. The "Catalogus Baronum", dated to the earlier part of the period [1166/89], records "comes Jonathas" holding "de principatu Capuæ Calenum…et Ayrola…et Sanctum Martinum", with "feuda militum XXIII et augmentum eius…milites XXVII…inter proprium feudum et augmentum milites L" and listing his feeholders "in Aversa"[1824].] Conte di Conza. The "Catalogus Baronum", dated to the earlier part of the period [1166/89], records "comes Jonathas" holding fees "Consia…Cayranum…Calitrum…Castellionum…Mons Odorisius…Montemar…Licetum…", with "milites III et cum augmento…milites CIV" and lists his feeholders[1825]. m STEFANIA, daughter of ---. Ionathas & his wife had two children:

(a) RICCARDO (-after Feb 1161). Chalandon states that "Richard et Geoffroi" two sons of Ionathas Conte di Conza are named in a charter dated Feb 1161[1826].

(b) GOFREDO (-after Feb 1161). Chalandon states that "Richard et Geoffroi" two sons of Ionathas Conte di Conza are named in a charter dated Feb 1161[1827].

6. LIMPIASA of Capua . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 31 Dec [1120] under which her son "Iohannes…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis protosevastos filius quondam vone recordationis domini Sergii…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis protosevasto et quondam domina Limpiasa…ducissa que fuit filia quondam vone memorie domini Riccardi principis Capuane civitatis iugalium personarum" exchanged property with the monastery of SS Sergio & Bacchio[1828]. It appears more acceptable from a chronological point of view that she was the daughter of Richard I Prince of Capua than Richard II. Stasser suggests that the marriage took place after her father died, marking the end of the siege of Naples[1829]. m ([Apr 1078]) SERGIUS VI Duke of Naples, son of IOANNES of Naples senator & his wife Sichelgarda --- (-1107).

C. PRINCES of CAPUA 1136-1172 (HAUTEVILLE)

Two brothers;

1. ALPHONSE of Sicily, son of ROGER II King of Sicily & his first wife Infanta doña Elvira de Castilla ([1120/21]-10 Oct 1144). "Anfusum eius filium [=Rogerium regem Siciliæ" was installed by his father as ALPHONSE Prince of Capua in 1136[1830]. He was invested as Prince of Capua Aug 1135, confirmed by Pope Innocent II 25 Jul 1139. Duke of Naples 1139. Together with his brother Roger, he captured the Abruzzi in spring 1140.

2. GUILLAUME of Sicily ([1131]-7 or 15 May 1166). The Catalogus Principum Capuæ record that he succeeded his brother Alphonse as GUILLAUME Prince of Capua[1831] in 1144. He succeeded his father in 1154 as GUILLAUME I "le Mauvais" King of Sicily.

a) other children: see SICILY.

b) ROBERT of Sicily (1153-[1158/69], before 1166). "Robertus filius eius [=Vilielmus filius Rogerius regis]" was installed as ROBERT Prince of Capua in succession to his father and died three years later[1832]. The date of his installation is not specifed, but it presumably took place soon after his father's accession as King of Sicily. If this is correct, Robert died in [1158/59].

1. ROBERTO di Sorrento (-after 1156). Prince of Capua. A short anonymous Chronicle of Cassino records that "Robertus de Surrento" captured "omnem principatum Capuæ usque Neapolim et Salernum" in 1155[1833]. The Chronicle of Romualdo Guarna records that, after the coronation of Guillaume I King of Sicily (in 1154), Pope Hadrian IV invaded "terra di Lavoro" with "Roberto Capuano principe et Andrea de Rupe-canina", and that parts of Apulia were conquered by "Roberto Capuano principe" and "comite Roberto", but that "Riccardus de Aquila comes Fundanus…homo eiusdem principis" captured "Robertus…Capuanorum princeps" after he fled across "Gariliamum fluvium" and handed him to the king[1834]. The Chronicon Fossæ Novæ records that "Robertus princeps" fled in 1156 and was captured by "comite Richardo cum suo filio et filia in Trajectu" and was handed to the king[1835]. Hugo Falcandus records that "Robert of Sorrento took possession of the principality of Capua which belonged to him by right of inheritance" in [1154/55][1836]. The Annales Casenses record that in 1155 "Robertus de Surrento" took the principality of Capua, Naples and Salerno, that in 1156 he fled after Guillaume King of Sicily took Bari but was captured "apud Garilianum" and taken to Sicily where he was blinded and died soon afterwards[1837]. Hugo Falcandus names "Robert of Sorrento" among the leaders of the conspiracy against Guillaume I King of Sicily in [1156], and records that he fled "through the territory of Count Richard of Aquila" before being captured and "thrown into chains…at Palermo and…blinded" on the orders of Maio[1838]. m ---. The name of Roberto´s wife is not known. Roberto & his wife had two children:

a) son (-after 1156). The Chronicon Fossæ Novæ records that "Robertus princeps" fled in 1156 and was captured by "comite Richardo cum suo filio et filia in Trajectu" and was handed to the king[1839].

b) daughter (-after 1156). The Chronicon Fossæ Novæ records that "Robertus princeps" fled in 1156 and was captured by "comite Richardo cum suo filio et filia in Trajectu" and was handed to the king[1840].

1. ARRICO, son of --- (-1172). The Catalogus Principum Capuæ record that, after the death of Robert of Sicily, "Arricus" was appointed as ARRICO Prince of Capua, ruling until 1172 when the principality came under the direct rule of the king of Sicily[1841].

D. OTHER NOBILITY in CAPUA

1. SICONOLF (-after Aug 963). A charter dated Aug 963 records a declaration in the presence of "Siconolfi comitis palatii"[1842].

2. LANDOLF . m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOLF (-after Oct 982). "Landolfo comes filius idem Landolfi comiti", on his deathbed, and "Sichelgarda…uxor…suprascripti Landolfi comitis et filia quondam Madelmi comestabuli" donated property to "monasterio sancte crucis sita in Bertice montis qui dicitur Berine" by charter dated Oct 982[1843]. m SICHELGARDA, daughter of MADELMUS Constable & his wife --- (-after Oct 982). "Landolfo comes filius idem Landolfi comiti", on his deathbed, and "Sichelgarda…uxor…suprascripti Landolfi comitis et filia quondam Madelmi comestabuli" donated property to "monasterio sancte crucis sita in Bertice montis qui dicitur Berine" by charter dated Oct 982[1844].

1. GRIMOALD (-before May 1114). Comes palatii. "Ugo comes qui dicor de Mulisi filius quondam Rodulfi comitis" donated the monastery of San Benedetto di Dalfani to San Angelo ad Formas by charter dated Feb 1097, signed by "Grimoaldi comes palatii…"[1845]. m ---. The name of Grimoald´s wife is not known. Grimoald & his wife had two children:

a) GRIMOALD (-after May 1114). Comes palatii. "Grimoaldus comes palatii filius quondam bone memorie Grimoaldi comitis palatii" donated the monastery of San Benedetto di Dalfani to San Angelo ad Formas, for the soul of "…quondam Iohannis germani mei", by charter dated May 1114[1846]. m ---. The name of Grimoald´s wife is not known. Grimoald & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES . Comes palatii. m REGALIA, daughter of PANDOLF & his wife Ladelgrima ---.

b) IOANNES (-before May 1114). "Grimoaldus comes palatii filius quondam bone memorie Grimoaldi comitis palatii" donated the monastery of San Benedetto di Dalfani to San Angelo ad Formas, for the soul of "…quondam Iohannis germani mei", by charter dated May 1114[1847].

Chapter 4. NAPLES

A. DUKES of NAPLES 840-1139

Naples continued to prosper under the rule of Odovacar and Theodoric, Ostrogoth kings of Italy, but the Byzantines recaptured the city after 535 which triggered a period of destruction and decline. The Lombards attacked Naples repeatedly from 581. Although Naples remained under Byzantine control, it was an enclave within Lombard-controlled territory and therefore geographically separated from the Byzantine exarch who was based at Ravenna. The first duke of Naples is recorded in the 6th century, but the accuracy of the early records is open to question. This document sets out the ducal families only from the reign of Sergius I, who established himself as duke by 840. Sico I Prince of Benevento raided Naples and captured the body of San Gennaro, the patron saint of the city[1848], but later signed the pactum Sicardi with the duchy 4 Jul 836[1849]. About a century later, a mutual help agreement, covering amongst other business defence against Muslim attacks, was signed by Naples with the Princes of Benevento, Dukes of Capua) in the 930s[1850]. Emperor Otto III captured Naples in Nov 981 and sent Duke Ioannes IV back to Germany as a prisoner in 999.

Byzantine influence remained strong in the duchy of Naples during the 9th to 12th centuries: the dating clauses of local contempory documentation invariably record timing by Byzantine imperial regnal years, the dukes of Naples used Byzantine titles, and charters record ducal visits to Constantinople.

The creation of the Norman kingdom of Sicily in 1130 led to the fall of Lombard administration in the city of Naples. After the death of Duke Sergius VII in 1137, Naples maintained its independence from the Norman kingdom for another two years, ruled by noblemen who had territorial jurisdiction within the city. However, they signed a formal act of submission to the Norman kingdom in 1139[1851].

The succession of dukes of Naples is corroborated by a list in the Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis. However, as will be seen below, there is considerable uncertainty about some of the family relationships between some of the later dukes. Similarly, the information in the primary sources relating to the wives of the dukes of Naples is sparse.

MARINUS, son of ---.

m EUPRASSIA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum which names her son "Sergium filium Marini et Eupraxiæ"[1852].

Marinus & his wife had one child:

1. SERGIUS (-[865]). The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Sergium filium Marini et Eupraxiæ" defended Naples against the invasion of Sicard Prince of Benevento, dated to 835[1853]. Count of the castle of Cuma. He was chosen by the Neapolitans as their leader and established himself in 840 as SERGIUS I Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Sergius" succeeded "19 anno tertia ind" and ruled 25 years and 3 months[1854]. An Arab fleet occupied the island of Ponza in [842], but was driven off by Duke Sergius in alliance with Gaeta, Amalfi and Sorrento[1855]. m DROSU, daughter of ---. The Vita Athanasii Episcopi Neapolitani names "Drosu, principali propagine satam" as wife of Duke Sergius[1856]. The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Sergius dux Neapolitano…et uxoris eius Drusu" donated "velamen cum auro et gemmis atque listis ornatum" to the see of Naples[1857]. Duke Sergius & his wife had [six] children:

a) GREGORIUS (-[870]). The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Gregorio filio eius" succeeded as "ducatum regente" on the death of "Sergio consule"[1858]. Erchempert records that "Sergius magister militum" sent "duos liberos suos Gregorium magistrum militum et Cæsarium nec non et Landulfum generum suum Suessulanum" to fight "Lando…filium…Lando iunior" [Count of Capua] after his father´s death [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition] but that "Cæsarium" was captured[1859]. His father associated him in the government of Naples, and he succeeded his father in 865 as GREGORIUS III Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Gregorius" succeeded Duke Sergius (without specifying the relationship between the two) "22 anno 12 ind" and ruled 5 years and 7 months[1860]. m ---. The name of Duke Gregorius's wife is not known. Duke Gregorius & his wife had two children:

i) SERGIUS (-[878]). The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Gregorius dux" shared power with "consulem Sergium filium suum", with the advice of "suis germanis"[1861]. He succeeded as prefect of Amalfi in 866 on the assassination of prefect Mauro, but only remained as prefect for 13 days[1862]. He succeeded his father in 870 as SERGIUS II Duke of Naples. The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Sergius consul" arrested "omnes germanos patris sui" after his father died[1863]. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Sergius" succeeded Duke Gregorius (without specifying the relationship between the two) "tertio an 3 ind" and ruled 7 years and 6 months[1864]. He made an alliance with the Aghlabids of Sicily after his succession, which was opposed by his uncles Cesarius and Athanasius[1865]. Erchempert records that "Sergius" was captured by "proprio germano", blinded, and exiled to Rome, dated to 878[1866]. m ---. The name of Duke Sergius's wife is not known. Duke Sergius & his wife had [two] children:

(a) [--- of Naples . Erchempert records that "Athanasius" arranged the marriage of "neptem suam…adhuc lactantem" to "Landoni seniori, filio…Landonis" [dated to 884 by the editor of the MGH edition][1867]. It is not certain that the wife of Lando was the daughter of Duke Sergius. m firstly --- (-before 884). m secondly ([884]) [as his second wife,] LANDO [II] ex-Count of Capua, son of LANDO [I] Count of Capua & his wife --- (-884).]

(b) --- of Naples (-before 899). "Iohannes consul et dux" [Duke of Naples] signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento and Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939], which names "domni Landenolfi patrui vestri et domni Sergi abii vestri"[1868]. Stasser points out that, from a chronological point if view, the grandfather of the named princes of Benevento and Capua could only have been Sergius II Duke of Naples, and that therefore their mother must have been his daughter[1869]. m ([884]) as his first wife, ATENOLF Count of Capua, son of LANDENOLF of Capua & his wife --- (-[912]).

ii) ATHANASIUS (-[Mar/Apr] 898). The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Athenasius iunior episcopus, nepos…præfati Athanasii præsulis, filius Gregorii consulis ac ducis" held the see for 22 years, 5 months and 2 days, after being consecrated by Pope John VIII "in ecclesia beati Nazarii martyris…in loco…Canzia, territorio Capuano"[1870]. Bishop of Naples. Athanasius blinded his brother in 878 and assumed control as ATHANASIUS Duke of Naples. Erchempert records that "Sergius" was captured by "proprio germano", blinded, and exiled to Rome, dated to 878[1871]. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Atanasius episcopus et dux" succeeded Duke Sergius (without specifying the relationship between the two) "11 anno 11 ind" and ruled 20 years, 3 months and 29 days[1872]. Pope John VIII committed 1400 mancusis to help the coup[1873], but in 879 he excommunicated Duke Athanasius due to frustration at the latter's failure to break contact with the Muslims[1874]. Byzantium provided Duke Athanasius with troops which he used to attack Capua[1875]. Devoted to Byzantine culture, he secured and preserved for posterity many Greek manuscripts[1876]. m ---. The name of Athanasius´s wife is not known. Athanasius & his wife had two children:

(a) GEMMA (-after 10 Jul 961). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Athanasii filiam…Gemma" married "Atenolfi filius…Landolfus", dated to [Jan/Feb] 898 from the context[1877]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records "Landolfus et Pandolfus filius eiusdem…Langobardorum gentis" confirmed the grant of fishery rights "in lacum Patrensem" to the monastery of Volturno, granted by "domna Gemma principissa…genitrice nostra", by charter dated 960[1878]. Pandulf I and Landulf III Princes of Capua confirmed territory at Larino to Monte Cassino, at the request of "domna Gemma religiosa principessa abia nostra", by charter dated 10 Jul 961[1879]. m ([Jan/Feb] 898) LANDOLF of Capua, son of ATENOLF I Count of Capua, Prince of Benevento & his wife ---. He succeeded his father in 910 as LANDOLF III Prince of Capua.

(b) EUPRASSIA (-before 30 Jan 970). A charter dated 30 Jan 970 recalls a donation by "q. d. Eupraxia h. f. filia d. Athanasii episcopi…cum voluntate d. Stephani militis viri sui"[1880]. m STEFANO, son of ---.

b) CESARIUS (-after 870). The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Cesarius filius Sergii ducis" commanded the Neapolitan and Amaliftan fleets and expelled the Saracens from Gaeta, dated to 846[1881]. When an Arab fleet threatened to attack Rome in 849, Cesarius's fleet defeated it at Ostia, the event being commemorated in the early 16th century in one of the wall paintings in the papal chambers in the Vatican[1882]. Erchempert records that "Sergius magister militum" sent "duos liberos suos Gregorium magistrum militum et Cæsarium nec non et Landulfum generum suum Suessulanum" to fight "Lando…filium…Lando iunior" [Count of Capua] after his father´s death [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition] but that "Cæsarium" was captured[1883]. He opposed the alliance with the Aghlabids of Sicily which was agreed by Duke Sergius II after 870, was imprisoned, and died in captivity[1884].

c) STEFANUS (-[after 10 Dec 907]). The Vita Athanasii Episcopi Neapolitani names "germano suo Stephano episcopo" as bishop of Sorrento[1885]. The Catalogus Episcoporum Neapolitanorum names "Stephanus episcopus" as 47th bishop of Naples, records that he succeeded Athanasius [II] as bishop and that he held the see for 8 years and 10 months[1886]. "Athanasius…tertius S. Neapolitane ecclesie presul, partiterque Gregorius neapolitanorum Consul et Dux…cum dompno Stephano…episcopo patruo nostro" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Severino "de Castro Lucullano" [Lucullano] by charter dated 10 Dec [907][1887].

d) ATHANASIUS (-after 870). The Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum records that "Athanasius episcopus" held the see for 22 years, 6 months and 20 days, having been appointed deacon "ab ipso pueritiæ suæ" by "patre suo Sergio duce" and bishop when under 20 years old[1888]. Bishop of Naples. He opposed the alliance with the Aghlabids of Sicily which was agreed by Duke Sergius II after 870, and was besieged on an offshore island from which he was rescued by ships from Amalfi sent by Emperor Louis II King of Italy[1889].

e) [MARINUS] . The name of Gregorius´s father is not known. He may have been the same person as one of the other sons of Duke Sergius I who are named above, apart from Duke Gregorius III who is already recorded with a son named Athanasius. Another possibility is that he was named Marinus: as noted below, one of the versions of a charter of Ioannes III Duke of Naples, dated 18 Jul [949], names "domina Maria monacha filia quondam domini Marini lociservatoris, postmodum…monacho visavio vestro" (the latter relationship referring to "domino Iohanni Domini…consul et dux", who issued the charter)[1890]. Stasser point out that "visavio" would normally translate as great-grandfather, and that the paternal great-grandfather of Duke Ioannes III was Duke Gregorius IV. He suggests therefore that the term may have been used in that document in the more general sense of ancestor and that it may refer to the otherwise unknown father of Duke Gregorius IV. However, the Latin of the charters of the early dukes of Naples appears to be precise and correct. In order to give "visavio" its ordinary meaning, another possibility would be that Marinus was the great-grandfather of Duke Ioannes III either through the duke´s mother or his grandmother, the wives of Dukes Marinus I and Ioannes II, neither of whom is known. This would not exclude Marinus being descended from Sergius I Duke of Naples, as cousin marriages would not be surprising in this family. Such a relationship would also preserve consistency with Marinus bearing the title lociservator, which was given to younger sons of the dukes of Naples. If this hypothesis is correct, from a chronological point of view, Marinus would most likely have been the brother of Duke Gregorius IV. m ---. [Three] children:

i) GREGORIUS (-[Jan/Feb] 915). The fact that Gregorius was a grandson of Duke Sergius I is confirmed by the charter dated 17 Dec 907 in which "Athanasius…tertius S. Neapolitane ecclesie…Gregorius Neapolitanorum consul et dux" name "dompno Stephano…episcopo patruo nostro"[1891]. He succeeded his uncle in 898 as GREGORIUS IV Duke of Naples.

- see below.

ii) ATHANASIUS (-after [956]). "Athanasius…tertius S. Neapolitane ecclesie presul, partiterque Gregorius neapolitanorum Consul et Dux…cum dompno Stephano…episcopo patruo nostro" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Severino "de Castro Lucullano" [Lucullano] by charter dated 10 Dec [907][1892]. Bishop of Naples. The Miracula Sancti Agrippini name "tertio presule Athanasio et Iohanne consule hac duce" in relation to events dated to [956][1893].

iii) [MARINUS . Lociservator. One of the versions of a charter of Ioannes III Duke of Naples, dated 18 Jul [949], names "domina Maria monacha filia quondam domini Marini lociservatoris, postmodum…monacho visavio vestro" (the latter relationship referring to "domino Iohanni Domini…consul et dux", who issued the charter)[1894]. Stasser point out that "visavio" would normally translate as great-grandfather, and that the paternal great-grandfather of Duke Ioannes III was Duke Gregorius IV. He suggests therefore that the term may have been used in that document in the more general sense of ancestor and that it may refer to the otherwise unknown father of Duke Gregorius IV. However, the Latin of the charters of the early dukes of Naples appears to be precise and correct. In order to give "visavio" its ordinary meaning, another possibility would be that Marinus was the great-grandfather of Duke Ioannes III either through the duke´s mother or his grandmother, the wives of Dukes Marinus I and Ioannes II, neither of whom is known. This would not exclude Marinus being descended from Sergius I Duke of Naples, as cousin marriages would not be surprising in this family. Such a relationship would also preserve consistency with Marinus bearing the title lociservator, which was given to younger sons of the dukes of Naples. If this hypothesis is correct, from a chronological point of view, Marinus would most likely have been the brother of Duke Gregorius IV.]

iv) [MARIA . "Iohannes…consul et dux" exchanges mills "in loco Tertii" and "campum in Arcora" with the monasteries of San Severino and San Sossio, recording that "domina Maria…filia domini Marini lociservatoris" became a nun "in ipse monasterio", by charter dated 18 Jul [949][1895]. A second, differently worded, version of the document which records the same transaction refers to "domina Maria monacha filia quondam domini Marini lociservatoris, postmodum…monacho visavio vestro" (the latter relationship referring to "domino Iohanni Domini…consul et dux", who issued the charter) and is signed by "Iohannes filius domini Anastasii, Gregorius filius domini Petri, Cesarius filius domini Iohanni"[1896]. As noted above, there are two possible interpretations of the relationship noted in this charter, either that Marinus, father of Maria, was the father of Duke Gregorius IV or that he was Duke Gregorius´s brother.]

f) --- of Naples . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who names "Landulfo, Landonis filio" and "Sergio magistro militum…socer…illius"[1897]. A later passage in Erchempert records that "Sergius magister militum" sent "duos liberos suos Gregorium magistrum militum et Cæsarium nec non et Landulfum generum suum Suessulanum" to fight "Lando…filium…Lando iunior" [Count of Capua] after his father´s death [dated to 859 by the editor of the MGH edition] but that "Cæsarium" was captured[1898]. m (before 856) LANDOLF di Capua, son of LANDO [I] Count of Capua & his wife --- (-after [891]).

GREGORIUS of Naples, son of [MARINUS] & his wife --- (-[Jan/Feb] 915). The name of Gregorius´s father is not known. He may have been the same person as one of the other sons of Duke Sergius I who are named above, apart from Duke Gregorius III who is already recorded with a son named Athanasius. The fact that Gregorius was a grandson of Duke Sergius I is confirmed by the charter dated 17 Dec 907 in which "Athanasius…tertius S. Neapolitane ecclesie…Gregorius Neapolitanorum consul et dux" name "dompno Stephano…episcopo patruo nostro"[1899]. One possibility is that Gregorius´s father was named Marinus: as noted below, one of the versions of a charter of Ioannes III Duke of Naples, dated 18 Jul [949], names "domina Maria monacha filia quondam domini Marini lociservatoris, postmodum…monacho visavio vestro" (the latter relationship referring to "domino Iohanni Domini…consul et dux", who issued the charter)[1900]. Stasser point out that "visavio" would normally translate as great-grandfather, and that the paternal great-grandfather of Duke Ioannes III was Duke Gregorius IV. He suggests therefore that the term may have been used in that document in the more general sense of ancestor and that it may refer to the otherwise unknown father of Duke Gregorius IV. However, the Latin of the charters of the early dukes of Naples appears to be precise and correct. In order to give "visavio" its ordinary meaning, another possibility would be that Marinus was the great-grandfather of Duke Ioannes III either through the duke´s mother or his grandmother, the wives of Dukes Marinus I and Ioannes II, neither of whom is known. This would not exclude Marinus being descended from Sergius I Duke of Naples, as cousin marriages would not be surprising in this family. Such a relationship would also preserve consistency with Marinus bearing the title lociservator, which was given to younger sons of the dukes of Naples. If this hypothesis is correct, from a chronological point of view, Marinus would most likely have been the brother of Duke Gregorius IV. He succeeded in 898 as GREGORIUS IV Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Gregorius" succeeded Duke Atanasius (without specifying the relationship between the two) "20 ipsius anno 1 ind" and ruled 16 years, 10 months and 10 days[1901]. "Athanasius…tertius S. Neapolitane ecclesie presul, partiterque Gregorius neapolitanorum Consul et Dux…cum dompno Stephano…episcopo patruo nostro" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Severino "de Castro Lucullano" [Lucullano] by charter dated 10 Dec [907][1902]. He was invested as Byzantine patricius in 914 by the Byzantine strategos in Campania in an attempt to get the support of Naples in fighting the Arabs[1903].

m ---. The name of Duke Gregorius's wife is not known.

Duke Gregorius & his wife had two children:

1. IOANNES (-919). The primary source which records his parentage is not known. He succeeded his father in [915] as IOANNES II Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Ioannes" succeeded Duke Gregorius (without specifying the relationship between the two) "7 tertia ind" and ruled 4 years, 7 months and 12 days[1904]. m ---. The name and origin of Duke Ioannes's wife is not known. There is a possibility that she was the cousin of Ioannes. As discussed more fully above under [Marinus], possible brother of Duke Gregorius IV, one interpretation of a charter issued by her grandson, Duke Ioannes III, dated 18 Jul [949][1905], is that "domini Marini lociservatoris…visavio vestro" who is named in the document (the relationship referring to the issuer of the charter) was the duke´s great-grandfather, either through his mother or his grandmother who are not otherwise known. This hypothesis, as it relates to the paternal grandmother of Duke Ioannes III, would also explain the reintroduction of the name Marinus, given to her son, into the main line of the ducal family. Duke Ioannes & his wife had [five] children:

a) MARINUS ([after 888]-[May/Jun] 928). His parentage is confirmed by the treaty with Capua dated to [Mar 933/40] signed by his son and his brother "dominus Iohannes consul et dux, Gregorius thius eius…"[1906]. He succeeded his father in 919 as MARINUS I Duke of Naples.

- see below.

b) GREGORIUS (-after 2 Aug 955). "Iohannes consul et dux signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento, Dukes of Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939], signed by "dominus Iohannes consul et dux, Gregorius thius eius…"[1907]. "Iohannes…consul et dux" exchanges mills "in loco Tertii" and "campum in Arcora" with the monasteries of San Severino and San Sossio, recording that "domina Maria…filia domini Marini lociservatoris" became a nun "in ipse monasterio", by charter dated 18 Jul [949], signed by the duke and by "Gregorius Loisis [Lociservator] filious dni Io Douci" [both in Greek] and by "Petrus Prefectus filius domini Sergii Pref., Gregorius pref."[1908]. A charter dated 2 Aug [955] records that "Gregoris lociserbator filius bone recordationis d. Iohannis, filii Isiori [Gregorii?] ducis" donated "suam hereditatem cum consensu q. Anne coniugis sue" to the monastery of SS Maria, Marcellino & Pietro di Salerno, but noting that "Anna eius coniux monacha" had died[1909]. m ANNA, daughter of --- (-before 2 Aug 955). A charter dated 2 Aug [955] records that "Gregoris lociserbator filius bone recordationis d. Iohannis, filii Isiori [Gregorii?] ducis" donated "suam hereditatem cum consensu q. Anne coniugis sue" to the monastery of SS Maria, Marcellino & Pietro di Salerno, but noting that "Anna eius coniux monacha" had died[1910].

c) [STEFANUS (-after May 954). "Stephanus Neapolitanus cognatus" is named in the testament of Docibilis II of Gaeta dated May 954[1911].]

d) MARIA (-after May 959). A charter dated 24 Nov [945] refers to land of "Marie relicte q. d. Anastasii filie d. Johannis q. ducis"[1912]. A charter dated 17 May 959 records a donation by "Petrus filius q. Gregorii, qui cognominabatur Papa…et Iohannes filius q. d. Gregorii prefecti", after the death of "Stephanus filius q. d. Iohannis prefecti", and refers to the portion of "Anastasii q. germani sui" held by "Maria…relicta nominate Anastasii"[1913]. m ANASTASIUS, son of GREGORIUS "Papa" & his wife --- (-before 24 Nov 945).

e) [ORANIA (-[Mar 949/May 954]). "Domno Docibili…duci et ypato seu domna Horanie ypatisse iugalibus" are named in a charter datd Mar 949[1914]. Stasser suggests that the wife of Docibilis [II] was the daughter of Ioannes II Duke of Naples[1915], based, it would seem, only on her husband´s testament dated May 954 mentioning land in Cimiterio and Liburia in the duchy of Naples "qui fuit de Oraniæ ducissæ bonæ memoriæ uxori meæ"[1916]. m DOCIBILIS [II] Lord of Gaeta, son of IOANNES [I] Lord of Gaeta & his wife --- (-after May 954). He used the title dux from 933.]

2. STEFANUS (-after 924). His parentage is confirmed by a Memorial to "Euphemie…nurus Gregorii que ducis alta fuit…viro iuncta Stephano", signed by "Gregorius præfectus Athansiusque levita…mater amanda"[1917]. "Stephane præfecturus et Euphemia" are named in a charter dated 924 which records the settlement of a dispute between the children of Docibilis I of Gaeta[1918]. m EUFIMIA of Gaeta, daughter of DOCIBILIS [I] Lord of Gaeta & his wife Matrona --- (-after 924). A Memorial to "Euphemie…nurus Gregorii que ducis alta fuit…viro iuncta Stephano" is signed by "Gregorius præfectus Athansiusque levita"[1919]. Her parentage is confirmed by the testament of Docibilis I of Gaeta dated Feb 906 which names "sa fille Euphemia et son gendre Stephane"[1920]. "Stephane præfecturus et Euphemia" are named in a charter dated 924 which records the settlement of a dispute between the children of Docibilis I of Gaeta[1921]. Stefanus & his wife had two children:

a) GREGORIUS . His parentage is confirmed by a Memorial to his mother "Euphemie…nurus Gregorii que ducis alta fuit…viro iuncta Stephano", signed by "Gregorius præfectus Athansiusque levita…mater amanda"[1922].

b) ATHANASIUS . His parentage is confirmed by a Memorial to his mother "Euphemie…nurus Gregorii que ducis alta fuit…viro iuncta Stephano", signed by "Gregorius præfectus Athansiusque levita…mater amanda"[1923].

MARINUS, son of GREGORIUS IV Duke of Naples & his wife --- ([after 888]-[May/Jun] 928). His parentage is confirmed by the treaty with Capua dated to [Mar 933/40] signed by his son and his brother "dominus Iohannes consul et dux, Gregorius thius eius…"[1924]. He succeeded his father in 919 as MARINUS I Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Marianus" succeeded Duke Gregorius (without specifying the relationship between the two) "11 anno 7 ind" and ruled 8 years, 9 months and 15 days[1925].

m ---. The name and origin of Duke Marinus's wife are not known. Stasser suggests that she was a member of the family of the princes of Capua and Benevento in order to explain the introduction of the name Landolf, given to her grandson, into the family of the dukes of Naples, proposing that the wife of Duke Marinus was the daughter of Atenulf I Prince of Capua and Benevento[1926]. Another possibility is that she was the second cousin of Marinus. As discussed more fully above under [Marinus], possible brother of Duke Gregorius IV, one possible interpretation of a charter of her grandson, Duke Ioannes III, dated 18 Jul [949][1927], is that "domini Marini lociservatoris…visavio vestro" who is named in the document (the relationship referring to the issuer of the charter) was the duke´s great-grandfather, either through his mother or his grandmother who are not otherwise known.

Duke Marinus & his wife had three children:

1. IOANNES (-968). He succeeded his father in 928 as IOANNES III Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Ducum…Neapolis records that "Ioannes" succeeded Duke Marinus (without specifying the relationship between the two) "vicesimo ipsius anno prima ind" and ruled 37 years[1928]. "Iohannes consul et dux Neapolitanorum" confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam sanctæ Ceciliæ intra Neapolim" to Montecassino by charter dated to [934/39][1929]. "Iohannes consul et dux" signed a pact with "domno Landolfo et domno Atenolfo seu et domno Atenolfo principibus, filiis et nepos domni Atenolfi principis" (Princes of Benevento and Capua) promising mutual help, among other things, against Sarracen attacks, dated to [Mar 933/939], signed by "dominus Iohannes consul et dux, Gregorius thius eius, Landolfus, Gregorius filius dom. Iohanni, Sergius filius dom. Aligerni, Aligernus, Iohannes, Cesarius, Iohannes, Sergius, Gregorius, Gregorius, Iohannes, Gregorius, Petrus, Sergius, Aligernus"[1930]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Johannes…Consul et Dux…et pro vice Marini Ducis filii nostri" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Volturno by charter 1 Feb 944[1931]. On the accession of the minor Gisolf I Duke of Salerno in 946, Duke Ioannes prepared to invade Salerno together with Landolf III Prince of Capua, but they were repulsed by the Salernitans with support from Amalfi [1932]. The dating clause of a charter dated to [945/60] refers to "principatum ducatus totius Campaniæ dominantibus Iohanne et Marino…ducibus et consulibus" and "[Iohannis] coniugem…Theodoram…senatricem Romanorum"[1933]. "Iohannes…consul et dux" exchanges mills "in loco Tertii" and "campum in Arcora" with the monasteries of San Severino and San Sossio, recording that "domina Maria…filia domini Marini lociservatoris" became a nun "in ipse monasterio", by charter dated 18 Jul [949], signed by the duke and by "Gregorius Loisis [Lociservator] filious dni Io Douci" [both in Greek] and by "Petrus Prefectus filius domini Sergii Pref., Gregorius pref."[1934]. A second, differently worded, version of the document which records the same transaction refers to "domina Maria monacha filia quondam domini Marini lociservatoris, postmodum…monacho visavio vestro" (the latter relationship referring to "domino Iohanni Domini…consul et dux", who issued the charter) and is signed by "Iohannes filius domini Anastasii, Gregorius filius domini Petri, Cesarius filius domini Iohanni"[1935]. "Iohannes…consul et dux filius…domini Marini duci" exchanged property with "Cesario ferrario filio Iohannis dudum ferrarii et maiorarii postmodum…monachi", with the consent of "Theodore…ducisse coniugi meæ", by charter dated 3 Nov [951], signed by the duke and "Ioannes filious dn Eustrati, Gregorious filious dn Kesarii" (all three in Greek) and "Gregorius filius domini Sergii"[1936]. m (after 928) THEODORA "senatrix Romanorum", [daughter of [IOANNES] & his wife Theodora---] (-before 963). The dating clause of a charter dated to [945/60] refers to "principatum ducatus totius Campaniæ dominantibus Iohanne et Marino…ducibus et consulibus" and "[Iohannis] coniugem…Theodoram…senatricem Romanorum"[1937]. No primary source has been found which confirms that Theodora, wife of Ioannes III Duke of Naples, was the sister of Marozia [II] and Stefania [I]. However, the title senatrix attributed to her, as well as her name, suggests that this affiliation may be correct. However, the Memorial of her son "Landolfus…senatricis Theodoræ…Ioha[nnis] consulis atque ducis…progenies" states that he was "adoptivum Maroza senatrix"[1938], which suggests a close family relationship with Marozia. "Iohannes…consul et dux filius…domini Marini duci" exchanged property with "Cesario ferrario filio Iohannis dudum ferrarii et maiorarii postmodum…monachi", with the consent of "Theodore…ducisse coniugi meæ", by charter dated 3 Nov [951][1939]. Duke Ioannes III & his wife had [four] children:

a) MARINUS (-[992]). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Johannes…Consul et Dux…et pro vice Marini Ducis filii nostri" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Volturno by charter 1 Feb 944[1940]. The dating clause of a charter dated to [945/60] refers to "principatum ducatus totius Campaniæ dominantibus Iohanne et Marino…ducibus et consulibus" and "[Iohannis] coniugem…Theodoram…senatricem Romanorum"[1941]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records "Marinus…Consul et Dux" confirmed various privileges of the monastery of Volturno by charter dated 1 Feb 948[1942]. He succeeded his father in 969 as MARINUS II Duke of Naples. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Marinus…Neapolitanis et Mansone patricius Amalfitanorum" supported "Landolfus…filius..:Atenolfi principis" in his invasion of Salerno (dated to 973)[1943]. "Marinus…Consul et dux atque imperiali anthipatus patricius" confirmed donations to and privileges of the monastery of San Severino and San Sossio by charter dated 20 Nov [975][1944].

b) [ANDREAS (-after 30 Jun 949). "Andrea filius dn. Io com" signed (in Greek) the charter dated 20 Feb (948) under which "Anna filia q. Stephani Primicerii…cum voluntate…d. Marie genetricis sue et consensus d. Sergii viri sui" donated property to the monastery of San Sebastiano[1945]. "Andrea filius dn. Io com" similarly signed (in Greek) another charter dated 30 Jun (949)[1946]. The signatures are in upper case (although this is the case with all the signatures in Greek in other documents recorded in the same collection) which suggests that a degree of importance relative to the other signatories. It is not known whether "dn. Io com" indicates Ioannes III Duke of Naples, without his ducal title.]

c) [SERGIUS (-after 22 Apr 951). "Sergius filius dn Ioanni, Marinus filius dn Sergii" signed (in Greek, upper case) the charter dated 22 Apr (951) under which "Iohannes et Cesarius uterini germani, filii q. d. Stephani" sold property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Bacchus[1947].]

d) LANDOLF . He was brought up in Rome by Marozia senatrix. The Memorial of "Landolfus…senatricis Theodoræ…Ioha[nnis] consulis atque ducis…progenies" states that he was "adoptivum Maroza senatrix"[1948].

e) DROSU (-1019 or before). "Drose gloriose Senaoris" is named in a charter of "Maria abbatissa monasterii et cenobii b. Gregorii atque Sebastiani" dated 19 Apr [996][1949]. Senatrix. A charter dated 1019 records a donation made by "quondam domina Drosu…senatrix filia quondam vone recordationis domini Iohanni…consuli et duci" with the consent of "domini Ursi viri sui"[1950]. m URSUS, son of ---.

f) [THEODONANDA (-before Dec 957). "Iohannes…consul et dux" donated property for the soul of "bone recordationis Theodonandam uxorem nostram" by charter dated Dec 957[1951]. Stasser suggests that the wife of Ioannes II Duke of Gaeta may have been the daughter of Duke Ioannes III, which would explain the transmission of the title senatrix from her mother to her daughter[1952]. m as his first wife, IOANNES II Duke of Gaeta, son of DOCIBILIS II Duke of Gaeta & his wife Orania [of Naples] (-after Mar 962).]

2. [MARU] . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Jun 1015 which quotes earlier charters, under the earliest of which "venerabili recordationis domini Iohanni…consuli et duci…pro vice domini Marini duci filii sui" granted property to "domini Marini nepoti suo filio q. d. Sergii prefecti cognati sui" and to "Sergio filio q. d. Gregorii cognatis"[1953]. [It is possible that she was named MARU: "Petrus filius q. d. Sergii monachi" exchanged property with "Iohanni et Marino uterinis germanis suis" by charter dated 13 Dec [974] which names "heredes q. d. Theodonande…germane eorum…Maru genitricem eorum…heredum q. Sergii thii eorum et…d Gregorii similiter thii eorum…heredum q. Theodonande thie eorum"[1954], although it is not certain that this document refers to the same Marinus who was the nephew of Duke Ioannes III.] m SERGIUS, son of ---. Sergius & his wife had [four] children:

a) MARINUS (-after 26 Feb 972). "Sergius filius dn Ioanni, Marinus filius dn Sergii" signed (in Greek, upper case) the charter dated 22 Apr (951) under which "Iohannes et Cesarius uterini germani, filii q. d. Stephani" sold property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Bacchus[1955]. "Marinus filius d. Sergii monachi" exchanged property with "d. Iohanni exadelfo germano suo, filio d. Marini thii sui" by charter dated 26 Feb [972][1956]. His parentage is confirmed by a charter dated Jun 1015 which quotes earlier charters, under the earliest of which "venerabili recordationis domini Iohanni…consuli et duci…pro vice domini Marini duci filii sui" granted property to "domini Marini nepoti suo filio q. d. Sergii prefecti cognati sui" and to "Sergio filio q. d. Gregorii cognatis"[1957].

b) [PETRUS (-after 13 Dec [974]). "Petrus filius q. d. Sergii monachi" exchanged property with "Iohanni et Marino uterinis germanis suis" by charter dated 13 Dec [974] which names "heredes q. d. Theodonande…germane eorum…Maru genitricem eorum…heredum q. Sergii thii eorum et…d Gregorii similiter thii eorum…heredum q. Theodonande thie eorum"[1958].]

c) [IOANNES (-after 13 Dec [974]). "Petrus filius q. d. Sergii monachi" exchanged property with "Iohanni et Marino uterinis germanis suis" by charter dated 13 Dec [974] which names "heredes q. d. Theodonande…germane eorum…Maru genitricem eorum…heredum q. Sergii thii eorum et…d Gregorii similiter thii eorum…heredum q. Theodonande thie eorum"[1959].]

d) [THEODENANDA (-before 13 Dec [974]). "Petrus filius q. d. Sergii monachi" exchanged property with "Iohanni et Marino uterinis germanis suis" by charter dated 13 Dec [974] which names "heredes q. d. Theodonande…germane eorum…Maru genitricem eorum…heredum q. Sergii thii eorum et…d Gregorii similiter thii eorum…heredum q. Theodonande thie eorum"[1960].]

3. daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Jun 1015 which quotes earlier charters, under the earliest of which "venerabili recordationis domini Iohanni…consuli et duci…pro vice domini Marini duci filii sui" granted property to "domini Marini nepoti suo filio q. d. Sergii prefecti cognati sui" and to "Sergio filio q. d. Gregorii cognatis"[1961]. m GREGORIUS, son of ---. Gregorius & his wife had three children:

a) SERGIUS . His parentage is confirmed by a charter dated Jun 1015 which quotes earlier charters, under the earliest of which "venerabili recordationis domini Iohanni…consuli et duci…pro vice domini Marini duci filii sui" granted property to "domini Marini nepoti suo filio q. d. Sergii prefecti cognati sui" and to "Sergio filio q. d. Gregorii cognatis"[1962].

b) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Jun 1015 which quotes earlier charters, the second of which records a division of property between "Sergio filio memorati q. d. Gregorii" and "Maria nepote sua filia q. d. Stephani cognati sui coniux memorati q. d. Petri"[1963]. m STEFANUS, son of ---.

c) MARIA . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Jun 1015 which quotes earlier charters, the third of which names "Maria h. f. filia q. d. Gregorii relicta…q. d. Lamberti Langobardi" and the eighth records a division of property between "Maria religiosa femina filia memorati q. d. Gregorii monachi relicta memorati d. Lamberti Langobardi" and "d. Petro nepoti suo"[1964]. m LAMBERT, son of ---.

Six sets of relatives of the dukes of Naples, the precise relationships between each family group, and with the main ducal family, have not been ascertained:

1. STEFANUS (-before 2 Sep 1009). The parentage of Stefanus has not been ascertained. The word "parentis" in the charter dated 2 Sep [1009] quoted below indicates a relationship with Duke Sergius IV, but this may have been either through the male or female line. Stefanus may have died well before the date of this charter. m ---. The name of Stefanus´s wife is not known. Stefanus & his wife had one child:

a) MARIA (-after 2 Sep 1009). "Sergius…Consul et Dux" donated the monastery of SS Gregorio & Sebastiano in Naples to "Maria…abbatissa, filia quondam Stephani parentis nostri" by charter dated 2 Sep [1009][1965].

2. IOANNES (-after 1 Oct 1033). The parentage of Ioannes has not been ascertained. The word "parenti" in the charter dated 20 May [1060] quoted below indicates a relationship with Duke Sergius V, but this may have been either through the male or female line. "Varvocia": he is named "Iohannis quondam Varvocia nunc…monachus" in the charter dated 1 Oct [1033] under which Sergius IV Duke of Naples confirmed privileges to Ioannes´s daughter[1966]. The meaning of this term "Varvocia" has not yet been found. Monk before 1 Oct 1033. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a) ANNA (-after 7 May 1067). "Sergius et Iohannes…consulibus et ducibus" confirmed the privileges granted to "Anna…monaca filia…Iohannis quondam Varvocia nunc…monachus" by charter dated 1 Oct [1033][1967]. Abbess of SS Gregorio & Sebastiano, Naples. "Sergius…Consul et dux et magister militum filius quondam vone memorie domini Iohannis…Consulis et ducis et magister militum" donated property to "Anna…abbatissa parenti nostra monasterii…bb. Gregorii et Sebastiani…" by charter dated 20 May [1060][1968]. "Sergius…Consul et dux atque…magister militum" confirmed the privileges of the monastery to "vid. domina Anna…abbatissa monasterii…Ss. Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 7 May [1067][1969].

3. URSUS (-before 22 Jul 1065). The parentage of Ursus has not been ascertained. The word "parenti" in the charter dated 22 Jul [1065] quoted below indicates a relationship with Duke Sergius V, but this may have been either through the male or female line. m ---. The name of Ursus´s wife is not known. Ursus & his wife had two children:

a) IOANNES (-after 22 Jul [1065]). "Sergius…consule et duce atque…magister militum" donated property to "Itta…parenti nostra filia…quondam Ursi comitis parenti nostri…cum domina Maria religiosa monacha et gubernatrix monasterii bb. Nicandre et Marciani atque Patricie" by charter dated 22 Jul [1065], witnessed by "…Iohannes filius domini Ursi…"[1970].

b) ITTA (-after 22 Jul 1065). "Sergius…consule et duce atque…magister militum" donated property to "Itta…parenti nostra filia…quondam Ursi comitis parenti nostri…cum domina Maria religiosa monacha et gubernatrix monasterii bb. Nicandre et Marciani atque Patricie" by charter dated 22 Jul [1065], witnessed by "…Iohannes filius domini Ursi…"[1971].

4. IOANNES Crispanus (-before 15 May 1067). m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a) SERGIUS Crispanus (-after 15 May 1067). "Sergius…Consul et Dux, ac…magister militum" confirmed the inheritance of "Sergio qui nominator Crispano parenti nostro filio quondam Iohannis qui iterum Crispano vocabas nostri parenti", including the part inherited from "quondam Mansa…coniuge tua", by charter dated 15 May [1067][1972]. m MANSA, daughter of --- (-before 15 May 1067). "Sergius…Consul et Dux, ac…magister militum" confirmed the inheritance of "Sergio qui nominator Crispano parenti nostro filio quondam Iohannis qui iterum Crispano vocabas nostri parenti", including the part inherited from "quondam Mansa…coniuge tua", by charter dated 15 May [1067][1973].

5. NICETAS . m ANNA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 9 Mar 1050 under which "D. Iohannes et d. Sergius…consulibus et magister militum genitore et filio" confirmed the inheritance of "d. Gregorio abio tuo…illorum parenti filio quondam d. Niceta illorum parenti et…domino Iohannes genitori meo illorum parenti filio…quondam d. Sergii qui fuit abio meo thio et nepotem", which also refers to "quondam d. Niceta genitori et abio illorum vel…quondam d. Anna…coniuge sua genetrice et abia illorum"[1974]. Nicetas & his wife had one child:

a) GREGORIUS (-[after 9 Mar 1050]). "D. Iohannes et d. Sergius…consulibus et magister militum genitore et filio" confirmed the inheritance of "d. Gregorio abio tuo…illorum parenti filio quondam d. Niceta illorum parenti et…domino Iohannes genitori meo illorum parenti filio…quondam d. Sergii qui fuit abio meo thio et nepotem" charter dated 9 Mar 1050, which also refers to "quondam d. Niceta genitori et abio illorum vel…quondam d. Anna…coniuge sua genetrice et abia illorum"[1975]. This document, which has not survived in its complete state, appears to be addressed by the son of Ioannes to the grandson of Gregorius, neither of whom are named. It is assumed therefore that the text represents parts of an earlier charter, dated 9 Mar [1050], copied into a later document which is not reproduced. If this is correct, Gregorius and Ioannes were alive at that date, although presumably deceased by the date of the later document.

b) SERGIUS (-before 9 Mar 1050). m ---. The name of Sergius´s wife is not known. Sergius & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES ([-after 9 Mar 1050]). "D. Iohannes et d. Sergius…consulibus et magister militum genitore et filio" confirmed the inheritance of "d. Gregorio abio tuo…illorum parenti filio quondam d. Niceta illorum parenti et…domino Iohannes genitori meo illorum parenti filio…quondam d. Sergii qui fuit abio meo thio et nepotem" charter dated 9 Mar 1050[1976]. This document, which has not survived in its complete state, appears to be addressed by the son of Ioannes to the grandson of Gregorius, neither of whom are named. It is assumed therefore that the text represents parts of an earlier charter, dated 9 Mar [1050], copied into a later document which is not reproduced. If this is correct, Gregorius and Ioannes were alive at that date, although presumably deceased by the date of the later document. "Iohannes filius domni Sergii…" witnessed the charter dated 25 Jun [1100] which records an exchange of property between "congregationis ecclesie sancte Restitute" and the abbess of the monastery of S. Arcangelo at Baiano[1977].

6. IOANNES di Ianaro (-before May 1085). m SICHELGAITA, daughter of --- (-before May 1085). Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a) BASILIOS di Ianaro (-after 5 May [1085]). "Sergius…Consul et Dux atque…Magister militum et Imperialis Protosevasto…et pro vice Iohannis ducis filii nostri" donated property "in loco…ad Crispanum", where "Sergius…atabius noster" built a church "sub maiori Basilio magno imperatore per indictionem XIII", to "Basilio diacono cognomento de Ianaro parenti nostro…rectores ecclesiæ sancti Ianuarii…filio quondam domini Ioannis, qui iterum nominabatur de Ianaro et quondam Sicelgaita" by charter dated 5 May "imperante domino nostro Alexio Magno imperatore a. 4…Indict. VIII" (presumably therefore dated to [1085])[1978].

1. SERGIUS (-[19 Jan/29 Mar] 998). The parentage of Duke Sergius III is not known. The chronology of his life is not sufficiently defined to decide whether he was the son or younger brother of Duke Marinus II. However, if the hypothesis set out below concerning Sergius´s unnamed son is correct, it appears more likely that Sergius was Marinus´s son rather than his brother. He succeeded [his father] in [992] as SERGIUS III Duke of Naples. "Sergii…Consul et Dux" is named in a charter dated 6 Aug 992 which records a judgment[1979]. "Sergius…consul et dux" granted fishing rights to the monastery of SS Severino e Sossio by charter dated 17 Jan [998][1980]. "Sergius…Consul et Dux…et pro vice filii sui qui infra etate esse videtur" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore by charter dated to "tempore Basilii magni imperatoris in die XX Iunii indictionis V" (corresponding to 977, 992, 1007 and 1022)[1981]. Stasser suggests that 977 is the most appropriate date considering the reference to Sergius´s under-age son, on the assumption that Duke Ioannes IV was the son of Duke Sergius III, that Ioannes was the son in question who is mentioned in the document, and that the chronology of the life of Ioannes indicates that he was of age by 992[1982]. However, if this theory is correct, the document would be placed during the reign of Sergius´s father Duke Marinus II. It therefore seems more appropriate to place the document in 992, although this means that Duke Sergius´s son who is mentioned in the document could not have been Duke Ioannes IV. "Sergius et Iohannes…consules et duces" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore by charter dated "in tempore domini imperatoris Basilii" (963-1025, so dated to the middle part of his reign on the probably correct assumption that the document refers to Duke Sergius III and Duke Ioannes IV)[1983]. m ---. The name of Duke Sergius's wife is not known. Duke Sergius & his wife had one child:

a) son ([after [975/80]-[before 998]). "Sergius…Consul et Dux…et pro vice filii sui qui infra etate esse videtur" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore by charter dated to "tempore Basilii magni imperatoris in die XX Iunii indictionis V" (corresponding to 977, 992, 1007 and 1022)[1984]. Stasser suggests that 977 is the most appropriate date considering the reference to Sergius´s under-age son, on the assumption that Duke Ioannes IV was the son of Duke Sergius III, that Ioannes was the son in question who is mentioned in the document, and that the chronology of the life of Ioannes indicates that he was of age by 992[1985]. However, if this theory is correct, the document would be placed during the reign of Sergius´s father Duke Marinus II. It therefore seems more appropriate to place the document in 992, although this means that Duke Sergius´s son who is mentioned in the document could not have been Duke Ioannes IV. If this is correct, this unnamed son presumably predeceased his father.

2. IOANNES (-[Dec 1002/1005]). The parentage of Duke Ioannes IV is not known. His successor Duke Sergius IV was apparently of age when he succeeded in [1005]. It is not certain that Sergius IV was the son of Duke Ioannes IV, but if he was, it is likely that Duke Ioannes IV would have been of a similar age to Duke Sergius III, and therefore more likely that he was the brother of the latter than his son. He was named by Duke Sergius III as co-ruler in [992/98]: "Sergius et Iohannes…consules et duces" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore by charter dated "in tempore domini imperatoris Basilii" (963-1025, so dated to the middle part of his reign on the probably correct assumption that the document refers to Duke Sergius III and Duke Ioannes IV)[1986]. A charter dated 19 Jun 998, quoted above, names Duke Sergius alone. This suggests that he made this nomination late in his life in [19 Jan/29 Mar] 998, probably when he was dying, to assure the succession. He succeeded in [Mar 998] as IOANNES IV Duke of Naples. "Iohannes…consul et dux" granted exemptions to the boats of the monastery of SS Sergio e Bacchio by charter dated 29 Mar [999][1987]. Duke Ioannes was captured by Emperor Otto III in 999 and sent to Germany as a prisoner[1988]. It is not known how long he remained in Germany, but he is recorded back in Naples in Dec [1002], the date of a charter under which "Iohannes et Sergius…Consules et duces" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Salvatore[1989]. This suggests that his release may have been ordered by Emperor Otto´s successor, Heinrich II who was elected to succeed as king of Germany in Jun 1002.

1. SERGIUS (-[26 Jun 1036/25 Oct 1038]). The parentage of Duke Sergius IV is not known, but the chronology suggests that he may have been the son of Duke Ioannes IV. He was associated by Duke Ioannes IV in the government of Naples before Dec 1002: "Iohannes et Sergius…Consules et duces" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Salvatore by charter dated Dec [1002][1990]. He succeeded in [1005] as SERGIUS IV Duke of Naples. "Sergius consul et dux" donated property to the monastery of SS Theodoro & Sebastiano by charter dated 1005[1991]. "Sergius…Consul et Dux" donated the monastery of SS Gregorio & Sebastiano in Naples to "Maria…abbatissa, filia quondam Stephani parentis nostri" by charter dated 2 Sep [1009][1992]. "Sergius…Consul et Dux" confirmed donations to the monastery of "Sanctorum Severini et Soffii" at Naples by charter dated 17 Jan 1011[1993]. "Sergius…consul et dux" confirmed cultivation rights of the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho in land "de loco…Campilionem et…Kampana" by charter dated 20 Dec [1016], signed by "Petrus filius domini Mastali…"[1994]. He was deposed in 1027 by Pandolf IV Prince of Capua and sought refuge in Gaeta[1995]. Duke Sergius was restored in 1029 with the help of Rainulf "Drengot", whom he rewarded with the fief of Aversa and his sister in marriage[1996]. "Sergius et Iohannes…consulibus et ducibus" confirmed the privileges granted to "Anna…monaca filia…Iohannis quondam Varvocia nunc…monachus" by charter dated 1 Oct [1033][1997]. After the death of the duke´s sister, Rainulf Conte di Aversa married a relation of Prince Pandolf and took power in Naples. As Rainulf's second marriage is dated to 1034, Duke Sergius's second deposition presumably took place after this date. Amatus records that Duke Sergius "twice became a monk"[1998]. Sergius was still alive in mid-1036 but living in Constantinople: "Sergius…Consul et Dux, filius d. Iohannis Consulis et Ducis qui perrexit in Costantinopolim" donated a church to the monastery of San Salvatore, at the request of "d. Sergio abio suo olim dux nunc…monachi", by charter dated 26 Jun 1036[1999]. Stasser suggests that the later dukes of Sorrento were descended from an otherwise unrecorded second marriage of Sergius IV Duke of Naples, both because Sergius was a name used in the Sorrento family and because the title senatrix, used in the family of the dukes of Naples, was used by Gaitelgrima di Sorrento[2000]. m ---. The name of Duke Sergius's wife is not known. Duke Sergius IV & his wife had [four] children:

a) IOANNES (-[Mar 1050/Apr 1053]). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 26 Jun 1036 under which his son "Sergius…Consul et Dux, filius d. Iohannis Consulis et Ducis qui perrexit in Costantinopolim" donated a church to the monastery of San Salvatore, at the request of "d. Sergio abio suo olim dux nunc…monachi"[2001]. His father associated him as IOANNES V Duke of Naples before mid-1016: a charter dated 3 Jul 1016 names "d. Sergii et d. Iohannis…Consulum et Ducum"[2002].

- see below.

b) MARINUS (-after 1044). "Marinus comes filius quondam…domini Sergii…Consul et Dux" confirmed donations to the monastery of "Sanctorum Theodori et Sebastiani…Casa Picta…in Viridarium" by charter dated 27 Mar 1044, which refers to "Comitatum meum de Castro Cummano"[2003].

c) [BLATTA (-after Jul 1049). "…Blacta…monachile…quæ fui principissa et relicta quondam Johanni principis filia [sic] supradicti Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[2004]. Stasser suggests that the wife of Ioannes was a daughter of Sergius IV Duke of Naples, based on the close connection between the ducal family of Naples and Pandolf VI Prince of Capua who found refuge with Duke Sergius IV after being expelled from Capua[2005]. m IOANNES di Teano, son of PANDULF VI di Capua Conte di Teano & his wife --- (-after 1026).]

d) [ANNA (-after Jul 1049). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…et…Anna comitissa filia Sergii et relicta quoddam supradicti Paldulfi comiti" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[2006]. Stasser suggests that the wife of Pandulf was a daughter of Sergius IV Duke of Naples & his wife ---, based on the close connection between the ducal family of Naples and Pandolf VI Prince of Capua who found refuge with Duke Sergius IV after being expelled from Capua[2007]. m PANDULF di Teano, son of PANDULF VI di Capua Conte di Teano & his wife --- (-before Jul 1049).]

2. sister (-1034). Amatus records that Sergius Duke of Naples (presumably indicating Duke Sergius IV) gave his sister, "recently widowed by the death of the Count of Gaeta", in marriage to Rainulf in return for helping him resume power in Naples from Pandolf Prince of Capua[2008]. The identity of her first husband is not known. Stasser suggests that he could only have been Ioannes IV Duke of Gaeta[2009]. However, the chronology is far from ideal, assuming that the death of Duke Ioannes IV is correctly dated to 1012. If that date is correct, it would hardly be appropriate to describe his wife as "recently widowed" on his marriage to Rainulf. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records "dehinc Sergius recuperate Neapoli, Rainulfum strenuum virum affinitate sibi coniunxit, et Aversæ illum comitem faciens"[2010]. Amatus records her death soon after her marriage to Rainulf[2011]. m firstly --- of Gaeta, son of --- (-[1025/30]). The identity of this person is not certain. It is improbable that he could have been Ioannes IV Duke of Gaeta, married to the other daughter of Duke Sergius, whose death in 1012 could hardly have been "recent" when his widow remarried. m secondly (1030) as his first wife, RAINULF "Drengot", son of --- (-Jun 1045). He was invested with Aversa by the Duke of Naples, presumably at the same time as his marriage, and as RAINULF Conte di Aversa by Emperor Konrad II in 1038, as vassal of the Prince of Salerno.

The precise relationships between the following two individuals and the family of the dukes of Naples has not been ascertained.

1. STEFANIA (-[May 1090/5 Jan 1097]). The precise relationship between Sergius VI Duke of Naples and Stefania has not been ascertained. "Sergius…Consul et dux atque…magister militum…et pro vice Iohanni duci filii nostri qui infra etatem esse videtur" donated property to "Stephania…abbatissam…parenti nostra monasterii…Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 15 May 1090[2012]. Abbess of SS Gregorio & Sebastiano in Naples.

2. RIGALA (-after 16 Feb 1127). The precise relationship between Sergius VI Duke of Naples and Rigala has not been ascertained. "Sergius…Consul et Dux…magister militum et imperialis Protosevasto…et pro bice Iohannis duci filii nostri qui infra etatem esse bidetur" donated property to "Rigale…abbatissa et…parenti nostra monasterii…beatorum Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 5 Jan 1097[2013]. Abbess of SS Gregorio & Sebastiano in Naples. "Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum" confirmed donations of property to "Rigale…abbatisse…parenti nostra monasterii…Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 16 Feb [1127][2014].

IOANNES of Naples, son of SERGIUS IV Duke of Naples & his wife --- (-[Mar 1050/Apr 1053]). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 26 Jun 1036 under which his son "Sergius…Consul et Dux, filius d. Iohannis Consulis et Ducis qui perrexit in Costantinopolim" donated a church to the monastery of San Salvatore, at the request of "d. Sergio abio suo olim dux nunc…monachi"[2015]. His father associated him as IOANNES V Duke of Naples before mid-1016: a charter dated 3 Jul 1016 names "d. Sergii et d. Iohannis…Consulum et Ducum"[2016]. "Sergius et Iohannes…consulibus et ducibus" confirmed the privileges granted to "Anna…monaca filia…Iohannis quondam Varvocia nunc…monachus" by charter dated 1 Oct [1033][2017]. He was absent in Constantinople in mid-1036: "Sergius…Consul et Dux, filius d. Iohannis Consulis et Ducis", specifying that the latter was not present as he "perexit in Costantinopolim", donated a church to the monastery of San Salvatore, at the request of "d. Sergio abio suo olim dux nunc…monachi", by charter dated 26 Jun 1036[2018]. Ioannes V returned to Naples as some time (undated) and resumed his rule as duke. "D. Iohannes et d. Sergius…consulibus et magister militum genitore et filio" confirmed the inheritance of "d. Gregorio abio tuo…illorum parenti filio quondam d. Niceta illorum parenti et…domino Iohannes genitori meo illorum parenti filio…quondam d. Sergii qui fuit abio meo thio et nepotem" charter dated 9 Mar 1050[2019].

m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known.

Ioannes & his wife had two children:

1. SERGIUS (-after Nov 1075). He succeeded as SERGIUS V Duke of Naples before 26 Jun 1036: "Sergius…Consul et Dux, filius d. Iohannis Consulis et Ducis", specifying that the latter was not present as he "perexit in Costantinopolim", donated a church to the monastery of San Salvatore, at the request of "d. Sergio abio suo olim dux nunc…monachi", by charter dated 26 Jun 1036[2020]. This document suggests that at that date he was not ruling jointly with his father, who was still absent following his second deposition which, as shown above, is dated to 1034. No additional information has been found which indicates when Sergius V succeeded as duke, but it can presumably be dated to [1035/early 1036]. "Sergius Consul et dux atque magister militum postularis" donated property to the monastery of San Salvatore by charter dated to [1044][2021]. Sergius´s father returned to Naples (undated) and also ruled as duke: "D. Iohannes et d. Sergius…consulibus et magister militum genitore et filio" confirmed the inheritance of "d. Gregorio abio tuo…illorum parenti filio quondam d. Niceta illorum parenti et…domino Iohannes genitori meo illorum parenti filio…quondam d. Sergii qui fuit abio meo thio et nepotem" charter dated 9 Mar 1050[2022]. "Sergius…Consul et dux atque magister militum filius…quondam domini Iohannis…Consuli et duci seu magister militum qui fuit filius quondam bone recordationis domini Sergii abii mei Consulis et ducis atque magistri militum postmodum…monachi" donated property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho by charter dated 27 Apr 1053[2023]. "Sergius…Consul et dux et magister militum filius quondam vone memorie domini Iohannis…Consulis et ducis et magister militum" donated property to "Anna…abbatissa parenti nostra monasterii…bb. Gregorii et Sebastiani…" by charter dated 20 May [1060][2024]. "Sergius…consule et duce atque…magister militum" donated property to "Itta…parenti nostra filia…quondam Ursi comitis parenti nostri…cum domina Maria religiosa monacha et gubernatrix monasterii bb. Nicandre et Marciani atque Patricie" by charter dated 22 Jul [1065], witnessed by "…Iohannes filius domini Leoni, Iohannes filius domini Ursi, Iohannes filius domini Iohannis…"[2025]. "Domnus Sergius…Consuli et Duce" confirmed donations to the church of Naples by "Itta…femina filia quondam Ursi Comitis…parenti nostri" by charter dated 22 Jul 1065[2026]. "Sergius…Consul et Dux, ac…magister militum" confirmed the inheritance of "Sergio qui nominator Crispano parenti nostro filio quondam Iohannis qui iterum Crispano vocabas nostri parenti", including the part inherited from "quondam Mansa…coniuge tua", by charter dated 15 May [1067][2027]. "Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum filius bone recordationis domini Iohannis consulis et ducis atque magistri militum…[et] Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum filius vone memorie domini Iohannis senatoris qui fuit filius domini Iohannis consulis et ducis atque magistri militum hoc est thius et nepos" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore by charter dated 20 Nov [1075][2028].

2. IOANNES (-before 1075). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 20 Nov [1075] under which his brother and his son "Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum filius bone recordationis domini Iohannis consulis et ducis atque magistri militum…[et] Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum filius vone memorie domini Iohannis senatoris qui fuit filius domini Iohannis consulis et ducis atque magistri militum hoc est thius et nepos" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore[2029]. Senator. m SICHELGARDA, daughter of ---. A charter dated 6 Jan [1102], under which "Sergius…diaconus, qui nominatur Romano…filius q. d. Cesarii Romani et…Landelgrime" sold property, mentions land "iuxta heredum…domine Celgirde que fuit coniux q. v. m. d. Iohannis senatoris"[2030]. A charter dated 24 May [1130], under which "Ursus cognomento Romano, filius q. d. Cesarii Rommani et q. d. Landelgrime" sold property to the abbess of SS Marcellino & Pietro, mentions land "terra heredum q. d. Sichelgarde h. f. que fuit conius q. v. m. d. Iohannis senatoris"[2031]. Ioannes & his wife had two children:

a) SERGIUS (-before Sep 1107). Duke Sergius V associated Sergius in the government of Naples before 20 Nov 1075: "Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum filius bone recordationis domini Iohannis consulis et ducis atque magistri militum…[et] Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum filius vone memorie domini Iohannis senatoris qui fuit filius domini Iohannis consulis et ducis atque magistri militum hoc est thius et nepos" donated property to the abbot of San Salvatore by charter dated 20 Nov [1075][2032]. He succeeded his uncle as SERGIUS VI Duke of Naples. Amatus records that Richard di Capua besieged Naples, dated to [May 1077/Apr 1078][2033]. "Sergius…Consul et dux atque…magister militum…et pro vice Iohanni duci filii nostri qui infra etatem esse videtur" donated property to "Stephania…abbatissam…parenti nostra monasterii…Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 15 May 1090[2034]. "Sergius…Consul et Dux…magister militum et imperialis Protosevasto…et pro bice Iohannis duci filii nostri qui infra etatem esse bidetur" donated property to "Rigale…abbatissa et…parenti nostra monasterii…beatorum Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 5 Jan 1097[2035]. m ([Apr 1078]) LIMPIASA of Capua, daughter of RICHARD [I] Prince of Capua & his wife [Fredesende de Hauteville]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 31 Dec [1120] under which her son "Iohannes…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis protosevastos filius quondam vone recordationis domini Sergii…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis protosevasto et quondam domina Limpiasa…ducissa que fuit filia quondam vone memorie domini Riccardi principis Capuane civitatis iugalium personarum" exchanged property with the monastery of SS Sergio & Bacchio[2036]. It appears more acceptable from a chronological point of view that she was the daughter of Richard I Prince of Capua than Richard II. Stasser suggests that the marriage took place after her father died, marking the end of the siege of Naples[2037]. Duke Sergius & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES ([1079/80]-[Dec 1120/Apr 1123]). "Sergius…Consul et dux atque…magister militum…et pro vice Iohanni duci filii nostri qui infra etatem esse videtur" donated property to "Stephania…abbatissam…parenti nostra monasterii…Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 15 May 1090[2038]. "Sergius…Consul et Dux…magister militum et imperialis Protosevasto…et pro bice Iohannis duci filii nostri qui infra etatem esse bidetur" donated property to "Rigale…abbatissa et…parenti nostra monasterii…beatorum Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 5 Jan 1097[2039]. He succeeded his father in 1107 as IOANNES VI Duke of Naples. "Iohannes…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis prothosebasto" sold property to "Lando et Iohanni uterinis germanis…filiis quondam Petri qui nominatur Bircido" by charter dated 2 Sep [1107], witnessed by "Marinus filius domini Aligerni, Iohannes filius domini Sergii…"[2040]. "Iohannes…Consul et Dux…magister militum et imperiali protosebasto…et pro vice Sergii duci filii nostri qui infra etate esse videtur" donated property to "Iohannes…abbati monasterii nostri domini et Salvatoris" by charter dated 3 Mar [1114][2041]. "Iohannes…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis protosevastos filius quondam vone recordationis domini Sergii…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperialis protosevasto et quondam domina Limpiasa…ducissa que fuit filia quondam vone memorie domini Riccardi principis Capuane civitatis iugalium personarum" exchanged property with the monastery of SS Sergio & Bacchio by charter dated 31 Dec [1120][2042]. m EVA [Anna] of Gaeta, daughter of GEOFFROY Ridell Duke of Gaeta & his wife --- (before 1086-). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter under which her son "Sergio…consuli et duci…filio…Iohannis…consulis et ducis…et…Anna…ducisse que fuit filia…d. Iolfride principis et ducis civitatis Gayete" bought property[2043]. "Sergio…consuli et duci…filio…Iohannis…consulis et ducis…et…Ebe…ducisse que fuit filia…d. Iolfride principis et ducis civitatis Gayete" bought property by charter dated 5 Jan 1131[2044]. Duke Ioannes & his wife had one child:

(a) SERGIUS (after [1100]-after Mar 1139). His father associated him in the government of Naples before Mar 1114: "Iohannes…Consul et Dux…magister militum et imperiali protosebasto…et pro vice Sergii duci filii nostri qui infra etate esse videtur" donated property to "Iohannes…abbati monasterii nostri domini et Salvatoris" by charter dated 3 Mar [1114][2045]. His parentage is confirmed by a charter dated 4 Jan [1131] under which "Petrus qui nominator Sichimari et Pandolfus filius…d. Iohannis qui nominatur Sichimari qui fuit filius…d. Petri Langobardi Capuani qui nominatur Sichimari et…d. Anne filie…d. Gregorii qui nominatur Appiu" sold property to "Sergio…consuli et duci…filio…Iohannis…consulis et ducis…et…Anna…ducisse que fuit filia…d. Iolfride principis et ducis civitatis Gayete"[2046]. He succeeded his father in 1123 as SERGIUS VII Duke of Naples. A charter dated 9 Apr 1123 names "Sergii…consul et dux"[2047]. "Sergius…Consul et dux atque magister militum filius quondam Iohannis…Consulis et dux atque magistri militum et imperialis Prothosebaston et quondam Eva…ducissa quæ fuit filia quondam domini Alphederii Belli ducis civitatis Gaiete" donated property to the monastery of San Salvatore by charter dated to [1118/37][2048]. "Sergius…consul et dux atque…magister militum" confirmed donations of property to "Rigale…abbatisse…parenti nostra monasterii…Gregorii et Sebastiani" by charter dated 16 Feb [1127][2049]. "Sergio…consuli et duci…filio…Iohannis…consulis et ducis…et…Ebe…ducisse que fuit filia…d. Iolfride principis et ducis civitatis Gayete" bought property by charter dated 5 Jan 1131[2050]. He submitted to Roger King of Sicily in 1130, but rebelled in 1135 when the city was besieged by the king's forces. Duke Sergius submitted once more in 1137 but died on campaign with King Roger shortly afterwards[2051]. A charter dated 20 Mar 1139 names "Sergii…Consul et Dux atque…magister militum"[2052].

b) INMILGIA . Her parentage is confirmed by the charter which records a donation by her son "domino Marino filio quondam hvone memorie domini Landolfi qui fuit dux civitatis Gaiete et quondam domine Inmilga ducissa iugalium" under the tutelage of "domini Iohannis…consul et dux…exadelfo germano suo", dated to [1107][2053]. m LANDOLF Duke of Gaeta, son of --- (-after [1101/02]).

B. CONTI di PUTEOLANO

1. ATENOLF . Conte di Puteolano. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 15 Oct 1126 under which her grandson "Adenulfus Comes castri Putheolani, filius b. m. d. Iohannis comitis supradicti castri Putheolani, qui fuit filius b. m. d. Adenulfi Comitis castri Putheolani et q. d. Gaytalgrime comitisse" restored property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho which had been wrongly detained by "cianum ipsius Comitis, germanium patris ipsius Comitis"[2054]. Atenolf & his wife had three children:

a) --- . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 15 Oct 1126 under which his son "Adenulfus Comes castri Putheolani, filius b. m. d. Iohannis comitis supradicti castri Putheolani, qui fuit filius b. m. d. Adenulfi Comitis castri Putheolani et q. d. Gaytalgrime comitisse" restored property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho which had been wrongly detained by "cianum ipsius Comitis, germanium patris ipsius Comitis"[2055]. Conte di Puteolano.

b) IOANNES . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 15 Oct 1126 under which his son "Adenulfus Comes castri Putheolani, filius b. m. d. Iohannis comitis supradicti castri Putheolani, qui fuit filius b. m. d. Adenulfi Comitis castri Putheolani et q. d. Gaytalgrime comitisse" restored property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho which had been wrongly detained by "cianum ipsius Comitis, germanium patris ipsius Comitis"[2056]. Conte di Puteolano. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

i) ATENOLF (-after 15 Oct 1126). Conte di Puteolano. "Adenulfus Comes castri Putheolani, filius b. m. d. Iohannis comitis supradicti castri Putheolani, qui fuit filius b. m. d. Adenulfi Comitis castri Putheolani et q. d. Gaytalgrime comitisse" restored property to the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho which had been wrongly detained by "cianum ipsius Comitis, germanium patris ipsius Comitis" by charter dated 15 Oct 1126[2057]. Roger II King of Sicily confirmed donations to Santa Maria a Capella, Naples by "…Adenulphus quondam comes Puteoli…" by charter dated Nov 1143[2058]. m MARIA, daughter of DALFINE Cacapice & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 5 Jun 1122 under which her son "Iohannes…Comes castri Puteolani, filius quidem d. Adenolfi Comitis ipsius castri Puteolani et quedam d. Marie comitisse que fuit filia d. Dalfine Cacapice" to renounce his claims to his castle in favour of "Roperto principe Capuanis civitatis"[2059]. Atenolf & his wife had three children:

(a) IOANNES (-after 5 Jun 1122). Conte di Puteolano. "Iohannes…Comes castri Puteolani, filius quidem d. Adenolfi Comitis ipsius castri Puteolani et quedam d. Marie comitisse que fuit filia d. Dalfine Cacapice", with the consent of "d. Gaitelgrime Comitisse coniugis sue", agreed with "d. Sergio uterino germano suo" to renounce his claims to his castle in favour of "Roperto principe Capuanis civitatis", by charter dated 5 Jun 1122, which also records the pension granted to "alium uterinum germanium…Gregorius…[et] coniugem d. Maroctam"[2060]. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of --- (-after 5 Jun 1122). "Iohannes…Comes castri Puteolani, filius quidem d. Adenolfi Comitis ipsius castri Puteolani et quedam d. Marie comitisse que fuit filia d. Dalfine Cacapice", with the consent of "d. Gaitelgrime Comitisse coniugis sue", agreed to renounce his claims to his castle in favour of "Roperto principe Capuanis civitatis", by charter dated 5 Jun 1122[2061].

(b) SERGIUS (-after 5 Jun 1122). "Iohannes…Comes castri Puteolani, filius quidem d. Adenolfi Comitis ipsius castri Puteolani et quedam d. Marie comitisse que fuit filia d. Dalfine Cacapice" agreed with "d. Sergio uterino germano suo" to renounce his claims to his castle in favour of "Roperto principe Capuanis civitatis", by charter dated 5 Jun 1122[2062].

(c) GREGORIUS (-after 5 Jun 1122). "Iohannes…Comes castri Puteolani, filius quidem d. Adenolfi Comitis ipsius castri Puteolani et quedam d. Marie comitisse que fuit filia d. Dalfine Cacapice" agreed with "d. Sergio uterino germano suo" to renounce his claims to his castle in favour of "Roperto principe Capuanis civitatis", by charter dated 5 Jun 1122, which also records the pension granted to "alium uterinum germanium…Gregorius…[et] coniugem d. Maroctam"[2063]. m MAROCTA, daughter of --- (-after 5 Jun 1122). "Iohannes…Comes castri Puteolani, filius quidem d. Adenolfi Comitis ipsius castri Puteolani et quedam d. Marie comitisse que fuit filia d. Dalfine Cacapice" agreed with "d. Sergio uterino germano suo" to renounce his claims to his castle in favour of "Roperto principe Capuanis civitatis", by charter dated 5 Jun 1122, which also records the pension granted to "alium uterinum germanium…Gregorius…[et] coniugem d. Maroctam"[2064].

c) SICA (-after 1118). "Domina Sica…comitissa castro Cikaliensis hac filia quondam domini Adenulfi comiti Puteolani" donated property to the monastery of "sanctissimi Severini et Sossii", with the consent of "viri mei domino…militi et baroni Aymoni de Argentia…dominum de castellum Cikaliense", by charter dated 1118[2065]. m AYMON Signor di Cikalia, son of --- (-after 1118).

C. CONTI di ABELLE

1. ALDOINO (-after 1087). Conte di Abelle. "Aldoyno franco comes de Abelle" donated property to the monastery of St Sebastiano, Naples, for the soul of "…Alberada…uxore mea", by charter dated 1087[2066]. m ALBERADA, daughter of --- (-after 1087). "Aldoyno franco comes de Abelle" donated property to the monastery of St Sebastiano, Naples, for the soul of "…Alberada…uxore mea", by charter dated 1087[2067].

2. DAUFER . Conte di Abelle. m TRUDE, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 24 Sep 1132 under which her grandson "Gregorius cognomento de domno Dauferi, filius quidam d. Iohannis qui fuit Comes de Abelle qui item fuit filius quidam d. Dauferi qui iterum fuit Comes de ipsa Abelle et quedam d. Trude dudum Comitisse" sold property to "d. Sergio presbytero"[2068]. Daufer & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 24 Sep 1132 under which his son "Gregorius cognomento de domno Dauferi, filius quidam d. Iohannis qui fuit Comes de Abelle qui item fuit filius quidam d. Dauferi qui iterum fuit Comes de ipsa Abelle et quedam d. Trude dudum Comitisse" sold property to "d. Sergio presbytero"[2069]. Conte di Abelle. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

i) GREGORIUS de Domno Dauferi (-after 24 Sep 1132). "Gregorius cognomento de domno Dauferi, filius quidam d. Iohannis qui fuit Comes de Abelle qui item fuit filius quidam d. Dauferi qui iterum fuit Comes de ipsa Abelle et quedam d. Trude dudum Comitisse" sold property to "d. Sergio presbytero" by charter dated 24 Sep 1132[2070].

Chapter 5. AMALFI

A. PREFECTS of AMALFI 840-958

Amalfi was nominally subject to the jurisdiction of the duchy of Naples in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. The town was specifically mentioned as part of the Neapolitan duchy in the 836 peace agreement which was concluded between Sicard Prince of Benevento and the duchy[2071]. Amalfi was captured by Prince Sicard in 838, but the town regained its autonomy after his assassination in the following year. The rulers of Amalfi used the title prefect and, from 958, duke.

Amalfi developed as a major commercial and trading centre, its fleets travelling widely. The Amalfitans established close relations with the Arabs, much to the disgust of the Papacy, presumably as a means of furthering their trading interests. They also maintained connections with Byzantium, symbolised by the Amalfitan monastery which was founded on Mount Athos in the late 10th century. These developments contributed to Amalfi becoming one of the wealthier centres in southern Italy during 10th and 11th centuries. On the death of Duke Sergius IV in 1073, the city of Amalfi placed itself under the protection of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia[2072].

1. PETRUS (-after 1 Sep 840). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Petrum" was chosen as first prefect of Amalfi 1 Sep 840[2073].

2. CONSTANTIUS . m ---. The name of Constantius´s wife is not known. Constantius & his wife had one child:

a) SERGIUS . The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Sergium…filium Constantii Comitis" was chosen as prefect in 841, followed by "Maurum Præfectum"[2074].

3. MAURUS . The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Sergium…filium Constantii Comitis" was chosen as prefect in 841, followed by "Maurum Præfectum"[2075]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that, after "Maurum Præfectum", two prefects were elected each year, starting with "Johannes cum Urso Comite", followed by "Muschus Comes cum Sergio Comite", then "Leo Comes cum Tauro Comite, Lupinus Comes cum --- Comite…Ursus Comes cum Sergio Comite qui dictus est de Marino", and afterwards "Sergius filius Gregorii Magister Militum"[2076].

4. PULCHARUS . m ---. The name of Pulcharius´s wife is not known. Pulcharius & his wife had one child:

a) LUCIANUS . m ---. The name of Lucianus´s wife is not known. Lucianus & his wife had one child:

i) MARINUS . Prefect of Amalfi. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Domino Marino filio Domini Luciani filii Domini Pulchari Præfecti" was elected prefect, adding that he ruled 14 years "cum Domino Sergio filio suo", until he was deposed and blinded and sent to Naples[2077]. He returned to power as prefect of Amalfi in 866[2078]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Marinus Dux" returned as prefect after "Dominus Urso Galactaricus filius Domini Johannis filii Solni Romani Vitalis" was deposed and ruled 7 years with "Domino Pulcharo filio"[2079]. He rescued Athanasius Bishop of Naples from prison in 870[2080]. m ---. The name of Marinus's wife is not known. Marinus & his wife had three children:

(a) SERGIUS [I] (-after [860]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Domino Marino filio Domini Luciani filii Domini Pulchari Præfecti" was elected prefect, adding that he ruled 14 years "cum Domino Sergio filio suo", until deposed and blinded and sent to Naples[2081]. He succeeded his father as prefect of Amalfi before 860, but was replaced in [860] by prefect Mauro.

(b) PULCHARUS (-after Sep 879). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Marinus Dux" returned as prefect after "Dominus Urso Galactaricus filius Domini Johannis filii Solni Romani Vitalis" was deposed and ruled 7 years with "Domino Pulcharo filio"[2082]. His father associated him as prefect of Amalfi in [866][2083]. Pope John VIII agreed to pay him 10,000 silver mancusis for Amalfitan ships to patrol the Tyrrhenian coast from Traietto to Civitavecchia as protection against Arab raiders, although in Sep 879 the Pope asked for the money to be returned as the ships had apparently not started their patrols and in Oct 880 he excommunicated the town[2084]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Pulcharus" ruled for seven years after his father was deposed for the second time, and died[2085]. m --- of Salerno, daughter of GUAIFER I Prince of Salerno & his wife Landelaiche ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage is not known.

(c) daughter. m STEFANUS, son of --- (-after 898). He succeeded Pulcharus as prefect of Amalfi, but fell from power in 898[2086].

(d) [--- di Amalfi . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Ademarus" [Prince of Salerno] captured "filium Marini Malfitani, cognatum…Pandonis" and delivered to "Sergio magistro militum"[2087]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" in this passage should be translated as brother-in-law, and therefore that the wife of Pando was the daughter of [2088]. m as his second wife, PANDO Count of Capua, son of LANDOLF [I] Count of Capua & his wife --- (-[862]).]

1. MAURO, son of --- (-murdered 866). Prefect of Amalfi in 860[2089]. When he was assassinated and succeeded by Sergius, son of Gregorius III Duke of Naples, who ruled as prefect of Amalfi for 13 days[2090].

1. URSUS . m ---. The name of Ursus´s wife is not known. Ursus & his wife had one child:

a) LEO . m ---. The name of Leo´s wife is not known. Leo & his wife had one child:

i) MANSO (-[914]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso Fusilis, filius Domini Leonis filius Domini Ursi" was "magnus Dux Amalphitanorum" in 913 after "Marinus filius Leonis filii Marini" and reigned 16 years before he became a monk "in monasterio Sancti Benedicti de Monte"[2091]. A document dated 8 Jul 907 refers to "temporibus dom. Mansonis imperiali spatario candidate et dom. Mastali genitor et filius…prefecture…civitatis Amalfi"[2092]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Mansone patricius Amalfitanorum"[2093]. Manso´s date of death is calculated from the Chronicon Amalphitani recording that his son reigned for 40 years, the death of Mastalus [I] being recorded in 954. m ---. The name of Manso's wife is not known. Manso & his wife had three children:

(a) MASTALUS [I] (-[29 Jun 953/954]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Mastarus filius Domini Mansonis" was "magnus Dux Amalphitanorum" [in 928] and reigned 40 years[2094]. He received the Byzantine title patrikios. A document dated 19 Jul 922 refers to "temporibus dom. Mastali imperialis patricii et dom. Leonis protospatarii eius filius"[2095]. A document dated 25 Jun 931 refers to "temporibus dom. Mastali imperialis patricii"[2096]. A document dated 29 Jun 953 refers to "temporibus d. Mastali imperialis patricii anno quinquagesimo…et temporibus d. Mastali…anno quarto"[2097]. m ---. The name of Mastalus's wife is not known. Mastalus & his wife had two children:

(1) LEO (-[920/25 Jun 931]). His father associated him as prefect of Amalfi in 920, but he presumably died before 931 when his father was documented as sole ruler[2098]. A document dated 18 Dec 920 refers to "temporibus domini Mastali et domini Leoni genitor et filius…iudicibus Amalfie"[2099]. He received the Byzantine title protospatarios. A document dated 19 Jul 922 refers to "temporibus dom. Mastali imperialis patricii et dom. Leonis protospatarii eius filius"[2100].

(2) IOANNES [I] (-[26 Jul 947/Jul 949]). His father associated him as prefect of Amalfi [25 Jun 931/Jan 934]. A document dated Jan 934 refers to "temporibus d. iudicis Mastali imperialis patricii et d. Iohannis eius filii Amalphiæ"[2101]. He received the Byzantine title patrikios. A document dated 26 Jul 947 refers to "temporibus dom. Mastali et dom.Iohannis imperialibus patricii"[2102]. m ANDROSA, daughter of ---. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Mastarus minor filius…Domini Mastari…Ducis, filii quondam Domini Masonis Ducis" succeeded in 968 and reigned "cum Domina Androsa matre sue" for four years before he was killed[2103]. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a. MASTALUS [II] ([935/40]-murdered 958). His grandfather associated him as prefect of Amalfi in [949]. A document dated 29 Jun 953 refers to "temporibus d. Mastali imperialis patricii anno quinquagesimo…et temporibus d. Mastali…anno quarto"[2104]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Mastarus minor filius…Domini Mastari…Ducis, filii quondam Domini Masonis Ducis" succeeded [in 954] and reigned "cum Domina Androsa matre sue" for four years before he was killed[2105]. He assumed the title Duke of Amalfi. A document dated 20 Jan 957 refers to "temporibus domini Mastali…ducis"[2106]. The absence of his mother´s name from the document suggests that Mastalus [II] had reached the age of majority before that date. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dux et Patricius Sergius…" murdered Mastalus [II][2107].

(b) CONSTANTINUS (-after Jan 960). "Rodelgrimus…et Walcari…germani filii Cumperti" gave property to "Mansoni comiti Amalfitano filius Costantini, qui fuit prefectorio" by charter dated Mar 940[2108]. "Constantinus Amalfitanus filius quondam Mansoni comitis" confirmed a grant by his father by charter dated Jan 960 which refers to, but does not name, "filiis meis…[et] uxore mea"[2109]. m --- (-after Jan 960). The name of Constantinus´s wife is not known. Constantinus & his wife had --- children:

(1) --- (-after Jan 960). "Constantinus Amalfitanus filius quondam Mansoni comitis" confirmed a grant by his father by charter dated Jan 960 which refers to, but does not name, "filiis meis…[et] uxore mea"[2110].

1. MANSO, son of --- (-983). He occupied Salerno on the death of Gisulf I (of Capua) Prince of Salerno. He was expelled by Ioannes of Spoleto in 983.

B. DUKES of AMALFI 958-1073

1. SERGIUS, son of MUSCUS & his wife --- . m ---. The name of Sergius´s wife is not known. Sergius & his wife had one child:

a) --- . His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicon Amalphitani which records that his son "Dux et Patricius Sergius filius Domini --- Comitis, filii Domini Sergii de Musco Comite, et Imperialis Patricius" succeeded in 972[2111]. m ---. One child:

i) SERGIUS (-[20 Dec 966/12 May 967]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dux et Patricius Sergius filius Domini --- Comitis, filii Domini Sergii de Musco Comite, et Imperialis Patricius" succeeded in 972 after murdering Mastalus [II] and reigned seven years and six months[2112]. He succeeded in 958 as SERGIUS II Duke of Amalfi, ruling jointly with his son. He received the Byzantine title patrikios [20 Jan 964/3 Jun 966]. A document dated 3 Jun 966 refers to "temporibus domini Sergii imperialis patricii"[2113]. m ---, daughter of IOANNES & his wife ---. His wife is named "une fille du comte Jean"[2114]. The name of Sergius's wife is not known. Sergius II & his wife had five children:

(a) MANSO (-[1004/05]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso Imperialis Patricius et Antipatus, filius Domini Sergii" succeeded his father as duke until he was deposed by his brother, but was restored after the latter died and ruled for a further 16 years[2115]. He succeeded in 958 as MANSO II Duke of Amalfi, ruling jointly with his father, and solely after the death of the latter.

- see below.

(b) IOANNES (-before 27 Apr 1007). The sons of Duke Sergius II are named "Manso, Jean…Adelfier, Ademar et Léon" in a charter dated Jul 988 which records their donation to Amalfi San Lorenzo[2116]. "Iohanni filio bone memorie domni Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" is named in a charter dated 10 Jul 982[2117]. "Joannes filius qd Sergii bone memorie…ducis et imp. patricii" bought land at Trasmonti from "Bona" by charter dated Jan 990[2118]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had two children:

(1) MANSO (-after 1011). "Manso f Ioannes f bone memorie Sergii…ducis et patricii imp" sold land at Pullica by charter dated 27 Apr 1007[2119].

(2) MARU . m CONSTANTINE, son of LEO (son of Constantin, son of Conte Leo) & his wife ---.

(c) ADELFER (-after 998). The sons of Duke Sergius II are named "Manso, Jean…Adelfier, Ademar et Léon" in a charter dated Jul 988 which records their donation to Amalfi San Lorenzo[2120]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Oferius frater eius" deposed his brother Manso in 982 and ruled one year and nine months before he died[2121]. He was installed as ADELFER Duke of Amalfi [22 Dec 984/20 May 985], succeeding his brother Duke Manso II, and associated his son with his rule: a document dated 22 Dec 984 refers to "temporibus d. Mansonis…ducis et imperialis patricii ann. 27 et 8 ann. D. Iohannis…ducis filii eius"[2122], while another document dated 20 May 985 refers to "temporibus domni Adelferii et domini Sergii genitori et filio…ducibus anno primo"[2123]. He was removed from power before 12 Oct 985, the date of a document which refers to "temporibus d. Mansonis…ducis et imperialis patricii ann. 28"[2124]. "Adelferius filius bone memorie domini Sergii…ducis et patriciis" donated property on the isle of Capri to "Iohanni filio Anastasii comitis de Theodoro comite" by charter dated 15 Nov 998[2125]. m DROSU, daughter of --- (-after 10 May 1012). "Drosu ducissa relicta q. vone memorie d. Adelferii…ducis…filius…d. Sergii…ducis et imperiales patricii et Sergius dux et Mauro et Ademarius germanis idest genetrix et filii" donated property at Amalfi to the archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated 10 May 1012 at Naples[2126]. Adelfer & his wife had three children:

(1) SERGIUS (-after 10 May 1012). A document dated 20 May 985 refers to "temporibus domni Adelferii et domini Sergii genitori et filio…ducibus anno primo"[2127]. His father associated him in 985 as SERGIUS Duke of Amalfi. "Drosu ducissa relicta q. vone memorie d. Adelferii…ducis…filius…d. Sergii…ducis et imperiales patricii et Sergius dux et Mauro et Ademarius germanis idest genetrix et filii" donated property at Amalfi to the archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated 10 May 1012 at Naples[2128].

(2) MAURO (-after 10 May 1012). "Drosu ducissa relicta q. vone memorie d. Adelferii…ducis…filius…d. Sergii…ducis et imperiales patricii et Sergius dux et Mauro et Ademarius germanis idest genetrix et filii" donated property at Amalfi to the archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated 10 May 1012 at Naples[2129].

(3) ADEMAR (-after 10 May 1012). "Drosu ducissa relicta q. vone memorie d. Adelferii…ducis…filius…d. Sergii…ducis et imperiales patricii et Sergius dux et Mauro et Ademarius germanis idest genetrix et filii" donated property at Amalfi to the archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated 10 May 1012 at Naples[2130].

(d) ADEMAR (-[Feb 1018/Jun 1025]). The sons of Duke Sergius II are named "Manso, Jean…Adelfier, Ademar et Léon" in a charter dated Jul 988 which records their donation to Amalfi San Lorenzo[2131]. Stated to be ruler of Amalfi jointly with his brothers in a donation to the church of St Lawrence [2132]. "Ademar et Adelferi germani filii quondam Ademari Amalfitano qui sunt filii domini…et imperiali patricio Amalfitanorum" sold property by charter dated Jun 1025[2133].

- see below, Part C.

(e) LEO (-after Mar 992). The sons of Duke Sergius II are named "Manso, Jean…Adelfier, Ademar et Léon" in a charter dated Jul 988 which records their donation to Amalfi San Lorenzo[2134]. "Iohannes filius Mansonis de Leone comite" sold property at Ipsu Circitu on the isle of Capri to "domino Leone filio quondam bone memorie domni Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" by charter dated Mar 992[2135]. Stated to be ruler of Amalfi jointly with his brothers in a donation to the church of St Lawrence[2136]. m ---. The name of Leo´s wife is not known. Leo & his wife had one child:

(1) PURPURA . "Purpura…filia quondam Leonis Sergii…quondam Alfani comitis" donated property inherited from her husband, who had placed it in the hands of "Grimoaldi comiti et iudici cognato suo", to Cava by charter dated Jan 1043, which names "Alfani et Tauselgardi germani filii Petri qui fuit germanus de ipso viro meus"[2137]. m ALFAN, son of Conte ALFAN & his wife --- (-after Sep 1037).

MANSO, son of SERGIUS II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- (-[1004/05]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso Imperialis Patricius et Antipatus, filius Domini Sergii" succeeded his father in 979 as duke until he was deposed by his brother, but was restored after the latter died and ruled for a further 16 years[2138]. He succeeded in 958 as MANSO II Duke of Amalfi, ruling jointly with his father, and solely after the death of the latter. A document dated 12 May 967 refers to "temporibus dom. Mansonis…ducis ann. 9"[2139]. He received the Byzantine title patrikios [1 Apr 971/5 Dec 972]: the dating clause of charter dated 5 Dec 972, under which "Petrum filium quondam Lupini de domno Erino" donated property, refers to the fifteenth year of "domni Mansonis…ducis et imperialis patricii"[2140]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Marinus…Neapolitanis et Mansone patricius Amalfitanorum" supported "Landolfus…filius..:Atenolfi principis" in his invasion of Salerno (dated to 973)[2141]. In 981, Duke Manso installed himself as Prince of Salerno. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 982, under which "Petrus filius Madi de Nuceria" donated property, refers to the first year of "principatus domni nostri Mansoni et domni Johanni eius filius…principibus"[2142]. He was deposed as Prince of Salerno in 983[2143]. He was deposed by his brother Adelferius [22 Dec 984/20 May 985]: a document dated 22 Dec 984 refers to "temporibus d. Mansonis…ducis et imperialis patricii ann. 27 et 8 ann. D. Iohannis…ducis filii eius"[2144], while another document dated 20 May 985 refers to "temporibus domni Adelferii et domini Sergii genitori et filio…ducibus anno primo"[2145]. He was restored to power before 12 Oct 985, the date of a document which refers to "temporibus d. Mansonis…ducis et imperialis patricii ann. 28"[2146]. He received the Byzantine title anthipatos before 15 Nov 998, the date of a charter which refers to "temporibus domini Mansonis…ducis et anthipati patricii"[2147].

m ---. The name and origin of Manso´s wife is not known.

Manso & his wife had six children:

1. IOANNES (-before Jun 1006). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes Petrella filius…Domini Mansonis Ducis" was made "Dux et Patricius" in 1000 after his father died and reigned 3 years[2148]. His father associated him in 977 as IOANNES II Duke of Amalfi. He succeeded his father in 1004 as sole Duke.

- see below.

2. MARINUS (-[Oct 1011/23 Apr 1033]). "Sergius domini…dux et Marinus et Risus germanis filii quondam domini Iohannis…ducis filii bone memorie domini Mansonis…ducis et antipathi patricii…[et] Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2149]. "Marinus et Manso filii bone memorie d. Mansonis…ducis et anthipati patricii" donated property by charter dated Oct 1011[2150]. m DROSU, daughter of --- (-after 23 Apr 1033). Ioannes III Duke of Amalfi guaranteed the fiscal rights of "Marinus…sa veuve Drosu" by charter dated 23 Apr 1033[2151].

3. SERGIUS (-after Nov 1008). "Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2152]. m MONDA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Oct 1090 under which her son "Iohannes filius quondam bone recordationis domini Sergii filii bone memorie domini Mansoni…ducis et imperialis patricii anthipati" donated property for the souls of "domino Sergio genitori nostro…et…domina Monda genetrice nostra et…domino Mansone…germano meo"[2153]. Sergius & his wife had two children:

a) MANSO (-before Oct 1090). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Oct 1090 under which his brother "Iohannes filius quondam bone recordationis domini Sergii filii bone memorie domini Mansoni…ducis et imperialis patricii anthipati" donated property for the souls of "domino Sergio genitori nostro…et…domina Monda genetrice nostra et…domino Mansone…germano meo"[2154].

b) IOANNES (-after Oct 1090). "Iohannes filius quondam bone recordationis domini Sergii filii bone memorie domini Mansoni…ducis et imperialis patricii anthipati" donated property, for the souls of "domino Sergio genitori nostro…et…domina Monda genetrice nostra et…domino Mansone…germano meo", by charter dated Oct 1090[2155].

4. MANSO (-after Nov 1021). "Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2156]. "Marinus et Manso filii bone memorie d. Mansonis…ducis et anthipati patricii" donated property by charter dated Oct 1011[2157]. "Mansone f. bone mem. D. Mansonis…Ducis anthipati patricii" donated property at Stabi by charter dated Nov 1021[2158]. A charter dated Nov 1063 refers to land "iuxta bona d. Mansonis f. d. Mansonis…Ducis anthipati patricii"[2159]. The absence of "quondam" from the reference to Manso´s father suggests that Manso himself may also have been deceased at the date of the document, as otherwise he would have been extremely old at the time. m ---. The name of Manso´s wife is not known. Manso & his wife had three children:

a) MANSO (-before 20 Jun 1098). "Manso filius domini Mansonis filii b. mem. Domini Mansonis…duci et imperialis patricii" donated property at Stabi "iuxta finem de domino Iohanne…germano meo" by charter dated Feb 1080[2160]. "Manso et Sergius et Iohannes…germanis filii domini Mansonis filii b. m. domini Mansonis…ducis et anthipati patricii" divided property at Stabi by charter dated Feb 1082[2161]. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of --- (-after 20 Jun 1098). "Gaitelgrima relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Mansoni filii bone memorie domini domini Mansonis…ducis et imperiales patricii antipati et Iohannes filius suprascripti domini Mansoni filii bone memorie suprascripti domni Mansoni…ducis et antipati patricii" executed a legacy from their husband/brother to Amalfi San Lorenzo by charter dated 20 Jun 1098[2162].

b) SERGIUS (-after Feb 1082). "Manso et Sergius et Iohannes…germanis filii domini Mansonis filii b. m. domini Mansonis…ducis et anthipati patricii" divided property at Stabi by charter dated Feb 1082[2163].

c) IOANNES (-after 20 Jun 1098). "Manso filius domini Mansonis filii b. mem. Domini Mansonis…duci et imperialis patricii" donated property at Stabi "iuxta finem de domino Iohanne…germano meo" by charter dated Feb 1080[2164]. "Manso et Sergius et Iohannes…germanis filii domini Mansonis filii b. m. domini Mansonis…ducis et anthipati patricii" divided property at Stabi by charter dated Feb 1082[2165]. "Gaitelgrima relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Mansoni filii bone memorie domini domini Mansonis…ducis et imperiales patricii antipati et Iohannes filius suprascripti domini Mansoni filii bone memorie suprascripti domni Mansoni…ducis et antipati patricii" executed a legacy from their husband/brother to Amalfi San Lorenzo by charter dated 20 Jun 1098[2166].

5. LANDOLF (-after Nov 1008). "Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2167].

6. ---CARDA ([982/87]-[1004/09], bur Benevento San Pietro). The epitaph of "---carda…Landulfi…uxor proles Mansonis…ducis" records that she died aged 22, and was buried at Benevento San Pietro[2168]. m LANDOLF V Prince of Benevento, son of PANDOLF III Prince of Capua & his wife --- (-Sep 1034).

IOANNES, son of MANSO II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- (-before Jun 1006). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes Petrella filius…Domini Mansonis Ducis" was made "Dux et Patricius" in 1000 after his father died and reigned 3 years[2169]. His father associated him in 977 as IOANNES II Duke of Amalfi. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 982, under which "Petrus filius Madi de Nuceria" donated property, refers to the first year of "principatus domni nostri Mansoni et domni Johanni eius filius…principibus"[2170]. He was taken hostage in the coup which deposed his father in Salerno in 983 and not released until 990[2171]. He was absent from charters in Amafi during this period, as shown by a document dated 12 Oct 985 which refers to his father alone: "temporibus d. Mansonis…ducis et imperialis patricii ann. 28"[2172]. The Historia et Laudes SS Saba et Macarii records that Ioannes was liberated from Salerno in 990 after the intervention of a Greek monk Sabas who visited Emperor Otto III and his mother Empress Theophano[2173]. He succeeded his father in 1004 as sole duke.

m REGALIS, daughter of ARECHIS & his wife ---.

Ioannes & his wife had three children:

1. SERGIUS ([before 983]-[1028]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Sergius filius…Domini Johannis" succeeded his father in 1004 and reigned 13 years "cum Domino Johanne filio suo"[2174]. His father associated him as ruler of Amalfi 26/27 Apr 1002[2175], and he succeeded his father as SERGIUS III Duke of Amalfi.

- see below.

2. MARINUS . "Sergius domini…dux et Marinus et Risus germanis filii quondam domini Iohannis…ducis filii bone memorie domini Mansonis…ducis et antipathi patricii…[et] Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2176]. m ---. The name of Marinus´s wife is not known. Marinus & his wife had one child:

a) SERGIUS (-before 6 Oct 1079). m MIRA di Pantaleone, daughter of SERGIUS [Conte] di Pantaleone & his wife --- (-after 6 Oct 1079). "Domina Mira filia domini Sergii filii Mansonis de Iohanne de Mauro de Pantaleone comitis relicta domini Siri filii domini Marini filii…domini Iohannis…ducis…Amalfi et…Sergio et Iohanne filiis suis" sold property by charter dated 6 Oct 1079[2177]. Sergius & his wife had two children:

i) SERGIUS (-before 6 Oct 1079). "Domina Mira filia domini Sergii filii Mansonis de Iohanne de Mauro de Pantaleone comitis relicta domini Siri filii domini Marini filii…domini Iohannis…ducis…Amalfi et…Sergio et Iohanne filiis suis" sold property by charter dated 6 Oct 1079[2178].

ii) IOANNES (-before 6 Oct 1079). "Domina Mira filia domini Sergii filii Mansonis de Iohanne de Mauro de Pantaleone comitis relicta domini Siri filii domini Marini filii…domini Iohannis…ducis…Amalfi et…Sergio et Iohanne filiis suis" sold property by charter dated 6 Oct 1079[2179].

3. ARECHIS [Riso] . "Sergius domini…dux et Marinus et Risus germanis filii quondam domini Iohannis…ducis filii bone memorie domini Mansonis…ducis et antipathi patricii…[et] Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2180]. m ---. The name of Arechis's wife is not known. Arechis & his wife had two children:

a) MANSO (-before Mar 1078). m RICCIA, daughter of GRIMOALD Conte and iudex at Salerno & his wife --- (-after Mar 1078). "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2181]. Manso & his wife had five children:

i) ARECHIS [Riso] . "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2182].

ii) IOANNES . "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2183].

iii) ALOARA . "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2184].

iv) STEFANIA . "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2185].

v) REGALA ([after 1060]-). "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2186].

b) IOANNES (-before Mar 1078). "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[2187].

SERGIUS, son of IOANNES II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- ([before 983]-[1028]). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Sergius filius…Domini Johannis" succeeded his father in 1004 and reigned 13 years "cum Domino Johanne filio suo" until they were deposed[2188]. His father associated him as ruler of Amalfi 26/27 Apr 1002[2189], and he succeeded his father as SERGIUS III Duke of Amalfi. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1006 at Amalfi refers to "temporibus domni Sergii et domni Mansoni genitorum et filium…ducis"[2190]. "Sergius domini…dux et Marinus et Risus germanis filii quondam domini Iohannis…ducis filii bone memorie domini Mansonis…ducis et antipathi patricii…[et] Marinus et Sergius et Manso et Landulfus germanis filii…domini Mansonis…ducis" donated property to Leo Archbishop of Amalfi by charter dated Nov 1008[2191]. He received the Byzantine title patrikios 12/15 Jan 1010: a charter dated 12 Jan 1010 refers to "temporibus domni Sergii…duci"[2192], while a charter dated 15 Jan 1010 refers to "temporibus domni Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii"[2193]. The dating clause of a charter dated 21 Nov 1014 at Amalfi refers to the thirteenth year of "domni Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" and the first year of "domni Iohannis…ducis filius eius"[2194]. He was expelled from Amalfi by Pandulf IV Prince of Capua and fled to Constantinople with his older son in 1028[2195]. It is assumed that Duke Sergius died soon afterwards as he was not associated with his son Duke Ioannes III when the latter resumed power in Amalfi in 1029.

m MARIA of Capua, daughter of PANDOLF III Prince of Capua & his wife ---. Amatus records that the wife of "the Patrician of Amalfi" was the sister of Pandolf IV Prince of Capua[2196]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso filius…Domini Sergii patris" succeeded in 1035 after his nephew Sergius was expelled and ruled 4 years and 3 months "cum Domina Maria genetrice sua"[2197]. She was placed on the throne in 1028 as MARIA Duchess of Amalfi when her brother Pandolf IV Prince of Capua expelled her husband and older son, together with her younger son. This first assumption of power by Maria and Manso is not referred to directly in any contemporary document but is implied by a document dated 5 Mar 1036 which refers to "temporibus domne Marie…ducisse et patricisse et domni Mansonis…ducis filius eius anno 2 post eorum recuperationem"[2198]. Her older son Duke Ioannes III resumed power in late 1028 or very early in 1029: a document dated 12 Jan 1029 refers to "temporibus domni Ioannis…ducis anno XV"[2199], although the fate of Maria at that time is not known. She and her son resumed power in early 1034, as demonstrated by the document dated 5 Mar 1036 which refers to "temporibus domne Marie…ducisse et patricisse et domni Mansonis…ducis filius eius anno 2 post eorum recuperationem"[2200]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes frater ipsius" returned from Naples and deposed his brother Manso, dated to 1038[2201]. At that time, Maria continued to share power with her older son Duke Ioannes: a charter dated 1 Jan 1039 refers to "temporibus domine Marie…ducisse et patricisse anno quinto et vicesimo sexto anno domini Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii filii eius et octavo anno domini Sergei…ducis nepoti et filii eorum"[2202]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes" left the following year for Constantinople and that "Dominus Guaimarius Princeps Salerni" was installed as "Dux Amalphiæ" in Apr 1039[2203]. Presumably Maria was deposed again at the same time, but this is not specified in the sources.

Sergius III & his wife had six children:

1. IOANNES (-[Sep/Dec] 1068). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Sergius filius…Domini Johannis" succeeded his father in 1004 and reigned 13 years "cum Domino Johanne filio suo" until they were deposed[2204]. His father associated him [28 Aug/1 Sep] 1014[2205] as IOANNES III Duke of Amalfi. The dating clause of a charter dated 21 Nov 1014 at Amalfi refers to the thirteenth year of "domni Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" and the first year of "domni Iohannis…ducis filius eius"[2206]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominum Johannem" resumed power in Jan 1019 and ruled for a further 13 years[2207]. He was expelled from Amalfi by Pandulf IV Prince of Capua in 1029 and fled to Constantinople with his father. He resumed power in late 1028 or very early in 1029: a document dated 12 Jan 1029 refers to "temporibus domni Ioannis…ducis anno XV"[2208]. He was deposed again in [1033/34] and sought refuge in Naples. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes frater ipsius" returned from Naples and deposed his brother Manso, dated to 1038[2209]. At that time, Ioannes shared power with his mother: a charter dated 1 Jan 1039 refers to "temporibus domine Marie…ducisse et patricisse anno quinto et vicesimo sexto anno domini Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii filii eius et octavo anno domini Sergei…ducis nepoti et filii eorum"[2210]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes" left the following year for Constantinople and that "Dominus Guaimarius Princeps Salerni" was installed as "Dux Amalphiæ" in Apr 1039[2211]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes Patritius" was restored again in Oct 1053 after returning from Constantinople and ruled for another 16 years[2212]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1058 at Amalfi refers to "temporibus domni Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii, anthypati atque vesti, et domni Sergii…ducis filii eos" in the sixth year of their restoration[2213]. A document dated 1 Jun 1068 refers to "temporibus domini Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii anthipati adque vesti et domini Sergii…ducis ann 16 post recuperationem"[2214]. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known. Ioannes III & his wife had one child:

a) SERGIUS (-autumn 1073). The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominum Johannem" installed "Dominum Sergium filium suum" with him and that he ruled three years before he fled to Naples[2215]. His father associated him as SERGIUS IV Duke of Amalfi in 1031: a charter dated 17 Apr 1031 refers to "temporibus domini Johannis ducis anno septimo decimo et primo anno domini Sergei…ducis filii eius"[2216]. A charter dated 1 Jan 1039 refers to "temporibus domine Marie…ducisse et patricisse anno quinto et vicesimo sexto anno domini Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii filii eius et octavo anno domini Sergei…ducis nepoti et filii eorum"[2217]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1058 at Amalfi refers to "temporibus domni Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii, anthypati atque vesti, et domni Sergii…ducis filii eos" in the sixth year of their restoration[2218]. A charter dated 1 Jan 1069 refers to "temporibus domini Sergii…ducis anno septimo decimo post recuperationem et primo anno domini Iohannis…ducis filii eius"[2219]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Sergius eius filius" succeeded his father in 1069 and reigned for 5 years[2220]. m PURPURA, daughter of --- (-after 1073). Amatus records that "his wife and son returned to her father so as not to suffer persecution from Prince Gisulf" after the latter invaded Amalfi following the death of her husband Duke Sergius IV[2221]. Sergius & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES (-1077). His father associated him as IOANNES IV Duke of Amalfi in late 1068, as shown by the charter dated 1 Jan 1069 which refers to "temporibus domini Sergii…ducis anno septimo decimo post recuperationem et primo anno domini Iohannis…ducis filii eius"[2222]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes eius filius" succeeded on the death of his father but was deposed and exiled in Nov 1074 by "Dux Robertus Guiscardus de gente Normannorum"[2223]. Amatus records that "his wife and son returned to her father so as not to suffer persecution from Prince Gisulf" after the latter invaded Amalfi following the death of Duke Sergius IV, and that the people of Amalfi offered their city first to Pope Gregory, who refused the offer, and afterwards to "Duke Robert"[2224].

2. MANSO (-after Apr 1053). The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 1006 at Amalfi refers to "temporibus domni Sergii et domni Mansoni genitorum et filium…ducis"[2225]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso filius…Domini Sergii patris" succeeded in 1035 after his nephew Sergius was expelled and ruled 4 years and 3 months "cum Domina Maria genetrice sua" before his brother returned from Naples, blinded him and exiled him to "Insulam Galli", and resumed power[2226]. He assumed power in 1028 as MANSO III Duke of Amalfi, jointly with his mother, after his father and older brother had fled to Constantinople. This first assumption of power by Maria and Manso is not referred to directly in any contemporary document but is implied by a document dated 5 Mar 1036 which refers to "temporibus domne Marie…ducisse et patricisse et domni Mansonis…ducis filius eius anno 2 post eorum recuperationem"[2227]. His older brother Duke Ioannes III resumed power in late 1028 or very early in 1029: a document dated 12 Jan 1029 refers to "temporibus domni Ioannis…ducis anno XV"[2228], although the fate of Maria and Manso at that time is not known. Manso and his mother resumed power in early 1034, as demonstrated by the document dated 5 Mar 1036 which refers to "temporibus domne Marie…ducisse et patricisse et domni Mansonis…ducis filius eius anno 2 post eorum recuperationem"[2229]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Johannes frater ipsius" returned from Naples, deposed and blinded his brother Manso, and exiled him to "l´Ile des Sirènes", dated to 1038[2230]. At that time, Maria continued to share power with her older son Duke Ioannes: a charter dated 1 Jan 1039 refers to "temporibus domine Marie…ducisse et patricisse anno quinto et vicesimo sexto anno domini Iohannis…ducis et imperialis patricii filii eius et octavo anno domini Sergei…ducis nepoti et filii eorum"[2231]. Manso was restored as a figurehead in 1042 by Guaimarius IV Prince of Salerno[2232]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Manso iam cœcatus" recovered his lands after the rule of "Dominus Guaimarius Princeps Salerni" and ruled for about another nine years but was exiled again in Apr 1053[2233]. m ANNA, daughter of MAURO & his wife --- (-after 5 Nov 1047. "Anna patricia nostra Amalfitana, fille de Mauro fils de Grégoire fils de Mauro fils du comte Grégoire" granted rights to the bishop of Minori by charter dated 5 Nov 1047[2234]. Manso & his wife had one child:

a) GUAIMAR (-after 1052). His father associated him as GUAIMAR Duke of Amalfi in 1047. A charter dated 10 Apr 1051 refers to "temporibus domini Mansonis…ducis anno nono post eius recuperationem et quinto anno domini Guaymarii…ducis filius eius"[2235].

3. ROFFRID (-after 12 Nov 1058). A charter dated 12 Nov 1058 records that "Roffridi filii qm domini Sergii Amalfitanorum olim…patricii" requested the confirmation of a donation to Monte Cassino by Richard I and Jordan I Princes of Capua[2236].

4. ATENULF . A charter dated Sep 1066 records that "Atenulfi filius domni Sergii patricii" requested a donation to Monte Cassino by Richard I and Jordan I Princes of Capua[2237]. m ---. The name of Atenulf´s wife is not known. Atenulf & his wife had one child:

a) PANDOLF . m LADELGRIMA, daughter of ---. Pandolf & his wife had one child:

i) REGALIA . m IOANNES comes palatii, son of GRIMOALD comes palatii & his wife ---.

5. ALBERIC (-[Dec 1094/Feb 1102]). A charter dated Dec 1094 refers to "de heredibus dom. Alberico f. dom. Sergii ducis et patricii"[2238]. m MARIA, daughter of --- (-after Feb 1102). "Maria relicta domini Alberici filii bone memorie domini Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" donated property to the monastery of SS Cirico e Julitta at Atrani, for the souls of "Sergio et Maria germanis filiis nostis", by charter dated Feb 1102[2239]. Alberic & his wife had two children:

a) SERGIUS . "Maria relicta domini Alberici filii bone memorie domini Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" donated property to the monastery of SS Cirico e Julitta at Atrani, for the souls of "Sergio et Maria germanis filiis nostis", by charter dated Feb 1102[2240].

b) MARIA . "Maria relicta domini Alberici filii bone memorie domini Sergii…ducis et imperialis patricii" donated property to the monastery of SS Cirico e Julitta at Atrani, for the souls of "Sergio et Maria germanis filiis nostis", by charter dated Feb 1102[2241].

6. --- di Amalfi . Amatus records the marriage of Rainulf to "the Patrician of Amalfi's daughter, who was Prince Pandolf's niece [Pandolf IV Prince of Capua], as the Patrician's wife was Pandolf's sister"[2242]. m (1034) as his second wife, as his first wife, RAINULF "Drengot" Conte di Aversa, son of --- (-Jun 1045).

C. DESCENDANTS of ADEMAR di AMALFI

ADEMAR di Amalfi, son of SERGIUS II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- (-[Feb 1018/Jun 1025]). The sons of Duke Sergius II are named "Manso, Jean…Adelfier, Ademar et Léon" in a charter dated Jul 988 which records their donation to Amalfi San Lorenzo[2243]. He is stated to be ruler of Amalfi jointly with his brothers in a donation to the church of St Lawrence[2244]. "Ademar et Adelferi germani filii quondam Ademari Amalfitano qui sunt filii domini…et imperiali patricio Amalfitanorum" sold property by charter dated Jun 1025 which refers to the share of their unnamed mother[2245].

m --- (-after Jun 1025). The name of Ademarius´s wife is not known. "Ademar et Adelferi germani filii quondam Ademari Amalfitano qui sunt filii domini…et imperiali patricio Amalfitanorum" sold property by charter dated Jun 1025 which refers to the share of their unnamed mother[2246]. Ademarius & his wife had two children:

1. ADEMAR (-before 1030). "Ademar et Adelferi germani filii quondam Ademari Amalfitano qui sunt filii domini…et imperiali patricio Amalfitanorum" sold property by charter dated Jun 1025 which refers to the share of their unnamed mother[2247]. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had [one child]:

a) [LANDOLF (-before May 1064). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030, signed by "les comtes Alfan et Landulf"[2248]. m ---, daughter of [GRIMOALD & his wife ---]. Her parentage and marriage are suggested by the charter dated Jun 1105 under which "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid", which names her son "consobrinum fratrem Ademar fils du comte Landulf" as fiduciary[2249]. Landolf & his wife had seven children:

i) ADEMAR Rufus (-[Jun 1105/Apr 1110]). "Ademarium comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis" acted as guarantor in a charter dated May 1064 under which "Petrus filius quondam Petri comitis qui fuit filius Adelferii comitis et Miranda uxor ea filia quondam Lamberti comitis" granted property to "Petro Atrianense"[2250]. "Le comte Landoar fils du comte Lambert [error for Adalberto?] et sa mère Gaitelgrima, fille du comte Landulf" donated property by charter dated Nov 1066, which names "Ademarium filium quondam Landolfi comitis" as fiduciary[2251]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis…et Aloare uxori sue filie Castelmanni comitis" sold their rights in castellum Capaccio to "Gregorio filio quondam bone memorie domni Paldolfi filii domni Guaimarii princeps" by charter dated Nov 1073, which names "Ademarium comitem filius quondam Landolfi comitis" as fiduciary[2252]. "Ademarium cognatum eius filium quondam Landolfi" is named as fiduciary in a charter dated Mar 1074 under which "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" sold property inherited from "Iohannis comiti filio Iohannis" to the monastery of San Martino di Forma, in the presence of "Rottelgrimo comite et iudice"[2253]. "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid" by charter dated Jun 1105, which names "consobrinum fratrem Ademar fils du comte Landulf" as fiduciary[2254]. m ---, daughter of IOANNES comes palatii & his wife Matrona ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Sep 1070 under which her husband "Ademarium comitem generum eorum filium quondam Landolfi comitis" is named as fiduciary in relation to a donation by "Iohannes [comes palatii fils de Truppoald] et Matrona [fille du gastald Constantin]"[2255]. Ademar Rufus & his wife had five children:

(a) LANDOLF (-after Mar 1114). "Guaimarius filius quondam bone memorie domini Guaimarii qui fuit filius domini Guidonis ducis" donated property to the monastery of San Giorgio di Salerno, in the presence of "Iohanne filio quondam Guaimarii comitis et Landulfo filio quondam Ademarii comitis", by charter dated Mar 1114 which names "Ademarius filium quondam Landulfi comitis" as fiduciary[2256].

(b) IOANNES (-after Apr 1110). "Guaimarius filius quondam Guaimarii qui fuit filius domini Guidonis ducis" donated property to Cava by charter dated Apr 1110, which names "Iohannem filium quondam Ademarii comitis qui dictus est Rufus" as fiduciary[2257].

(c) ALFAN (-[1119/20]). The testament of "Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus", dated 1119, names "ses fils Guy et Guillaume, sa fille mineure Sichelgaita, et ses sœurs Marotta et Grima"[2258]. m [--- di Giffoni, daughter of GUAIMAR [I] di Giffoni & his second wife Sichelgaita ---.] Alfan & his wife had three children:

(1) GUIDO (-after Jan 1139). The testament of "Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus", dated 1119, names "ses fils Guy et Guillaume, sa fille mineure Sichelgaita, et ses sœurs Marotta et Grima"[2259]. "Guy et Guillaume fils d´Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus" donated their shares in the church of Santa Maria di Domno, with the consent of "leurs épouses Truda, l´épouse de Guy, et Sichelgaita, l´épouse de Guillaume et fille de Robert Maustazza fils de Guillaume Normanus" by charter dated Jan 1139[2260]. m TRUDA, daughter of --- (-after Jan 1139). "Guy et Guillaume fils d´Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus" donated their shares in the church of Santa Maria di Domno, with the consent of "leurs épouses Truda, l´épouse de Guy, et Sichelgaita, l´épouse de Guillaume et fille de Robert Maustazza fils de Guillaume Normanus" by charter dated Jan 1139[2261].

(2) GUGLIELMO (-after Jan 1139). The testament of "Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus", dated 1119, names "ses fils Guy et Guillaume, sa fille mineure Sichelgaita, et ses sœurs Marotta et Grima"[2262]. m SICHELGAITA, daughter of ROBERT Mustazza & his wife --- (-after Jan 1139). "Guy et Guillaume fils d´Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus" donated their shares in the church of Santa Maria di Domno, with the consent of "leurs épouses Truda, l´épouse de Guy, et Sichelgaita, l´épouse de Guillaume et fille de Robert Maustazza fils de Guillaume Normanus" by charter dated Jan 1139[2263].

(3) SICHELGAITA ([after 1101]-after 1119). The testament of "Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus", dated 1119, names "ses fils Guy et Guillaume, sa fille mineure Sichelgaita, et ses sœurs Marotta et Grima"[2264].

(d) GRIMA (-after 1119). The testament of "Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus", dated 1119, names "ses fils Guy et Guillaume, sa fille mineure Sichelgaita, et ses sœurs Marotta et Grima"[2265]. Nun.

(e) MAROTTA (-after 1119). The testament of "Alfan fils du comte Ademar surnommé Rufus", dated 1119, names "ses fils Guy et Guillaume, sa fille mineure Sichelgaita, et ses sœurs Marotta et Grima"[2266].

ii) LANDOLF (-after Apr 1073). "Landolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis qui et filius quondam Ademarii comitis" is named as fiduciary in a charter dated Apr 1073 under which "Landoar fils du comte Lambert" donated property[2267]. m ---. The name of Landulf´s wife is not known. Landulf & his wife had one child:

(a) ADEMAR (-after Mar 1114). "Guaimarius filius quondam bone memorie domini Guaimarii qui fuit filius domini Guidonis ducis" donated property to the monastery of San Giorgio di Salerno, in the presence of "Iohanne filio quondam Guaimarii comitis et Landulfo filio quondam Ademarii comitis", by charter dated Mar 1114 which names "Ademarius filium quondam Landulfi comitis" as fiduciary[2268].

iii) [--- . "Ademarium cognatum eius filium quondam Landolfi" is named as fiduciary in a charter dated Mar 1074 under which "Romoaldus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis" sold property inherited from "Iohannis comiti filio Iohannis" to the monastery of San Martino di Forma, in the presence of "Rottelgrimo comite et iudice"[2269]. m ROMUALD conte, son of GRIMOALD & his wife --- (-after Mar 1074).]

iv) GAITELGRIMA (-after Nov 1066). "Le comte Landoar fils du comte Lambert et sa mère Gaitelgrima, fille du comte Landulf" donated property by charter dated Nov 1066, which names "Ademarium filium quondam Landolfi comitis" as fiduciary[2270]. m LAMBERTO, son of ---.

v) GEMMA (-after Jul 1069). "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petro germano ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxore illius" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Dec 1067[2271]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi qui postea monachus fuit et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petrus germanus ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Jul 1069[2272]. m RODELGRIM, son of GRIMOALD & his wife --- (-after Jul 1069).

vi) ALFERANA (-after Jul 1069). "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi comitis et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petro germano ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxore illius" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Dec 1067[2273]. "Rottelgrimus comes filius quondam Grimoaldi qui postea monachus fuit et Gemma uxor sua filia quondam Landolfi comitis" donated land which he had bought from "Petrus germanus ipsius Rottelgrimi et Alferana uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis" to "Romoaldo notario" by charter dated Jul 1069[2274]. m PETRUS, son of GRIMOALD & his wife --- (-after Jul 1069).

vii) GUMELTRUDA (-after Aug 1080). "Iohannes et Romualdus germani ac filii quondam Petris vicecomitis et Blatta uxor ipsius Iohanni ac filia…Amalfitani et Gumeltruda uxor ipsius Romoaldi ac filia quondam Landolfi comitis" sold property at Tusciano to the monastery of San Niccolo de la Palma by charter dated Aug 1080[2275]. m ROMUALD, son of PETRUS & his wife ---.

2. ADELFER (-[Jun 1025/Jul 1027]). "Ademar et Adelferi germani filii quondam Ademari Amalfitano qui sunt filii domini…et imperiali patricio Amalfitanorum" sold property by charter dated Jun 1025 which refers to the share of their unnamed mother[2276]. m ALOARA, daughter of TRUPPOALD Gastald & his wife ---. Her name is confirmed by the charter dated 1084 under which "le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman"[2277]. Adelfer & his wife had four children:

a) RADELCHIS (-after 1031). "Radelghisi comes filius quondam Adelferi" donated property by charter dated Jul 1027[2278]. "Radelchi comes filius quondam Adelferi comitis" donated property, "pro vice Aloare uxori mee", by charter dated Aug 1031[2279]. m ALOARA, daughter of --- (-after 1031). "Radelchi comes filius quondam Adelferi comitis" donated property, "pro vice Aloare uxori mee", by charter dated Aug 1031[2280]. Radelchis & his wife had one child:

i) PURPURA (-after Jul 1059). A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter dated Feb 1038 under which "Iohannes comes filius quondam Romoaldi comitis et…Purpura filia quondam Radelchisi que sum uxor istius Iohanni" confirmed a sale of property to "Aloara germana mea", and also a confirmation of a transaction (referring, it appears, to the Jul 1059 donation which is the main purpose of the charter) by "iamdicta Purpura" (suggesting that her husband Ioannes was then deceased)[2281]. m IOANNES, son of ROMOALD & his wife --- (-[Jan 1038/Jul 1059]).

b) CASTELMAN (-after 1084). "Alferius archipresbiter et abbas ecclesie sancti Maximi" donated property to "Castelmanno comes germanus meus" for "Altrude uxori sue" in Aug 1038, confirmed by charter dated Apr 1053[2282]. A charter dated Dec 1058 refers to land held by "Castelmanni comitis filii quondam Adelferii comitis"[2283]. "Le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman", by charter dated 1084[2284]. m (before Aug 1038) ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-after 1084). "Alferius archipresbiter et abbas ecclesie sancti Maximi" donated property to "Castelmanno comes germanus meus" for "Altrude uxori sue" in Aug 1038, confirmed by charter dated Apr 1053[2285]. "Le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman", by charter dated 1084[2286]. Castelman & his wife had [three] children:

i) IOANNES (-before Feb 1119). "Le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman", by charter dated 1084[2287]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had four children:

(a) CASTELMAN (-before 1135). "Les frères Castelman, Jean, Madelfrid et Barthélemy, fils du défunt Jean qui fut moine, fils de feu le comte Castelman" confirmed a donation to Cava by charter dated Feb 1119[2288]. m ---. The name of Castelman´s wife is not known. Castelman & his wife had one child:

(1) ADELFER (-after 1135). "Adelfier fils du feu comte Castelman" donated property inherited from his father, and a quarter of the property of "son épouse Gemma avec le consentement de Pierre archévêque de Salerne et frère de Gemma, et de Jean et Guaifer cousins du défunt Castelman et fils de feu Guaifer de Grisa", to "Ciosso fils de Loup fils d comte Maio" by charter dated 1135[2289]. m GEMMA, sister of Petrus Archbishop of Salerno, daughter of --- (-after 1135). "Adelfier fils du feu comte Castelman" donated property inherited from his father, and a quarter of the property of "son épouse Gemma avec le consentement de Pierre archévêque de Salerne et frère de Gemma, et de Jean et Guaifer cousins du défunt Castelman et fils de feu Guaifer de Grisa", to "Ciosso fils de Loup fils d comte Maio" by charter dated 1135[2290].

(b) IOANNES (-after Feb 1119). "Les frères Castelman, Jean, Madelfrid et Barthélemy, fils du défunt Jean qui fut moine, fils de feu le comte Castelman" confirmed a donation to Cava by charter dated Feb 1119[2291].

(c) MADELFRID (-after Feb 1119). "Les frères Castelman, Jean, Madelfrid et Barthélemy, fils du défunt Jean qui fut moine, fils de feu le comte Castelman" confirmed a donation to Cava by charter dated Feb 1119[2292].

(d) BARTOLEMEO (-after Feb 1119). "Les frères Castelman, Jean, Madelfrid et Barthélemy, fils du défunt Jean qui fut moine, fils de feu le comte Castelman" confirmed a donation to Cava by charter dated Feb 1119[2293].

ii) ALOARA (-after 1084). "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis…et Aloare uxori sue filie Castelmanni comitis" sold their rights in castellum Capaccio to "Gregorio filio quondam bone memorie domni Paldolfi filii domni Guaimarii princeps" by charter dated Nov 1073, which names "Ademarium comitem filius quondam Landolfi comitis" as fiduciary[2294]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis" by charter dated Aug 1079[2295]. "Aloara veuve du comte Alfan fils du comte Pierre et son fils le comte Pierre" donated property to Cava by charter dated 1080[2296]. "Le comte Castelman fils de feu le comte Adelfier et son fils Jean, en presence de Sico comte et juge, d´Altruda l´épouse de Castelman, de leur fille Aloara veuve d´Alfan fils du comte Pierre, et de son fils Pierre" declared their ownership of the part of the church of San Massimo di Salerno which had belonged to "Aloara mere de Castelman", by charter dated 1084[2297]. m ALFAN, son of PETRUS & his wife --- (-[Aug 1079/1080]).

iii) --- . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 1135 under which her great-nephew "Adelfier fils du feu comte Castelman" donated property inherited from his father, and a quarter of the property of "son épouse Gemma avec le consentement de Pierre archévêque de Salerne et frère de Gemma, et de Jean et Guaifer cousins du défunt Castelman et fils de feu Guaifer de Grisa", to "Ciosso fils de Loup fils d comte Maio"[2298]. m GUAIFER de Grisa, son of ---.

c) ADELFER (-after May 1055). "Alferius archipresbiter et abbas ecclesie sancti Maximi" donated property to "Castelmanno comes germanus meus" for "Altrude uxori sue" in Aug 1038, confirmed by charter dated Apr 1053[2299]. Abbot of San Massimo di Salerno.

Chapter 6. GAETA

A. [LORDS of GAETA] (FAMILY of ANATOLIUS)

The town of Gaeta formed part of the duchy of Naples in the early 9th century, but by the late 880s appears to have asserted its autonomy, although at that time it was a still only a small fortification. The local rulers from 839 were known as hypatoi [prefects]. Byzantine influence at that time is apparent, not only from this noble title but also from the use of dating clauses which refer to Byzantine imperial reigns in local contemporary documents until 936[2300]. The title dux (presumably a Byzantine appointment, although this has not been verified in the primary sources so far consulted) of Gaeta is noted for the first time in a document dated 933[2301]. The duchy was never strong militarily, and was further weakened as members of the ruling family established their own outlying castles within the ducal territory. Pandolf IV Prince of Capua occupied Gaeta before 1036 until 1038, when he was deposed by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno. The latter appointed Rainulf Conte di Aversa as puppet duke. The Gaetans installed Atenulf di Aquino (son-in-law of Pandolf IV Prince of Capua) as their duke in 1045. After this time, Gaeta was dominated by the Norman counts of Aversa. Richard I Prince of Capua deposed Duke Atenulf II in 1062, and imposed himself and his son Jordan as dukes of Gaeta. He appointed a series of puppet dukes who ruled from [1064]. It has not yet been possible to verify all of the relationships between the rulers of Gaeta, from the primary sources so far consulted, except where otherwise indicated and excepted as cited in Skinner[2302].

ANATOLIUS, son of ---.

m ---. The name of Anatolius's wife is not known.

Anatolius & his wife had four children:

1. CONSTANTINE (-after 866). "Constantinus ypatus filius Anatolii comitis" recognised having received property from "Helisavet…sorori mee seu domino Theodosio magnificus nepoti nostro" by charter dated 839[2303]. "Theodosium prefecturium filius quoddam domine Heline" confirmed that "domino Constantino et domino Mariano…ypatos Kastri Kaietani…genitori et filio" had received property "Casales…in…territorio Cornazzano" from "quoddam domine Helisabet socere mee et germane et thie vestre" by charter dated 865[2304]. He was described as hypatos[2305] of the castle of Gaeta when he received landed estates in 839 and 866 from his sister and her son-in-law[2306]. m ---. The name of Constantine's wife is not known. Constantine & his wife had one child:

a) MARINUS (-after 866). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 865 under which "Theodosium prefecturium filius quoddam domine Heline" confirmed that "domino Constantino et domino Mariano…ypatos Kastri Kaietani…genitori et filio" had received property "Casales…in…territorio Cornazzano" from "quoddam domine Helisabet socere mee et germane et thie vestre"[2307]. m ---. The name of Marinus's wife is not known. Marinus & his wife had [one] child:

i) [KAMPULUS. According to Skinner, "Kampulus" is recorded as the son of "Marinus comes" who, the author suggests, was the same person as the son of hypatos Constantine[2308]. 890-949. Prefect. He is recorded in exchanges of portions of mills in 937 and 949[2309]. m (before 937) MATRONA, daughter of IOANNES [I] Lord of Gaeta & his wife ---. "Kampulus prefecturius seu Matrona…iugalibus…avitatores…istius civitatis Gaietane" exchanged property with "domno Docibili…duci et ypato seu domna Horanie ypatisse iugalibus" by charter dated Mar 949[2310]. This marriage is dated to before 937 as at that date Theotista, daughter of Ioannes I, referred to Kampulus as her relation[2311].]

2. IOANNES (-after 890). He was described as hypatos in a witness list of 855[2312]. He sold land in 890 to Christopher in 890[2313].

3. BONUS. "Boni filio Anatoli comitis" subscribed a charter dated 867[2314]. same person as …? BONUS. m ---. The name of Bonus's wife is not known. Bonus & his wife had one child:

a) MATRONA. The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2315]. Assuming that Matrona was a member of the previous ruling family, this marriage can be dated to 867, on the assumption that it was arranged by Dociblis in order to consolidate his position after he assumed control in Gaeta. m ([alter 867]) DOCIBILIS, son of --- (-after 906).

4. ELISABETTA (-before 865). "Constantinus ypatus filius Anatolii comitis" recognised having received property from "Helisavet…sorori mee seu domino Theodosio magnificus nepoti nostro" by charter dated 839[2316]. m ---. One child:

a) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 865 under which her husband "Theodosium prefecturium filius quoddam domine Heline" confirmed that "domino Constantino et domino Mariano…ypatos Kastri Kaietani…genitori et filio" had received property "Casales…in…territorio Cornazzano" from "quoddam domine Helisabet socere mee et germane et thie vestre"[2317]. m (before 839) THEODOSIUS, son of ELINUS & his wife --- (-after 865). Prefect of Naples.

B. LORDS of GAETA, DUKES of GAETA 867-[1032] (FAMILY of DOCIBILIS)

The origins of Docibilis are unknown but, as shown below, his wife may have been related to the Anatoli family of Gaeta. He was accepted as ruler of Gaeta in 867. The estimated dates of birth of the lords, later dukes, of Gaeta which are shown below are calculated on two assumptions. Firstly, in the early period, it is assumed that Docibilis I married the relative of the former ruling family in order to consolidate his position shortly after taking control in 867. Secondly, towards the end of the family's rule in Gaeta, it is assumed that Duke Ioannes V was an infant when he succeeded his father in 1012, as he was still associated with his mother as regent in 1032. Both assumptions are reasonable, and the dates of birth estimated for each ruler in the intervening generations fit neatly on this basis. If either or both of these assumptions were incorrect, the estimated birth dates would change accordingly. This is of some importance, as relative chronology is one of the factors which has been taken into account in the reconstruction of parts of this family.

DOCIBILIS [I], son of --- (-after 906). Lord [prefect/hypatos] of Gaeta. He took control of the city of Gaeta before Oct 867, the date of a charter which references "temporibus domni Docibili magnifico et prefecturio"[2318]. Gaeta was among the states in league with the Saracens when they were blockading Rome in 876[2319]. In the late 870s, Pope John VIII transferred the papal patrimonies of Fondi and Traetto to Docibilis and his son Ioannes, in return for breaking their pact with the Saracens[2320]. The Pope confiscated Traetto in [880/81] and gave it to Pandenolf of Capua, but restored it to Docibilis after Pandenolf began attacking Gaetan territory across the River Garigliano[2321]. He was referred to as hypatos in 890[2322]. The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane" is dated 906, and names his wife (and her father) three sons and four daughters[2323].

m ([after 867]) MATRONA, daughter of BONUS & his wife ---. The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2324]. Assuming that Matrona was a member of the previous ruling family, this marriage can be dated to 867, on the assumption that it was arranged by Dociblis in order to consolidate his position after he assumed control in Gaeta.

Docibilis [I] & his wife had seven children:

1. BONA . The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2325]. m [BENEDETTO, son of IOANNES & his wife --- (-after Oct 909). Stasser suggests that Bona´s husband was Benedetto, who sold land in Vitaliano by charter dated Oct 909: "Venedictus…filium…domini Johanni vone memorie…et Vona iugalibus" sold property, with the consent of "omnes filios meos"[2326], particularly because "Angelus…filio Benedictu" is named in charter dated May 919[2327].] Bona & her husband had three children:

a) MARINUS (-before Mar 924). m MARIA, daughter of --- (-after Mar 924). "Maria…relicta quondam Marini vone memorie cum Miro filio meo et…cum Angelario et Agnello cognatibus nostria, herede domne Bone filie…domni Docibili vone memorie ypati" donated property by charter dated before Mar 924[2328].

b) ANGELAURUS (-after Mar 924). ["Angelus…filio Benedictu" is named in charter dated May 919[2329].] "Maria…relicta quondam Marini vone memorie cum Miro filio meo et…cum Angelario et Agnello cognatibus nostria, herede domne Bone filie…domni Docibili vone memorie ypati" donated property by charter dated before Mar 924[2330]. m ---. The name of Angelaurus´s wife is not known. Angelaurus & his wife had two children:

i) DEUSDEDIT . 986.

ii) ATENOLF . 937-78.

c) AGNELLUS (-after Mar 924). "Maria…relicta quondam Marini vone memorie cum Miro filio meo et…cum Angelario et Agnello cognatibus nostria, herede domne Bone filie…domni Docibili vone memorie ypati" donated property by charter dated before Mar 924[2331].

2. MARIA . The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2332]. "Maria…veuve…de Jean" is named in charter dated Oct 918[2333]. m IOANNES, son of --- (-before Oct 918).

3. EUFIMIA (-after 924). A Memorial to "Euphemie…nurus Gregorii que ducis alta fuit…viro iuncta Stephano" is signed by "Gregorius præfectus Athansiusque levita"[2334]. Her parentage is confirmed by the testament of Docibilis I of Gaeta dated Feb 906 which names "sa fille Euphemia et son gendre Stephane"[2335]. "Stephane præfecturus et Euphemia" are named in a charter dated 924 which records the settlement of a dispute between the children of Docibilis I of Gaeta[2336]. m STEPHANUS of Naples, son of GREGORIUS IV Duke of Naples & his wife --- (-after 924).

4. IOANNES [I] (-after Jun 933). He was associated by his father in ruling Gaeta in early 877 or before, as shown by a letter of Pope John VIII dated 9 Apr 877 addressed to "Decibili et Iohanni hypatis" thanking them for attacking the Saracens[2337]. 890-937. He succeeded his father as Lord [prefect/hypatos] of Gaeta.

- see below.

5. LEO (-before Jan 944). The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2338]. Præfecturus.

- see Part C.

6. ANATOLIUS . The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2339]. He was recorded with the title Duke of Terracina in 906 and 924[2340].

7. MEGALU (-[906/24]). The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2341]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not been identified. “Rodipertus gastaldus” donated property “pro portione Megalu vone memorie uxori mee...in Lovetro” by charter dated 924[2342]. m RODIPERTO gastald d´Aquino, son of --- (-[946/48]).

IOANNES [I], son of DOCIBILIS [I] Lord of Gaeta & his wife Matrona --- (-after Jun 933). He was associated by his father in ruling Gaeta in early 877 or before, as shown by a letter of Pope John VIII dated 9 Apr 877 addressed to "Decibili et Iohanni hypatis" thanking them for attacking the Saracens[2343]. The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2344]. He succeeded his father as Lord [prefect/hypatos] of Gaeta. He was granted the Byzantine title patrikios in 914 by the Byzantine strategos in Campania in an attempt to get the support of Gaeta in fighting the Arabs[2345]. He participated in the expedition which removed the Arab settlement from the mouth of the River Garigliano in 915, for which he was rewarded with a confirmation of the transfer of Fondi and Traetto by Pope John X[2346]. A charter dated Jun 933 records a donation with the consent of "domni Iohannis imperiali patricii et domni Docibili seu domni Iohannis…duces et ypati"[2347].

m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known.

Mistress (1): ---.

Ioannes [I] & his wife had seven children:

1. DOCIBILIS [II] ([890/95][2348]-). His father associated him in the government of Gaeta in early 914, as shown by the charter dated Jun 914 which records the consent of "domni Iohannis et domni Docibili…ypati"[2349]. 914-54. A charter dated Jun 933 records a donation with the consent of "domni Iohannis imperiali patricii et domni Docibili seu domni Iohannis…duces et ypati"[2350]. He succeeded his father as Lord [prefect/hypatos] of Gaeta.

- see below.

2. SICHELGAITA di Gaeta . Sichelgaita Pss of Capua is named as "tante paternelle du duc Marinus de Gaète", Stasser suggesting that from a chronological point of view she could only have been the wife of Prince Atenolf II[2351]. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter of her great-grandson "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" dated 981, under which he donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine[2352]. Another possibility is suggested by the epitaph of her grandson "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis"[2353]. No other reference has been found to "Landenulfi principis", alive in the early 10th century, although it is possible that he was another otherwise unrecorded son of Atenolf Count of Capua. If the latter is correct, the other sources quoted in this section indicate that Sichelgaita di Gaeta must have been the wife of this Landenolf. Another epitaph, which records the death of her great-grandson "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[2354], suggests that the reference to "Landenulfi principis" may simply have been an error. m ([911]) [ATENOLF di Capua, son of ATENOLF I Count of Capua & his first wife --- of Naples (-941). He succeeded his father in 912 as ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua, jointly with his brother.]

3. MATRONA (-after Mar 949). "Kampulus prefecturius seu Matrona…iugalibus…avitatores…istius civitatis Gaietane" exchanged property with "domno Docibili…duci et ypato seu domna Horanie ypatisse iugalibus" by charter dated Mar 949[2355]. m KAMPULUS, son of MARINUS comes & his wife ---.

4. THEOCTISTA . She is mentioned in 937 in a document exchanging her interest in a mill called Padula[2356].

5. BONA . Her father gave her a share in the mill called Minore in 933[2357].

6. MARU .

7. MEGALU (-after Sep 958). "Megalu abbatissa filia domni Iohannis imperiali patricius" sold land at Vetera to "domno Gregorius…nepoti nostro filio domni Docibili bone memorie…dux" by charter dated Sep 958[2358].

Ioannes I had three illegitimate sons by Mistress (1):

8. PETRUS [Mirus] (-after 962). A charter dated 941 records the division of land in Flumetica between "Mirus et Leone et Constantinus uterini fratres filii quoddam domini Iohanni imperiali patricii"[2359]. A charter dated 945 records a lawsuit brought against "Petrus qui Mirus dicitur filius…naturalis domni Iohannis imperialis patriciis" by his nephew Duke Marinus[2360].

9. LEO (-after 963). "Leoni viro honesto de domno Iohanne imperiali patricii" is named in a charter dated Mar 922[2361]. A charter dated 941 records the division of land in Flumetica between "Mirus et Leone et Constantinus uterini fratres filii quoddam domini Iohanni imperiali patricii"[2362]. 922-63. His nephew Duke Gregory gave him all the public land in Iuniano in 963[2363].

10. CONSTANTINE . A charter dated 941 records the division of land in Flumetica between "Mirus et Leone et Constantinus uterini fratres filii quoddam domini Iohanni imperiali patricii"[2364]. same person as …? CONSTANTINE . m ---. The name of Constantine´s wife is not known. Constantine & his wife had two children:

a) MARINUS . He received land from Marinus Duke of Gaeta in 983[2365].

b) LEO . He received a grant of land from Marinus Duke of Gaeta[2366].

DOCIBILIS [II], son of IOANNES I Lord of Gaeta & his wife --- ([890/95]-). His father associated him in the government of Gaeta in early 914, as shown by the charter dated Jun 914 which records the consent of "domni Iohannis et domni Docibili…ypati"[2367]. 914-54. A charter dated Jun 933 records a donation with the consent of "domni Iohannis imperiali patricii et domni Docibili seu domni Iohannis…duces et ypati"[2368]. He succeeded his father as Lord [prefect/hypatos] of Gaeta. He was the first of his family recorded (for the first time in 933) as having used the title dux[2369]. The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names "Marino duci et…Gregorio et…Leone filiis meis"[2370].

m ORANIA, daughter of --- (-[Mar 949/May 954]). "Domno Docibili…duci et ypato seu domna Horanie ypatisse iugalibus" are named in a charter datd Mar 949[2371]. Stasser suggests that she was Orania of Naples, daughter of Ioannes II Duke of Naples & his wife ---[2372], based, it would seem, only on her husband´s testament dated May 954 mentioning land in Cimiterio and Liburia in the duchy of Naples "qui fuit de Oraniæ ducissæ bonæ memoriæ uxori meæ"[2373].

Docibilis [II] & his wife had nine children:

1. MARIA di Gaeta (-before 954). Stasser suggests that Maria was the wife of Prince Landolf IV[2374]. He highlights that "Maria principessa" is named as one of the daughters of Docibilis in the latter´s testament dated 954, and points out that, as all the wives of the contemporary princes of Salerno are known, she must have been the wife of one of the princes of Capua-Benevento. m [LANDOLF di Capua-Benevento, son of LANDOLF III joint Prince of Capua & his wife Gemma of Naples (-961). He succeeded his brother in 943 as LANDOLF IV Prince of Capua and Benevento.]

2. IOANNES (-after Mar 962). A charter dated Jun 933 records a donation with the consent of "domni Iohannis imperiali patricii et domni Docibili seu domni Iohannis…duces et ypati"[2375]. He succeeded his father in [954] as IOANNES II Duke of Gaeta. m firstly THEODONANDA, daughter of --- (-before Dec 957). "Iohannes…consul et dux" donated property for the soul of "bone recordationis Theodonandam uxorem nostram" by charter dated Dec 957[2376]. Stasser suggests that she may have been Theodonanda, daughter of Ioannes III Duke of Naples & his wife Theodora, which would explain the transmission of the title senatrix from her mother to her daughter[2377]. m secondly GEMMA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Nov 993 under which "Iohannes et Iohannes pater et filius consules et duces" refer to a donation to the monastery of San Teodoro by "domno Iohanne domna Gemma thio nostro…consul et dux"[2378]. Duke Ioannes II & his [first/second] wife had one child:

a) MARIA . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 1002 under which "Iohannes et Iohannes…consules et duces pater et filius" granted property to "Iohanne qui Papa vocaris filius bone memorie Marie senatricis et Adelfe nostre sororis" which had been held by "bone memorie domnus Iohannes consulum et ducem…tio nostro"[2379]. Senatrix. m ---. One child:

i) IOANNES Papa (-after Jul 1014). "Iohannes et Iohannes…consules et duces pater et filius" granted property to "Iohanne qui Papa vocaris filius bone memorie Marie senatricis et Adelfe nostre sororis" which had been held by "bone memorie domnus Iohannes consulum et ducem…tio nostro" by charter dated 1002[2380].

3. MARINUS ([930][2381]-984, before Oct). The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names "Marino duci et…Gregorio et…Leone filiis meis"[2382]. He succeeded his brother Gregory as MARINUS Duke of Gaeta.

- see below.

4. GREGORIUS (-before Feb 981). He received land from his father in Costranu in 939 and in Timozano in 944[2383]. The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names "Marino duci et…Gregorio et…Leone filiis meis"[2384]. "Megalu abbatissa filia domni Iohannis imperiali patricius" sold land at Vetera to "domno Gregorius…nepoti nostro filio domni Docibili bone memorie…dux" by charter dated Sep 958[2385]. He succeeded his brother in 963 as GREGORIUS Duke of Gaeta. m ---. The name of Gregorius´s wife is not known. Gregorius & his wife had three children:

a) DOCIBILIS (-before Feb 1010). A charter dated Mar 999 records the presence of "domni Iohanni et domni Iohanni patri et filio…consulis et ducis" in the court of "domnum Marinum ducem Fundanum et domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectum et domnum Docibilem filium domni Gregorii duci"[2386]. "Domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectane civitatis" recognised that half of Spinium belonged to Bishop Bernard by charter dated Apr 999, in the presence of "domnum Marinum et domnum Leonem ducibus Fundane civitatis et domnum Docibilem et domnum Gregorium et domnum Landolfum germanis fratribus filiis domni Gregori ducis"[2387]. "Otto…Romanorum imperator augustus" found in favour of the abbey of Monte Cassino in a dispute with "Marinus consule dux Gaiete cum nepotibus suis Docibile filio Gregorii et alio Docibile filio Leonis" by charter dated 12 Nov 999[2388]. m ANNA, daughter of --- (-after Jun 1010). "Anna…relicta…domni Docibili bone memorie filii domni Gregorii duci bone memorie" sold one quarter of her late husband´s property to "domni Iohanni…consuli et duci seniori nostri filio domni Iohanni…consuli et duci bone memorie", in the presence of "domne Hemilie…ducisse senatrix…matri vestre et…domni Leoni…dux Fundane civitatis", by charter dated Jun 1010[2389]. Stasser suggests that she was Anna di Gaeta, daughter of Marinus Duke of Gaeta & his wife Orania [of Naples], on the basis of the charter dated Jun 1010 under which Ioannes IV Duke of Gaeta confirmed the same sale calling the vendor "Anna…thia nostra relicta quoddam Docibili bone memorie…thio nostro"[2390]. Docibilis & his wife had [one child]:

i) [LANDOLF (-after Feb 1010). "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2391]. The order of the witnesses suggests that "Landulfus filius domni Docibili" was part of the family of "domni Gregorii duci", and not the brother of "Leo filio domni Docibili" whose name appears last. If this is correct, Landolf was the son of Docibilis, probably deceased older brother of Landolf.]

b) GREGORIUS (-after May 1002). "Domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectane civitatis" recognised that half of Spinium belonged to Bishop Bernard by charter dated Apr 999, in the presence of "domnum Marinum et domnum Leonem ducibus Fundane civitatis et domnum Docibilem et domnum Gregorium et domnum Landolfum germanis fratribus filiis domni Gregori ducis"[2392]. "Gregorius filius domni Gregorii duci" witnessed a charter dated May 1002[2393].

c) LANDOLF (-after Jul 1014). "Domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectane civitatis" recognised that half of Spinium belonged to Bishop Bernard by charter dated Apr 999, in the presence of "domnum Marinum et domnum Leonem ducibus Fundane civitatis et domnum Docibilem et domnum Gregorium et domnum Landolfum germanis fratribus filiis domni Gregori ducis"[2394]. A charter dated Jul 1014 names "Landolfus dicitur de domna Gemma"[2395]. "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2396]. m POLYSSENA, daughter of ---.

5. LEO "magnificus" (-after Jan 959). The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names "Marino duci et…Gregorio et…Leone filiis meis"[2397]. "Iohannes…dux" granted the church of San Erasmo in Formiis to "Leoni…huterino germano meo" by charter dated Jan 959[2398]. Præfecturus. m POLISSENA, daughter of ---. A charter dated Dec 1002 refers to "terra de somno Decibiles filio domne Pulissene"[2399]. Leo & his wife had one child:

a) DOCIBILIS "magnificus" (-before Aug 1012). A charter dated Dec 1002 refers to "terra de somno Decibiles filio domne Pulissene"[2400]. The two charters of his son Ugo, dated Jan 1023 and Apr 1040 (which both relate to the same property so clearly refer to the same person), confirm that "Docibilis cognomento de domna Polissena" was the same person as "Docibilis magnificus". "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2401].

- see below, Part D, CONTI di SUIO.

6. MEGALU (-after 954). The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names his four daughters[2402].

7. DROSU (-after 954). The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names his four daughters[2403].

8. GEMMA (-after 954). The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names his four daughters[2404].

9. ANNA (-after 954). The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names his four daughters[2405].

MARINUS, son of DOCIBILIS [II] & his wife Orania [of Naples] ([930]-984, before Oct). Duke of Fondi: a charter dated Feb 945 records that "Docibilis…dux istius civitatis" gave property to "Marinus dux civitatis Fundane…filio nostro"[2406]. The testament of Docibilis [II], dated May 954, names "Marino duci et…Gregorio et…Leone filiis meis"[2407]. He succeeded his brother as MARINUS Duke of Gaeta. A charter dated Dec 978 refers to "anno primo consulatus domni Marini et domni Iohanni filio eius"[2408]. "Marinus et Iohannes pater et filius…consuli et ducibus" donated property for the soul of "bone recordationis Maria ducissa coniugi et genetrix nostram" by charter dated Dec 978[2409]. "Otto…Romanorum imperator augustus" found in favour of the abbey of Monte Cassino in a dispute with "Marinus consule dux Gaiete cum nepotibus suis Docibile filio Gregorii et alio Docibile filio Leonis" by charter dated 12 Nov 999[2410].

m MARIA, daughter of --- (-before Dec 978). "Marinus et Iohannes pater et filius…consuli et ducibus" donated property for the soul of "bone recordationis Maria ducissa coniugi et genetrix nostram" by charter dated Dec 978[2411].

Duke Marinus & his wife had [seven] children:

1. IOANNES ([955/60][2412]-1008). A charter dated Dec 978 refers to "anno primo consulatus domni Marini et domni Iohanni filio eius"[2413]. "Marinus et Iohannes pater et filius…consuli et ducibus" donated property for the soul of "bone recordationis Maria ducissa coniugi et genetrix nostram" by charter dated Dec 978[2414]. He succeeded his father as IOANNES III Duke of Gaeta. He was granted the castle of Pontecorvo by Emperor Otto III in 999[2415]. A charter dated Mar 999 records the presence of "domni Iohanni et domni Iohanni patri et filio…consulis et ducis" in the court of "domnum Marinum ducem Fundanum et domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectum et domnum Docibilem filium domni Gregorii duci"[2416]. m EMILIA, daughter of --- (-before 1036). Senatrix. "Hemilia ducissa senatrix relicta domni Iohanni consuli et duci bone memorie…et…Iohannes…consul et dux filii suprascripti domni Iohannis consuli et duci bone memorie" donated property to Montecassino by charter dated Apr 1009[2417]. "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2418]. Regent during the minority of her grandson Duke Ioannes V, she was challenged by her son Leo but prevailed as sole regent by 1025[2419]. Duke Ioannes & his wife had three children:

a) IOANNES ([980/85][2420]-[Apr/Aug] 1012). A charter dated Oct 995 refers to "temporibus domni Iohanni…consulis et duci et filii bone memorie domni Marini…consulis et duci anno…septimodecimo…et infra ætate domni Iohanni…consuli et duci filii eius anno quinto"[2421]. A charter dated Mar 999 records the presence of "domni Iohanni et domni Iohanni patri et filio…consulis et ducis" in the court of "domnum Marinum ducem Fundanum et domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectum et domnum Docibilem filium domni Gregorii duci"[2422]. He succeeded his father in 1008 as IOANNES IV Duke of Gaeta. "Hemilia ducissa senatrix relicta domni Iohanni consuli et duci bone memorie…et…Iohannes…consul et dux filii suprascripti domni Iohannis consuli et duci bone memorie" donated property to Montecassino by charter dated Apr 1009[2423]. "Anna…relicta…domni Docibili bone memorie filii domni Gregorii duci bone memorie" sold one quarter of her late husband´s property to "domni Iohanni…consuli et duci seniori nostri filio domni Iohanni…consuli et duci bone memorie", in the presence of "domne Hemilie…ducisse senatrix…matri vestre et…domni Leoni…dux Fundane civitatis", by charter dated Jun 1010[2424]. m ---. Duke Ioannes & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES ([1010/12][2425]-after 1032). He succeeded his father in 1012 as IOANNES V Duke of Gaeta, under the regency of his paternal grandmother. Gaeta was captured by the Capuans in 1032 and Duke Ioannes deposed.

b) LEO (-after 1036). 1014-1024. Senator. He challenged his mother for the regency of Gaeta during the minority of his nephew Duke Ioannes V and was named with his nephew in the dating clauses of documents from 1017-1024[2426]. He was recorded with the title senator in 1036[2427]. "Iohannes…comes et filius…domni Marini senatori…qui fuit filius…domini Iohannes…consuli et duci" granted rights to water, which had belonged to "domno Leoni ziani meus dux et filius domni Iohanni…consuli et duci", for a mill to "Gregorius naturalis filius domni Landoni…comiti…de civitate Triiectu" by charter dated May 1045[2428]. m LETITIA, daughter of ---.

c) MARINUS (-before May 1045). "Iohannes…comes et filius…domni Marini senatori…qui fuit filius…domini Iohannes…consuli et duci" granted rights to water, which had belonged to "domno Leoni ziani meus dux et filius domni Iohanni…consuli et duci", for a mill to "Gregorius naturalis filius domni Landoni…comiti…de civitate Triiectu" by charter dated May 1045[2429]. m ---. The name of Marinus's wife is not known. Marinus & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES (-after Jun 1062). "Iohannes…comes et filius…domni Marini senatori…qui fuit filius…domini Iohannes…consuli et duci" granted rights to water, which had belonged to "domno Leoni ziani meus dux et filius domni Iohanni…consuli et duci", for a mill to "Gregorius naturalis filius domni Landoni…comiti…de civitate Triiectu" by charter dated May 1045[2430]. Conte di Maranula. A charter dated Jun 1062 records an agreement between "Marinus et…Dauferius et…Lando…et Pandolfo et…Dauferi filius domni Dauferi iuniori comitis…thio et nepotibus atque comitibus…civitatis Triiectu et Iohannes…comes de castro Maranula simulque…Raineri et…Leo et…Landulfo et…Iohannes et…Petro et…Iohannes…thiani et nepotes et fratres et comites de castro Suiu"[2431].

2. GREGORIUS (-[991]). Conte di Castro Argento.

- CONTI di TRAETTO.

3. BERNARD (-1047). He was installed as Bishop of Gaeta in 997[2432]. Skinner suggests[2433] that his support enabled his sister-in-law Emilia to prevail as regent for her infant son Duke Ioannes V over her son Leo.

4. MARINUS [II] (-after Jul 1008). A charter dated Mar 999 records the presence of "domni Iohanni et domni Iohanni patri et filio…consulis et ducis" in the court of "domnum Marinum ducem Fundanum et domnum Dauferium comitem Traiectum et domnum Docibilem filium domni Gregorii duci"[2434]. Duke of Fondi.

- DUKES of FONDI.

5. DAUFER (-[Dec 1002]). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti et…Maria comitissam uxor domni Gregorii bonæ memoriæ comiti…mecum habendo domnum Iohannem patrem meum filio domni Iohanni et…filiis meis" and "ex diverso domnum Leonem ducem Fundanum fratrem suprascripti domni Gregorii et domni Dauferii pro vice domnæ Sichelgaitæ uxori suem cum suis consortes…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2435].

- CONTI di TRAETTO.

6. LEO [II] (-[1020/21]). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "ex diverso domnum Leonem ducem Fundanum fratrem suprascripti domni Gregorii et domni Dauferii pro vice domnæ Sichelgaitæ uxori suem cum suis consortes…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2436]. Duke of Fondi.

- DUKES of FONDI.

7. [ANNA (-after 1010). "Anna…relicta…domni Docibili bone memorie filii domni Gregorii duci bone memorie" sold one quarter of her late husband´s property to "domni Iohanni…consuli et duci seniori nostri filio domni Iohanni…consuli et duci bone memorie", in the presence of "domne Hemilie…ducisse senatrix…matri vestre et…domni Leoni…dux Fundane civitatis", by charter dated Jun 1010[2437]. Stasser suggests that she was the daughter of Marinus Duke of Gaeta, on the basis of the charter dated Jun 1010 under which Ioannes IV Duke of Gaeta confirmed the same sale calling the vendor "Anna…thia nostra relicta quoddam Docibili bone memorie…thio nostro"[2438]. m her first cousin, DOCIBILIS, son of GREGORIUS Duke of Gaeta & his wife Maria --- (-before Feb 1010).]

The following family group has not been connected to the main Docibilis family, although the common use of this name suggests a close connection.

1. LANDOLF "magnificus" (-[before Mar 1025]). He is named "Landulfi Magnifici" in the charter dated Mar 1025 which records an agreement of his son "Docivile" relating to land at Cucurbi[2439]. The epithet "magnificus" suggests a connection with the family of Leon "magnificus" præfecturus and his supposed two sons by his supposed second wife Polissena (see above). m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf & his wife had one child:

a) DOCIBILIS (-after Jun 1049). A charter dated Mar 1025 records an agreement between "Georgio…filio domni Iohannis bone memorie et…Docivile…filius bone memorie domni Leoni" and "Docivile filio domni Landulfi Magnifici" relating to land at Cucurbi[2440]. "Domnus Petrus comes Suessanus…" and "duc Atenulf I de Gaète, les ducs de Fundi et son beau-père Docibilis fils de Landulf" are named as present in a charter dated Jun 1049 which records a memoratorium of "comte Ederrad de Traetto"[2441]. The date of this charter suggests that Docibilis, son of Landolf, who was the father of Gemma, wife of Pietro Conte di Suessa, was not the same person as Docibilis, son of Landolf, father of Leo II Duke of Gaeta (see above). m ---. The name of Docibilis´s wife is not known. Docibilis & his wife had one child:

i) GEMMA . m PIETRO Conte di Suessa, son of LANDOLF [II] Conte di Suessa & his wife --- (-after 1049). The Stemma principum Langobardorum records "Pierre comte de Suessa fils de Landulf de Suessa, et son épouse Gemma, fille de Docibilis vir illustris"[2442]. "Domnus Petrus comes Suessanus…" and "duc Atenulf I de Gaète, les ducs de Fundi et son beau-père Docibilis fils de Landulf" are named as present in a charter dated Jun 1049 which records a memoratorium of "comte Ederrad de Traetto"[2443].]

C. DESCENDANTS of LEO di GAETA præfecturus (FAMILY of DOCIBILIS)

LEO di Gaeta, son of DOCIBILIS [I] Lord of Gaeta & his wife Matrona --- (-before Jan 944). The testament of "Docibilis ypatus civitatis istius Gaietane", dated 906, names his wife (and her father) and his children (in order) "Bona, Maria, Euphemia, Jean, Léon, Anatole, Megalu"[2444]. Præfecturus.

m ---. The name of Leo´s wife is not known.

Leo & his wife had three children:

1. IOANNES (-[Sep 946/Mar 949]). Docibilis [II] Lord of Gaeta granted land at Paternum to "Iohannes et Docibilis germanis fratribus filiis…domni Leoni prefecturii bone recordationis" by charter dated Jan 944[2445]. In 946 he disputed two estates, Caput Piro and Iuniano, with Docibilis [II] in court[2446]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had [five] children:

a) DOCIBILIS (-before Mar 1004). "Docibilis magnificus filius Iohannis prefecturii" witnessed a charter of Docibilis [II] Duke of Gaeta dated Feb 945[2447]. m DROSU, daughter of --- (-after Mar 1004). "Matrona…filia bone memorie domni Docibili prefecturii et domne Drosu bone recordationis ambo iugalibus…et relicta qui fui uxor bone memorie domni Docibili" donated property to "Eupraxia…filia nostra" by charter dated Mar 1004[2448]. Docibilis & his wife had one child:

i) MATRONA (-afetr Mar 1004). "Matrona…filia bone memorie domni Docibili prefecturii et domne Drosu bone recordationis ambo iugalibus…et relicta qui fui uxor bone memorie domni Docibili" donated property to "Eupraxia…filia nostra" by charter dated Mar 1004[2449]. m DOCIBILIS, son of --- (-before Mar 1004). Docibilis & his wife had one child:

(a) EUPRAXIA (-after Mar 1004). "Matrona…filia bone memorie domni Docibili prefecturii et domne Drosu bone recordationis ambo iugalibus…et relicta qui fui uxor bone memorie domni Docibili" donated property to "Eupraxia…filia nostra" by charter dated Mar 1004[2450].

b) LEO (-after 957). "Leo magnificus filius Iohannis prefecturii" witnessed a charter of Marinus Bishop of Gaeta dated Feb 945[2451]. "Leono…filio…Iohannis prefecturii seu Marie iugalibus" are named in a charter dated Mar 949[2452].

- see below.

c) GREGORIUS (-before Dec 1002). The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, names "domni Gregorii bone memorie tii nostri et filii domni Iohanni prefecturii bone recordationis" and "domnus Docibile uterinus frater meus bone memorie…domnus Leone duc Fundane civitatis bone memorie et…domne Sikelgaite ducisse uxori sue" in relation to property of "domni Gregorii bone memorie qui fuit socero et genitores illorum"[2453]. m DROSU, daughter of --- (-after Jun 1008). "Docibiles et Gregorius huterinus fratribus filii domni Leoni bone memorie prefecturii et…domna Drusu…relicta domini Gregorii bone recordationis prefecturii tii illorum cum domna Stefania filia sua et domno Dauferio comité genero suo" shared property by charter dated Dec 1002[2454]. "Drosu…relicta domni Gregorii…bone memorie et…Docibilis et Gregorius…uterinis fratribus et filii domni Leoni præfecturii bone memorie" sold land to "Gaudiosus et Matrona" by charter dated Jun 1008[2455]. Gregorius & his wife had two children:

i) SICHELGAITA (-after Mar 1024). "Leo dux Fundane civitatis et filius bone memorie domni Marini…consulis et duci…civitatis Gaetane…et…Sikelgaita ducissa ambo iugalibus" exchanged property with "Jean archiprêtre de la cathédrale de Gaète" by charter dated Oct 995[2456]. The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, names "domni Gregorii bone memorie tii nostri et filii domni Iohanni prefecturii bone recordationis" and "domnus Docibile uterinus frater meus bone memorie…domnus Leone duc Fundane civitatis bone memorie et…domne Sikelgaite ducisse uxori sue" in relation to property of "domni Gregorii bone memorie qui fuit socero et genitores illorum"[2457]. m LEO Duke of Fondi, son of MARINUS Duke of Gaeta & his wife Maria --- (-[1020/21]).

ii) STEFANIA (-after Dec 1002). A charter dated Dec 1002 records the division of property between "Docibiles et Gregorius huterinis fratribus filii domni Leoni bone memorie prefecturii et…domna Drosu…relicta domni Gregorii bone recordationis prefecturii…cum domna Stefania filia sua et domno Dauferio comite genere suo"[2458]. m DAUFER Conte di Traietto, son of son of MARINUS Duke of Gaeta & his wife Maria --- (-after Dec 1002).

d) SERGIUS (-after Apr 963). "Docibilis magnificus filius Ioanni presii, Sergius filius domni Iohannis prefecturiis" witnessed a charter dated Jan 963[2459]. "Sergius filius domni Iohannis prefecturiis" witnessed a charter dated Apr 963[2460].

2. DOCIBILIS (-after Jan 944). Docibilis [II] Lord of Gaeta granted land at Paternum to "Iohannes et Docibilis germanis fratribus filiis…domni Leoni prefecturii bone recordationis" by charter dated Jan 944[2461]. m ---. The name of Docibilis´s wife is not known. Docibilis & his wife had two children:

a) LEO (-after Dec 957). "Leo filius domni Docibili prefecturii" witnessed a charter of Ioannes IV Duke of Gaeta dated Dec 957[2462]. m ---. The name of Leo´s wife is not known. Leo & his wife had two children:

i) DOCIBILIS (-after Oct 995). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2463]. "Docibilis filio domni Leoni, Daoferius comes, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici" witnessed a charter dated Oct 995 of Leo [I] Duke of Fondi[2464].

ii) GREGORIUS (-after May 992). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2465].

b) GREGORIUS (-after May 992). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2466].

3. ALIGERNUS (-[after 11 Aug 968]). "Aligernum kaietanum filium quondam Leoni prefecti" exchanged property with "Angelo filio quondam Boni" by charter dated Apr 955 at Naples[2467]. ["Aligernus filius domini Leoni, Theodorus filius domini Aligerni…" witnessed the charter dated 24 Apr 956 at Naples under which "Gregorium filium quondam…domini Sergii dudum prefecti postmodum…monachi" donated property to the monastery of SS Teodoro & Sebastiano[2468]. "…Aligernus filius domini Leoni…" witnessed the charter dated 28 Aug 962 at Naples under which "Bonito" donated property to the monastery of SS Teodoro & Sebastiano[2469]. "…Aligernus filius domini Leoni monachi…" witnessed the charter dated 30 Nov 964 at Naples under which "Sergium…ygumenum monasterii sanctorum Sergii et Bachi" donated property to the monastery[2470]. "…Aligernus filius domini Leoni…" witnessed the charter dated 11 Aug 968 at Naples which records an agreement between "Ursum filium quondam domini Petri monachi et quondam domini Heufimie…Gemme monacha iugalium personarum" and the monastery of SS Sergio & Baccho[2471]. Skinner suggests that these entries all refer to the same person[2472], although the reference to Aligernus´s father as "Leo monachus" in the document dated 30 Nov 964 suggests that this may not be correct, as no other evidence has been found of Leo præfecturus di Gaeta having become a monk before he died.]

LEO, son of IOANNES præfectorus & his wife --- (-after 957). "Leo magnificus filius Iohannis prefecturii" witnessed a charter of Marinus Bishop of Gaeta dated Feb 945[2473]. "Leono…filio…Iohannis prefecturii seu Marie iugalibus" are named in a charter dated Mar 949[2474].

m MARIA, daughter of --- (-after Mar 949). "Leono…filio…Iohannis prefecturii seu Marie iugalibus" are named in a charter dated Mar 949[2475].

Leo & his wife had two children:

1. DOCIBILIS (-[Feb 1010/Mar 1024]). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "ex diverso domnum Leonem ducem Fundanum fratrem suprascripti domni Gregorii et domni Dauferii pro vice domnæ Sichelgaitæ uxori suem cum suis consortes…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2476]. "Docibilis filio domni Leoni, Daoferius comes, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici" witnessed a charter dated Oct 995 of Leo [I] Duke of Fondi[2477]. "Otto…Romanorum imperator augustus" found in favour of the abbey of Monte Cassino in a dispute with "Marinus consule dux Gaiete cum nepotibus suis Docibile filio Gregorii et alio Docibile filio Leonis" by charter dated 12 Nov 999[2478]. "Docibiles et Gregorius huterinus fratribus filii domni Leoni bone memorie prefecturii et…domna Drusu…relicta domini Gregorii bone recordationis prefecturii tii illorum cum domna Stefania filia sua et domno Dauferio comité genero suo" shared property by charter dated Dec 1002[2479]. "Drosu…relicta domni Gregorii…bone memorie et…Docibilis et Gregorius…uterinis fratribus et filii domni Leoni præfecturii bone memorie" sold land to "Gaudiosus et Matrona" by charter dated Jun 1008[2480]. The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, names "domni Gregorii bone memorie tii nostri et filii domni Iohanni prefecturii bone recordationis" and "domnus Docibile uterinus frater meus bone memorie…domnus Leone duc Fundane civitatis bone memorie et…domne Sikelgaite ducisse uxori sue" in relation to property of "domni Gregorii bone memorie qui fuit socero et genitores illorum"[2481]. m STEFANIA, daughter of --- (-after May 992). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris…" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2482].

2. GREGORIUS (-after Mar 1024). "Dauferium comitem Triiecti…" and "ex diverso domnum Leonem ducem Fundanum fratrem suprascripti domni Gregorii et domni Dauferii pro vice domnæ Sichelgaitæ uxori suem cum suis consortes…domnum Docibilem filium domni Leoni pro vice domnæ Stefaniæ suæ uxoris et pro Gregorio filium domni Docibili secum habendo Docibilem et Gregorium fratres nepoti ipsius domni Gregorii…nos sumus heredes domni Leoni præfecturii" are named in a charter dated May 992 which settled a boundary dispute between their territories[2483]. "Docibiles et Gregorius huterinus fratribus filii domni Leoni bone memorie prefecturii et…domna Drusu…relicta domini Gregorii bone recordationis prefecturii tii illorum cum domna Stefania filia sua et domno Dauferio comité genero suo" shared property by charter dated Dec 1002[2484]. "Drosu…relicta domni Gregorii…bone memorie et…Docibilis et Gregorius…uterinis fratribus et filii domni Leoni præfecturii bone memorie" sold land to "Gaudiosus et Matrona" by charter dated Jun 1008[2485]. "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2486]. The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, names "domni Gregorii bone memorie tii nostri et filii domni Iohanni prefecturii bone recordationis" and "domnus Docibile uterinus frater meus bone memorie…domnus Leone duc Fundane civitatis bone memorie et…domne Sikelgaite ducisse uxori sue" in relation to property of "domni Gregorii bone memorie qui fuit socero et genitores illorum"[2487]. m ---. The name of Gregorius´s wife is not known. Gregorius & his wife had four children:

a) GREGORIUS (-after Mar 1024). The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, bequeathes property to "ses deux fils Grégoire et Laidulf…son épouse Maria fille de feu Kampulus et d´Euphemia…ses deux filles"[2488].

b) LAIDOLF (-after Apr 1054). The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, bequeathes property to "ses deux fils Grégoire et Laidulf…son épouse Maria fille de feu Kampulus et d´Euphemia…ses deux filles"[2489]. A charter dated Apr 1054, recording an exchange of property involving "Leo…episcopus sancte Gajetane ecclesie…et…Docibilis…senator…germani fratribus et filiis domni Leoni…consuli et duci bone memorie et…domne Theodore ducisse senatrix…coniugalis", names "domno Laydolfo filio domni Gregorii magnifici bone memorie"[2490].

c) daughter (-after Mar 1024). The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, bequeathes property to "ses deux fils Grégoire et Laidulf…son épouse Maria fille de feu Kampulus et d´Euphemia…ses deux filles"[2491].

d) daughter (-after Mar 1024). The testament of "Grégoire…fils de feu Léon præfecturus", dated Mar 1024, bequeathes property to "ses deux fils Grégoire et Laidulf…son épouse Maria fille de feu Kampulus et d´Euphemia…ses deux filles"[2492].

D. DUKE of GAETA 1012, CONTI di SUIO (FAMILY of DOCIBILIS)

DOCIBILIS "magnificus", [illegitimate] son of [LEO præfecturus & his wife/mistress Polissena ---] (-before Aug 1012). A charter dated Dec 1002 refers to "terra de somno Decibiles filio domne Pulissene"[2493]. It is clear that this Docibilis was not the same person as Docibilis, son of Leo præfecturus, and brother of Gregorius, who is also named in the same document. The two charters of his son Ugo, dated Jan 1023 and Apr 1040 (which both relate to the same property so clearly refer to the same person, see below), confirm that "Docibilis cognomento de domna Polissena" was the same person as "Docibilis magnificus". "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2494].

m ---. The name of Docibilis's wife is not known.

Docibilis & his wife had two children:

1. LEO (-[1042/42]). "Leo filio domini Docibili" witnessed a charter of Bernard Bishop of Gaeta dated Sep 997[2495]. "Leo…dux Fundane civitatis" recorded a judgment relating to the inheritance of "bone memorie domnus Iohannes" in favour of "domne Hemilie" by charter dated Feb 1010, in the presence of "Landulfus filius domni Docibili…Landulfus filius domni Gregorii duci, Docibili filius domni Leoni magnifici, Gregorius filius domni Leoni magnifici, Leo filio domni Docibili"[2496]. "Leo…consul et dux" donated property to "Marinus fils de Kampulus et à Grégoire fils de Jean, ses parents" by charter dated Aug 1012, which refers to "anno primo consulatus domni Leoni…consulis et duci et filii domni Docibili…bone memorie"[2497]. He seized power as LEO II Duke of Gaeta after the death of Duke Ioannes IV in 1012. He was deposed in Oct 1012 by supporters of Ioannes V. He returned briefly as Duke LEO II in 1042 in a bid to displace Guaimarius Prince of Salerno[2498]. His date of death is set by the charter dated Feb 1064 which refers to "vicesimo secundo anno comitatus domni Rainerius...comes filii domni Leonis…consul et dux…"[2499]. m THEODORA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated Apr 1054 which records an exchange of property between "Leo…episcopus sancte Gajetane ecclesie…et…Docibilis…senator…germani fratribus et filiis domni Leoni…consuli et duci bone memorie et…domne Theodore ducisse senatrix…coniugalis" and "Stéphane fils de Jean de Arciu et Grégoire fils de Jean Coronella"[2500]. The reference to senatrix suggests a connection with the Roman family of Tusculo. Leo & his wife had five children:

a) DOCIBILIS (-[Apr 1054/Oct 1056]). A charter dated Apr 1054 records an exchange of property between "Leo…episcopus sancte Gajetane ecclesie…et…Docibilis…senator…germani fratribus et filiis domni Leoni…consuli et duci bone memorie et…domne Theodore ducisse senatrix…coniugalis" and "Stéphane fils de Jean de Arciu et Grégoire fils de Jean Coronella"[2501]. Senator. m ---. The name of Docibilis's wife is not known. Docibilis & his wife had two children:

i) LEO (-after Apr 1064). "Iohannes et Sikelgrima…iugalibus…comiti Castro Gareliano et filii domni Ugonis comitis bone memorie" sold property to "Léon fils de Constantin" by charter dated Oct 1056, witnessed by "Petrus filius domni Leoni duci, Rainerius filius domni Leoni ducis, Leoni filii domni Docibilis comitis"[2502]. A charter dated Jun 1062 records an agreement between "Marinus et…Dauferius et…Lando…et Pandolfo et…Dauferi filius domni Dauferi iuniori comitis…thio et nepotibus atque comitibus…civitatis Triiectu et Iohannes…comes de castro Maranula simulque…Raineri et…Leo et…Landulfo et…Iohannes et…Petro et…Iohannes…thiani et nepotes et fratres et comites de castro Suiu"[2503]. A charter dated Feb 1064 refers to "vicesimo secundo anno comitatus domni Rainerius...comes filii domni Leonis…consul et dux, idem et domno Leo et domno Landulfus filius domni Docivili…comitis, simulque et domnus Iohannes filius domni Ugoni comitis, quam et domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes filii domni Petri…comitis bone memorie, toti fratribus et nepotibus"[2504]. m (before Oct 1064) DOMNELLA, daughter of IOANNES [Cotina] & his wife Marenda ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Oct 1064 under which "Iohannes filius domino Nyciforius bone memorie…cum…domina Marenda…uxorem meam…et…domino Leo et domino Landulfus ambobus…commitibus et generis nostri et filii domino Docibile comiti bone memorie…cum domina Aloara et domina Domnella…filie nostre et…uxore illorum" donated the church of Santa Maria Maddalena at Flumetica to the monastery of San Erasmo[2505]. Leo & his wife had [two] children:

(a) [ATENOLF (-after Mar 1128). "Adenulphus et Docibilis…germani fratribus filii…domini Leoni Picziciademone pie recordationis comes Sugii" are named as executors in the testament of "Docibilis Fruzi" by charter dated Mar 1128[2506]. The chronology of the family suggests that the father of these two brothers was Leo, son of Docibilis, but this conclusion is not beyond all doubt.] m ---. The name of Atenolf's wife is not known. Atenolf & his wife had one child:

(1) ALBERIC . 1159.

(b) [DOCIBILIS (-after Mar 1128). "Adenulphus et Docibilis…germani fratribus filii…domini Leoni Picziciademone pie recordationis comes Sugii" are named as executors in the testament of "Docibilis Fruzi" by charter dated Mar 1128[2507]. The chronology of the family suggests that the father of these two brothers was Leo, son of Docibilis, but this conclusion is not beyond all doubt.] m ---. The name of Docibilis's wife is not known. Docibilis & his wife had one child:

(1) LANDOLF . 1157.

ii) LANDOLF (-after Oct 1064). A charter dated Jun 1062 records an agreement between "Marinus et…Dauferius et…Lando…et Pandolfo et…Dauferi filius domni Dauferi iuniori comitis…thio et nepotibus atque comitibus…civitatis Triiectu et Iohannes…comes de castro Maranula simulque…Raineri et…Leo et…Landulfo et…Iohannes et…Petro et…Iohannes…thiani et nepotes et fratres et comites de castro Suiu"[2508]. A charter dated Feb 1064 refers to "vicesimo secundo anno comitatus domni Rainerius...comes filii domni Leonis…consul et dux, idem et domno Leo et domno Landulfus filius domni Docivili…comitis, simulque et domnus Iohannes filius domni Ugoni comitis, quam et domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes filii domni Petri…comitis bone memorie, toti fratribus et nepotibus"[2509]. m (before Apr 1064) ALOARA, daughter of IOANNES [Cotina] & his wife Marenda ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Oct 1064 under which "Iohannes filius domino Nyciforius bone memorie…cum…domina Marenda…uxorem meam…et…domino Leo et domino Landulfus ambobus…commitibus et generis nostri et filii domino Docibile comiti bone memorie…cum domina Aloara et domina Domnella…filie nostre et…uxore illorum" donated the church of Santa Maria Maddalena at Flumetica to the monastery of San Erasmo[2510]. Landolf & his wife had [one possible] child:

(a) [PANDOLF . 1109-35.]

b) PETRUS (-after Oct 1056). "Petrus comes de castro Suiu" is named as present in a charter dated Jul 1053[2511]. "Petrus…comes et filius quondam domni Leoni gloriosus consul et dux bone memorie et…filio domna Theodora senatrix" sold property to "Marinus fils de Jean" by charter dated Mar 1055[2512]. "Iohannes et Sikelgrima…iugalibus…comiti Castro Gareliano et filii domni Ugonis comitis bone memorie" sold property to "Léon fils de Constantin" by charter dated Oct 1056, witnessed by "Petrus filius domni Leoni duci, Rainerius filius domni Leoni ducis, Leoni filii domni Docibilis comitis"[2513]. m AGELTRUDA, daughter of --- (-after Feb 1064). "Ageltruda comitissa senatrix et…domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes germanis fratres…mater et filii" sold land by charter dated Feb 1064[2514]. The reference to senatrix suggests a connection with the Roman family of Tusculo. Petrus & his wife had two children:

i) IOANNES (-after Feb 1064). A charter dated Jun 1062 records an agreement between "Marinus et…Dauferius et…Lando…et Pandolfo et…Dauferi filius domni Dauferi iuniori comitis…thio et nepotibus atque comitibus…civitatis Triiectu et Iohannes…comes de castro Maranula simulque…Raineri et…Leo et…Landulfo et…Iohannes et…Petro et…Iohannes…thiani et nepotes et fratres et comites de castro Suiu"[2515]. "Ageltruda comitissa senatrix et…domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes germanis fratres…mater et filii" sold land by charter dated Feb 1064[2516].

ii) PETRUS (-after Feb 1064). A charter dated Jun 1062 records an agreement between "Marinus et…Dauferius et…Lando…et Pandolfo et…Dauferi filius domni Dauferi iuniori comitis…thio et nepotibus atque comitibus…civitatis Triiectu et Iohannes…comes de castro Maranula simulque…Raineri et…Leo et…Landulfo et…Iohannes et…Petro et…Iohannes…thiani et nepotes et fratres et comites de castro Suiu"[2517]. "Ageltruda comitissa senatrix et…domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes germanis fratres…mater et filii" sold land by charter dated Feb 1064[2518].

c) RANIERI (-after May 1070). A charter dated 1042 refers to "vicesimo secundo anno comitatus domni Rainerius…comes filii domni Leonis…consul et dux"[2519]. Conte di Suio. "Iohannes et Sikelgrima…iugalibus…comiti Castro Gareliano et filii domni Ugonis comitis bone memorie" sold property to "Léon fils de Constantin" by charter dated Oct 1056, witnessed by "Petrus filius domni Leoni duci, Rainerius filius domni Leoni ducis, Leoni filii domni Docibilis comitis"[2520]. A charter dated Jun 1062 records an agreement between "Marinus et…Dauferius et…Lando…et Pandolfo et…Dauferi filius domni Dauferi iuniori comitis…thio et nepotibus atque comitibus…civitatis Triiectu et Iohannes…comes de castro Maranula simulque…Raineri et…Leo et…Landulfo et…Iohannes et…Petro et…Iohannes…thiani et nepotes et fratres et comites de castro Suiu"[2521]. A charter dated Feb 1064 refers to "vicesimo secundo anno comitatus domni Rainerius...comes filii domni Leonis…consul et dux, idem et domno Leo et domno Landulfus filius domni Docivili…comitis, simulque et domnus Iohannes filius domni Ugoni comitis, quam et domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes filii domni Petri…comitis bone memorie, toti fratribus et nepotibus"[2522]. "Domnus Raymerius comes filius domni Leoni duci…et vice domni Leoni…presul…Gagetane hæcclesie nostro germano et filo quondam domni Leoni…consuli et duci" sold land by charter dated Apr 1064[2523]. "Raynerius comes filius domni Leoni duci…et Mira…iugalibus" sold their share in mills to the church of Gaeta by charter dated Sep 1069[2524]. "Raynerius" Conte di Suio is named in a charter of Jordan Prince of Capua dated May 1070[2525]. m MIRA, daughter of --- (-after Sep 1069). "Raynerius comes filius domni Leoni duci…et Mira…iugalibus" sold their share in mills to the church of Gaeta by charter dated Sep 1069[2526]. Ranieri & his wife had one child:

i) RANIERI (-after Mar 1125). "Rainerius filio domno Rainerius comes de Suio" witnessed a charter dated Mar 1125[2527].

d) LEO (-after Apr 1064). He was appointed Bishop of Gaeta in 1047[2528]. A charter dated Apr 1054 records an exchange of property between "Leo…episcopus sancte Gajetane ecclesie…et…Docibilis…senator…germani fratribus et filiis domni Leoni…consuli et duci bone memorie et…domne Theodore ducisse senatrix…coniugalis" and "Stéphane fils de Jean de Arciu et Grégoire fils de Jean Coronella", the document also naming "domno Laydolfo filio domni Gregorii magnifici bone memorie"[2529]. "Domnus Raymerius comes filius domni Leoni duci…et vice domni Leoni…presul…Gagetane hæcclesie nostro germano et filo quondam domni Leoni…consuli et duci" sold land by charter dated Apr 1064[2530].

2. UGO (-after Apr 1040). "Ugo nobilissimo viro filius domni Ducibili magnificus" donated half of castellum Suio to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jan 1023[2531]. "Ugo filius bone recordationis domni Docibilis cognomento de domna Polissena…et coniugem meam…filio meo" confirmed his donation of half of castellum Suio to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1040[2532]. Conte di Suio. m --- (-after Apr 1040). The name of Hugo's wife is not known. Hugo & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES (-after May 1079). "Iohannes et Sikelgrima…iugalibus…comiti Castro Gareliano et filii domni Ugonis comitis bone memorie" sold property to "Léon fils de Constantin" by charter dated Oct 1056, witnessed by "Petrus filius domni Leoni duci, Rainerius filius domni Leoni ducis, Leoni filii domni Docibilis comitis"[2533]. A charter dated Feb 1064 refers to "vicesimo secundo anno comitatus domni Rainerius...comes filii domni Leonis…consul et dux, idem et domno Leo et domno Landulfus filius domni Docivili…comitis, simulque et domnus Iohannes filius domni Ugoni comitis, quam et domnus Petrus et domnus Iohannes filii domni Petri…comitis bone memorie, toti fratribus et nepotibus"[2534]. "Iohannes filii domni Uguoni comiti…cum Sikelgrima comitissa…coniux mea" donated their share in castellum Suio to Monte Cassino by charter dated May 1079[2535]. m SIKELGRIMA, daughter of --- (-after May 1079). "Iohannes et Sikelgrima…iugalibus…comiti Castro Gareliano et filii domni Ugonis comitis bone memorie" sold property to "Léon fils de Constantin" by charter dated Oct 1056[2536]. "Iohannes filii domni Uguoni comiti…cum Sikelgrima comitissa…coniux mea" donated their share in castellum Suio to Monte Cassino by charter dated May 1079[2537].

E. DUKES of GAETA 1043-1111 (VARIOUS FAMILIES)

1. RAINULF "Drengot" (-Jun 1045). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Giselbertus…qui et Buttericus…[cum] quatuor fratribus suis, Rainulfo, Asclittino, Osmundo, atque Rodulfo" arrived in Capua (after Gilbert was banished from Normandy) where they joined "Melus", dated to [1015/16] from the context[2538]. He was invested as Conte d'Aversa by Emperor Konrad II in 1038, as vassal of the Prince of Salerno[2539]. Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno installed him as Duke of Gaeta in 1041[2540]. Duke of Gaeta: Amatus records that "Count Rainulf" was made "Duke of Gaeta", dated to [1043/44] from the context[2541].

1. ATENOLF [V] d'Aquino, son of --- (-2 Feb 1062). Atenulf was captured by knights of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, but was released in exchange for Richer abbot of Monte Cassino whom Atenulf's brother Lando had captured[2542]. He was installed as ATENULF I Duke of Gaeta in 1045. “Adenulfus Aquinas comes et consul et dux Gajetanus” swore allegiance to Montecassino by charter dated 1045[2543]. Gaetans are recorded as having participated in the unsuccessful papal expedition against the Normans in 1052[2544]. After the death of his son, Atenulf refused to transfer property to the daughter of Richard Prince of Capua who thereupon besieged Aquino[2545].

a) ATENULF (-after 1086). The primary source which confirms his parentage is not known. He succeeded his father in 1061 as ATENULF II Duke of Gaeta, under the regency of his mother. He was deposed in 1062 by Jordan I Prince of Capua, although dating clauses in documents suggest that he was permitted to continue to rule jointly until 1064[2546]. Amatus records that "count Atenulf of Aquino, with his brother Lando of Traetto and Lando's son Peter" joined the conspiracy of Guillaume de Montreuil in 1064[2547]. He rebelled against Richard Prince of Capua[2548]. He witnessed a document of Geoffroy Ridell Duke of Gaeta[2549].

b) LANDO (-after [1064/65]). Amatus records that "count Atenulf of Aquino, with his brother Lando of Traetto and Lando's son Peter" joined the conspiracy of Guillaume de Montreuil in 1064[2550]. As is seen above, earlier lords of Traetto belonged to a younger branch of the Dukes of Gaeta. The only possible "Lando of Traetto" in that family to whom this can refer had no brothers Atenulf and Pandolf. Either Traetto was recently transferred to this Lando or "Traetto" is an error in the text of Amatus. Assuming Lando is correctly identified here, he and his brother joining the conspiracy of Guillaume de Montreuil in 1064 is explained by their mother being the person whom Guillaume was plotting to marry. This relationship is not stated in Amatus. He was installed as LANDO Duke of Gaeta in [1064/65].

1. GUILLAUME de Montreuil, son of GUILLAUME Giroie & his second wife Emma --- (-Rome after Sep 1068). Orderic Vitalis names “Willermum” as the son of Guillaume and his second wife “Emmam, Walchelini de Taneto filiam”, adding that later in Apulia he was known as “bonus Normannus”[2551]. Orderic Vitalis records that “Willermus”, brother of "Ernaldo...Willermi filio", donated "situm in Maisnil Bernardi in honore sancti Sulpitii" and other named properties to Ouche, with the consent of “Geroio fratre eius [referring to his paternal uncle] et cognatis...Geroio atque Fulcoio”[2552]. Orderic Vitalis records that Robert de Grantmesnil, ex-abbot of Ouche, in seeking his restoration as abbot sought help from “Willermum de Mosterolo consobrinum suum”, who had conquered “Campaniam”, and granted him “medietatem antiquæ urbis...Aquina”[2553]. His father-in-law installed him as GUILLAUME Duke of Gaeta in 1064. He rebelled against the Capuans, attempted to repudiate his wife in order to marry Maria, widow of Duke Atenulf I, and was removed[2554]. He became commander of the papal army which was victorious in Campania[2555]. Conte d’Aquino: “Guglielmo de Mosterolo conte della contea Aquinense” donated property to Montecassino by charter dated Sep 1068[2556]. Amatus records that he died in Rome from "a burning fever"[2557]. m --- of Capua, daughter of RICHARD I Prince of Capua & his wife Frédésende de Hauteville.

1. DANIMBOLD, son of ---. He was installed as DANIMBOLD Duke of Gaeta in [1066/67].

1. GEOFFROY Ridel, son of --- (-1086). Amatus records that he led the Norman expedition into Sicily in 1061[2558]. He was installed as GEOFFROY Duke of Gaeta in 1068[2559], ruling from his castle at Pontecorvo. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records that "Ioffridus cognomento Ridellus dux Caietanorum" donated "monasterium sancti Herasmi de civitate Furmiana et monasterium sancti Petri de Foresta in pertinentia Pontiscurvi" to Monte Cassino, dated to "Feb 1076" in the margin of the MGH edition[2560]. m ---. The name of the Geoffroy's wife is not known. Geoffroy & his wife had two children:

a) RAINALD Ridel (-after Apr 1091). He succeeded his father in 1086 as RAINALD Duke of Gaeta. He was deposed in 1091 and sought refuge at Pontecorvo. "Raynaldus…cónsul et dux qui sum dominador civitatis Ponticurvo et filius quondam bonæ memoriæ domni Guffridi qui fuit consul et dux" donated property by charter dated Apr 1091[2561]. Betrothed ([1086/87], contract broken [12 Mar 1088/20 Nov 1090]) to --- di Capua, daughter of JORDAN Prince of Capua & his wife [Gaitelgrima] di Salerno. A letter of Pope Urban II, dated to [12 Mar 1088/20 Nov 1090], permits the annulment of the betrothal between "Jordanis principis…filiam suam infantulum" and "Raynaldo, Rodeli filio"[2562]. m ---. The name of the Rainald's wife is not known. Rainald & his wife had one child:

i) GUALGANUS . He succeeded his father as GUALGANUS Duke of Gaeta. Gaeta revolted against his rule in 1091 after the death of Jordan I Prince of Capua[2563]. m ---, sister of ROBERT, daughter of ---. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis refers to "Robberto comiti, fratri uxoris Gualguani" but does not name her, the date "25 Jan 1105" in the margin[2564].

b) EVA [Anna] of Gaeta . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter under which her son "Sergio…consuli et duci…filio…Iohannis…consulis et ducis…et…Anna…ducisse que fuit filia…d. Iolfride principis et ducis civitatis Gayete" bought property[2565]. "Sergio…consuli et duci…filio…Iohannis…consulis et ducis…et…Ebe…ducisse que fuit filia…d. Iolfride principis et ducis civitatis Gayete" bought property by charter dated 5 Jan 1131[2566]. m IOANNES of Naples, son of SERGIO VI Duke of Naples & his wife Limpiasa di Capua ([1079/80]-[Dec 1120/Apr 1123]). He succeeded his father in 1107 as IOANNES VI Duke of Naples.

1. LANDOLF, son of --- (-after [1101/02]). He was installed by the Gaetans as LANDOLF Duke of Gaeta after their rebellion in 1091. He may have been a descendant of the Docibilan family. A charter dated Sep 1094 refers to "tertia anno ducatus atque consulatus domino…Landulfus…consul et dux"[2567]. He is named "quondam vone memorie domini Landolfi senatori" in the charter of his son Marinus dated Mar 1113[2568]. He was deposed as duke in [1101/02], replaced by Guillaume de Blosseville[2569]. m INMILGIA of Naples, daughter of IOANNES of Naples, senator & his wife Sichelgarda ---. Her parentage is confirmed by the charter which records a donation by her son "domino Marino filio quondam hvone memorie domini Landolfi qui fuit dux civitatis Gaiete et quondam domine Inmilga ducissa iugalium" under the tutelage of "domini Iohannis…consul et dux…exadelfo germano suo", dated to [1107][2570]. Landolf & his wife had one child:

a) MARINUS (-after 10 Jul 1114). "Domino Marino filio quondam hvone memorie domini Landolfi qui fuit dux civitatis Gaiete et quondam domine Inmilga ducissa iugalium" under the tutelage of "domini Iohannis…consul et dux…exadelfo germano suo", dated to [1107][2571]. "Marino filio quondam vone memorie domini Landolfi senatori" is named in a charter dated Mar 1113[2572]. Duke of Gaeta 1113/14. "Marino filio q--- et dux civitatis Caiete" donated property "per absolutionem…d. Iohannis…consul et dux atque…magister militum et imperiali Protosebasto exadelfo germano suo" by charter dated 8 May [1113], which names his "abbocatore d. Iohanne qui nominator de Acerre filio q. d. Bernardi qui fuit comite de Sessula et de Acerre"[2573]. A charter dated 10 Jul [1114] confirms the previous donation by "Marino filio q. b. m. d. Landolfi, qui fuit Dux civitatis Caiete et q. d. Inmilgla Ducissa"[2574].

1. GUILLAUME de Blossville, son of ---. He was installed as GUILLAUME Duke of Gaeta in [1101/02] after the Capuans deposed Duke Landolf. By 1105 he was replaced as duke by Richard de Aquila Conte di Pica[2575].

1. RICCARDO di Aquila, son of BARTOLOMEO di Caleno & his wife --- (-1111). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Richardus de Aquila…Bartholomei de Caleno filius"[2576]. Conte di Pica. He was installed by the Capuans as RICCARDO Duke of Gaeta in 1105. "Riccardus dux Gaietanorum et comes Suessanorum" donated property for the souls of "uxorisque mee Ringarde et filiorum meorum Andree et Peregrini" by charter dated Sep 1105[2577]. He ruled until 1112 when he was replaced by a younger branch of the family of the Princes of Capua[2578]. The Chronicon Fossæ Novæ records the death in 1111 of "Richardus de Aquila"[2579]. m as her first husband, RANGARDA, daughter of --- (-after [19 Feb 1115]). "Riccardus dux Gaietanorum et comes Suessanorum" donated property for the souls of "uxorisque mee Ringarde et filiorum meorum Andree et Peregrini" by charter dated Sep 1105[2580]. Stasser suggests that she was Rangarda, daughter of [Marinus [III] Duke of Gaeta & his wife Rangarda ---], granddaughter of Marinus II Duke of Fondi, from the former inherited the church of Sa n Onofrio di Fundi[2581]. If this is correct, her father was probably Marinus [III], whose wife was recorded with the same name Rangarda. She married secondly (after 1111) Alessandro di Carinola. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis records that, after the death of "Richardi de Aquila", the castle of Suio (previously donated to Monte Cassino) was wrongfully retained by "Alexandro" who married "uxorem eiusdem Richardi", but that the inhabitants incited the abbot of Monte Cassino to capture Alessandro, after which "Rangarda…uxor præphati Richardi" captured "turrem quæ Ad mare dicitur", dated to "Feb 19 1115" in the margin of the MGH edition[2582].

- AQUILA.

Chapter 7. DUKES of SORRENTO

A. DUKES of SORRENTO [1020]-[1109]

No reference has been found in primary sources to an independent duchy of Sorrento before the 1030s. Stasser hypothesises that the name of the two later dukes of Sorrento, Sergius, suggests a family relationship with the dukes of Naples, corroborated by use of the title senatrix by Gaitelgrima di Sorrento (see below)[2583], although this title could have been inherited from her mother. If this is correct, it is likely that Sorrento was granted as an apanage by the duke of Naples to a junior member of the family. As noted below, Stasser suggests that the duke in question was Sergius IV. Sorrento ceased to be an independent duchy in the early years of the 12th century, but the exact process by which this occurred has not yet been ascertained.

1. --- . The primary sources reveal no information relating to the anonymous duke of Sorrento who married the daughter of Laidolf of Capua or his parents. Stasser suggests that the anonymous duke´s father may have been Sergius IV Duke of Naples, born from a second wife who was not the mother of Duke Ioannes V. m --- (-[after 1038]). Amatus records that "Count Rainulf [Rainulf Conte di Aversa] went to Sorrento [with Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] who had done injury to Guaimar and left his wife with her sister, and his mother and brother" and that "the Duke was captured and condemned to prison for the rest of his life, while…Guaimar gave the duke´s title to his blood brother Guido"[2584]. It is difficult to interpret the phrase "his mother and brother" in this passage. It is unlikely that it refers to Count Rainulf, who arrived in southern Italy from Normandy with his brothers, but about whose mother no reference has been found in any of the primary sources consulted. The remaining possibilities are that it refers to Duke Guaimar´s mother and brother, or to the mother and brother of the deposed duke of Sorrento. The difficulty with the former possibility is that the same passage refers to Duke Guaimar´s brother by name. The most likely interpretation is therefore that the text relates to the mother and brother of the duke of Sorrento. The title "senatrix" attributed to her daughter Gaitelgrima suggests that one of her parents may have been descended from the Tusculo family of Rome (see the document SOUTHERN ITALY (2)). [Three] children:

a) --- ([1000]-after 1038). Duke of Sorrento. Amatus records that "Count Rainulf [Rainulf Conte di Aversa] went to Sorrento [with Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] who had done injury to Guaimar and left his wife with her sister, and his mother and brother" and that "the Duke was captured and condemned to prison for the rest of his life, while…Guaimar gave the duke´s title to his blood brother Guido"[2585]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Guaimarius" captured Sorrento with help from the Normans and granted it to "fratri suo Guidoni"[2586]. m (before 1020, repudiated [before 1035]) --- di Capua, daughter of LAIDOLF of Capua & his first wife ---. Amatus records that the "sister of Guaimar's [Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] wife was married to the Duke of Sorrento who had exiled her" and that Pandolf IV Duke of Capua attempted to seduce "the daughter of this lady"[2587]. The editor of the edition consulted notes that the two sisters were the daughters of Laidolf, citing the sources which are quoted below relating to Gemma di Capua, wife of Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno[2588]. However, as discussed more fully in the chapter dealing with the dukes of Salerno, it appears probable that Gemma di Capua was Duke Guaimar IV´s third wife whom he married in [1031/32]. Is it certain, therefore, that Amatus is referring to Guaimar´s third wife? The key to answering this question is determining how closely the relevant passage in Amatus can be dated. Amatus, in the paragraph preceding the passage reporting the attempted seduction of the young lady, records the succession of Duke Guaimar IV to his father[2589], which is dated from other sources to [Feb/Jun] 1027. In the paragraph about the attempted seduction, Amatus records that "Guaimar…prepared to avenge this infamy. He brought forth his wealth…and presented these gifts to the Normans…[who] wasted no time in proclaiming his lordship over all the princes". Chalandon suggests that the dispute (which is also recorded by Malaterra[2590]) broke out after Pandolf IV´s attack on Benevento in 1036[2591]. This appears to be correct: Amatus records that Emperor Konrad II intervened in Italy in response to the problem[2592], and his visit to Italy can be dated to 1037/38 from other sources (see, for example, the detailed account in the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis which specifies the date 1038 for the emperor´s arrival in Italy[2593]). It can therefore safely be concluded that the attempted seduction of the daughter of the duke of Sorrento´s wife should be dated to [1035/36] and therefore that her mother was the sister of Prince Guaimar´s [third] wife Gemma di Capua. This means that the duke of Sorrento´s must have married the Capuan lady before 1020, assuming that her daughter was adolescent by [1035/36]. One child:

i) daughter (-after 1037). Amatus records that the "sister of Guaimar's [Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] wife was married to the Duke of Sorrento who had exiled her" and that Pandolf IV Duke of Capua attempted to seduce "the daughter of this lady"[2594].

b) [--- (-[after 1038]). Amatus records that "Count Rainulf [Rainulf Conte di Aversa] went to Sorrento [with Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] who had done injury to Guaimar and left his wife with her sister, and his mother and brother" and that "the Duke was captured and condemned to prison for the rest of his life, while…Guaimar gave the duke´s title to his blood brother Guido"[2595]. It is difficult to interpret the phrase "his mother and brother" in this passage. It is unlikely that it refers to Count Rainulf, who arrived in southern Italy from Normandy with his brothers, but about whose mother no reference has been found in any of the primary sources consulted. The remaining possibilities are that it refers to Duke Guaimar´s mother and brother, or to the mother and brother of the deposed duke of Sorrento. The difficulty with the former possibility is that the same passage refers to Duke Guaimar´s brother by name. The most likely interpretation is therefore that the text relates to the mother and brother of the duke of Sorrento.

c) GAITELGRIMA ([1015/20]-). "Gaitelgrima…comitissa senatrix" donated property to the monastery of San Blasio, for the soul of "domni Rodolfi comiti seniori mei", by charter dated Mar 1048, dated to "comitante domno Guilielmo et domno Herimano in castro Aversum…anno primo"[2596]. Her title "senatrix" suggests descent from the Tusculo family of Rome (see the document SOUTHERN ITALY (2)). Amatus refers to the wife of Humphrey as "the Duke of Sorrento's sister"[2597]. Her birth date range is estimated based on her having had children by both her marriages. The fact that these references are to the same person is confirmed by the Gesta Roberti Wiscardi which names "genitus genetrice Hermannus [Comte di Canne] eadem Unfredi fuerat qua filius Abagelardus"[2598], and Abelard as the son of Onfroi and Herman presumably being the son of Rodolfe (who is reported in the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis as having received Canne under the treaty of Melfi in 1042[2599]). m firstly RODOLFE, son of --- (-before Mar 1048). He succeeded in [1045] as Conte di Aversa. m secondly (after Aug 1051) ONFROI Conte di Apulia, son of TANCRED de Hauteville & his first wife Moriella --- (-spring 1057, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa).

1. SERGIUS [I] (-[Sep 1109/Sep 1111]). The parentage of Duke Sergius [I] is unknown. Stasser suggests that his father was the anonymous duke of Sorrento who is shown above, and that he was born from a second marriage contracted after the older duke repudiated his wife the daughter of Laidolf of Capua[2600]. Duke of Sorrento [Feb/Sep] 1068. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records the presence of "…Sergius dux Neapolitanus, Sergiusque dux Surrentinus…" when Pope Alexander II consecrated the church of Monte Cassino 1 Oct 1071[2601]. A charter dated Oct 1099 refers to "trigesimo secundo anno ducatus domini Sergii…ducis et nono anno ducatus domini Sergii filii eius…ducis"[2602]. A charter dated Feb 1085 refers to "anno septimo decimo ducatus d. Sergei…ducis"[2603]. An inscription records the death of "Petrus presbiterius et curiale filius dom Petri…" dated 11 Nov 1104 "sub dom. S. proconsul et dux Sorrentinorum familie Licteren"[2604]. A charter dated Sep 1109 refers to "anno xlii ducatus d. Sergii…ducis…xix anno ducatus d. Sergii filii eius ducis"[2605]. m ---. Sergius [I] & his wife had [three] children:

a) SERGIUS [II] . His father associated him in the government of Sorrento in [1090]. A charter dated Oct 1099 refers to "trigesimo secundo anno ducatus domini Sergii…ducis et nono anno ducatus domini Sergii filii eius…ducis"[2606]. A charter dated Sep 1109 refers to "anno xlii ducatus d. Sergii…ducis…xix anno ducatus d. Sergii filii eius ducis"[2607].

b) [FILIPPO (-after Sep 1137). Filippo brother of Gaitelgrima is named in a charter of his nephew Robert II Prince of Capua dated Sep 1137[2608]. Stasser suggests that Filippo and Gaitelgrima were the children of Duke Sergius [II][2609]. However, if that was correct, Sergius [II] would have been associated as duke by his father when he was already adult with children, whereas the primar sources demonstrate that in general such associations took place in the southern Italian Lombard principalities and duchies when the son was an adolescent. It therefore appears more likely that Filippo and Gaitelgrima were the younger children of Duke Sergius [I], maybe by a second marriage.]

c) [GAITELGRIMA di Sorrento ([1080/90]-after Sep 1137). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated Sep 1111, recording the swearing of allegiance to Cava, in which Sergius [II] Duke of Sorrento is named as "socer" of "Jourdain fils du prince Jourdain"[2610]. She is named Gaitelgrima in a charter dated Sep 1137 of her son Robert II Prince of Capua[2611]. Her birth date range is estimated from her daughter´s marriage being estimated to [1120/21]. Stasser suggests that Filippo and Gaitelgrima were the children of Duke Sergius [II][2612]. However, if that was correct, Sergius [II] would have been associated as duke by his father when he was already adult with children, whereas the primar sources demonstrate that in general such associations took place in the southern Italian Lombard principalities and duchies when the son was an adolescent. It therefore appears more likely that Filippo and Gaitelgrima were the younger children of Duke Sergius [I], maybe by a second marriage.] m JORDAN di Capua, son of JORDAN I Prince of Capua & his wife Gaitelgrima di Salerno ([1080]-1127). He succeeded his nephew in 1120 as JORDAN II Prince of Capua.

B. DUKES of SORRENTO 1039-[1042] (PRINCES of SALERNO)

Two brothers:

1. GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno, [adopted] son of GUAIMAR III Prince of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1010/12]-murdered 3 Jun 1052). The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius alter eius filius [=Weimarius]" succeeded his father as GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno and ruled for 34 years and 17 days[2613]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Prince Guaimar IV conquered the duchies of Sorrento and Amalfi, and the principality of Capua[2614]. The dating clause of a charter dated Dec 1039 refers to the twenty-second year of "principatus Salerni domni…Guaimari", the second year of "principatus eius Capue" and the first year of "ducatus eius Amalfi et Sirento"[2615], enabling the dating of these conquests to be estimated more precisely: Prince of Capua [1038/early 1039]. Duke of Sorrento [late 1039/1040]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Dominus Guaimarius Princeps Salerni" was installed as Duke of Amalfi in Apr 1039 and ruled for five years and six months[2616]. Amatus records that Guaimar was invested as Prince of Capua by Emperor Konrad II (presumably as a confirmation of his acquisition of the principality by conquest), who also made him "his adopted son", on the latter's visit to Italy[2617]. The dating clause of a charter dated Apr 1042 refers to the twenty-fourth year of "principatus Guaimari, et quarto principatus eius Capuæ et tertio ducatus Amalphiæ et Sirrenti" and the first year of "Gisulphi filii eius"[2618].

2. GUIDO di Salerno ([1012/13]-before 1077). A charter of Guaimar III Prince of Salerno dated Feb 1032 names "Guidoni et Paldulfi germani eiusdem…potestatis"[2619]. Amatus records that Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno gave the title Duke of Sorrento "to his blood brother Guido", dated to 1039[2620]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Wido alter, Weimarii frater" ruled in Salerno for two months[2621]. A charter dated Jun 1047 records the presence of "domni…Guaimarii…principis et ducis [et] domnus Guido dux et Paldulfus germani eius…filii…domni Guaimarii principis" at a donation, with "Atenolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis, et…Iohannem comitem filium quondam Alfani comitis" named as guarantors[2622].

[1] Chalandon, F. (1907) Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile (Paris), Tome I, pp. 22-3.

[2] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, p. 23.

[3] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, pp. 23-4, citing Codex Diplomatico Barense, Tome I, p. 22.

[4] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, p. 24, citing Archives capitulaires de Venosa.

[5] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, p. 24, citing Liutprandi leg., p. 361.

[6] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, p. 24.

[7] Christie, N. (1998) The Lombards (Blackwell, Oxford), p. 85.

[8] MGH, LL IV, p. 217.

[9] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz, B. M. (1996) Before the Normans. Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries (Philadelphia), p. 32.

[10] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, pp. 19-20, citing Kehr Papsturkunden in der Romagna und den Marchen, in Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Phil. hist. Klasse (1898), Heft I, p. 55 du triage à part, and Cartulaire de Tremiti, fo. 5.

[11] Pauli Historia Langobardorum III.33, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 112.

[12] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.18, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 122.

[13] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.18, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 122.

[14] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[15] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[16] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.38, 42 and 44, MGH SS rer Lang I, pp. 132, 134 and 135.

[17] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.37, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 128.

[18] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.39, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 133.

[19] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[20] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.37, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 128.

[21] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.39, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 133.

[22] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[23] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.51 and V.1, MGH SS rer Lang I, pp. 138 and 142.

[24] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 142.

[25] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.5, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 146.

[26] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.28, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 153.

[27] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.18-21, MGH SS rer Lang I, pp. 151-2.

[28] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.32, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 155.

[29] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.33, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 155.

[30] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[31] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.1, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 142.

[32] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[33] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[34] Benedicti Chronicon 13, MGH SS III, p. 700.

[35] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.8 and 14, MGH SS rer Lang I, pp. 148 and 150.

[36] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[37] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.16, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 151.

[38] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.16, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 151.

[39] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.33, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 155.

[40] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.33, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 155.

[41] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.46, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 135.

[42] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 200.

[43] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.51, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 138.

[44] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.17 and 7-9, MGH SS rer Lang I, pp. 151 and 147-9.

[45] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.10, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 149.

[46] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.1, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[47] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[48] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.25, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 153.

[49] Benedicti Chronicon 13, MGH SS III, p. 701.

[50] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.1, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[51] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[52] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 410.

[53] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 200.

[54] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.25, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 153.

[55] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[56] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[57] Pauli Historia Langobardorum IV.51, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 139.

[58] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 200.

[59] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.25, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 153.

[60] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 164.

[61] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.27, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 174.

[62] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber I, RIS I.2, p. 347.

[63] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 165.

[64] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 165.

[65] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 200.

[66] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.39, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 178.

[67] Pauli Historia Langobardorum V.25, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 153.

[68] Stasser, T. Où sont les femmes?, a paper presented to the International Medieval Congress at Leeds 13 July 2000, available at http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/research/prosop/oks.stm [7 Dec 2002], and Stasser, T. (2008) Où sont les femmes? (Oxford), p. 12.

[69] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.2, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 165.

[70] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 200.

[71] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.39, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 178.

[72] Kreutz (1996), p. 5.

[73] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.50, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 182.

[74] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.50, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 182.

[75] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 201.

[76] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.50, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 182.

[77] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.55, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 184.

[78] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.58, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 185.

[79] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber I, RIS I.2, p. 354.

[80] Martin, J. M. & Cuozzo, E. ´Documents inédits ou peu connus des archives du Mont-Cassin (VIIIe-Xe siècle)´, Mélanges de l´Ecole française de Rome. Moyen-Age, Volume 103, numéro 1 (1991) ("Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo)"), 1, p. 127.

[81] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 2, p. 129.

[82] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.55, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 184.

[83] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, MHG SS III, p. 198.

[84] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 374.

[85] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 374.

[86] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.55, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 184.

[87] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 201.

[88] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.56, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 185.

[89] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.55, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 184.

[90] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.56 and 57, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 185.

[91] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 394.

[92] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.56 and 57, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 185.

[93] Stasser Où sont les femmes?, available at http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/research/prosop/oks.stm [7 Dec 2002], and Stasser, T. (2008) Où sont les femmes? (Oxford), p. 12.

[94] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 3, p. 130.

[95] Kreutz (1996), p. 5.

[96] Kreutz (1996), p. 6.

[97] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber I, RIS I.2, p. 352.

[98] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber I, RIS I.2, p. 363.

[99] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 5, p. 131.

[100] Annales Beneventani, Codex 1, 788, and Codex 2, 787, respectively MGH SS III, p. 173.

[101] Annales Laurissenses 787, MGH SS I, p. 173.

[102] Einhardi Annales 786, MGH SS I, p. 173.

[103] Chronicon Salernitanum 30, MGH SS III, p. 486.

[104] Chronicon Salernitanum 9, MGH SS III, p. 476.

[105] Paulus Diaconus, Versus de Annis, p. 3, lines 28-30.

[106] Kreutz (1996), p. 6.

[107] MGH Epistolarum Tomus III, Karolini Aevi I, Codex Carolinus, 80, p. 612.

[108] Einhard 10, p. 448.

[109] Chronicon Salernitanum 20, MGH SS III, p. 483.

[110] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 787, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[111] Chronicon Salernitanum 21, MGH SS III, p. 483.

[112] Annales Laurissenses 787, MGH SS I, p. 173.

[113] Annales Laurissenses 787, MGH SS I, p. 173.

[114] Einhardi Annales 786, MGH SS I, p. 173.

[115] Chronicon Salernitanum 30, MGH SS III, p. 486.

[116] Einhard 10, p. 448.

[117] Chronicon Salernitanum 20, MGH SS III, p. 483.

[118] Kreutz (1996), p. 6.

[119] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 788, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[120] Einhardi Annales 786, MGH SS I, p. 173.

[121] Annales Regni Francorum, 788.

[122] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1873) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I (Naples), I, p. 1.

[123] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 7, p. 132.

[124] Christie (1998), p. 220.

[125] Einhardi Annales 802 and 803, MGH SS I, pp. 190 and 191.

[126] Annales Fuldenses 802 and 803, MGH SS I, p. 353.

[127] Annales Regni Francorum, 802 and 803.

[128] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 12, p. 136.

[129] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 13, p. 137.

[130] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 806, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[131] Chronicon Salernitanum 30, MGH SS III, p. 486.

[132] MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini, Vol. I, p. 431.

[133] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 5, MGH SS III, p. 243.

[134] Fourmy, M. H. and LeRoy, M. (eds.) ´La vie de saint Philarète´, Byzantion 9 (1934), pp. 113-67, 143, quoted in PBE I (CD-Rom), cited in Stasser (2008), p. 345.

[135] Stasser (2008), p. 345, citing Migne, J. P. (1860) Theodori præpositi Studiatarum Epistolæ, Patrologiæ cursus completus, Series Græca Tomus XCIX (Paris), Epistola XXXI, col. 1013.

[136] Classen, J. (ed.) (1839-41) Theophanes Chronographia, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) Vol. I, 6287/787, p. 727.

[137] Chronicon Salernitanum 20, MGH SS III, p. 483.

[138] Chronicon Salernitanum 20, MGH SS III, p. 483.

[139] MGH Epistolarum Tomus III, Karolini Aevi I, Codex Carolinus, 80, p. 612.

[140] Chronicon Salernitanum 20, MGH SS III, p. 483.

[141] MGH Epistolarum Tomus III, Karolini Aevi I, Codex Carolinus, 80, p. 612.

[142] Pauli Diaconi Historia Romana, Liber I, Introduction, consulted at <http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pauldeacon/histrom1.shtml> (19 Oct 2009).

[143] Stasser (2008), p. 344, quoting Martin, J. M. (2000) Chronicon Beneventani monasterii S. Sophiæ (cod. Vat. Lat. 4939) (Rome), Vol. II, 21, p. 474.

[144] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 26, p. 154.

[145] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis I, MGH SS XXXIV, p. 37.

[146] Ex vita et translatione S. Sabini episcopi Canusini 25, MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum, p. 589.

[147] Chronicon Salernitanum 38, MGH SS III, p. 489.

[148] Stasser (2008), p. 14, citing Federici, V. (ed.) Chronicon Vulturnense del monaco Giovanni, Vol. III, Fonti per la Storia d´Italia, Vol. 60 (1938) ("Chronicon Vulturnense"), p. 354.

[149] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 806, and Codex 3, 805, respectively, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[150] Chronicon Salernitanum 51, MGH SS III, p. 495.

[151] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 14, p. 137.

[152] Christie (1998), p. 209.

[153] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, VI, p. 7.

[154] Chronicon Salernitanum 48-50, MGH SS III, pp. 494-5.

[155] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 8, MGH SS III, p. 237.

[156] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and 3, 818, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[157] MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini, Vol. II, p. 651.

[158] Chronicon Salernitanum 42, MGH SS III, p. 401.

[159] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 8, MGH SS III, p. 237.

[160] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and 3, 818, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[161] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, VII, p. 8.

[162] Kreutz (1996), p. 20.

[163] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 832 and Codex 3, 831, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[164] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XVI, p. 17.

[165] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[166] Chronicon Salernitanum 55, MGH SS III, p. 496.

[167] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 839, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[168] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 832, and Codex 3, 831, MGH SS III, p. 173.

[169] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[170] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 386.

[171] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XVI, p. 17.

[172] MGH, LL IV, p. 217.

[173] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta VII, p. 357.

[174] Chronicon Salernitanum 76, MGH SS III, p. 505.

[175] Stasser (2008), p. 349, quoting Bartolini, F. (1950) Le piu antiche carte dell´abbazia di san Modesto in Benevento, sec. VIII-XIII (Rome), 3, p. 5.

[176] Scholz, B. W. with Rogers, B. (2000) Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories (University of Michigan Press) ("Nithard") IV.6, p. 173.

[177] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[178] Westerbergh, U. (ed.) (1956) Chronicon Salernitanum (Stockholm), chs, 79-80b, pp. 75-79, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 23 and 167 footnote 20.

[179] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XX, p. 21.

[180] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz (1996), p. 32.

[181] Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis 8, MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum, p. 473.

[182] Chronicon Salernitanum 55, MGH SS III, p. 496.

[183] Chronicon Salernitanum 55, MGH SS III, p. 496.

[184] Chronicon Salernitanum 55, MGH SS III, p. 496.

[185] Pauli Historia Langobardorum VI.24, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 172.

[186] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 360.

[187] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 360.

[188] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 360.

[189] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 360.

[190] MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini, Vol. II, p. 658.

[191] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz (1996), p. 32.

[192] Kreutz (1996), p. 32.

[193] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 849, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[194] Carmina varia XIII, MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini II, p. 659.

[195] Stasser (2008), p. 349, quoting Martin, J. M. (2000) Chronicon Beneventani monasterii S. Sophiæ (co. Vat. Lat. 4939) (Rome), III, 33, p. 539.

[196] MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini, Vol. II, pp. 660-1.

[197] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 849, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[198] Carmina varia XII, MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini II, p. 658.

[199] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 432.

[200] Stasser (2008), p. 350, quoting Martin (2000), III, 17, p. 507.

[201] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 201.

[202] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 881, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[203] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 48, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[204] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 48, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[205] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 42, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[206] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 854, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[207] Annales Beneventani, 840, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[208] Carmina varia XIII, MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini II, p. 659.

[209] MGH LL Tome IV, Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio, 28, p. 225.

[210] Stasser (2008), p. 349, quoting Martin (2000), III, 22, p. 514.

[211] Stasser (2008), p. 349, quoting Martin (2000), III, 22, p. 514.

[212] Carmina varia XIII, MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini II, p. 659.

[213] MGH LL Tome IV, Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio, 28, p. 225.

[214] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 854, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[215] Christie (1998), p. 209.

[216] Kreutz (1996), pp. 46-7.

[217] Reginonis Chronicon 871, MGH SS I, p. 583.

[218] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 412.

[219] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 432.

[220] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 37, p. 173.

[221] Stasser (2008), p. 351, quoting Martin (2000), II, 22, p. 475.

[222] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 412.

[223] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 28, MGH SS III, p. 250.

[224] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 881, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[225] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 885, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[226] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 898, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[227] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 413.

[228] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 900, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 154, p. 161, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 67 and 178 footnote 56.

[229] Stasser (2008), p. 355, quoting Martin (2000), I, 31, p. 388.

[230] Stasser (2008), p. 355.

[231] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 49, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[232] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 900, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 154, p. 161, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 67 and 178 footnote 56.

[233] Stasser (2008), p. 22.

[234] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 28, MGH SS III, p. 250.

[235] Stasser (2008), p. 351, quoting Martin (2000), I, 36, p. 397.

[236] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 28, MGH SS III, p. 250.

[237] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 201.

[238] Kreutz (1996), p. 63.

[239] Kreutz (1996), p. 65.

[240] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[241] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 37, p. 173.

[242] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 432.

[243] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 891, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[244] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 892, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Kreutz (1996), pp. 65-6.

[245] Carmina varia XIV, MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini II, p. 660.

[246] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 37, p. 173.

[247] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 894, MHG SS V, p. 110.

[248] Schiaparelli, L. (ed.) (1906) I diplomi di Guido e di Lamberto, Fonti per la Storia d´Italia (Rome) ("Guido e Lamberti Diplomi"), IV, p. 9.

[249] Annales Fuldenses 896, MGH SS I, p. 411.

[250] Berengarii Pax cum Ageltruda, MGH LL 1, p. 565.

[251] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 413.

[252] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 39, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[253] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 39, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[254] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 900, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 154, p. 161, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 67 and 178 footnote 56.

[255] Chronicon Salernitanum 146, MGH SS III, p. 544.

[256] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 895, MGH SS III, p. 174.

[257] Kreutz (1996), p. 66.

[258] Kreutz (1996), p. 67.

[259] Chronicon Salernitanum 154, MGH SS III, pp. 547-8.

[260] Kreutz (1996), p. 70.

[261] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1875) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II (Naples), CCLX, p. 62.

[262] Chronicon Salernitanum 175-83, MGH SS III, p. 556.

[263] Kreutz (1996), p. 120.

[264] Chronicon Salernitanum 175 and 177, MGH SS III, pp. 556-7.

[265] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[266] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[267] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[268] Chronicon Salernitanum 175, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[269] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[270] D O II 285, p. 332.

[271] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[272] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[273] Chronicon Salernitanum 176, MGH SS III, p. 557.

[274] D O II 266, p. 308.

[275] Tropeano, P. M. (ed.) Codice Diplomatico Verginiano (Montevergine), Vol. I, 13, (extract in translation only) at Biblioteca Pubblica Statale con annesso Archivio del Monumento Nazionale de Montevergine, available at <http://www.montevergine.librari.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/170/1166-1169> (20 Nov 2009).

[276] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[277] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[278] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[279] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 982, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[280] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 438.

[281] Stasser (2008), p. 375, quoting Pellegrino, C. (1643/44]) Historia principum Langobardorum (Naples), p. 247.

[282] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[283] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[284] Chronicon Breve Nortmannicum, RIS V, p. 278.

[285] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1059, MGH SS III, p. 180.

[286] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 438.

[287] Stasser (2008), p. 375, quoting Mallet, J. and Thibaut, A. (1997) Les manuscrits en écriture bénéventaine de la bibliothèque capitulaire de Bénévent (Paris), Tome 2, p. 217.

[288] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 1077, MGH SS III, p. 181.

[289] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[290] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 438.

[291] Houben, H. (trans. Loud, G. H. & Milburn, D.) (2002) Roger II of Sicily, A Ruler between East and West (Cambridge University Press), p. 32.

[292] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 1077, MGH SS III, p. 181.

[293] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 203.

[294] Stasser (2008), p. 375, quoting Mallet & Thibaut (1997), Tome 2, p. 217.

[295] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 1073, MGH SS III, p. 181. Codex 3, 1073, specifies that "Pandolfus princeps Montisarcli occiditur".

[296] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Duces Beneventi", MHG SS III, p. 203.

[297] Stasser (2008), p. 375, quoting Mallet & Thibaut (1997), Tome 2, p. 217.

[298] P. N. Dunbar (trans.) G. A. Loud (rev.) (2004) Amatus of Montecassino, The History of the Normans (Boydell) ("Amatus") II.23, p. 73.

[299] Amatus II.27, p. 75.

[300] Gattula, E. (1734) Ad Historiam Abbatiæ Cassinensis Accessiones (Venice) (“Gattula Accessiones (1734)”), Pars I, p. 94.

[301] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 94.

[302] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 123.

[303] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 124.

[304] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 94.

[305] Chronicon Salernitanum 48-50, MGH SS III, pp. 494-5.

[306] Chronicon Salernitanum 48-50, MGH SS III, pp. 494-5.

[307] Stasser (2008), p. 77, quoting Westerburgh, U. (1957) Beneventan Ninth Century Poetry (Stockholm), p. 32.

[308] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Westerburgh, U. (1957) Beneventan Ninth Century Poetry (Stockholm), p. 30.

[309] Chronicon Salernitanum 79, MGH SS III, p. 506.

[310] Stasser (2008), p. 385.

[311] Chronicon Salernitanum 80, MGH SS III, p. 507.

[312] Chronicon Salernitanum 80, MGH SS III, p. 507.

[313] Stasser (2008), p. 356.

[314] Stasser (2008), p. 78, citing Meo, A. di (1795-1819) Annali critico-diplomatici del regno di Napoli della mezzana età (Naples) Vol. I, 5, p. 94.

[315] Stasser (2008), p. 78, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. I, 5, p. 94.

[316] Chronicon Salernitanum 48-50, MGH SS III, pp. 494-5.

[317] Chronicon Salernitanum 154, MGH SS III, p. 548.

[318] Catalogus rerum Langobardorum et ducum Beneventanorum, MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum, p. 497.

[319] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Martin (2000), I, p. 99-104.

[320] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Martin (2000), I, p. 99-104.

[321] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Martin (2000), VI, 27, p. 754.

[322] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXX, p. 12.

[323] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 13 (extract in translation only).

[324] Stasser (2008), p. 79, quoting "III, no. 469, pp. 14-16" (which appears to refer to Martin, J. M. (2000) Chronicon Beneventani monasterii S. Sophiæ (co. Vat. Lat. 4939) (Rome)).

[325] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXXIV, p. 107.

[326] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 13 (extract in translation only).

[327] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[328] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[329] Stasser (2008), p. 79, quoting Scandone, F. (1948) Storia di Avellino (Naples), I, 2, no. 29, p. 129.

[330] Stasser (2008), p. 79, quoting Scandone (1948), I, 2, no. 43, p. 142.

[331] Stasser (2008), p. 79, quoting Scandone (1948), I, 2, no. 31, p. 132.

[332] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Tropeano, Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Tome I, 50, p. 193.

[333] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Tropeano, Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Tome I, 58, p. 221.

[334] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Martin (2000), III, 49, p. 577.

[335] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 32.

[336] Stasser (2008), pp. 167 and 423, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XXI, 21.

[337] Stasser (2008), pp. 91-101.

[338] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Martin (2000), I, p. 99-104.

[339] Stasser (2008), p. 84, quoting Martin (2000), I, p. 37, p. 398.

[340] Stasser (2008), p. 84, quoting Martin (2000), I, p. 41, p. 411.

[341] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Bartolini (1950), 5, p. 11.

[342] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Martin (2000), III, 39, p. 549.

[343] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 493.

[344] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXX, p. 12.

[345] Stasser (2008), p. 368, quoting Pellegrino, C. (1643/44]) Historia principum Langobardorum (Naples), p. 246.

[346] Stasser (2008), p. 368.

[347] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Bartolini (1950), 5, p. 11.

[348] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Bartolini, F. ´I diploma dei principi longobardi di Benevento, di Capua e di Salerno nella tradizione beneventana´, Studi di paleografia, diplomatica, storia e Araldica in onore di C. Manaresi (Milan, 1953), App. I, p. 303.

[349] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Petrucci, A. (1960) Codice diplomatico del monasterio benedettino di S. Maria di Tremiti (1005-1237) (Rome), 2, p. 4.

[350] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Bartolini (1953), App. I, p. 303.

[351] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Bartolini (1953), App. I, p. 303.

[352] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.6, MGH SS VII, p. 634.

[353] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Bartolini (1953), App. I, p. 303.

[354] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Gattola, E. (1733) Historia abbatiæ Cassinensis (Venice), p. 133.

[355] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Petrucci (1960), 2, p. 4.

[356] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Ciaralli, A., Donato, V. de and Matera, V. (eds.) (2002) Le piu antichi carte del capitolo Della cattedrale di Benevento (Rome), 32, p. 98.

[357] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Petrucci (1960), 30, p. 97.

[358] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.65, MGH SS VII, p. 674.

[359] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 215.

[360] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Ughelli, F. Italia sacra (Venice), Tome VIII, col. 75.

[361] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.65, MGH SS VII, p. 674.

[362] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 215.

[363] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.65, MGH SS VII, p. 674.

[364] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 215.

[365] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.65, MGH SS VII, p. 674.

[366] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 132.

[367] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Ciaralli, Donato & Matera (2002), 30, p. 90.

[368] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Petrucci (1960), 5, p. 5.

[369] Stasser (2008), p. 85, citing Poupardin, R. (1907) Etude sur les institutions politiques et administratives des principautés lombardes de l´Italie méridionale (IX-XI siècles) (Paris), 144, p. 117.

[370] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Petrucci (1960), 2, p. 4.

[371] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Petrucci (1960), 30, p. 97.

[372] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Petrucci (1960), 33, p. 104.

[373] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Petrucci (1960), 33, p. 104.

[374] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 72, p. 221.

[375] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[376] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[377] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Petrucci (1960), 41, p. 131.

[378] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[379] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[380] Stasser (2008), p. 86, quoting Petrucci (1960), 41, p. 131.

[381] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[382] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[383] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[384] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 71, p. 217.

[385] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[386] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[387] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 71, p. 217.

[388] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber V, RIS I.2, p. 515.

[389] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[390] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 74, p. 224.

[391] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[392] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 74, p. 224.

[393] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[394] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 74, p. 224.

[395] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[396] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 74, p. 224.

[397] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 56, p. 175.

[398] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome IV, p. 26.

[399] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 55, p. 170.

[400] Stasser (2008), p. 88, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[401] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXXIII, p. 41.

[402] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Mazzoleni, J. and Orefice, R. (1985) Il Codice Perris: Cartulario Amalfitano (Amalfi) ("Cartulario Amalfitano"), I, 82, p. 130.

[403] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[404] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[405] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[406] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[407] Stasser (2008), p. 88, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[408] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[409] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 11 (extract in translation only).

[410] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 11 (extract in translation only).

[411] Stasser (2008), p. 88, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[412] Stasser (2008), p. 88, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 5, p. 16.

[413] Stasser (2008), p. 88, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[414] Stasser (2008), p. 88, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[415] Stasser (2008), p. 87, quoting Petrucci (1960), 46, p. 147.

[416] Capasso, B. (ed.) (1885) Monumenta ad Neapolitani ducatus historiam pertinentia (Naples) ("Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus"), Vol. II, Part 1, Regesta Neapolitana, 584, p. 353.

[417] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Ughelli, F. Italia sacra (Venice), Tome 6, col. 393.

[418] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Chronicon Vulturnense, Vol. II, p. 6.

[419] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco, A. de ´Origini e sviluppo del feudalismo nel Molise fino alla caduta della dominazione normanna´, Archivio storico per la provincie Napoletane, Vol. 34 (1909), p. 652.

[420] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 653.

[421] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 308.

[422] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Ughelli, F. Italia sacra (Venice), Tome 6, col. 393.

[423] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Chronicon Vulturnense, Vol. II, 141, p. 233.

[424] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Caetani (1925), p. 6.

[425] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cajetanus (Monte Cassino 1887) (“CDC”), Vol. 1, 85, p. 156.

[426] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 233.

[427] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Ughelli, F. Italia sacra (Venice), Tome 6, col. 393.

[428] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Chronicon Vulturnense, Vol. II, 141, p. 233.

[429] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 652.

[430] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Viti, A. (1972) Note de diplomatica eclesiástica sulla contea di Molise dalle fonte delle pergamene capitolari di Isernia. Citta e diocesi dell´eta longobarda all´eta aragonese (Naples), p. 343, and Salvatti, C. ´Note su alcuni documenti degli archivi capitolari di Isernia e di Troia´, Benedictina, 20 (1973), p. 76.

[431] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Viti (1972), p. 343, and Salvatti (1973), p. 76.

[432] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Zimmermann, H. (1989) Papsturkunden 896-1046 (Vienna), Vol. 3, p. 416, p. 791.

[433] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 653.

[434] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Zimmermann (1989), Vol. 3, p. 416, p. 791.

[435] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Viti (1972), p. 343, and Salvatti (1973), p. 76.

[436] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 228.

[437] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 228.

[438] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 228.

[439] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 228.

[440] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 228.

[441] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 228.

[442] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Viti (1972), p. 343, and Salvatti (1973), p. 76.

[443] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 180, p. 356.

[444] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 180, p. 356.

[445] Stasser (2008), p. 61, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium D 27 (1100 cont 1083).

[446] Stasser (2008), p. 61, quoting CDC, Vol. 2, 239, p. 94.

[447] Stasser (2008), p. 61, quoting CDC, Vol. 2, 239, p. 94.

[448] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Muratori, L. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, Vol. I, Stemma principum Langobardorum, 2, p. 327.

[449] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 187, p. 369.

[450] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Muratori, L. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, Vol. I, Stemma principum Langobardorum, 2, p. 327.

[451] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 187, p. 369.

[452] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 132.

[453] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 180, p. 356.

[454] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 83, p. 195.

[455] Stasser (2008), p. 55, citing Poupardin, R. (1907) Etude sur les institutions politiques et administratives des principautés lombardes de l´Italie méridionale (IX-XI siècles) (Paris), 12, p. 150.

[456] Stasser (2008), p. 55, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 30.

[457] Stasser (2008), p. 55, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 40.

[458] Stasser (2008), p. 55, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 30.

[459] Stasser (2008), p. 55, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 65.

[460] Stasser (2008), p. 56, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, 356, and Bloch, H. (1986) Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages (Rome), p. 190.

[461] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 483.

[462] Stasser (2008), p. 56, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 106.

[463] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.26, MGH SS VII, p. 643.

[464] Stasser (2008), p. 56, quoting Feller, L. ´Autour des archives du Mont-Cassin et du cartulaire de Pierre Diacre: Morgengabe de Iesulfa comtesse de Teano´, Retour aux sources. Textes, etudes et documents d´histoire médievale offerts à Michel Parisse (Paris, 2004), p. 483.

[465] Stasser (2008), p. 56, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, 355, and Bloch (1986), p. 190.

[466] Stasser (2008), p. 56, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, 355, and Bloch (1986), p. 190.

[467] Stasser (2008), p. 56, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 311.

[468] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 483.

[469] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 483.

[470] Stasser (2008), p. 68.

[471] Stasser (2008), p. 68.

[472] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.36, MGH SS VII, p. 651.

[473] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.41, MGH SS VII, p. 655.

[474] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, p. 9.

[475] D H II 483, p. 617.

[476] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 38.

[477] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.56, MGH SS VII, p. 665.

[478] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209, and Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210, neither of which specify the relationship between Prince Pandolf VI and the rest of the family.

[479] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, p. 9.

[480] D H II 483, p. 617.

[481] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209, and Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[482] D O III 333, p. 761.

[483] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[484] Stasser (2008), pp. 69 and 237.

[485] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[486] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[487] Stasser (2008), pp. 69 and 237.

[488] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[489] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[490] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 164.

[491] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.68, MGH SS VII, p. 677.

[492] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[493] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 164.

[494] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[495] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis III.17, MGH SS VII, p. 710.

[496] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 184.

[497] Stasser (2008), p. 66, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 45.

[498] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 194.

[499] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 201.

[500] Stasser (2008), p. 68, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 646.

[501] Stasser (2008), p. 68, quoting Pantoni, D. A. ´Un conte langobardo di Venafro seppellito a Montecassino´, Samnium, Vol. 34 (1961), p. 60.

[502] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium D 47.

[503] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[504] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis III.17, MGH SS VII, p. 710.

[505] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 170.

[506] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.36, MGH SS VII, p. 651.

[507] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 164.

[508] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 164.

[509] Stasser (2008), p. 68, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 357.

[510] Stasser (2008), p. 68, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 357.

[511] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.68, MGH SS VII, p. 677.

[512] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 164.

[513] Stasser (2008), p. 67, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 262, p. 142.

[514] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 206.

[515] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 353.

[516] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 206.

[517] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 353.

[518] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.57, MGH SS VII, p. 789.

[519] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 206.

[520] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 228.

[521] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 353.

[522] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.57, MGH SS VII, p. 789.

[523] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 353.

[524] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.57, MGH SS VII, p. 789.

[525] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 164.

[526] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 551.

[527] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 218.

[528] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.20, MGH SS VII, p. 771.

[529] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 551.

[530] Stasser (2008), p. 67, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 551.

[531] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.76, MGH SS VII, p. 681.

[532] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.74, MGH SS VII, p. 681.

[533] Stasser (2008), p. 73.

[534] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCVII, p. 161.

[535] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLX, p. 4.

[536] Amatus II.3, p. 64.

[537] Amatus, p. 64 footnote 4.

[538] Amatus II.2, p. 64.

[539] Malaterra, I.6, p. 10.

[540] Chalandon (1907), Vol. I, p. 81.

[541] Amatus II.4 and 5, p. 64.

[542] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.63, MGH SS VII, pp. 670-2.

[543] Amatus III.29, p. 97.

[544] Amatus III.33 and 34, p. 98.

[545] Amatus III.33 and 34, p. 98.

[546] Amatus III.33 and 34, p. 98.

[547] Amatus III.28, p. 96.

[548] Amatus III.33 and 34, p. 98.

[549] Amatus III.28, p. 96.

[550] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 324.

[551] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[552] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis, Vol. IX, 99, p. 308, cited in Amatus, p. 193 footnote 19.

[553] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 412.

[554] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 425.

[555] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 425.

[556] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 425.

[557] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 425.

[558] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 11 (extract in translation only).

[559] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 12 (extract in translation only).

[560] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 13 (extract in translation only).

[561] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 20 (extract in translation only).

[562] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 20 (extract in translation only).

[563] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 13 (extract in translation only).

[564] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Tropeano, Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Tome I, no. 48.

[565] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 49 (extract in translation only).

[566] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Tropeano, Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Tome I, no. 48.

[567] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 13 (extract in translation only).

[568] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber V, RIS I.2, p. 499.

[569] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 423.

[570] Stasser (2008), p. 74, citing Archivio di Montecassino, caps. CXXXIII, fasc. II, no. 31.

[571] Stasser (2008), p. 74, citing Leccisotti, T. (1964-1977) Abbazia di Montecassino. I regesti dell´Archivio (Rome) Tome 7, p. 171.

[572] Stasser (2008), p. 74, citing Leccisotti (1964-1977) Tome 7, p. 171.

[573] Stasser (2008), p. 74, citing Leccisotti (1964-1977) Tome 7, p. 171.

[574] Stasser (2008), p. 74, citing Archivio di Montecassino, caps. CXXXIII, fasc. II, no. 31.

[575] Stasser (2008), p. 74, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, no. 231.

[576] Stasser (2008), p. 74, citing Archivio di Montecassino, caps. CXXXIII, fasc. II, no. 31.

[577] Stasser (2008), p. 75, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 40.

[578] Stasser (2008), p. 75, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 41.

[579] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 168.

[580] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 168.

[581] Stasser (2008), p. 66, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 45.

[582] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 194.

[583] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 394.

[584] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 394.

[585] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 394.

[586] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 394.

[587] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 14, p. 137.

[588] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 15, p. 139.

[589] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 15, p. 139.

[590] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 15, p. 139.

[591] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 14, p. 137.

[592] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 29.

[593] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 29.

[594] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 22, p. 149.

[595] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 377.

[596] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[597] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[598] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[599] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[600] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[601] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[602] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[603] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[604] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[605] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 381.

[606] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 34, p. 167.

[607] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 34, p. 167.

[608] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 34, p. 167.

[609] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 410.

[610] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 426.

[611] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 426.

[612] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 449.

[613] MGH LL Tome IV, Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio, 28, pp. 222-5.

[614] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, p. 21.

[615] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, pp. 22-3.

[616] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, p. 23.

[617] Chalandon (1907), Tome I, pp. 21-2.

[618] Nithard IV.6, p. 173.

[619] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[620] Chronicon Salernitanum 79-80b, MGH SS III, pp. 507-8.

[621] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XX, p. 21.

[622] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 26, p. 154.

[623] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz (1996), p. 32.

[624] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[625] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXIII, p. 39.

[626] Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis 8, MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum, p. 473.

[627] Chronicon Salernitanum 92, MGH SS III, p. 514.

[628] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 17, MGH SS III, p. 247.

[629] Chronicon Salernitanum 82, MGH SS III, p. 509.

[630] Stasser (2008), p. 384, citing Hlawitschka, E. ´Waren die Kaiser Wido und Lambert Nachkommen Karls des Großen?´, Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, Vol. 63 (1969), pp. 366-86, 384 note 64, and Bougard, F. ´La cour et le gouvernement de Louis II (840-875)´, Le Jan, R. (ed.) (1998) La royauté et les élites dans l´Europe carolingienne (Villeneuve d´Ascq), p. 254 note 26.

[631] Stasser (2008), p. 384, citing Taviani Carozzi, H. (1991) La principauté lombarde de Salerne (IX-XI siècle), 2 Vols. (Rome), pp. 340-4, and Settipani, C. (1998) Les Widonides. Le destin d´une famille aristocratique franque au VIe au Xe siècle (Paris), p. 50.

[632] Chronicon Salernitanum 55, MGH SS III, p. 496.

[633] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXIII, p. 39.

[634] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz (1996), pp. 34-5.

[635] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXIV, p. 40.

[636] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXV, p. 42.

[637] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXVIII, p. 47.

[638] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 94, p. 95, cited in Kreutz (1996), p. 37.

[639] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XL, p. 48.

[640] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLI, p. 50.

[641] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 22, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[642] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz (1996), pp. 34-5.

[643] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXV, p. 42.

[644] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 94, p. 95, cited in Kreutz (1996), p. 37.

[645] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLI, p. 50.

[646] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLII, p. 51.

[647] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLIII, p. 53.

[648] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 393.

[649] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 94, p. 95, cited in Kreutz (1996), p. 37.

[650] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXVIII, p. 47.

[651] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLI, p. 50.

[652] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 393.

[653] Chronicon Salernitanum 100, MGH SS III, p. 518.

[654] Chronicon Salernitanum 101, MGH SS III, p. 519.

[655] Chronicon Salernitanum 79, MGH SS III, p. 506.

[656] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 14, MGH SS III, p. 246.

[657] Chronicon Salernitanum 76, MGH SS III, p. 505.

[658] Chronicon Salernitanum 77, MGH SS III, p. 506.

[659] Chronicon Salernitanum 79, MGH SS III, p. 506.

[660] Stasser (2008), p. 385.

[661] Stasser (2008), p. 78, quoting Westerburgh, U. (1957) Beneventan Ninth Century Poetry (Stockholm), p. 30.

[662] Chronicon Salernitanum 76, MGH SS III, p. 505.

[663] Stasser (2008), p. 349, quoting Bartolini (1950), 3, p. 5.

[664] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 14, MGH SS III, p. 246.

[665] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 14, MGH SS III, p. 246.

[666] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 14, MGH SS III, p. 246.

[667] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 14, MGH SS III, p. 246.

[668] Chronicon Salernitanum 79, MGH SS III, p. 506.

[669] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XXXV, p. 42.

[670] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLIV, p. 54.

[671] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[672] Chronicon Salernitanum 91, MGH SS III, p. 513.

[673] Kreutz (1996), p. 40.

[674] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXI, p. 76.

[675] Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. III-15, pp. 124-8, and 118, p. 132, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 55-6, and 176 footnotes 3 and 6.

[676] Kreutz (1996), p. 57.

[677] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 36, MGH SS III, p. 253.

[678] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXXXIII, p. 106.

[679] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[680] Chronicon Salernitanum 128, MGH SS III, p. 538.

[681] Chronicon Salernitanum 92, MGH SS III, p. 513.

[682] Chronicon Salernitanum 96, MGH SS III, p. 515.

[683] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 36, MGH SS III, p. 253.

[684] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXVII, p. 88.

[685] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXXXVII, p. 111.

[686] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXXXIII, p. 106.

[687] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[688] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXIX, p. 150.

[689] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXLI, p. 180.

[690] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXIX, p. 150.

[691] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 64, MGH SS III, p. 260.

[692] Chronicon Salernitanum 79, MGH SS III, p. 506.

[693] Chronicon Salernitanum 101, MGH SS III, p. 518.

[694] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[695] Chronicon Salernitanum 68, MGH SS III, p. 501.

[696] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXXXIII, p. 106.

[697] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[698] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXXXIV, p. 107.

[699] Kreutz (1996), p. 63.

[700] Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum 67, MGH SSrL, p. 260.

[701] Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 145, p. 151, cited in Kreutz (1996), p. 66 and 178 footnote 51.

[702] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CIV, p. 133.

[703] Kreutz (1996), p. 67.

[704] Catalogus rerum Langobardorum et ducum Beneventanorum, MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum, p. 497.

[705] Kreutz (1996), p. 96.

[706] Chronicon Salernitanum 146, MGH SS III, p. 544.

[707] Chronicon Salernitanum 153, MGH SS III, p. 547.

[708] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.6, MGH SS VII, p. 707.

[709] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CIV, p. 133.

[710] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[711] Kreutz (1996), pp. 78 and 97.

[712] Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 158, p. 166, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 98 and 188 footnote 17.

[713] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLIV, p. 197.

[714] Chronicon Salernitanum 159, MGH SS III, p. 551.

[715] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXXIX, p. 232.

[716] Chronicon Salernitanum 159, MGH SS III, p. 551.

[717] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLIV, p. 197.

[718] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[719] Kreutz (1996), p. 100.

[720] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[721] Kreutz (1996), p. 120, and Skinner, P. (2002) Family Power in Southern Italy. The duchy of Gaeta and its neighbours, 850-1139 (Cambridge University Press), pp. 52-3.

[722] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[723] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXX, p. 87.

[724] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXCVII, p. 109.

[725] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXX, p. 87.

[726] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXCVII, p. 109.

[727] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXCIX, p. 111.

[728] D O II 273, p. 317.

[729] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXII, p. 207.

[730] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXXIV, p. 224.

[731] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLI, p. 194.

[732] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXVI, p. 215.

[733] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314, redated in Stasser (2008), p. 115 citing Galante, M. (1980) La datazione dei documenti del Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis (Salerno), pp. 29-30 "pour la date".

[734] Stasser (2008), p. 115, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VI, 49.

[735] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I (1882), p. 103.

[736] Chronicon Salernitanum 153, MGH SS III, p. 547.

[737] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I (1882), p. 103.

[738] Stasser (2008), p. 388, citing Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I (1882), p. 103, and Sanfelice di Monteforte, A. (1947) Ricerche storico-critico genealogiche sui Longobardi, sui Franchi e sui Normanni (Naples), Vol. I, tav. VII.

[739] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXIX, p. 150.

[740] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXLI, p. 180.

[741] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXXXV, p. 173.

[742] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXVI, p. 68.

[743] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXVI, p. 68.

[744] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXVI, p. 68.

[745] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXXVII, p. 228.

[746] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXXIII, p. 90.

[747] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[748] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXXIII, p. 90.

[749] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 67.

[750] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXIX, p. 150.

[751] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXLIX, p. 192.

[752] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXV, p. 29.

[753] Stasser (2008), p. 126, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[754] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXV, p. 29.

[755] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXV, p. 29.

[756] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCIX, p. 126.

[757] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXV, p. 29.

[758] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CXLIX, p. 192.

[759] Stasser (2008), p. 126, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[760] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXI, p. 1.

[761] Stasser (2008), p. 126, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[762] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXX, p. 87.

[763] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[764] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[765] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[766] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXII, p. 26.

[767] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[768] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 65.

[769] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 65.

[770] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[771] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXII, p. 26.

[772] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXI, p. 75.

[773] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCIX, p. 126.

[774] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[775] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXII, p. 26.

[776] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[777] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 61.

[778] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 65.

[779] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 67.

[780] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 65.

[781] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 65.

[782] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 67.

[783] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 65.

[784] Stasser (2008), p. 127, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 67.

[785] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 69.

[786] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXVII, p. 304.

[787] Guerrieri, G. (1899) Il conte normanno Riccardo Siniscalco (1081-1115) e i monastery benedettini cavesi in terra d´Otranto (sec. XI-XIV) (Trani), Diplomi e documenti, I, p. 49.

[788] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXVII, p. 304.

[789] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[790] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 122, p. 291.

[791] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[792] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 122, p. 291.

[793] Stasser (2008), p. 129, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia de S. Trinità, Arca XIV, 6.

[794] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[795] Stasser (2008), p. 129, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia de S. Trinità, Arca XIV, 6.

[796] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[797] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXVII, p. 304.

[798] Stasser (2008), p. 128, quoting Tropeano, Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Tome I, no. 48.

[799] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 122, p. 291.

[800] Guerrieri (1899), Diplomi e documenti, XXIV, p. 100.

[801] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXVII, p. 304.

[802] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[803] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314, redated in Stasser (2008), p. 115 citing Galante (1980), pp. 29-30 "pour la date".

[804] Stasser (2008), p. 115, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VI, 49.

[805] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLI, p. 48.

[806] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314, redated in Stasser (2008), p. 115 citing Galante (1980), pp. 29-30 "pour la date".

[807] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLI, p. 48.

[808] Stasser (2008), p. 115, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VI, 49.

[809] Stasser (2008), p. 115, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VI, 49.

[810] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLIII, p. 186.

[811] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[812] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[813] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXXXIV, p. 235.

[814] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXCIII, p. 245.

[815] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1877) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV (Naples), DCXLIV, p. 184.

[816] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXIX, p. 74.

[817] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXIX, p. 146.

[818] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXXVIII, p. 259.

[819] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[820] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXXXIV, p. 235.

[821] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXCIII, p. 245.

[822] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXLIV, p. 184.

[823] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCIX, p. 3.

[824] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXIX, p. 74.

[825] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXIX, p. 146.

[826] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXXVIII, p. 259.

[827] Stasser (2008), p. 115, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VI, 49.

[828] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[829] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXCIII, p. 245.

[830] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXXXVIII, p. 316.

[831] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXXXVIII, p. 316.

[832] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXLVII, p. 188.

[833] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXV, p. 123.

[834] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXLVII, p. 188.

[835] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLIII, p. 75.

[836] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLIII, p. 75.

[837] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLIII, p. 75.

[838] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXLVII, p. 188.

[839] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1884) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI (Naples), MXXV, p. 240.

[840] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXV, p. 240.

[841] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1888) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII (Naples), MCCXXVI, p. 290.

[842] Stasser (2008), p. 121, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 31, p. 97.

[843] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Archivo Cavensis, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium Magnum C 13.

[844] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXVI, p. 290.

[845] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 96, p. 236.

[846] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Archivo Cavensis, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium Magnum C 13.

[847] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 96, p. 236.

[848] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 96, p. 236.

[849] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Archivo Cavensis, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVI 10.

[850] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Archivo Cavensis, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVI 77.

[851] Stasser (2008), p. 121, citing Archivo Cavensis, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVI 77.

[852] Stasser (2008), p. 391.

[853] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLIII, p. 186.

[854] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[855] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[856] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXLII, p. 320.

[857] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1878) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V (Naples), DCCXIII, p. 8.

[858] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLX, p. 209.

[859] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXIX, p. 74.

[860] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MVII, p. 210.

[861] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXXVIII, p. 259.

[862] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXXII, p. 90.

[863] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXVII, p. 275.

[864] Stasser (2008), p. 121, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, L, p. 154.

[865] Stasser (2008), p. 121, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, L, p. 154.

[866] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXXII, p. 90.

[867] Stasser (2008), p. 120, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, II, p. 6.

[868] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXIX, p. 74.

[869] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXIX, p. 146.

[870] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MVII, p. 210.

[871] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXXVIII, p. 259.

[872] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[873] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXX, p. 87.

[874] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXCVII, p. 109.

[875] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[876] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXCIX, p. 111.

[877] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211, and Kreutz (1996), p. 121.

[878] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[879] Spinelli, A. (ed.) (1849) Regii Neapolitani archivi Monumenta edita ac illustrata (Naples) ("Regii Neapolitani Monumenta"), Vol. II, CCVI, p. 65.

[880] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXVIII, p. 207.

[881] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[882] D H II 483, p. 617.

[883] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209, and Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210, neither of which specify the relationship between Prince Pandolf VI and the rest of the family.

[884] Amatus III.29, p. 97.

[885] Amatus III.33 and 34, p. 98.

[886] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1876) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III (Naples), CCCCLIX, p. 1.

[887] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCVIII, p. 123.

[888] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLII, p. 197, and DCLIII, p. 199.

[889] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXI, p. 231.

[890] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, CCCCLIX, p. 1.

[891] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, CCCCLXXXVII, p. 41.

[892] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCVIII, p. 123.

[893] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLII, p. 197, and DCLIII, p. 199.

[894] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXI, p. 231.

[895] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXCIX, p. 276.

[896] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCLI, p. 230.

[897] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLII, p. 197, and DCLIII, p. 199.

[898] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXI, p. 231.

[899] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXCIX, p. 276.

[900] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCLI, p. 230.

[901] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCXC, p. 215.

[902] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXIX, p. 274.

[903] Morcaldi, M. (ed.) (1893) Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII (Naples), MCCL, p. 21.

[904] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCXC, p. 215.

[905] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXIX, p. 274.

[906] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCL, p. 21.

[907] Kreutz (1996), p. 121.

[908] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[909] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXVIII, p. 152.

[910] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[911] Stasser (2008), p. 193.

[912] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[913] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXIV, p. 203.

[914] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCVI, p. 263.

[915] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXII, p. 272.

[916] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome II, p. 218.

[917] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLXIV, p. 203.

[918] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[919] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCVI, p. 263.

[920] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXII, p. 272.

[921] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXXIII, p. 105.

[922] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DXLII, p. 7.

[923] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXVII, p. 46.

[924] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLI, p. 196.

[925] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXXXVIII, p. 51.

[926] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXIII, p. 107.

[927] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLI, p. 211.

[928] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, DCCLXXV, p. 6.

[929] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCV, p. 117.

[930] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 93, p. 229.

[931] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVIII, 117.

[932] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVIII, 117.

[933] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVIII, 117.

[934] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XX, 94.

[935] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XVIII, 117.

[936] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XX, 94.

[937] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XX, 94.

[938] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XX, 94.

[939] Stasser (2008), p. 175, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XXXV, 23.

[940] Stasser (2008), p. 175, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XL, 47.

[941] Stasser (2008), p. 175, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XL, 47.

[942] Stasser (2008), p. 174, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Arca XIX, 85.

[943] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCVI, p. 263.

[944] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXII, p. 272.

[945] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[946] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXVII, p. 96.

[947] Houben (2002), p. 8.

[948] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXIX, p. 82.

[949] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLVI, p. 203.

[950] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCX, p. 4.

[951] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXC, p. 130.

[952] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXCI, p. 131.

[953] Romoaldi Annales 1030, MGH SS XIX, p. 403.

[954] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 318.

[955] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 320.

[956] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[957] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 322.

[958] Amatus I.34, p. 56.

[959] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXCI, p. 131, and DCCXCI, p. 132.

[960] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLVI, p. 203.

[961] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXC, p. 261.

[962] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCIX, p. 3.

[963] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCX, p. 4.

[964] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXXII, p. 24.

[965] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[966] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLIII, p. 214.

[967] Amatus II.7, p. 66.

[968] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLIII, p. 214.

[969] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXV, p. 240.

[970] Drell, J. H. (2002) Kinship & Conquest, Family strategies in the Principality of Salerno during the Norman period 1077-1194 (Cornell University Press), p. 34.

[971] Amatus III.29, p. 97.

[972] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCX, p. 4.

[973] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXXII, p. 24.

[974] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 322.

[975] Amatus I.25, p. 53.

[976] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[977] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXCI, p. 131, and DCCXCI, p. 132.

[978] Le Prévost, A. (1845) Orderici Vitalis Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ (Paris) ("Orderic Vitalis (Prévost)"), Vol. II, Liber III, III, pp. 53-4.

[979] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXXV, p. 83.

[980] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[981] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLI, p. 117.

[982] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[983] Amatus II.6, p. 65.

[984] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXCIII, p. 187.

[985] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVI, p. 225.

[986] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXII, p. 24.

[987] Amatus III.3 and 4, pp. 87-8.

[988] Romoaldi Annales 1052, MGH SS XIX, p. 404.

[989] Annales Casinenses 1052, MGH SS XIX, p. 306.

[990] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XX, p. 361.

[991] Amatus III.28, p. 96.

[992] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 322.

[993] Stasser (2008), p. 151, quoting Jahn, W. (1989) Untersuchungen zur normannischer Herrschaft in Süditalien 1040-1100 (Frankfurt), 7, p. 377.

[994] Amatus II.35, p. 80, footnote 62 which states that her name is known only from one later charter.

[995] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 324.

[996] Amatus III.28, p. 96.

[997] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[998] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 99, p. 308.

[999] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXXV, p. 83.

[1000] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[1001] Amatus II.35, p. 80, footnote 62 stating that her name is known only from one later charter.

[1002] Amatus III.36, p. 99, footnote 54 speculating that "daughter" must be an error for "widow".

[1003] Ménager, L. R. (ed.) (1980) Recueil des actes des Ducs Normands d'Italie 1046-1127, Tome I Les premiers ducs 1046-1087 (Bari) ("Actes des Ducs Normands d'Italie"), 58, p. 198.

[1004] Stasser (2008), p. 151, quoting Jahn, W. (1989) Untersuchungen zur normannischer Herrschaft in Süditalien 1040-1100 (Frankfurt), 7, p. 377.

[1005] Stasser (2008), p. 407, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium B 25, and Actes des Ducs normands d´Italie, Tome I, p. 202.

[1006] Stasser (2008), p. 408, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium B 17 and Armarium E 21, and Drell, J. (1996) Marriage, Kinship and Power. Family Strategies in the Principality of Salerno during the Norman Period, 1077-1194 (Ithaca and London), pp. 78-81, and Drell (2002), pp. 190-1.

[1007] Stasser (2008), p. 407, citing Scandone, F. (1948) Storia di Avellino, Vol. 2, Part I Abelinum Longobardicum (Naples), no. 51, 114, and Drell (1996), p. 78.

[1008] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXCIII, p. 187.

[1009] Amatus III.32, pp. 97-8.

[1010] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XX, p. 361.

[1011] Amatus III.44, pp. 101-2.

[1012] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 326.

[1013] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 99, p. 308.

[1014] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[1015] Romoaldi Annales 1076, MGH SS XIX, p. 407.

[1016] Gesta Roberti Wiscardi III, MGH SS IX, pp. 274-5.

[1017] Stasser (2008), p. 157, citing Camera, M. (1881) Memorie storico-diplomatiche dell´antica citta e ducato di Amalfi (Salerno), Tome 2, p. 412.

[1018] Stasser (2008), p. 158, quoting Garufi, C. A. ´Necrologio del liber confratrum di San Matteo di Salerno´, Fonti per la storia d´Italia, Vol. 56 (1922), p. 76.

[1019] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium D 27.

[1020] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXV, p. 77.

[1021] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCIX, p. 139.

[1022] Amatus IV.49, p. 130.

[1023] Amatus VIII.12, p. 193.

[1024] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium D 27.

[1025] Amatus VIII.30, p. 203.

[1026] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 99, p. 308.

[1027] Stasser (2008), p. 265, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XV, 46.

[1028] Stasser (2008), p. 265, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XV, 46.

[1029] Amatus, p. 203 footnote 43.

[1030] Stasser (2008), p. 163, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium F 18.

[1031] Spinelli, A. (ed.) (1861) Regii Neapolitani archivi Monumenta edita ac illustrata (Naples) ("Regii Neapolitani Monumenta"), Vol. VI, DLXXII, p. 38.

[1032] Stasser (2008), p. 163, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium F 36.

[1033] Amatus VII.3, p. 166.

[1034] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium D 27.

[1035] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 99, p. 308.

[1036] Amatus VIII.12, p. 193.

[1037] Amatus VIII.12, p. 193.

[1038] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium D 27.

[1039] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 99, p. 308.

[1040] Amatus VIII.28, p. 202.

[1041] Leccisotti, T. (ed.) Le Colonie cassinensi in Capitanata ii Gargano (Miscellanea Cassinense 15, 1938), pp. 29-37 nos. 1-3, cited in Amatus, p. 202 footnote 40.

[1042] Stasser (2008), p. 407, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 412.

[1043] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome II, p. 218.

[1044] Amatus VIII.12, p. 193.

[1045] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinità, Armarium D 27.

[1046] Stasser (2008), p. 160, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 99, p. 308.

[1047] Amatus VIII.30, p. 203.

[1048] Gestis Ducum Normannorum, Continuatione Roberti 42, MGH SS XXVI, p. 8.

[1049] Romoaldi Annales 1060, MGH SS XIX, p. 406.

[1050] Pontiari, E. (ed.) (1927-8) De rebus gestis Rogerii Calabriæ et Siciliæ comitis et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratris eius (Bologna) (“Malaterra”), I.30, p. 22.

[1051] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis III.15, MGH SS VII, p. 707.

[1052] Sewter, E. R. A. (trans.) (1969) Anna Comnena The Alexiad (Penguin Books), Book 1, p. 61.

[1053] Romoaldi Annales 1090, MGH SS XIX, p. 412.

[1054] Romoaldi Annales 1077, MGH SS XIX, p. 408.

[1055] William of Apulia, Poem on the Deeds of Robert Guiscard: Mathieu, M. (1963) Guillaume de Pouilles, La Geste de Robert Guiscard (Palermo), G. A. Loud (trans.) (“William of Apulia”), available at <http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/william%20ap%201.htm> (30 Dec 2002), Book I, p. 42.

[1056] Gestis Ducum Normannorum, Continuatione Roberti 42, MGH SS XXVI, p. 8.

[1057] Stasser (2008), p. 417, quoting Inguanez, M. ´Diplomi inediti dei Principi Normanni di Capua, conti di Aversa´, Miscellanea Cassinesi 3 (1926), no. 10, p. 25. .

[1058] Amatus VIII.26, p. 201.

[1059] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLIII, p. 214.

[1060] Amatus II.7, p. 66.

[1061] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[1062] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXXIII, p. 41.

[1063] Stasser (2008), p. 120, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, II, p. 6.

[1064] Amatus III.28 and III.31, pp. 96 and 97.

[1065] Stasser (2008), p. 120, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, II, p. 6.

[1066] Amatus II.29, p. 76.

[1067] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 29.

[1068] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome II, p. 218.

[1069] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 32.

[1070] Stasser (2008), pp. 167 and 423, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XXI, 21.

[1071] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 29.

[1072] Stasser (2008), p. 168, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium F 29.

[1073] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 32.

[1074] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium E 13.

[1075] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Cassese, L. (1950) Pergamene del monasterio benedettino di S. Giorgio (1038-1698) (Salerno), 11, p. 76.

[1076] Stasser (2008), p. 168, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium F 29.

[1077] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium F 29.

[1078] Stasser (2008), p. 167, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XXI, 21.

[1079] Stasser (2008), p. 423, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium D 51.

[1080] Stasser (2008), pp. 167 and 423, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XXI, 21.

[1081] Stasser (2008), p. 424, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium F 21.

[1082] Stasser (2008), p. 424.

[1083] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 29.

[1084] Stasser (2008), p. 167, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium F 29.

[1085] Stasser (2008), p. 120, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, II, p. 6.

[1086] Amatus IV.22, p. 118.

[1087] ES II 204 and 205.

[1088] Drell (2002), pp. 34 and 179.

[1089] Houben, H. (1995) Die Abtei Venosa und das Mönchtum im normannisch-staufischen Süditalien (Tübingen), cited in Amatus, p. 118 footnote 32.

[1090] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLIII, p. 214.

[1091] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXV, p. 240.

[1092] Drell (2002), p. 34.

[1093] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXXIII, p. 41.

[1094] Amatus III.28, p. 96, footnote 46 specifying that Pandolf was the prince's brother. .

[1095] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXII, p. 189.

[1096] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXVIII, p. 198.

[1097] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCXCIV, p. 221.

[1098] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXXII, p. 300.

[1099] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXXII, p. 90, and MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1100] Stasser (2008), p. 426, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, p. 193.

[1101] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXVIII, p. 198.

[1102] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXXII, p. 300.

[1103] Stasser (2008), p. 426, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, p. 193.

[1104] Stasser (2008), p. 427, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 1 (1086).

[1105] Stasser (2008), pp. 170 and 427, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 86 (1098).

[1106] Stasser (2008), p. 171, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 12

[1107] Stasser (2008), p. 171, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium H 46

[1108] Stasser (2008), p. 171, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 12

[1109] Stasser (2008), p. 171, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium H 46

[1110] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[1111] Stasser (2008), p. 170, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 5.

[1112] Stasser (2008), p. 431, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 41 (1138).

[1113] Stasser (2008), p. 171, quoting cod dipl Bar, Tome 8, no. 73.

[1114] Stasser (2008), p. 170, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 5.

[1115] Stasser (2008), p. 431, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 41 (1138).

[1116] Stasser (2008), p. 171, quoting cod dipl Bar, Tome 8, no. 73.

[1117] Stasser (2008), p. 432, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 41 (1138).

[1118] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[1119] Stasser (2008), p. 431, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 29 (1137).

[1120] Stasser (2008), p. 431, quoting Garufi, C. A. (1922) Necrologio del liber confratrum di San Matteo di Salerno, Fonti per la Storia d´Italia Vol. 56 (1922), p. 188.

[1121] Stasser (2008), p. 431, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 29 (1137).

[1122] Stasser (2008), p. 431, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 29 (1137).

[1123] Stasser (2008), p. 431, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 41 (1138).

[1124] Stasser (2008), p. 431, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 41 (1138).

[1125] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[1126] Stasser (2008), p. 170, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarium G 5.

[1127] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXVIII, p. 198.

[1128] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXXII, p. 300.

[1129] Stasser (2008), p. 426, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, p. 193.

[1130] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[1131] Stasser (2008), p. 427, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVII 84 (1103).

[1132] Stasser (2008), p. 427, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVII 103 (1104).

[1133] Stasser (2008), p. 172, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 34.

[1134] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[1135] Stasser (2008), p. 172, citing "Ramseyer (1990), p. 99" (not listed in the Bibliography).

[1136] Stasser (2008), p. 172, citing "Ramseyer (1990), p. 99" (not listed in the Bibliography).

[1137] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[1138] Stasser (2008), p. 173, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XXIII 82.

[1139] Stasser (2008), pp. 173 and 432, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium H 27.

[1140] Stasser (2008), pp. 173 and 432, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium H 27.

[1141] Stasser (2008), p. 173, citing Cuozzo, E. (1984) Catalogus Baronum. Commentario (FSI, Rome), p. 127, and Drell, J. (1996) Marriage, kinship and power. Family structure in the principality of Salerno under Norman rule 1077-1154, p. 83.

[1142] Stasser (2008), p. 429, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 42 (1120).

[1143] Stasser (2008), p. 429.

[1144] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXVIII, p. 198.

[1145] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXXII, p. 300.

[1146] Stasser (2008), p. 426, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, p. 193.

[1147] Stasser (2008), p. 61, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium D 27 (1100 cont 1083).

[1148] Stasser (2008), p. 61, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium D 27 (1100 cont 1083).

[1149] Stasser (2008), p. 173, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium D 28.

[1150] Stasser (2008), pp. 68 and 428, quoting Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 11.

[1151] Stasser (2008), p. 173, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium G 24.

[1152] Stasser (2008), p. 173, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium G 14.

[1153] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXXII, p. 300.

[1154] Stasser (2008), p. 426, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, p. 193.

[1155] Stasser (2008), p. 427, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium C 1 (1086).

[1156] Stasser (2008), p. 427, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVII 84 (1103).

[1157] Stasser (2008), p. 427, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVII 103 (1104).

[1158] Codice diplomatico Verginiano, Vol. I, 48 (extract in translation only).

[1159] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, XLIV, p. 54.

[1160] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXX, p. 12.

[1161] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLIII, p. 186.

[1162] Stasser (2008), p. 391.

[1163] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLIII, p. 186.

[1164] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXX, p. 12.

[1165] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83, date corrected from 974 to 944 by Galante. M. ´Per la datazione dei documenti beneventani editi et inediti di epoca longobarda?´, Archivio Storico per le Provincie Napoletane 14 (1975), p. 80, cited in Stasser (2008), p. 196.

[1166] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1167] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1168] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXVIII, p. 152.

[1169] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXVIII, p. 152.

[1170] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXVIII, p. 152.

[1171] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCCXXXVIII, p. 316.

[1172] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1173] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXLI, p. 35.

[1174] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1175] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXVIII, p. 152.

[1176] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1177] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1178] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXVII, p. 83.

[1179] Stasser (2008), p. 197, quoting Cherubini, P. (1990) Le Pergamene di S. Nicola di Gallucanta (secc. IX-XII) (Naples) ("Gallucanta S. Nicola"), 27, p. 121.

[1180] Stasser (2008), p. 197, quoting Gallucanta S. Nicola, 28, p. 122.

[1181] Stasser (2008), p. 198, quoting Gallucanta S. Nicola, 33, p. 130.

[1182] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXXIV, p. 107.

[1183] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXXIV, p. 107.

[1184] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXXVI, p. 109.

[1185] Stasser (2008), p. 197, quoting Gallucanta S. Nicola, 30, p. 126.

[1186] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome III, DXXXIV, p. 107.

[1187] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCV, p. 120.

[1188] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLVI, p. 203.

[1189] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLVI, p. 203.

[1190] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXCII, p. 264.

[1191] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 19, p. 68.

[1192] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXI, p. 233.

[1193] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXV, p. 30.

[1194] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXV, p. 30.

[1195] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCL, p. 21.

[1196] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXV, p. 30.

[1197] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXV, p. 30.

[1198] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCL, p. 21.

[1199] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXX, p. 66.

[1200] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXV, p. 30.

[1201] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCL, p. 21.

[1202] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXX, p. 66.

[1203] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXX, p. 309.

[1204] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXCII, p. 264.

[1205] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVII, p. 227.

[1206] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVII, p. 227.

[1207] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXI, p. 233.

[1208] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1209] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLVIII, p. 38.

[1210] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1211] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLVIII, p. 38.

[1212] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 19, p. 68.

[1213] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 7, p. 22.

[1214] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLVIII, p. 38.

[1215] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCV, p. 120.

[1216] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXV, p. 51.

[1217] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CCV, p. 263.

[1218] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXXX, p. 87.

[1219] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXXV, p. 29.

[1220] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCV, p. 121.

[1221] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCLVIII, p. 193.

[1222] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLIX, p. 33.

[1223] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXV, p. 43.

[1224] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXV, p. 77.

[1225] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DXCIII, p. 87.

[1226] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DC, p. 99.

[1227] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCX, p. 126.

[1228] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCC, p. 129.

[1229] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCC, p. 129.

[1230] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXVI, p. 58.

[1231] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXV, p. 77.

[1232] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXVI, p. 58.

[1233] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXV, p. 77.

[1234] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DXCIII, p. 87.

[1235] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DC, p. 99.

[1236] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXVII, p. 240.

[1237] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXXX, p. 38.

[1238] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1239] Stasser (2008), p. 183.

[1240] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIV, p. 122.

[1241] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1242] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, DCCCLXXIII, p. 3.

[1243] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLVIII, p. 127.

[1244] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLVIII, p. 127.

[1245] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLVIII, p. 127.

[1246] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1247] Stasser (2008), p. 183.

[1248] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MIII, p. 203.

[1249] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MIII, p. 203, and MIV, p. 204.

[1250] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1251] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MIII, p. 203.

[1252] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1253] Stasser (2008), pp. 184-92.

[1254] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1255] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MIII, p. 203.

[1256] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1257] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1258] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1259] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXXVIII, p. 258.

[1260] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXXVIII, p. 258.

[1261] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXLVI, p. 273.

[1262] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXLVI, p. 273.

[1263] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCL, p. 21.

[1264] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCCVII, p. 288.

[1265] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVII, p. 227.

[1266] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCCVII, p. 288.

[1267] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXXI, p. 78.

[1268] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXIV, p. 221.

[1269] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXIV, p. 221.

[1270] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXIV, p. 221.

[1271] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXXI, p. 78.

[1272] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXV, p. 240.

[1273] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCCVII, p. 288.

[1274] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXXXVI, p. 48.

[1275] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIV, p. 122.

[1276] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXCVIII, p. 144.

[1277] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXCVIII, p. 144.

[1278] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1279] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIV, p. 122.

[1280] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLX, p. 4.

[1281] Guerrieri (1899), Diplomi e documenti, V, p. 57.

[1282] Guerrieri (1899), Diplomi e documenti, V, p. 57.

[1283] Guerrieri (1899), Diplomi e documenti, V, p. 57.

[1284] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 98, p. 302.

[1285] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLX, p. 4.

[1286] Stasser (2008), p. 193.

[1287] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 7, p. 21.

[1288] Stasser (2008), p. 192, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 107 (1100 cont 1041).

[1289] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1290] Stasser (2008), p. 192, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 107 (1100 cont 1041).

[1291] Stasser (2008), p. 192, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 107 (1100 cont 1041).

[1292] Stasser (2008), p. 192, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 107 (1100 cont 1041).

[1293] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 7, p. 21.

[1294] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1295] Stasser (2008), p. 195.

[1296] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1297] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1298] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1299] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1300] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1301] Stasser (2008), p. 193, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XV 90.

[1302] Stasser (2008), p. 193, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XV 90.

[1303] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXIV, p. 75.

[1304] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXXVIII, p. 258.

[1305] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXII, p. 71.

[1306] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXXVIII, p. 258.

[1307] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXCIX, p. 145.

[1308] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXVIII, p. 144.

[1309] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXVIII, p. 144.

[1310] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1311] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCCVI, p. 286.

[1312] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCX, p. 4.

[1313] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXII, p. 170.

[1314] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXXXVIII, p. 207.

[1315] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1316] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVI, p. 225.

[1317] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MLII, p. 282.

[1318] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCV, p. 254.

[1319] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1320] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVI, p. 225.

[1321] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MLII, p. 282.

[1322] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCV, p. 254.

[1323] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1324] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCX, p. 4.

[1325] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXII, p. 170.

[1326] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1327] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVI, p. 225.

[1328] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXXII, p. 252.

[1329] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MLII, p. 282.

[1330] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCV, p. 254.

[1331] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCX, p. 4.

[1332] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXII, p. 170.

[1333] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1334] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVI, p. 225.

[1335] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MLII, p. 282.

[1336] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCV, p. 254.

[1337] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIV, p. 122.

[1338] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXXIII, p. 41.

[1339] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIV, p. 122.

[1340] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIX, p. 128.

[1341] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXXXIX, p. 128.

[1342] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLVIII, p. 224.

[1343] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, DCCCLXXXI, p. 17.

[1344] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1345] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1346] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1347] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1348] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1349] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, DCCCLXXXII, p. 21.

[1350] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLXX, p. 147.

[1351] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXII, p. 71.

[1352] Stasser (2008), p. 192, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 8, p. 23.

[1353] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 29, p. 91.

[1354] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1355] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXLVI, p. 273.

[1356] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MVI, p. 208.

[1357] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXII, p. 71.

[1358] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MVI, p. 208.

[1359] Stasser (2008), p. 195, citing Galante (1980), app. 58.

[1360] Stasser (2008), p. 195, citing Galante (1980), app. 58.

[1361] Stasser (2008), p. 195, citing Galante (1980), app. 58.

[1362] Stasser (2008), p. 195, citing Galante (1980), app. 58.

[1363] Stasser (2008), p. 195.

[1364] Stasser (2008), p. 192, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 107 (1100 cont 1041).

[1365] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1366] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1367] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1368] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXVI, p. 225.

[1369] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCX, p. 263.

[1370] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCX, p. 263.

[1371] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 39, p. 128.

[1372] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 77, p. 223.

[1373] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 39, p. 128.

[1374] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 77, p. 223.

[1375] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCX, p. 263.

[1376] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 39, p. 128.

[1377] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 77, p. 223.

[1378] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 39, p. 128.

[1379] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 77, p. 223.

[1380] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1381] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1382] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1383] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1384] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MIII, p. 203.

[1385] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[1386] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXII, p. 62.

[1387] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCIX, p. 139.

[1388] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCIX, p. 139.

[1389] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCIX, p. 139.

[1390] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCIX, p. 139.

[1391] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXXXII, p. 252.

[1392] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCXXXIV, p. 131.

[1393] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, DCCCLXXIX, p. 14.

[1394] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXLVIII, p. 274.

[1395] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCXXXI, p. 126.

[1396] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXV, p. 51.

[1397] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXV, p. 30.

[1398] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXIV, p. 296.

[1399] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXVII, p. 182.

[1400] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXXII, p. 205.

[1401] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXXII, p. 205.

[1402] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314.

[1403] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314.

[1404] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314.

[1405] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXXIII, p. 314.

[1406] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCIX, p. 261.

[1407] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXIV, p. 268.

[1408] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCVI, p. 256.

[1409] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCVI, p. 256.

[1410] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXIII, p. 282.

[1411] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCVI, p. 256.

[1412] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCCXXIII, p. 282.

[1413] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXVI, p. 59.

[1414] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1415] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1416] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1417] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1418] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLVIII, p. 38.

[1419] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCXXVIII, p. 179.

[1420] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCXXVIII, p. 179.

[1421] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXVI, p. 59.

[1422] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1423] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCX, p. 140.

[1424] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCIII, p. 132.

[1425] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCXXXVIII, p. 197.

[1426] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCXXXVIII, p. 197.

[1427] MGH LL Tome IV, Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio, 28, pp. 222-5.

[1428] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[1429] Chalandon (1907), Vol. I, pp. 19 and 21, citing Fabre Liber censuum, p. 42 note.

[1430] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1431] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205, and Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 207.

[1432] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 15, MGH SS III, p. 246.

[1433] Kreutz (1996), p. 69.

[1434] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[1435] Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 58, p. 58, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 69 and 178 footnote 59.

[1436] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1437] Chronicon Salernitanum 80, MGH SS III, p. 507.

[1438] Stasser (2008), p. 356.

[1439] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 21, MGH SS III, p. 248.

[1440] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1441] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber II, RIS I.2, p. 392.

[1442] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 19, MGH SS III, p. 247.

[1443] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1444] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1445] Chronicon Casinense 21 and 25, MGH SS III, p. 228.

[1446] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1447] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, pp. 249-50.

[1448] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 36, MGH SS III, p. 253.

[1449] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1450] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 62, MGH SS III, p. 259.

[1451] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 53, MGH SS III, p. 257.

[1452] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 23, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1453] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1454] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 23, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1455] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1456] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 67, MGH SS III, p. 260.

[1457] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 67, MGH SS III, p. 260.

[1458] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 67, MGH SS III, p. 260.

[1459] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 36, MGH SS III, p. 253.

[1460] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 62, MGH SS III, p. 259.

[1461] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 64, MGH SS III, p. 260.

[1462] MGH LL Tome IV, Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio, 28, p. 225.

[1463] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 64, MGH SS III, p. 260.

[1464] Chronicon Salernitanum 96, MGH SS III, p. 515.

[1465] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 36, MGH SS III, p. 253.

[1466] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXVII, p. 88.

[1467] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, LXXXVII, p. 111.

[1468] Chronicon Salernitanum 96, MGH SS III, p. 515.

[1469] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1470] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 21, MGH SS III, p. 248.

[1471] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1472] Kreutz (1996), pp. 40 and 69.

[1473] Stasser (2008), p. 358, citing Gray, N. ´The palaeography of Latin inscriptions in the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries in Italy´, Papers of the British School of Rome 16 (1948), 129, p. 134.

[1474] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 26, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1475] Stasser (2008), p. 29.

[1476] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 30, MGH SS III, p. 250.

[1477] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, pp. 205-6.

[1478] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1479] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1480] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 50, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1481] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 50, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1482] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 50, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1483] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 48, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1484] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1485] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 50, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1486] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 50, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1487] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 50, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1488] Stasser (2008), p. 355, quoting Martin (2000), I, 31, p. 388.

[1489] Stasser (2008), p. 355.

[1490] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 49, MGH SS III, p. 256.

[1491] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 900, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 154, p. 161, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 67 and 178 footnote 56.

[1492] Stasser (2008), p. 22.

[1493] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1494] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 21, MGH SS III, p. 248.

[1495] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1496] Chronicon Salernitanum 154, MGH SS III, p. 548.

[1497] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1498] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1499] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 42, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1500] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1501] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1502] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1503] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1504] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1505] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1506] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1507] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 22, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1508] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 210, and Kreutz (1996), pp. 34-5.

[1509] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 62, MGH SS III, p. 259.

[1510] Stasser (2008), p. 361.

[1511] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1512] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 21, MGH SS III, p. 248.

[1513] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 22, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1514] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1515] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 30, MGH SS III, p. 250.

[1516] Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis, MGH SSrL, ch. 4, p. 471, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 40 and 171 footnote 20.

[1517] Annales Saint-Bertin, 873, p. 192, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 70 and 178 footnote 63.

[1518] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 205.

[1519] Kreutz (1996), p. 70.

[1520] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1521] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1522] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 40, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1523] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1524] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 62, MGH SS III, p. 259.

[1525] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1526] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 900, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 154, p. 161, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 67 and 178 footnote 56.

[1527] Kreutz (1996), p. 70.

[1528] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1529] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 912, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1530] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 415.

[1531] Capasso, B. (ed.) (1892) Monumenta ad Neapolitani ducatus historiam pertinentia (Naples) ("Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus"), Vol. II, Part 2, VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1532] Stasser (2008), p. 361.

[1533] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 900, MGH SS III, p. 174, and Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 154, p. 161, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 67 and 178 footnote 56.

[1534] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1535] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1536] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis 52, MGH SS XXXIV.1, p. 133.

[1537] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2 and Codex 3, 902, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1538] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 912, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1539] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 415.

[1540] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 915, MGH SS III, p. 175, and Kreutz (1996), p. 78.

[1541] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 417.

[1542] Kreutz (1996), p. 98.

[1543] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1544] Kreutz (1996), p. 100.

[1545] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 434.

[1546] Chronicon Salernitanum 153, MGH SS III, p. 547.

[1547] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 445.

[1548] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 58.

[1549] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1550] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1551] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 936, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1552] Chronicon Salernitanum 159, MGH SS III, p. 551.

[1553] Chronicon Salernitanum 164, MGH SS III, p. 552.

[1554] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1555] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1556] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 912, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1557] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 415.

[1558] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 417.

[1559] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1560] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 434.

[1561] Stasser (2008), p. 363, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 83 and 85.

[1562] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Caetani (1925), p. 6.

[1563] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 652.

[1564] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 653.

[1565] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLX, p. 62.

[1566] Chronicon Salernitanum, chs. 175-83, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 120 and 196 footnote 12.

[1567] Kreutz (1996), p. 120.

[1568] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Ughelli, F. Italia sacra (Venice), Tome VI, col. 393.

[1569] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Caetani (1925), p. 6.

[1570] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 652.

[1571] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 653.

[1572] Montecassino (Martin/Cuozzo), 83, p. 195.

[1573] Chronicon Salernitanum 159, MGH SS III, p. 551.

[1574] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXXIX, p. 232.

[1575] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1576] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1577] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 944, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1578] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 422.

[1579] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, Continuatio codicis Cavensis, MHG SS III, p. 207.

[1580] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 445.

[1581] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXII, p. 2.

[1582] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 436.

[1583] Stasser (2008), p. 364, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 52.

[1584] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1585] Stasser (2008), p. 364, citing Cilento, N. (1971) Italia meridionale longobarda (Milan, Naples), p. 287, note 34.

[1586] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 944, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1587] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 422.

[1588] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1589] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 436.

[1590] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 968, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1591] Stasser (2008), p. 368, quoting Pellegrino, C. (1643/44]) Historia principum Langobardorum (Naples), p. 246.

[1592] Stasser (2008), p. 368.

[1593] Stasser (2008), p. 85, quoting Bartolini (1950), 5, p. 11.

[1594] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1595] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.15, MGH SS VII, p. 638.

[1596] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1597] Annales Casinenses 1007, MGH SS XIX, p. 305.

[1598] Anonymi monachi Cassinensis breve chronicon ("Cassinensis breve chronicon"), Re, G. del (1845) Cronisti e scrittori sincroni Napoletani, Vol. 1 (Naples), p. 461.

[1599] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1600] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1601] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 968, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1602] Stasser (2008), p. 368, quoting Pellegrino, C. (1643/44]) Historia principum Langobardorum (Naples), p. 247.

[1603] Stasser (2008), pp. 364-5.

[1604] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.10, MGH SS VII, p. 635.

[1605] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber V, RIS I.2, p. 494.

[1606] Stasser (2008), p. 365, citing Regesta Chartarum Pistorinesium, Tome I, Alto medioevo (493-1000), Fonti Storiche Pistoiesi, Vol. 2 (Pistoia, 1973), no. 98, p. 81.

[1607] Stasser (2008), p. 365.

[1608] Stasser (2008), p. 366, quoting Schneider, F. (1911) Regestum Senense, Regesta Chartarum Italiæ, Vol. 8 (Rome), 19, p. 7.

[1609] Stasser (2008), p. 366, quoting Schneider, F. (1907) Regestum Volterranum, Regesta Chartarum Italiæ, Vol. 1 (Rome), 19, p. 7.

[1610] Annales Beneventani, Codex 2, 968, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1611] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 982, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1612] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[1613] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1005, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[1614] Annales Casinenses 1014, MGH SS XIX, p. 305.

[1615] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronicon Monasterii Beneventani, p. 438.

[1616] Necrologio di Codice Casinensis 47, p. 52, cited in Amatus, p. 90 footnote 18.

[1617] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1618] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1619] Amatus I.25, p. 53.

[1620] Amatus I.34, pp. 56-7.

[1621] Annales Casinenses 1025 and 1027, MGH SS XIX, pp. 305 and 306.

[1622] Amatus I.35-37, pp. 57-9.

[1623] Amatus II.12, p. 67.

[1624] Amatus III.3, p. 87.

[1625] Amatus III.6, p. 88.

[1626] Stasser (2008), p. 373, citing Poupardin, R. (1907) Etude sur les institutions politiques et administratives des principautés lombardes de l´Italie méridionale (IX-XI siècles) (Paris), PJ XX.

[1627] Stasser (2008), p. 373.

[1628] Annales Altahenses Maiores, 1038, MGH SS XX, p. 793.

[1629] Annales Altahenses Maiores, 1038, MGH SS XX, p. 793.

[1630] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1631] Amatus III.13, p. 90.

[1632] Amatus IV.11, p. 114.

[1633] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1634] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1635] Amatus IV.11, p. 114.

[1636] Stasser (2008), pp. 170 and 427, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Arca XVI 86 (1098).

[1637] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.16, MGH SS VII, p. 769.

[1638] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.16, MGH SS VII, p. 769.

[1639] Amatus II.41, p. 83.

[1640] Amatus II.41, p. 83.

[1641] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 188.

[1642] Stasser (2008), p. 373, quoting Mallet & Thibaut (1997), Tome 2, p. 226.

[1643] Annales Altahenses Maiores, 1038, MGH SS XX, p. 793.

[1644] Amatus III.6, p. 88.

[1645] Amatus I.27, p. 54, footnote 37 citing the Necrologio di Cod Cassinense 47, 23, which records the date of his death. .

[1646] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 1016, MGH SS III, p. 177.

[1647] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 982, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1648] Amatus I.45, p. 61.

[1649] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVIII, p. 360.

[1650] Amatus I.34, p. 56.

[1651] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 322.

[1652] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXCI, p. 131, and DCCXCI, p. 132.

[1653] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 944, MGH SS III, p. 175.

[1654] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 422.

[1655] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1656] Chronicon Salernitanum, ch. 166, p. 170, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 102 and 190 footnote 41.

[1657] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXII, p. 2.

[1658] Kreutz (1996), p. 103.

[1659] Wickham, C. (1981) Early Medieval Italy, Central Power and Local Society 400-1000 (Macmillan, London), p. 156.

[1660] Leo Marsicanus, Bk. II, ch. 9, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 105 and 190 footnote 52.

[1661] Wickham (1981), p. 156.

[1662] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 981, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1663] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CCVI, p. 65.

[1664] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 468.

[1665] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 86.

[1666] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 87.

[1667] Stasser (2008), p. 37, quoting Manaresi, C. (1960) I placiti del regnum Italie (Rome), Vol. 3, 314 bis, p. 1022

[1668] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1669] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.10, MGH SS VII, p. 635.

[1670] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 970, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1671] Annales Beneventani, Codex 3, 982, MGH SS III, p. 176.

[1672] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.9, MGH SS VII, p. 634.

[1673] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1674] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1675] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[1676] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[1677] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211, and Kreutz (1996), p. 121.

[1678] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1679] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CCVI, p. 65.

[1680] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CLXXXVI, p. 9.

[1681] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.9, MGH SS VII, p. 634.

[1682] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1683] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CLXXXVI, p. 9.

[1684] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, "Comites Capuæ", MHG SS III, p. 206.

[1685] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.10, MGH SS VII, p. 635.

[1686] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CCVI, p. 65.

[1687] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 468.

[1688] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 87.

[1689] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 484.

[1690] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1691] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1692] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CLXXXVI, p. 9.

[1693] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 87.

[1694] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, Continuatio codicis Cavensis, MHG SS III, p. 207.

[1695] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 90.

[1696] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.15, MGH SS VII, p. 638.

[1697] Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti, Continuatio codicis Cavensis, MHG SS III, p. 207.

[1698] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CLXXXVI, p. 9.

[1699] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CCVI, p. 65.

[1700] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 87.

[1701] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 84.

[1702] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 84.

[1703] Stasser (2008), p. 68.

[1704] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.36, MGH SS VII, p. 651.

[1705] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.41, MGH SS VII, p. 655.

[1706] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, p. 9.

[1707] D H II 483, p. 617.

[1708] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 38.

[1709] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.56, MGH SS VII, p. 665.

[1710] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209, and Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210, neither of which specify the relationship between Prince Pandolf VI and the rest of the family.

[1711] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, p. 9.

[1712] D H II 483, p. 617.

[1713] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209, and Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1714] D O III 333, p. 761.

[1715] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[1716] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.36, MGH SS VII, p. 651.

[1717] Stasser (2008), p. 369.

[1718] MGH, Schieffer, T. Die Urkunden der Burgundischen Rudolfinger (Munchen, 1977), 76, p. 219.

[1719] Stasser (2008), p. 371, citing Vita Nili iunioris, Patrologia Græca, Vol. 120, 10, col. 123 and 12, col. 133.

[1720] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.15, MGH SS VII, p. 638.

[1721] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1722] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXVIII, p. 139.

[1723] Orderic Vitalis (Prévost), Vol. II, Liber III, III, pp. 53-4.

[1724] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1725] Amatus II.44, p. 84.

[1726] Amatus II.45, p. 84.

[1727] Amatus III.12, p. 90.

[1728] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.67, MGH SS VII, p. 676.

[1729] Amatus III.11, pp. 89-90.

[1730] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXIX, p. 364.

[1731] Chronicon Comitum Capuæ, MHG SS III, p. 209.

[1732] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1733] Skinner (2002), p. 156.

[1734] Orderic Vitalis (Prévost), Vol. II, Liber III, V, p. 87.

[1735] Piscicelli Taeggi, O. (ed.) (1887) Regestum Sancti Angeli ad Formas (Montecassino) ("Sancti Angeli ad Formas"), XIV, p. 32.

[1736] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XV, p. 34.

[1737] Amatus VIII.25, p. 200.

[1738] Amatus VIII.35, p. 204.

[1739] Annales Casinenses 1077, MGH SS XIX, p. 306.

[1740] A reasonable estimation of her birth date, between the births of her eldest full brother Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia in 1020 and her youngest full brother Roger Count of Sicily in [1031].

[1741] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.67, MGH SS VII, p. 676.

[1742] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XIX, p. 44.

[1743] Patrologia Latina, Vol. 148, Gregorius VII Registrum, Epistola XLVI, col. 0325D.

[1744] Stasser (2008), p. 415.

[1745] Stasser (2008), p. 417, quoting MGH Epistolæ selectæ, Tome II Fasciculus I, Caspar, E. (ed.) Gregorii VII Registum Lib. I-IV, pp. 70-1.

[1746] Patrologia Latina, Vol. 148, Gregorius VII Registrum, Epistola XXXVII, col. 0541D.

[1747] Stasser (2008), pp. 416-7.

[1748] Amatus IV.12, p. 115.

[1749] Amatus IV.27, p. 120.

[1750] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. II, Book III, p. 27.

[1751] Amatus V.1, pp. 148-50, and Skinner (2002), p. 157.

[1752] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. II, Book III, p. 59.

[1753] Amatus, p. 155 footnote 29.

[1754] Amatus VI.12, p. 155.

[1755] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis III.29, MGH SS VII, p. 720.

[1756] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1757] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXIX, p. 364.

[1758] Skinner (2002), p. 156.

[1759] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XIV, p. 32.

[1760] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XIX, p. 44.

[1761] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. IV, Book VII, p. 33.

[1762] Stasser (2008), p. 67, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 262, p. 142.

[1763] Chronicon Fossæ Novæ auctore anonimo ("Chronicon Fossæ Novæ)", Re, G. del (ed.) (1845) Cronisti e scrittori sincroni Napoletani, Vol. 1 (Naples), p. 506.

[1764] Romoaldi Annales 1091, MGH SS XIX, p. 412, footnote 31 noting the Necrologia Cassensis which records the death of "Iordanus princeps 12 Kal Dec".

[1765] Romoaldi Annales 1077, MGH SS XIX, p. 408.

[1766] William of Apulia, Book I, p. 42.

[1767] Gestis Ducum Normannorum, Continuatione Roberti 42, MGH SS XXVI, p. 8.

[1768] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XIX, p. 44.

[1769] Stasser (2008), p. 417, quoting Inguanez, M. ´Diplomi inediti dei Principi Normanni di Capua, conti di Aversa´, Miscellanea Cassinesi 3 (1926), no. 10, p. 25. .

[1770] Romoaldi Annales 1077, MGH SS XIX, p. 408.

[1771] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXIX, p. 365.

[1772] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. V, Book X, p. 207.

[1773] Gestis Ducum Normannorum, Continuatione Roberti 42, MGH SS XXVI, p. 8.

[1774] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1775] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XXIX, p. 69.

[1776] Annales Cavenses 1105, MGH SS III, p. 191.

[1777] Romoaldi Annales 1106, MGH SS XIX, p. 414.

[1778] Annales Cavenses 1120, MGH SS III, p. 191, which calls him "Roggerius princeps".

[1779] Romoaldi Annales 1077, MGH SS XIX, p. 408.

[1780] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXIX, p. 365.

[1781] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1782] Annales Ceccanenses 1104, MGH SS XIX, p. 281.

[1783] Chronicon Fossæ Novæ, p. 506.

[1784] Annales Cavenses 1106, MGH SS III, p. 191.

[1785] Spinelli, A. (ed.) (1857) Regii Neapolitani archivi Monumenta edita ac illustrata (Naples) ("Regii Neapolitani Monumenta"), Vol. V, DXXII, p. 304.

[1786] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XXXVII, p. 86.

[1787] Stasser (2008), p. 417, quoting Inguanez, M. ´Diplomi inediti dei Principi Normanni di Capua, conti di Aversa´, Miscellanea Cassinesi 3 (1926), no. 10, p. 25. .

[1788] Falconis Beneventani Chronicon ("Falco Beneventano"), Re, G. del (1845) Cronisti e scrittori sincroni Napoletani, Vol. 1 (Naples), p. 181.

[1789] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.65, MGH SS VII, p. 793.

[1790] Romoaldi Annales 1120, MGH SS XIX, p. 417.

[1791] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1792] Annales Cavenses 1120, MGH SS III, p. 191.

[1793] Falco Beneventano, p. 181.

[1794] ES II 154.

[1795] Romoaldi Annales 1077, MGH SS XIX, p. 408.

[1796] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1797] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. V, DXLIX, p. 373.

[1798] Annales Cavenses 1120, MGH SS III, p. 191.

[1799] Falco Beneventano, p. 181.

[1800] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XLIII, p. 86.

[1801] Annales Cavenses 1127, MGH SS III, p. 191.

[1802] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium E 21, and Loud, G. A. ´A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman princes of Capua´, Papers of the British School of Rome Vol. 49 (1981), pp. 99-143, no. 118.

[1803] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium G 28, and Loud (1981), pp. 99-143, no. 146.

[1804] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1805] Alessandro of Telese´s De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Siciliæ Regis, I.X, p. 93.

[1806] Cronica di Romualdo Guarna arcivescovo Salernitano (Chronicon Romualdi II archiepiscopi Salernitani) ("Romualdo Guarna"), Re, G. del (ed.) (1845) Cronisti e scrittori sincroni Napoletani, Vol. 1 (Napoli), p. 6.

[1807] Houben (2002), p. 45.

[1808] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XLIV, p. 104.

[1809] Romualdo Guarna, 1130, p. 8.

[1810] Romualdo Guarna, 1129, p. 8.

[1811] Falco Beneventano, p. 207.

[1812] Gaudenzi, A. (ed.) (1888) Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis S. Maria de Ferraria Chronica (Naples) ("Ignoti Monachi Chronica"), p. 29.

[1813] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXIX, p. 365.

[1814] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.14, MGH SS VII, p. 768.

[1815] Patrologia Latina, Vol. 151, Urbanus II Epistolæ et Privilegia, Epistola CCLXXVI, col. 0534C.

[1816] Stasser (2008), p. 67, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 262, p. 142.

[1817] Annales Casinenses 1091, MGH SS XIX, p. 306.

[1818] Stasser (2008), p. 67, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 262, p. 142.

[1819] Skinner (2002), p. 159.

[1820] Skinner (2002), p. 159.

[1821] Loud, G. A. and Wiedmann, T. (eds. and trans.) (1998) The History of the Tyrants of Sicily by Hugo Falcandus (Manchester UP) (“Hugo Falcandus”) 9, p. 75, footnote 50 specifying that he was the son of Richard Conte di Carinola and Duke of Gaeta.

[1822] Romualdo Guarna, p. 24.

[1823] Hugo Falcandus, 24, p. 129.

[1824] Catalogus Baronum Neapolitano in regno versantium ("Catalogus Baronum"), Re, G. del (ed.) (1845) Cronisti e scrittori sincroni Napoletani, Vol. 1 (Napoli), p. 594.

[1825] Catalogus Baronum, p. 589.

[1826] Chalandon (1907), Tome II, p. 183, citing Ughelli, Tome VI, p. 810.

[1827] Chalandon (1907), Tome II, p. 183, citing Ughelli, Tome VI, p. 810.

[1828] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXV, p. 71.

[1829] Stasser (2008), p. 238.

[1830] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1831] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1832] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1833] Cassinensis breve chronicon, p. 468.

[1834] Romualdo Guarna, p. 20.

[1835] Chronicon Fossæ Novæ, p. 511.

[1836] Hugo Falcandus 3, p. 66.

[1837] Annales Casenses 1155 and 1156, MGH SS XIX, p. 311.

[1838] Hugo Falcandus 8, pp. 74-5, footnote 32 stating that he was the son of Count Godfrey from L'Aigle and cousin of Count Roger of Avellino.

[1839] Chronicon Fossæ Novæ, p. 511.

[1840] Chronicon Fossæ Novæ, p. 511.

[1841] Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210.

[1842] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCXXVII, p. 20.

[1843] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CXCIV, p. 32.

[1844] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. II, CXCIV, p. 32.

[1845] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XVII, p. 37.

[1846] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XVIII, p. 40.

[1847] Sancti Angeli ad Formas, XVIII, p. 40.

[1848] Kreutz (1996), p. 20.

[1849] Kreutz (1996), pp. 21-3.

[1850] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1851] Skinner (2002), pp. 207-8.

[1852] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 57, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 431.

[1853] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 57, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 431.

[1854] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, p. 212.

[1855] Kreutz (1996), p. 25.

[1856] Vita Athanasii Episcopi Neapolitani 2, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 441.

[1857] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 64, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 434.

[1858] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 63, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 434.

[1859] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1860] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, p. 212.

[1861] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 65, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 435.

[1862] Skinner (2002), p. 50.

[1863] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 65, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 435.

[1864] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, p. 212.

[1865] Kreutz (1996), p. 73.

[1866] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 39, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1867] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 53, MGH SS III, p. 257.

[1868] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1869] Stasser (2008), p. 361.

[1870] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 66, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 436.

[1871] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 39, MGH SS III, p. 254.

[1872] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, p. 212.

[1873] MGH Epist VII, 73, n^o. 77, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 58 and 176 footnote 16.

[1874] MGH Epist VII, 246, n^o. 279, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 59 and 176 footnote 21.

[1875] Erchempert 56, MGH SSrL, p. 257.

[1876] Kreutz (1996), p. 74.

[1877] Chronicon Salernitanum 153, MGH SS III, p. 547.

[1878] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 445.

[1879] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 58.

[1880] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 187, p. 120.

[1881] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 60, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 433.

[1882] Kreutz (1996), p. 28.

[1883] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1884] Schipa, Michelangelo 'il ducato di Napoli', Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane 17 (1892), p. 789, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 73 and 179 footnote 81.

[1885] Vita Athanasii Episcopi Neapolitani 8, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 448.

[1886] Catalogus Episcoporum Neapolitanorum, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 439.

[1887] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, I, p. 1.

[1888] Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum 63, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 433.

[1889] Vita Athanasii Episcopi Neapolitani, MGH SSrL, pp. 439-49, ch. 7, p. 446, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 73 and 179 footnote 80.

[1890] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1891] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, I, p. 1.

[1892] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, I, p. 1.

[1893] Ex Miracula Sancti Agrippini 11, MGH SS rerum Langobardorum, p. 464.

[1894] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1895] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III, p. 8.

[1896] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1897] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 23, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1898] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 27, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[1899] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, I, p. 1.

[1900] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1901] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, p. 212.

[1902] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, I, p. 1.

[1903] Leo Marsicanus, Bk I, ch. 52, p. 134, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 77 and 181 footnote 10.

[1904] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, p. 212.

[1905] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1906] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1907] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1908] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III, p. 8.

[1909] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 87, p. 70.

[1910] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 87, p. 70.

[1911] Stasser (2008), p. 232, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 52, p. 92.

[1912] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 55, p. 51.

[1913] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 106, p. 80.

[1914] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[1915] Stasser (2008), p. 256.

[1916] Stasser (2002), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52.

[1917] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 348.

[1918] Stasser (2008), p. 232, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 31, p. 52.

[1919] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 348.

[1920] Stasser (2008), p. 232, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 19, p. 31.

[1921] Stasser (2008), p. 232, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 31, p. 52.

[1922] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 348.

[1923] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 348.

[1924] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1925] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, pp. 212-3.

[1926] Stasser (2008), p. 233.

[1927] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1928] Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, MGH SS II, pp. 212-3.

[1929] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.6, p. 93.

[1930] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VI, Capitularia et Pacta, II, p. 144.

[1931] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 431.

[1932] Kreutz (1996), p. 100.

[1933] Capasso, B. (ed.) (1881) Monumenta ad Neapolitani Ducatus historiam pertinentia (Naples) ("Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus"), Vol. I, p. 339.

[1934] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III, p. 8.

[1935] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, III.2, p. 11.

[1936] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, IV, p. 13.

[1937] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, p. 339.

[1938] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 340.

[1939] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, IV, p. 13.

[1940] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 431.

[1941] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, p. 339.

[1942] Chronicon Vulturnense, Liber IV, RIS I.2, p. 446.

[1943] Chronicon Salernitanum 181, MGH SS III, p. 558.

[1944] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, V, p. 15.

[1945] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 65, p. 56.

[1946] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 68, p. 58.

[1947] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 72, p. 60.

[1948] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 340.

[1949] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 290, p. 178.

[1950] Stasser (2008), p. 235, quoting Spinelli, A. (ed.) (1861) Regii Neapolitani Archivii Monumenta edita ac illustrata (Naples) Vol. IV, 290, p. 178.

[1951] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 55, p. 103.

[1952] Stasser (2008), p. 240.

[1953] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 355, p. 218.

[1954] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 204, p. 128.

[1955] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 72, p. 60.

[1956] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 191, p. 122.

[1957] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 355, p. 218.

[1958] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 204, p. 128.

[1959] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 204, p. 128.

[1960] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 204, p. 128.

[1961] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 355, p. 218.

[1962] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 355, p. 218.

[1963] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 355, p. 218.

[1964] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 355, p. 218.

[1965] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, VIII, p. 21.

[1966] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, X, p. 26.

[1967] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, X, p. 26.

[1968] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XIV, p. 39.

[1969] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVII, p. 48.

[1970] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVI, p. 45.

[1971] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVI, p. 45.

[1972] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVIII, p. 50.

[1973] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVIII, p. 50.

[1974] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.2, p. 85.

[1975] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.2, p. 85.

[1976] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.2, p. 85.

[1977] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.3, p. 86.

[1978] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, C.2, p. 110.

[1979] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 277, p. 171.

[1980] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, VI, p. 18.

[1981] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.8, p. 95.

[1982] Stasser (2008), p. 235.

[1983] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.9, p. 96.

[1984] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.8, p. 95.

[1985] Stasser (2008), p. 235.

[1986] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.9, p. 96.

[1987] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, VII, p. 20.

[1988] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I (1885), p. 129.

[1989] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.11, p. 98.

[1990] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.11, p. 98.

[1991] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.1, p. 85.

[1992] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, VIII, p. 21.

[1993] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 336.

[1994] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, IX, p. 24.

[1995] Skinner (2002), p. 151.

[1996] Amatus I.42, p. 60.

[1997] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, X, p. 26.

[1998] Amatus I.45, p. 61.

[1999] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 459, p. 284.

[2000] Stasser (2008), pp. 334-5.

[2001] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 459, p. 284.

[2002] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 366, p. 226.

[2003] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 344.

[2004] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[2005] Stasser (2008), pp. 69 and 237.

[2006] Stasser (2008), p. 65, quoting Gattola (1733), p. 43.

[2007] Stasser (2008), pp. 69 and 237.

[2008] Amatus I.42, p. 60.

[2009] Stasser (2008), p. 236.

[2010] Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.56, MGH SS VII, p. 665, the date "1030" being added in the margin by the editor.

[2011] Amatus I.43, p. 60.

[2012] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XX, p. 58.

[2013] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXI, p. 61.

[2014] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXVI, p. 74.

[2015] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 459, p. 284.

[2016] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 366, p. 226.

[2017] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, X, p. 26.

[2018] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XI, p. 30.

[2019] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.2, p. 85.

[2020] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XI, p. 30.

[2021] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.13, p. 99.

[2022] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, A.2, p. 85.

[2023] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XIII, p. 34.

[2024] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XIV, p. 39.

[2025] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVI, p. 45.

[2026] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, p. 338.

[2027] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XVIII, p. 50.

[2028] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XIX, p. 53.

[2029] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XIX, p. 53.

[2030] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 580, p. 352.

[2031] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 645, p. 401.

[2032] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XIX, p. 53.

[2033] Amatus VIII.25, p. 200.

[2034] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XX, p. 58.

[2035] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXI, p. 61.

[2036] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXV, p. 71.

[2037] Stasser (2008), p. 238.

[2038] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XX, p. 58.

[2039] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXI, p. 61.

[2040] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXII, p. 64.

[2041] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXIV, p. 69.

[2042] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXV, p. 71.

[2043] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 649, p. 404.

[2044] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 650, p. 405.

[2045] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXIV, p. 69.

[2046] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 649, p. 404.

[2047] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 627, p. 389.

[2048] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Appendix, B.16, p. 102.

[2049] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), V, Diplomata et chartæ ducum Neapolis, XXVI, p. 74.

[2050] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 650, p. 405.

[2051] Skinner (2002), p. 207.

[2052] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 680, p. 433.

[2053] Stasser (2008), p. 237, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 288, p. 193.

[2054] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 632, p. 393.

[2055] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 632, p. 393.

[2056] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 632, p. 393.

[2057] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 632, p. 393.

[2058] Rogerius II. Regis Diplomata Latina, 60, p. 170.

[2059] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2060] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2061] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2062] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2063] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2064] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2065] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. VI, DLXXIII, p. 41.

[2066] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. V, CCCCXLV, p. 119.

[2067] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. V, CCCCXLV, p. 119.

[2068] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2069] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2070] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 626, p. 388.

[2071] MGH, LL IV, p. 217.

[2072] Skinner (2002), p. 203.

[2073] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta VIII, p. 357.

[2074] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta VIII, p. 357.

[2075] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta VIII, p. 357.

[2076] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta VIII, p. 357.

[2077] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta IX, p. 358.

[2078] Skinner (2002), p. 50.

[2079] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta IX, p. 358.

[2080] Skinner (2002), p. 50.

[2081] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta IX, p. 358.

[2082] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta IX, p. 358.

[2083] Skinner (2002), p. 50.

[2084] MGH Epist VII, 75, n^o. 79, 194, n^o. 217, and 214-15, n^o. 246, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 58-9 and 176 footnotes 15, 19 and 21.

[2085] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta IX, p. 358.

[2086] Skinner (2002), p. 51.

[2087] Erchemperti Historia Langobardorum 26, MGH SS III, p. 249.

[2088] Stasser (2008), p. 29.

[2089] Codice Diplomatico Amalfitano, ed. R. Filangieri di Candida, I (Naples, 1917), II (Trani, 1951) ["CDA"], 584, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 50.

[2090] Skinner (2002), p. 50.

[2091] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta X, p. 359.

[2092] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Filangieri di Candida, R. (1917) Codice diplomatico Amalfitano (Naples), Vol. I, 1, p. 1.

[2093] Chronicon Salernitanum 181, MGH SS III, p. 558.

[2094] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XI, p. 359.

[2095] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 2, p. 2.

[2096] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 3, p. 4.

[2097] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Schwarz (1978), p. 239 note 12.

[2098] CDA, 3, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 51.

[2099] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Filangieri di Candida, R. (1951) Codice diplomatico Amalfitano (Trani), Vol. II, 585, p. 294.

[2100] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 2, p. 2.

[2101] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Vat. Barb. Lat. 3215, fol. 238r.

[2102] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 6, p. 10.

[2103] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XII, p. 359.

[2104] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Schwarz, U. (1978) Amalfi im frühen Mittelalter (9-11 Jahrhundert) (Tübingen), p. 239 note 12.

[2105] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XII, p. 359.

[2106] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Mazzoleni, J. and Orefice, R. (1985) Il Codice Perris: Cartulario Amalfitano (Amalfi) ("Cartulario Amalfitano"), 31, p. 42.

[2107] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIII, p. 359.

[2108] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CLXVII, p. 213.

[2109] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CCVIII, p. 267.

[2110] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome I, CCVIII, p. 267.

[2111] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIII, p. 359.

[2112] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIII, p. 359.

[2113] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, 31, p. 42.

[2114] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 79, p. 116.

[2115] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIV, p. 359.

[2116] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 79, p. 116.

[2117] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Schwarz, U. (ed.) (1979) Regesta Amalfitana (Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 59) ("Regesta Amalfitana"), Vol. II, S. Maria, no. 17, p. 64.

[2118] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. I, no. 1, p. 69.

[2119] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. I, no. 3, p. 70.

[2120] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 79, p. 116.

[2121] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIV, p. 359.

[2122] Stasser (2008), p. 315, quoting Salvati, C. and Pilone, R. (1987) Le pergamene del Fondo Mansi conservato press oil Centro di Cultura e Storia Amalfitana (Amalfi) ("Fondo Mansi") Ms 12, no. 652, p. 465.

[2123] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 12, p. 19.

[2124] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 194, p. 311.

[2125] Stasser (2008), p. 316, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 80, p. 119.

[2126] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 346, p. 212.

[2127] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 12, p. 19.

[2128] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 346, p. 212.

[2129] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 346, p. 212.

[2130] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 346, p. 212.

[2131] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 79, p. 116.

[2132] CDA, 588, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 54.

[2133] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXX, p. 102.

[2134] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 79, p. 116.

[2135] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 66, p. 94.

[2136] CDA, 588, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 54.

[2137] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, MXIV, p. 221.

[2138] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIV, p. 359.

[2139] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 262, p. 331.

[2140] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCLXX, p. 74.

[2141] Chronicon Salernitanum 181, MGH SS III, p. 558.

[2142] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXXVII, p. 164.

[2143] Skinner (2002), pp. 52-3, and Kreuz, p. 121.

[2144] Stasser (2008), p. 315, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 652, p. 465.

[2145] Stasser (2008), p. 310, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 12, p. 19.

[2146] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 194, p. 311.

[2147] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera, M. (1881) Memorie storico-diplomatiche dell´antica citta e ducato di Amalfi (Salerno), Vol. II, p. 673.

[2148] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XV, p. 360.

[2149] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2150] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. II, S. Maria, no. 61, p. 96.

[2151] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 45, p. 63.

[2152] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2153] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 135, p. 137.

[2154] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 135, p. 137.

[2155] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 135, p. 137.

[2156] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2157] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. II, S. Maria, no. 61, p. 96.

[2158] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. II, S. Maria, no. 84, p. 108.

[2159] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. II, S. Maria, no. 133, p. 131.

[2160] Stasser (2008), pp. 314-5, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 273.

[2161] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1881), Vol. 2, p. 651.

[2162] Stasser (2008), p. 315, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 91, p. 151.

[2163] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1881), Vol. 2, p. 651.

[2164] Stasser (2008), pp. 314-5, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 273.

[2165] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1881), Vol. 2, p. 651.

[2166] Stasser (2008), p. 315, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 91, p. 151.

[2167] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2168] Stasser (2008), p. 375, quoting Pellegrino, C. (1643/44]) Historia principum Langobardorum (Naples), p. 247.

[2169] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XV, p. 360.

[2170] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome II, CCCXXXVII, p. 164.

[2171] Skinner (2002), p. 53.

[2172] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 194, p. 311.

[2173] Stasser (2008), p. 316, citing Cozza-Luzy, J. (ed.) (1953) Historia et laudes SS Sabas et Macarii (Rome), 46, pp. 63-4.

[2174] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVI, p. 360.

[2175] Stasser (2008), p. 316.

[2176] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2177] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 455, and Salvati, C. and Pilone, R. (1986) Gli archivi dei monasteri di Amalfi 860-1645 (Amalfi), no. 2, p. 59.

[2178] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 455, and Salvati & Pilone (1986), no. 2, p. 59.

[2179] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 455, and Salvati & Pilone (1986), no. 2, p. 59.

[2180] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2181] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2182] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2183] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2184] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2185] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2186] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2187] Stasser (2008), p. 316, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 82, p. 130.

[2188] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVI, p. 360.

[2189] Stasser (2008), p. 316.

[2190] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXVI, p. 79.

[2191] Stasser (2008), p. 314, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 191.

[2192] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLX, p. 211.

[2193] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCXXVII, p. 157.

[2194] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXXI, p. 247.

[2195] Skinner (2002), p. 55.

[2196] Amatus I.45, p. 61.

[2197] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVIII, p. 360.

[2198] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 67, p. 271.

[2199] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Schwarz (1978), p. 245 note 54, Vat. Barb, Lat. 3215.

[2200] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 67, p. 271.

[2201] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[2202] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 36, p. 51.

[2203] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[2204] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVI, p. 360.

[2205] Stasser (2008), p. 317.

[2206] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DCLXXXI, p. 247.

[2207] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVII, p. 360.

[2208] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Schwarz (1978), p. 245 note 54, Vat. Barb, Lat. 3215.

[2209] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[2210] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 36, p. 51.

[2211] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[2212] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXI, p. 361.

[2213] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXX, p. 66.

[2214] Stasser (2008), p. 321, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 263, fol. 56v.

[2215] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVII, p. 360.

[2216] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Camera (1881), Vol. II, p. 665.

[2217] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 36, p. 51.

[2218] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXX, p. 66.

[2219] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 252.

[2220] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXII, p. 361.

[2221] Amatus VIII.6, 7 and 8, p. 189.

[2222] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 252.

[2223] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XXII, p. 361.

[2224] Amatus VIII.6, p. 189.

[2225] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IV, DLXXXVI, p. 79.

[2226] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XVIII, p. 360.

[2227] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 67, p. 271.

[2228] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Schwarz (1978), p. 245 note 54, Vat. Barb, Lat. 3215.

[2229] Stasser (2008), p. 318, quoting Fondo Mansi, Ms 12, no. 67, p. 271.

[2230] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[2231] Stasser (2008), p. 319, quoting Cartulario Amalfitano, I, 36, p. 51.

[2232] Skinner (2002), p. 55.

[2233] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX and XXI, p. 361.

[2234] Stasser (2008), p. 321, quoting Regesta Amalfitana, Vol. I, no. 16, p. 92.

[2235] Stasser (2008), p. 320, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 62, p. 99.

[2236] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 161.

[2237] Stasser (2008), p. 317, quoting Gattola (1733), t. I, p. 158.

[2238] Stasser (2008), p. 317, quoting Codice diplomatico Amalfitano, Vol. I, 93, p. 149.

[2239] Stasser (2008), p. 317, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 327.

[2240] Stasser (2008), p. 317, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 327.

[2241] Stasser (2008), p. 317, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 327.

[2242] Amatus I.45, p. 61.

[2243] Stasser (2008), p. 314, citing Cartulario Amalfitano, 79, p. 116.

[2244] CDA, 588, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 54.

[2245] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXX, p. 102.

[2246] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXX, p. 102.

[2247] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXX, p. 102.

[2248] Stasser (2008), p. 325, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[2249] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[2250] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCCLXXX, p. 309.

[2251] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 19, p. 68.

[2252] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[2253] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 29, p. 91.

[2254] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XVIII, 20.

[2255] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 98, p. 302.

[2256] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Cassese, L. (1950) Pergamene del monasterio benedettino di S. Giorgio (1038-1698) (Salerno), 11, p. 76.

[2257] Stasser (2008), p. 327, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium E 13.

[2258] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 31 (1120 cont. 1119).

[2259] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 31 (1120 cont. 1119).

[2260] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 75.

[2261] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 75.

[2262] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 31 (1120 cont. 1119).

[2263] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXIV, 75.

[2264] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 31 (1120 cont. 1119).

[2265] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 31 (1120 cont. 1119).

[2266] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, XXI, 31 (1120 cont. 1119).

[2267] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 7, p. 22.

[2268] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Cassese (1950), 11, p. 76.

[2269] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 29, p. 91.

[2270] Stasser (2008), p. 326, citing Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 19, p. 68.

[2271] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 39, p. 128.

[2272] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 77, p. 223.

[2273] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 39, p. 128.

[2274] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome IX, 77, p. 223.

[2275] Stasser (2008), p. 327, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 139, p. 334.

[2276] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCLXX, p. 102.

[2277] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[2278] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCXCII, p. 132.

[2279] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXXXVII, p. 206.

[2280] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXXXVII, p. 206.

[2281] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCXCII, p. 106.

[2282] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXIX, p. 200.

[2283] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VIII, MCCLXXXII, p. 90.

[2284] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[2285] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXIX, p. 200.

[2286] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[2287] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[2288] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. IX, p. 247.

[2289] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. X, p. 47.

[2290] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. X, p. 47.

[2291] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. IX, p. 247.

[2292] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. IX, p. 247.

[2293] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. IX, p. 247.

[2294] Stasser (2008), p. 326, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 19, p. 60.

[2295] Stasser (2008), p. 129, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome X, 122, p. 291.

[2296] Stasser (2008), p. 129, citing Archives of Cava, Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia de S. Trinità, Arca XIV, 6.

[2297] Stasser (2008), p. 130, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 237.

[2298] Stasser (2008), p. 328, citing Meo (1795-1819) Vol. X, p. 47.

[2299] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MCLXXIX, p. 200.

[2300] Skinner (2002), p. 34.

[2301] CDC 35, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 41.

[2302] Skinner (2002).

[2303] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, 2, p. 263.

[2304] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, 3, p. 263.

[2305] Skinner (2002), p. 30, suggests that the title was honorific symbolising nobility, not necessarily linked to governing the city.

[2306] Skinner (2002), p. 27.

[2307] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, 3, p. 263.

[2308] Skinner (2002), p. 35.

[2309] Skinner (2002), p. 37, citing CDC, Vol. I, 40 and 50 respectively.

[2310] Stasser (2008), p. 273, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[2311] CDC, Vol. I, 40, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 36.

[2312] Skinner (2002), p. 30.

[2313] CDC, Vol. I, 16, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 34.

[2314] Stasser (2008), p. 256, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 13.

[2315] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2316] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, 2, p. 263.

[2317] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. I, 3, p. 263.

[2318] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC 13, p. 22.

[2319] CMC, I, 40, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 29.

[2320] Skinner (2002), p. 28.

[2321] CMC, I, 43, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 33, and p. 165.

[2322] CDC 15, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 33.

[2323] Stasser (2008), p. 255, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2324] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2325] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2326] Stasser (2008), p. 272, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 21, p. 39.

[2327] Stasser (2008), p. 272, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 26, p. 46.

[2328] Stasser (2008), p. 271, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 31, p. 53.

[2329] Stasser (2008), p. 272, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 26, p. 46.

[2330] Stasser (2008), p. 271, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 31, p. 53.

[2331] Stasser (2008), p. 271, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 31, p. 53.

[2332] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2333] Stasser (2008), p. 272, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 26, p. 46.

[2334] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 348.

[2335] Stasser (2008), p. 232, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 19, p. 31.

[2336] Stasser (2008), p. 232, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 31, p. 52.

[2337] MGH Epistolæ Tome VII, 39, p. 38.

[2338] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2339] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2340] CDC 19, and CDC 31, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 175.

[2341] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2342] Scandone, F. (1903) Per la controversia sul luogo di nascita di S. Tommaso d’Aquino (Napoli), p. 11, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Cajetanus, ann. 924 [not yet consulted].

[2343] MGH Epistolæ Tome VII, 39, p. 38.

[2344] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2345] Leo Marsicanus, Bk I, ch. 52, p. 134, cited in Kreutz (1996), pp. 77 and 181 footnote 10.

[2346] Skinner (2002), pp. 38 and 60.

[2347] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 35.

[2348] Estimate based on the birth date estimated for his father.

[2349] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 22.

[2350] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 35.

[2351] Stasser (2008), p. 363, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 83 and 85.

[2352] Stasser (2008), p. 59, quoting Caetani (1925), p. 6.

[2353] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 652.

[2354] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Francesco (1909), p. 653.

[2355] Stasser (2008), p. 273, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[2356] CDC 40, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 73.

[2357] CDC 34, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 73.

[2358] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 58, p. 108.

[2359] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 43.

[2360] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 47.

[2361] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 29.

[2362] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 43.

[2363] CDC 65, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 68.

[2364] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 43.

[2365] Skinner (2002), p. 69.

[2366] CDC 76, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 69.

[2367] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 22.

[2368] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 35.

[2369] CDC 35, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 41.

[2370] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2371] Stasser (2008), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[2372] Stasser (2008), p. 256.

[2373] Stasser (2002), p. 256, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52.

[2374] Stasser (2008), p. 364, citing CDC, Vol. 1, 52.

[2375] Stasser (2008), p. 255, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 35.

[2376] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 55, p. 103.

[2377] Stasser (2008), p. 240.

[2378] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 91.

[2379] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 107, p. 203.

[2380] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 107, p. 203.

[2381] Estimate based on the assumption that Marinus was one of the youngest children of Docibilis II, the latter presumably having married [915/18].

[2382] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2383] CDC 41 and 45, respectively, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 65.

[2384] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2385] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 58, p. 108.

[2386] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 100.

[2387] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 101.

[2388] D O III 337, p. 765.

[2389] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 121.

[2390] Stasser (2008), p. 299, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 122.

[2391] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2392] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 101.

[2393] Stasser (2008), p. 298, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 106.

[2394] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 101.

[2395] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 130.

[2396] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2397] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2398] Stasser (2008), p. 290, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 59.

[2399] Stasser (2008), p. 290, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2400] Stasser (2008), p. 290, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2401] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2402] Stasser (2008), p. 273, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2403] Stasser (2008), p. 273, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2404] Stasser (2008), p. 273, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2405] Stasser (2008), p. 273, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2406] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 46, p. 76.

[2407] Stasser (2008), p. 257, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 52, p. 87.

[2408] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 73, p. 135.

[2409] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 72, p. 133.

[2410] D O III 337, p. 765.

[2411] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 72, p. 133.

[2412] Estimated based on the estimated birth dates of both his father and his son.

[2413] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 73, p. 135.

[2414] Stasser (2008), p. 258, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 72, p. 133.

[2415] Skinner (2002), p. 71.

[2416] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 100.

[2417] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 112.

[2418] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2419] Skinner (2002), p. 151.

[2420] Estimate based on the estimated birth date of his son.

[2421] Stasser (2008), p. 259, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 94, p. 175.

[2422] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 100.

[2423] Gattula Accessiones (1734), Pars I, p. 112.

[2424] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 121.

[2425] Estimated on the assumption he succeeded when a baby as his mother was still associated with him in documents dated 1032, see Skinner (2002), p. 151.

[2426] Skinner (2002), pp. 151-2.

[2427] CDC 165, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 158.

[2428] Stasser (2008), p. 285, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 179.

[2429] Stasser (2008), p. 285, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 179.

[2430] Stasser (2008), p. 285, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 179.

[2431] Stasser (2008), p. 286, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 215.

[2432] Skinner (2002), p. 90.

[2433] Skinner (2002), p. 151.

[2434] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 152.

[2435] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2436] Stasser (2008), p. 276, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2437] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 121.

[2438] Stasser (2008), p. 299, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 122.

[2439] Stasser (2008), p. 299, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 148.

[2440] Stasser (2008), p. 299, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 148.

[2441] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 187, p. 369.

[2442] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting Muratori, L. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, Vol. I, Stemma principum Langobardorum, 2, p. 327.

[2443] Stasser (2008), p. 60, quoting CDC, Vol. 1, 187, p. 369.

[2444] Stasser (2008), pp. 255-6, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 19.

[2445] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 44.

[2446] CDC 49, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 65.

[2447] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 46.

[2448] Stasser (2008), p. 302, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 110.

[2449] Stasser (2008), p. 302, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 110.

[2450] Stasser (2008), p. 302, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 110.

[2451] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 48.

[2452] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[2453] Stasser (2008), p. 277, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2454] Stasser (2008), p. 302, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2455] Stasser (2008), p. 303, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 114.

[2456] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 94.

[2457] Stasser (2008), p. 277, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2458] Stasser (2008), p. 283, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2459] Stasser (2008), p. 302, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 63.

[2460] Stasser (2008), p. 302, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 64.

[2461] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 44.

[2462] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 55.

[2463] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2464] Stasser (2008), p. 283, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 94.

[2465] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2466] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2467] Spinelli, A. (ed.) (1847) Regii Neapolitani archivi Monumenta edita ac illustrata, Vol. I pars altera 948-80 (Naples) ("Regii Neapolitani Monumenta"), Vol. I, Pars altera, LXIX, p. 39.

[2468] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. I, Pars altera, LXXIII, p. 47.

[2469] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. I, Pars altera, XCIX, p. 103.

[2470] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. I, Pars altera, CVI, p. 119.

[2471] Regii Neapolitani Monumenta, Vol. I, Pars altera, CXXVIII, p. 166.

[2472] Skinner (2002), p. 42.

[2473] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 48.

[2474] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[2475] Stasser (2008), p. 301, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 50.

[2476] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2477] Stasser (2008), p. 283, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 94.

[2478] D O III 337, p. 765.

[2479] Stasser (2008), p. 302, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2480] Stasser (2008), p. 303, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 114.

[2481] Stasser (2008), p. 277, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2482] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2483] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 90.

[2484] Stasser (2008), p. 302, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2485] Stasser (2008), p. 303, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 114.

[2486] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2487] Stasser (2008), p. 277, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2488] Stasser (2008), p. 303, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2489] Stasser (2008), p. 303, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2490] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 197.

[2491] Stasser (2008), p. 303, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2492] Stasser (2008), p. 303, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 143.

[2493] Stasser (2008), p. 290, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 108.

[2494] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2495] Stasser (2008), p. 290, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 97.

[2496] Stasser (2008), p. 276, citing CDC, Vol. I, no. 120.

[2497] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 176.

[2498] Skinner (2002), p. 153.

[2499] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2500] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 197.

[2501] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 197.

[2502] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 202.

[2503] Stasser (2008), p. 286, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 215.

[2504] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2505] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 225.

[2506] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 314.

[2507] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 314.

[2508] Stasser (2008), p. 286, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 215.

[2509] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2510] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 225.

[2511] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 195.

[2512] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 200.

[2513] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 202.

[2514] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2515] Stasser (2008), p. 286, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 215.

[2516] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2517] Stasser (2008), p. 286, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 215.

[2518] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2519] Stasser (2008), p. 262, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 220.

[2520] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 202.

[2521] Stasser (2008), p. 286, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 215.

[2522] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2523] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 224.

[2524] Stasser (2008), p. 293, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 243.

[2525] Stasser (2008), p. 293, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 251.

[2526] Stasser (2008), p. 293, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 243.

[2527] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 307.

[2528] Skinner (2002), p. 154.

[2529] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 197.

[2530] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 224.

[2531] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 142.

[2532] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. I, no. 173.

[2533] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 202.

[2534] Stasser (2008), p. 292, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 220.

[2535] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 252.

[2536] Stasser (2008), p. 291, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 202.

[2537] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 252.

[2538] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.37, MGH SS VII, p. 652.

[2539] Amatus II.6, p. 65.

[2540] Amatus II.32, p. 77. .

[2541] Amatus II.32, p. 77.

[2542] Amatus II.41, p. 83.

[2543] Scandone (1903), p. 19, quoting Codex Diplomaticus Aquinas, 1045 [not yet consulted].

[2544] Amatus III. 24, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 154.

[2545] Amatus IV.12, p. 115.

[2546] Skinner (2002), p. 156.

[2547] Amatus V.1, pp. 148-50.

[2548] Amatus, V. 9, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 157.

[2549] CDC 249, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 157.

[2550] Amatus V.1, pp. 148-50.

[2551] Orderic Vitalis (Prévost), Vol. II, Liber III, p. 27.

[2552] Orderic Vitalis (Prévost), Vol. II, Liber III, p. 35.

[2553] Orderic Vitalis (Prévost), Vol. II, Liber III, V, p. 87.

[2554] Skinner (2002), p. 157.

[2555] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. II, Book III, p. 59.

[2556] Scandone (1903), p. 23, quoting Registrum Petri Diaconi, n. 483 [not yet consulted].

[2557] Amatus VI.12, p. 155.

[2558] Amatus, V. 9, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 157.

[2559] CDC 235, cited in Skinner (2002), p. 157.

[2560] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis III.41, MGH SS VII, p. 733.

[2561] Stasser (2008), p. 266, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 266, p. 149.

[2562] Patrologia Latina, Vol. 151, Urbanus II Epistolæ et Privilegia, Epistola CCLXXVI, col. 0534C.

[2563] Skinner (2002), p. 158.

[2564] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.25, MGH SS VII, p. 773.

[2565] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 649, p. 404.

[2566] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 650, p. 405.

[2567] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 270.

[2568] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 285.

[2569] Skinner (2002), p. 158.

[2570] Stasser (2008), p. 237, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 288, p. 193.

[2571] Stasser (2008), p. 237, citing CDC, Vol. 2, 288, p. 193.

[2572] Stasser (2008), p. 294, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 285.

[2573] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 607, p. 367.

[2574] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 1 (1885), Regesta Neapolitana, 612, p. 371.

[2575] Skinner (2002), p. 158.

[2576] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.54, MGH SS VII, p. 788.

[2577] Stasser (2008), p. 266, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 281, p. 177.

[2578] Skinner (2002), p. 159.

[2579] Chronicon Fossæ Novæ, p. 507.

[2580] Stasser (2008), p. 266, quoting CDC, Vol. II, no. 281, p. 177.

[2581] Stasser (2008), p. 267.

[2582] Petri Diaconi, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis IV.54, MGH SS VII, p. 788.

[2583] Stasser (2008), pp. 334-5.

[2584] Amatus II.7, pp. 65-6.

[2585] Amatus II.7, pp. 65-6.

[2586] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.63, MGH SS VII, p. 672.

[2587] Amatus II.3, p. 64.

[2588] Amatus, p. 64 footnote 4.

[2589] Amatus II.2, p. 64.

[2590] Malaterra, I.6, p. 10.

[2591] Chalandon (1907), Vol. I, p. 81.

[2592] Amatus II.4 and 5, p. 64.

[2593] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.63, MGH SS VII, pp. 670-2.

[2594] Amatus II.3, p. 64.

[2595] Amatus II.7, pp. 65-6.

[2596] Stasser (2008), p. 246, quoting Gallo, A. (ed.) (1927) Codice diplomatico Normanno di Aversa (Naples), 49, p. 395.

[2597] Amatus III.34, p. 98, footnote 52 postulating that this was the duke who was displaced by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, not Guido himself.

[2598] Gesta Roberti Wiscardi IV, MGH SS IX, p. 290. Amatus, p. 165 footnote 7, states that Herman was half-brother of Abelard, citing the Gesta Roberti, but this does not emerge from the text.

[2599] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.66, MGH SS VII, p. 676.

[2600] Stasser (2008), pp. 334-5.

[2601] Chronica Monasterii Casinensis III.29, MGH SS VII, p. 719.

[2602] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 269.

[2603] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Milante, P. T. (1750) De Stabiis, Stabiana ecclesia et episcopatus eius (Naples), pp. 44-51.

[2604] Monumenta Neapolitani Ducatus, Vol. II, Part 2 (1892), VII, Inscriptiones, 39, p. 241.

[2605] Stasser (2008), p. 334, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 250.

[2606] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Camera (1876), Vol. I, p. 269.

[2607] Stasser (2008), p. 334, citing Meo (1795-1819), Vol. VIII, p. 250.

[2608] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium G 28, and Loud, G. A. ´A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman princes of Capua´, Papers of the British School of Rome Vol. 49 (1981), pp. 99-143, no. 146.

[2609] Stasser (2008), p. 334.

[2610] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium E 21, and Loud, G. A. ´A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman princes of Capua´, Papers of the British School of Rome Vol. 49 (1981), pp. 99-143, no. 118.

[2611] Stasser (2008), p. 334, quoting Archives of Cava dei Tirreni, Abbazia di S. Trinita, Armarii Magni, Armarium G 28, and Loud, G. A. ´A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman princes of Capua´, Papers of the British School of Rome Vol. 49 (1981), pp. 99-143, no. 146.

[2612] Stasser (2008), p. 334.

[2613] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[2614] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[2615] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMLI, p. 117.

[2616] Muratori, L. A. (1773) Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta XIX, p. 361.

[2617] Amatus II.6, p. 65.

[2618] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VI, CMXCIII, p. 187.

[2619] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome V, DCCCXLIII, p. 214.

[2620] Amatus II.7, p. 66.

[2621] Catalogus Principum Salerni, MGH SS III, p. 211.

[2622] Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis Tome VII, MLXXXIII, p. 41.