Italian nobles families in the 6th to 12th centuries are set out in three sets of documents, NORTHERN ITALY (1), CENTRAL ITALY, and the present document SOUTHERN ITALY. This geographic split in presenting the research on Italian nobility is justified by the divergent ways in which the noble families evolved in these two areas during the early medieval period, which is explained in part by the different outside influences to which each area was subject.

The southern Italian principalities established themselves between the 6th and 9th centuries. The Lombards who moved into southern Italy in the latter part of the 6th century established the principality of Benevento. The principality of Salerno broke away at the time of the civil war which followed the death of Sicard Prince of Benevento in 839, its autonomy being confirmed by Louis II King of Italy in 849. Capua broke away in [860/61] and established itself as the third autonomous Lombard principality in southern Italy. Naples had been one of the Byzantine colonies in southern Italy. The dukedom of Naples became autonomous in the 8th century, with its vassal states of Gaeta and Amalfi, which broke away in the 9th century.

The Lombard duchies in southern Italy had three main adversaries: the Byzantines whose colonies survived in the southern part of the Italian peninsula until well into the 11th century; the north African Muslims who conquered Sicily, Messina and Siracusa in the mid-9th century and raided the coastal cities on the west of mainland Italy throughout the period; and the Normans from the 11th century onwards. Geographical distance from the northern Italian kingdom's administrative centres of Pavia and Ravenna enabled the southern principalities to evolve on autonomous lines. In addition, the Papal territories represented a buffer between north and south, especially after the 756 Donation of Pepin under which Papal claims to many parts of central Italy were recognised by the Frankish invaders.

The dating of the Lombard rulers of southern Italy must be considered approximate as in many cases it depends on calculation from the lengths of their reigns as stated in primary sources, not all of which are consistent with each other. Few dates can be corroborated accurately against non-Lombard sources.

Chapter 1. BENEVENTO

The Lombard duchy of Benevento was established in 571, and because of its remoteness from the northern centre of Lombard power developed largely autonomously. It sacked the monastery of Monte Cassino in 580, raided Naples from 581, and ensured that the Byzantine enclaves in southern Italy did not expand further. The first recorded Lombard duke of Benevento was Zotto[1]. Arichis II Duke of Benevento proclaimed himself Prince of Benevento in 774, as sole Lombard ruler in Italy after the Lombard Italian kingdom was incorporated into the Frankish domain following the defeat of Desiderius King of the Lombards. By the early 9th century, the principality of Benevento had expanded to include most of Puglia and Calabria. Prince Sicard made a peace agreement with the duchy of Naples in 836[2], and in 838 conquered Amalfi. However, after he was assassinated in 839, the principality broke apart in a civil war between his brother and one of Sicard´s officers Radelchis. The war was eventually settled by Louis King of Italy [Carolingian] who arranged the creation of the new principality of Salerno out of Beneventan territory under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani which was signed in early 849[3]. Byzantine possessions in southern Italy in the mid-9th century were restricted to Gallipoli and Otranto, as well as land south of a line from Rossano to Amantes in Calabria, the two areas separated by the principality of Salerno[4]. However, Byzantium reconquered Bari in 876, Taranto in 880, and Conversano by 899, while the capital of the duchy of Benevento was occupied between 891 and 894[5]. They expanded their territories considerably during the 10th and early 11th centuries, so that by the early 11th century Byzantium controlled the whole of Puglia, the land of Otranto, and the major part of Calabria. A Papal bull dated 1024, organising the ecclesiastical province of Canosa-Bari, shows that the Byzantines held Bari, Canosa, Meduno, Giovenazzo, Melfi, Rubo, Trani, Canne, Minervino, Aquatecta, Montemelo, Lavello, Cisterna, Bitalbi, Salpi, Conversano, Polignano, and Ecatera at that date[6]. Two charters dated 1003 and 1005 show that Venosa was held by the Byzantines[7]. Liutprand, describing the province of Otranto, shows Otranto, Turcico, Gravina, Matera and Tricarico as Byzantine possessions[8]. Taranto, Brindisi and Acerenza were also Byzantine territory in the early 11th century[9]. It is possible to assess the extent of the principality of Benevento around the same time from a bull of Pope Benedict VIII dated 1014, which named the towns of Bovino, Ascoli, Larino, Trivento, Lucera, Sant´Agata, Avellino, Ariano, Vulturaria, Telese, Alife, Sessula, Lesina, Termoli, and Siponto, as well as the region of Gargano, although Chalandon points out that the cartulaire of Tremiti shows that Siponto had been lost by Benevento by 1023[10].

A. DUKES (PRINCES from 774) of BENEVENTO (FAMILY of GISULF)

ZOTTO [584]-[604]

1. ZOTTO, son of --- (-[603/04]). He was installed as ZOTTO Duke of Benevento in [583/84]. Paulus Diaconus names "primus Langobardorum dux in Benevento…Zotto" stating that he ruled the principality for 20 years[11]. Paulus Diaconus records the death of "Zottone Beneventanorum duce", specifying that "Arigis" was appointed to succeed as missus by King Agilulf[12].

ARCHIS I [604]-[640], AION I [640]-642

1. ARICHIS, son of --- (-[640]). He was related to Gisulf II Duke of Friulia, but the precise relationship has not yet been identified. Paulus Diaconus records the death of "Zottone Beneventanorum duce", specifying that "Arigis" was appointed to succeed as missus by King Agilulf, and that he was "consanguineus" of "Gisulfi Foroiulani ducis" (presumably referring to Duke Gisulf II) whose sons he had educated[13]. According to the Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis, "Archis" was installed as ARICHIS I Duke of Benevento in [604/05] and ruled 50 years[14], although this period must be exaggerated. m ---. The name of Duke Arichis's wife is not known. Duke Arichis & his wife had one child:

a) AION (-killed in battle Siponto [641/42]). The Chronicon Ducum Beneventi, Salerni, Capuæ et Neapolis records that "Aio, Arichis filius" succeeded as AION I Duke of Benevento and ruled for 1 year 5 months[15]. According to Paulus Diaconus, he was made to drink a potion which drove him mad, and was killed fighting the Slavs who raided the Adriatic coast of Italy[16]. He was succeeded by his relative Radoald, who was the son of Gisulf II Duke of Friulia.

RADOALD 642-648, GRIMOALD I 648-671

GISULF II Duke of Friulia, son of GISULF I Duke of Friulia & his wife --- (-killed 610). Duke of Friulia. He was killed by the Avars.

1. other children: see FRIULIA.

2. RADOALD (-[647/48]). Paulus Diaconus names "Taso et Cacco iam adulescentes, Raduald…et Grimuald adhuc in puerili ætate" as the sons of "Gisulfus Foroiulanus dux", when recording their escape after their father was killed[17]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Radoald…et Grimoald" went to Benevento to join "Arichis Beneventanorum ducem"[18]. He succeeded his relative Aion I in [641/42] as RADOALD Duke of Benevento. Paulus Diaconus records that "Raduald duce" ruled for 5 years[19].

3. GRIMOALD (-671, bur Ticino, Basilica of St Ambrosius). Paulus Diaconus names "Taso et Cacco iam adulescentes, Raduald…et Grimuald adhuc in puerili ætate" as the sons of "Gisulfus Foroiulanus dux", when recording Grimoald's difficulty in escaping after the death of their father[20]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Radoald…et Grimoald" went to Benevento to join "Arichis Beneventanorum ducem"[21]. He succeeded his brother in [647/48] as GRIMOALD I Duke of Benevento. Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimuald eius germanus" succeeded his brother Radoald and ruled for 25 years[22]. Godepert King of the Lombards sought help from Duke Grimoald in his dispute with his brother King Perctarit in 662, promising Grimoald the hand of their sister in marriage. He deposed King Godepert and installed himself as GRIMOALD King of the Lombards in 662[23]. He threatened to end the peace with the khan of the Avars unless they expelled ex-King Perctarit, the brother of King Godepert[24]. According to Paulus Diaconus, Grimoald defeated an invading army of Franks by leaving his camp unattended with food and wine and attacking the Franks after they had feasted[25]. The same source records that he avenged the murder of his older brothers by destroying the city of Opitergium, where they had been killed, and distributing its territories between Friulia, Tarvisium and Ceneta[26]. Paulus Diaconus also states that Lupus Duke of Friulia rebelled against King Grimoald but was defeated with the help of the Avars, who refused to return home until King Grimoald began assembling an army against them[27]. According to Paulus Diaconus, King Grimoald made a peace treaty with Dagobert II King of the Franks[28], but this report must be inaccurate as King Dagobert only succeeded as king five years after Grimoald died. Paulus reports that Grimoald died allegedly as a result of poisons applied by his doctors when wounds from a previous phlebotomy opened and bled, and was buried "in basilica beati Ambrosii"[29]. m firstly ITA, daughter of --- (-before [663]). Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimuald" had "Romualdum filium et duas filias" by "captiva puella, sed tamen nobili…Ita"[30]. m secondly ([663]) --- of the Lombards, daughter of ARIPERT I King of the Lombards & his wife ---. Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimuald" married "Ariperti regis filiam" soon after starting to rule at Ticino[31]. Duke Grimoald & his first wife had two children:

a) ROMOALD (-687). Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald and his wife Ita[32]. He succeeded his father in 671 as ROMOALD I Duke of Benevento.

- see below.

b) GISA (-Sicily after 662). Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald and his wife Ita[33]. "Gysa soror Romuald" is named in the Benedicti Chronicon [34]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Romualdi sororem…Gisa" was given as a hostage to Emperor Constans II when his withdrawal from Benevento was negotiated, and that she was taken to Sicily where she died[35].

c) daughter . Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald & his wife[36]. Paulus Diaconus records that King Grimoald arranged the marriage of "sua filia, Romualdi altera sorore" to "Transamundum…Capuæ comes"[37]. m ([663]) TRASIMUND Count of Capua, son of ---. Paulus Diaconus records that "Transamundum…Capuæ comes" was installed as TRASIMUND Duke of Spoleto after helping Grimoald Duke of Benevento to secure the Lombard throne[38], the event probably being dated to [665].

Duke Grimoald & his second wife had one child:

d) GARIPALD (-after 671). Paulus Diaconus names "Garibald" as the son of King Grimoald and his wife "Ariperti regis filia"[39]. The same source records that, although still a child, he succeeded his father in 671 as GARIPALD King of the Lombards, but was deposed almost immediately by Perctarit[40].

ROMOALD I 671-687, GRIMOALD II 687-690, GISULF I 690-706

ROMOALD, son of GRIMOALD I Duke of Benevento, King of the Lombards & his first wife Ita --- (-687). Paulus Diaconus names "Romualdum filium et duas filias" as the children of Grimoald and his wife Ita[41]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names Romoald as son of Grimoald[42]. His father appointed him as regent at Benevento after seizing the kingdom of the Lombards[43]. Paulus Diaconus records that Romoald was besieged in Benevento by Emperor Constans II in [663], and that his father led troops to relieve the siege at which time the emperor withdrew to Naples[44]. Paulus also records that Romoald defeated the Roman commander Saburrus near Forinus[45]. He succeeded his father in 671 as ROMOALD I Duke of Benevento. He captured Taranto and Brindisi and subjugated the whole region[46]. Paulus Diaconus records that Romoald died after ruling for 16 years[47].

m ([664]) THEUDERADA, daughter of LUPUS dux of Forum Iulii [Friulia] & his wife --- (-after 690). Paulus Diaconus records that "Grimualdus rex…suo filio Romualdo" married "Lupo duce…filiam eius Theuderadam" after her father's death[48]. "Theuderada" is named wife of Duke Romoald in the Benedicti Chronicon, but her origin is not given[49]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Romualdus…coniux…eius Theuderata" built "basilicam…beati Petri apostolic" at Benevento[50]. Romoald married Theuderada after her father, who had rebelled against King Grimoald, was killed. She was regent in 690 during the minority of her son Duke Gisulf[51]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment "in Benevento palatio…in præsentia Domnæ Ageltrudis imperatricis augustæ et domni Radelchis principis" by "Lodoicus castaldeus" against "Bernardus clericus filius…Bernardi…in monasterio Sanctæ Mariæ…ad Castanietum propinquo Castro Piniano" founded by "domna Theoderada ducissa…et…Domno Gisulfo Duce filio eius", by charter dated to [896][52].

Duke Romoald & his wife had three children:

1. GRIMOALD (-690). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names Grimoald as son of Romoald[53]. Paulus Diaconus names (in order) "Grimualdum, Gisulfum…et Arichis" as the three sons of Duke Romoald & his wife[54]. He succeeded his father in 687 as GRIMOALD II Duke of Benevento. Paulus Diaconus records that "Romuald…eius filius Grimualdus" ruled for three years[55]. m WIGLINDA of the Lombards, daughter of PERCTARIT King of the Lombards & his wife Rodelinda --- ([Benevento late 662 or Ticino after 672]-). Paulus Diaconus names "Wigilinda, soror Cunincperti, filia Perctarit regis" as wife of "Romuald…eius filius Grimualdus"[56]. She is not referred to by Paulus Diaconus when he records her mother's exile[57], which suggests that she was born either in Benevento later in 662 or in Ticino after 672.

2. GISULF ([after 672]-706). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Gisulfus" as brother of Grimoald[58]. Paulus Diaconus names (in order) "Grimualdum, Gisulfum…et Arichis" as the three sons of Duke Romoald & his wife[59]. He succeeded his brother in 690 as GISULF I Duke of Benevento, under the regency of his mother, his birth date being estimated on the assumption that he was under 18 years old at the time. Paulus Diaconus records that "Gisulfus eius germanus" succeeded Grimoald and ruled for 17 years[60]. Paulus also records that Gisulf captured the Roman city of Sura, with Hirpinum and Arcis, plundered Campania and was persuaded to return to Benevento after Pope John VI sent gifts and ransomed all his captives[61]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Gisolfus Summus dux gentis Langobardorum" donated property to Volturno monastery founded by "nobis carnis consanguinitate propinqui Paldo, Tato et Taso" by charter dated 703[62]. m WINIPERGA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus names "Winiperga" as wife of "Gisulfus, eius germanus [Grimualdo]" but does not give her origin[63]. Duke Gisulf I & his wife had one child:

a) ROMOALD ([690]-731). Paulus Diaconus names "Romuald" as the son of Duke Gisulf & his wife[64]. "Romoaldus" is named as son of Gisulf in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti[65]. Paulus Diaconus names "Gisulfo Beneventano duce…Romuald eius filius" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[66]. He succeeded his father in 706 as ROMOALD II Duke of Benevento.

- see below.

3. ARICHIS (after 673-). Paulus Diaconus names (in order) "Grimualdum, Gisulfum…et Arichis" as the three sons of Duke Romoald & his wife[67]. Stasser suggests that he was the ancestor of Arechis II who succeeded Luitprand as Duke of Benevento in 758[68].

ROMOALD II 706-731, GISULF II 731, 742

ROMOALD, son of GISULF I Duke of Benevento & his wife Winiperga --- ([690]-731). Paulus Diaconus names "Romuald" as the son of Duke Gisulf & his wife[69]. "Romoaldus" is named as son of Gisulf in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti[70]. Paulus Diaconus names "Gisulfo Beneventano duce…Romuald eius filius" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[71]. He succeeded his father in 706 as ROMOALD II Duke of Benevento. The monastery of Monte Cassino was resettled in [718], and a new monastic complex emerged at San Vinzenzo al Voltunro fifty kilometres to the north-east[72].

m firstly ([715]) GUMPERGA, daughter of --- & his wife Aurona of the Lombards. Paulus Diaconus names "Gumpergam…filia Auronæ, Liutprandi regis sororis" as wife of "Romoald dux Beneventi"[73].

m secondly RANIGUNDA, daughter of GAIDOALD Duke of Brescia & his wife ---. Paulus Diaconus records that Duke Romoald had "aliam coniugem…Ranigundam filiam Gaidualdi Brexiani ducis"[74].

Duke Romoald II & his first wife had one child:

1. GISULF ([720]-after Nov 745). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Gisulfus puerulus" as son of Romuald[75]. Paulus Diaconus names "Gisulfum" as the son of "Romoald dux Beneventi" & his first wife[76]. When his father died, attempts were made to kill him and prevent his succession, but the people intervened and saved his life, enabling him to succeed as GISULF II Duke of Benevento. He was deposed in a palace revolt and replaced by Audelahis, who was in turn replaced in [734/35] by Gregorius, nephew of Luitprand King of the Lombards. King Luitprand invited Gisulf to his court at Pavia where he was brought up and his marriage arranged[77]. Paulus Diaconus records that Gisulf II was restored as Duke of Benevento I in 742 by King Luitprand[78]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Gisulfus…Dux Beneventi Langobardorum gentis" donated several churches to Volturno monastery by two charters dated 750[79]. "Gisolfus…dux Langobardorum gentis" donated property "in finibus Teano, loco Bairanum" to the monastery of Santa Maria in Cingla and "Acetruda…abbatissa", by charter dated Sep [745][80]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Anseramo scanfardo…cum Lupu et Ansone filii sui" sold property to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom Gisolfi summo duci, anno nono decimo ducati eius, men Nobembii, indict quarta decima" (Nov [745] according to the indiction, [749/50] for the regnal year)[81]. m ([736/37]) SCAUNIPERGA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus records that the marriage of "Gisulfumque suum nepotem" and "Scaunipergam nobili ortam progenie" was arranged by Liutprand King of the Lombards[82]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti names "Scauniperga" as wife of "Gisolfus Beneventanorum dux"[83]. She was regent of Benevento until 756, during the minority of her son Luitprand. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domna Scaniperga et Domnus…Liuprand summi Ducibus gentis Langobardorum" donated serfs to Volturno monastery by charter dated Nov 747[84]. Duke Gisulf II & his wife had one child:

a) LUITPRAND (-after 758). He succeeded his father as LUITPRAND Duke of Benevento. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domna Scaniperga et Domnus…Liuprand summi Ducibus gentis Langobardorum" donated serfs to Volturno monastery by charter dated Nov 747[85]. He revolted against Desiderius King of the Lombards, who deposed him in 758, replacing him as duke by Arechis.

AUDELAHIS 731-734, GREGORIUS 734-742, GODESCHALK 742-745

1. AUDELAHIS (-after 734). He was installed in 731 as AUDELAHIS Prince of Benevento after he deposed Duke Gisulf II. The primary source which records this has so far not being identified. His succession is ignored by Paulus Diaconus.

1. GREGORIUS, son of --- (-742). Paulus Diaconus records that Liutprand King of the Lombards installed "suum nepotem Gregorium" as duke of Benevento after deposing Duke Gisulf[86]. "Gregorius" is named in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti as "nepos Lioprandi"[87], who installed him as GREGORIUS Duke of Benevento in [734/35] in place of Gisulf. Paulus Diaconus records that he reigned for seven years and was replaced by Godeschalk[88]. m (after [734/35]) GISELPERGA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus names "Giselperga" as wife of "Gregorius", specifying that the marriage was arranged by King Liutprand[89].

2. GODESCHALK (-745). Paulus Diaconus records that "Godescalcus" was installed as GODESCHALK Duke of Benevento after Duke Gregorius died, recording in a later passage that he was deposed and fled to Greece but died en route[90]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[91]. m ANNA, daughter of ---. Paulus Diaconus names "Anna" as wife of "Godescalcus", recording in a later passage that she arrived safely in Constantinople after her husband died[92].

ARICHIS II 758-787, GRIMOALD III 787-806

Brother and sister:

1. ARICHIS, son of --- ([736]-Salerno 26 Aug 787, bur Salerno Cathedral). The parentage of Arichis is unknown. Stasser suggests that he may have been descended from Arichis, third son of Romoald I Duke of Benevento, possibly his grandson[93]. He was installed as ARICHIS II Duke of Benevento in 758 by Desiderius King of the Lombards after the deposition of Duke Luitprand. The dating clause of a charter under which "Arnaisclo fi[lius] q[uon]dd[am] Vvillerami" sold property to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom Arechis summi ducis Langobardorum, anno septimo ducati eius, men Magio per indict sec[un]da" (May [764])[94]. He proclaimed himself Prince of Benevento in 774, as sole Lombard ruler after the incorporation of the Lombard Italian kingdom into the Frankish domain after the defeat of King Desiderius. Paul the Deacon lived at his court[95]. He founded the church of Santa Sophia at Benevento[96]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Arichis…Longobardorum gentis princeps" donated property to Volturno monastery by undated charter[97]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Arichis summus Dux gentis Langombardorum" confirmed the donation to Volturno monastery by "quondam Arichis filius Radychis" by charter dated 778[98]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Aredeo fi[lius] qdd Georgii" donated property to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom Arechis summi duci genti Langobardorum, anno vicesimo sec[un]do ducati eius, men Magio per indict sec[un]da" (May [779])[99]. It should be noted that this document refers to "ducati eius" not "principatu eius". Different manuscripts of the Annales Beneventani record the death of "Arechis princeps et dux Samnitum" on "VII Kal Sep 788" and in Aug 787[100]. The Annales Laurissenses record the deaths in 787 of "Harichis dux Beneventanus" and of "Romaldum filium suum"[101]. Einhard records the deaths (in 786) of "Aragisus dux Beneventanorum…Rumoldo maiore filio suo" and the accession of "minore ducis filio Grimoldo"[102]. His place of burial is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which records that his son "Grimoald" was buried "in…ecclesia sedis Salernitanæ iuxta sepulchra patris fratrisque"[103]. m ([758]) ADALPERGA of the Lombards, daughter of DESIDERIUS King of the Lombards & his wife Ansa --- (-after Feb 788). The Chronicon Salernitanum names Adalperga, daughter of Desiderius, as wife of "Arichis Beneventanus dux"[104]. She is referred to as the wife of Duke Arichis in the Versus de Annis by Paulus Diaconus, the initial letters of each verse of the poem spelling out the words "Adelperga pia"[105]. Paul the Deacon dedicated his history of the Roman Empire to her[106]. Pope Hadrian I records "Adalberga relicta Arigihs…duas filias suas secum" in a letter to Charles I King of the Franks dated to [777/78][107]. Duke Arichis & his wife had five children:

a) ROMOALD ([761/62]-21 Jul 787, bur Salerno Cathedral). "Rumoldum et Grimoldum" are named as sons of "Aragisus" by Einhard[108]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[109]. The Annales Beneventani record the death "pridie Kal Aug 787" of "Roimoaldus filius Arechi", earlier in the same month in which his father died[110]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Romoald filii Arichis" died aged 25[111]. The Annales Laurissenses record the deaths in 787 of "Harichis dux Beneventanus" and of "Romaldum filium suum"[112]. The Annales Laurissenses record the deaths in 787 of "Harichis dux Beneventanus" and of "Romaldum filium suum"[113]. Einhard records the deaths (in 786) of "Aragisus dux Beneventanorum…Rumoldo maiore filio suo" and the accession of "minore ducis filio Grimoldo"[114]. His place of burial is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which records that his brother "Grimoald" was buried "in…ecclesia sedis Salernitanæ iuxta sepulchra patris fratrisque"[115].

b) GRIMOALD (-Apr 806, bur Salerno Cathedral). "Rumoldum et Grimoldum" are named as sons of "Aragisus" by Einhard[116]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[117]. Grimoald was taken by Charles I King of the Franks as a hostage for his father's good behaviour, but after the death of his father his mother persuaded the king to release him[118]. He was installed as GRIMOALD III Prince of Benevento in succession to his father[119], in return for recognising Carolingian suzerainty. Einhard records the deaths (in 786) of "Aragisus dux Beneventanorum…Rumoldo maiore filio suo" and the accession of "minore ducis filio Grimoldo"[120]. The Annales Regni Francorum record that, in 788, he won an overwhelming victory over Byzantine forces in Calabria[121]. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 792, under which "Melonianus" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "Grimoald…dux gentis Langobardorum"[122]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Trasemundus fi[lius] Quodescalci" donated property "in Borfoniana finibus Apulie" to Montecassino refers to "temporibus domni Grimualdi Longobardorum gentis principis, anno septimo principatus eius, men Martio, quintadecima indict" (Mar [792])[123]. Grimoald revolted against the Franks in 792, from which time he issued coins in his own name. He also refused to shave his beard despite the Carolingian order to do so[124]. Einhard records that "Grimaldus Beneventanorum dux" captured "Winigisum comitem Spoletii" at "Luceria" and released him the following year[125]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Winigisus dux Spolitanus" was besieged and captured by "Grimoldo" in 802, but released in the following year[126]. The Annales Regni Francorum also record that, in 802, Grimoald captured Winichis dux of Spoleto at Lucera, and released him the following year[127]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Lupo fi[lius] q[uon]dd[am] Gavioli" sold property "in vico Bonelle" to Montecassino refers to "tempori dom…Grimoalt summo magno princ Langobardorum genti, quinto decimo anno, men Aprile per indict undecima" (Apr [803])[128]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Vitaliano fi[lius] Vitali" sold property "in Prata, loco…Vico Bonelle" to Montecassino refers to "temporibus dom Grimoaldi summo magni princ Langobardorum ientis, octabo decimo anno princ eius, men Ianuario per indict quarta decima" (Jan [806])[129]. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Prince Grimoald in 806[130]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Grimoald" was buried "in…ecclesia sedis Salernitanæ iuxta sepulchra patris fratrisque"[131]. The Epitaphium Grimoaldi records that "vixisti septem [ter binis floridus annis]"[132]. m ([789/91], repudiated [795]) EUANTHIA, daughter of --- & his wife Hypatia. Erchempert records that "Grimoalt neptem augusti Achivorum in coniugium sumpsit nomine Wautiam"[133]. The Vita Philareti by Niketas of Amnia records the marriage of Euanthia, granddaughter of Philaretos (and sister of Maria, first wife of Emperor Konstantinos VI), to "un roi des Lombards nommé Argousis"[134]. Her repudiation is referred to in a letter from Theodore the Studite to Emperor Konstantinos VI reproaching him of his licentious lifestyle alleging that it provoked "la répudiation d´une épouse légitime dans une contrée lointaine"[135]. The dating of the repudiation is presumably around the same time as Emperor Konstantinos repudiated his first wife [dated to Jan 895], which is recorded by Theophanes[136].

c) GISULF . The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[137].

d) THEODERADA (-after Feb 788). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[138]. Pope Hadrian I records "Adalberga relicta Arigihs…duas filias suas secum" in a letter to Charles I King of the Franks dated to [777/78][139].

e) ADELCHISA (after 773-after Nov 817). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Romoald, Grimoald et Gisifum, Theoderadam et Adelchisam" as children of Duke Arichis and Adalperga[140]. Pope Hadrian I records "Adalberga relicta Arigihs…duas filias suas secum" in a letter to Charles I King of the Franks dated to [777/78][141]. Her date of birth is estimated from the introduction of Paulus Diaconus´s Historia Romana, written in 773, which is addressed to "dominæ Adelpergæ" and refers to her having three children[142], on the assumption that Adelchisa was the younger sister and that their brothers Romoald and Grimoald were definitely born at that date. Abbess of San Salvatore d´Alife. "Sico…Longobardorum gentis princeps" donated property to "Adelchisa filia…domini Arichis", at the request of "Radelchis gastaldi", by charter dated Nov 817[143]. "Sichenolfus…Langobardorum gentis princ[eps]" donated property, including that previously held by "dom[ne] Adelghise que nunc nostri palatii pertinet", to Santa Maria in Cingla by charter dated to [839/Jul 849][144].

2. daughter (-after 774). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Arichis primus Beneventi principum" appointed "germanamque suam" as first abbess of Benevento Santa Sophia, dated to Nov 774[145].

GRIMOALD IV 806-817

1. ERMENRICH . m ---. The name of Ermenrich´s wife is not known. As noted below, it is possible that she was related to Grimoald III Prince of Benevento. Ermenrich & his wife had one child:

a) GRIMOALD "Stoleseyz" (-murdered May 818). His parentage is confirmed by the Vita S. Sabini which records that it was written during the reign of "Hermerich prole Grimoald"[146]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Idelrici filius Grimoalt, quem lingua Todesca…Stoleseyz fuit appellatus"[147]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records him as "exadelphos" of his predecessor[148], but the precise relationship is not known. The absence of the name Ermenrich in the family of the princes of Benevento suggests that the connection was through Grimoald´s mother. The Annales Beneventani record that "Grimoaldus thesaurarius/Grimoaldus Falco" succeeded in 806 as GRIMOALD IV Prince of Benevento[149]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Grimoalt storesais" as successor of "Grimoalt"[150]. The dating clause of a charter under which "Forti sculdais fi[lius] Roderissi sculdais, abitator in civitat Tarentina" donated property in Taranto to Montecassino refers to "temporibus…Grimualdi summi principis gentis Longobardorum, anno sec[un[do princ[i]p[atu]s eius, mse Octobrio, indic prima" (Oct [807])[151]. He was forced to pay tribute of 25,000 solidi to Emperor Charles I in 812, and from 814 annual tribute of 7,000 solidi to Emperor Louis I[152]. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 816, under which "Roppolo filius quondam Tremodi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the eleventh year of "domni Grimualdi Beneventane provincie princeps"[153]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento after reigning for 11 years and 7 months (dated to May 818)[154]. Erchempert records that "Radechis comes Consinus, Sico Agerentinus castaldus" conspired to kill Grimoald[155]. The Annales Beneventani record Grimoald´s death in 818[156].

SICO I 817-830, SICARD 830-839

SICO, son of --- ([769/72]-Oct [830/32]). No information has been found relating to the parentage of Sico. His birth date is estimated from an Epitaphium Grimoaldi which records that he died aged 60[157]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico…cum uxorem et filiis et cunota sua" left the city of Spoleto to travel to Constantinople, but stayed at Benevento with "princeps Grimoalt"[158]. Gastald of Acerenza. Erchempert names "Sico Agerentinus castaldus" among the conspirators against Prince Grimoald IV[159]. The Annales Beneventani record that he succeeded in 817 as SICO I Prince of Benevento[160]. The dating clause of a charter dated 11 Aug 818, under which "Leo filius quondam Piperati" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the second year of "domnis nostri Siconi princeps Beneventane provincie"[161]. He raided Naples and captured the body of San Gennaro, the patron saint of the city[162]. The Annales Beneventani record that Sico died in 832[163], but the charter dated May 835, quoted below, refers to the fifth year of his son "domni nostri Sichardi…Beneventane provincie princeps"[164]. According to the Catalogus Principum Salerni, "Syco Spoletinus" was Count of Salerno for 15 years 8 months[165]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[166].

m ---. The name of Prince Sico's wife is not known.

Prince Sico & his wife had seven or more children:

1. SICARD (-murdered 839[167]). The Annales Beneventani record that "Sycardus filius Sico princeps" succeeded his father as SICARD Prince of Benevento[168], the Catalogus Principum Salerni stating that he ruled for 7 years 9 months[169]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Sichardus…Beneventanæ Provinciæ Princeps" donated land "in partibus Liburiæ…Pantano" to Volturno monastery by charter dated Feb [833][170]. The dating clause of a charter dated May 835, under which "Willus filius quondam Luperissi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "domni nostri Sichardi…Beneventane provincie princeps"[171]. In 836, "Sicardus Langobardorum gentis princeps" made a peace agreement with Naples, represented by Ioannes bishop elect of the church of Naples and Andreas magister militum[172]. The Chronicon Amalphitani records that "Sicardus Princeps" was killed after reigning 7 years[173]. m ADELCHISA, daughter of DAUFER "Mutus" & his wife --- (-before Feb 852). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Adelchisa filia Dauferii qui cognominatus fuit Mutus propter impeditionem suæ linguæ" as wife of Sicard[174]. "Gontarius abbas monasterii sancti Modesti" was testamentary executor of "domina Adelchisa qui fuit principessa relicta domni Sichardi principis" and as such donated her property in Canosa to Monte Casino by charter dated Feb 852[175].

2. SICONULF [Sikenolf] (-Salerno [Nov/Dec] 849). Nithard names "Sigenulf" as brother of "Sigihard"[176]. "Syconulfum eius fratrem [=Sycard]" is named in the Catalogus Principum Salerni, when recording his imprisonment at Taranto[177]. On the death of his older brother, Radelchis deprived Siconulf of Benevento and imprisoned him at Taranto. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, with help from Amalfi, he escaped and was brought back to Salerno which, under his leadership, declared war on Benevento[178]. During the civil war which followed, Siconulf gained control of the southern and western parts of the old principality of Benevento, declaring himself SICONULF Prince of Salerno. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 842, under which "Antipertu et Arnipertu germani filii quondam Cuniperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconolfi"[179]. The ensuing civil war was eventually settled by Louis King of Italy [Carolingian] who arranged the creation of the new principality of Salerno out of Beneventan territory under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani which was signed in early 849 [180]. The Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis records the death of Siconolfo at Salerno[181].

- see below, Chapter 2.A. PRINCES of SALERNO.

3. SICHELENDA . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[182]. m ---, son of AZO & his wife ---.

4. daughter . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[183]. m URSO Gastald of Conza, son of ---.

5. daughter . m RADELMUNDO Gastald of Acerenza, son of ---.

6. other daughters . The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Sico princeps" arranged the marriages of "suas filias Beneventanis viros", that "unam ex eis…Sikelenda" married "Azoni filio", another "Ursi", and a third "iuveni Radelmundus", adding that the husbands of the others were not remembered[184].

B. PRINCES of BENEVENTO (FAMILY of RADELCHIS)

It is not certain that the following family group, recorded in Benevento in the late 8th century, was related to the family of Radelchis who succeeded as Prince of Benevento in 839. However, the common use of the name Ursus in both groups suggests that they may have been related. The status of the so-called duchy of "Cerreto Sanita" in Benevento has not been clarified, especially because dukes of Benevento (of the family of Gisulf, see Part A. above) are recorded during the same time-frame.

1. URSUS, son of MUNICHIS Duke of Friulia & his wife --- . Paulus Diaconus names "Munichis, qui pater post Petri Foroiulani et Ursi Cenetensis ducum"[185]. Duke of Cerreto Sanita (in Benevento). same person as…? URSUS (-before 6 Mar 776). "Ursoni bone memorie…Duci" is recorded as the father of "Johannes…Dux" in the latter´s charter dated 6 Mar 776 which records a donation to Nonantola monastery[186]. The co-identity with dux Ursus, son of Munichis, is not certain. The precise territorial extent of the duchy ruled by Ioannes cannot be ascertained from the text of the 776 charter, although the donation to Nonantola (near Modena in Tuscany) suggests that it was further north than the duchy of Benevento. However, no other reference has yet been found to a second dux Ursus during this period, which suggests that the co-identity may be correct. m ARIFLADA, daughter of --- (-before 6 Mar 776). Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 6 Mar 776 under which her son "Johannes…Dux ac Ursa sorore mea, Ancilla Christi, filius ac filia Ursoni bone memorie" donated property to the monastery of Nonantola, for the souls of "genitori nostri Domno Ursoni Duci et Domna Ariflada genetrice nostra"[187]. Ursus & his wife had two children:

a) JOHANNES (-after 6 Mar 776). Dux. "Johannes…Dux ac Ursa sorore mea, Ancilla Christi, filius ac filia Ursoni bone memorie" donated property to the monastery of Nonantola, for the souls of "genitori nostri Domno Ursoni Duci et Domna Ariflada genetrice nostra", by charter dated 6 Mar 776, subscribed by "Opertus Comes…"[188].

b) URSA (-after 6 Mar 776). "Johannes…Dux ac Ursa sorore mea, Ancilla Christi, filius ac filia Ursoni bone memorie" donated property to the monastery of Nonantola, for the souls of "genitori nostri Domno Ursoni Duci et Domna Ariflada genetrice nostra", by charter dated 6 Mar 776, subscribed by "Opertus Comes…"[189]. Nun.

RADELCHIS I 839-849, RADELGAR I 851-854, GAIDERIS 878-881

1. RADELCHIS, son of --- ([788/60]-849). His birth date is estimated from the Epitaphium Radelchis Principis which records that he died aged 60[190]. He seized power in Benevento in 839 on the death of Sicard Prince of Benevento. During the civil war which followed, he gained control of Benevento and the northern parts of the old principality, declaring himself RADELCHIS I Prince of Benevento. The civil war was eventually settled by Louis King of Italy [Carolingian] who arranged a division of territories between the two sides under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani signed in early 849, Benevento losing half its territory[191]. In 847, the Arabs captured Bari, where they established an emirate, and Taranto[192]. The Annales Beneventani record the death of Prince Radelchis in 849[193]. m GARETRUDA, daughter of --- (-1 Jun ----). The Epitaphium Caretrudæ names "coniux Radelchis…hæc Caretruda", adding that she died aged 70 and had twelve children[194]. Prince Radelchis & his wife had twelve children:

a) URSO ([809/16]-[844/50]). "Ursus fils aîné de Radelchis I" is named in a charter of his father in favour of "gastald Gaidenard" dated May 841[195]. The Epitaphium Ursi records that he was the son of "Radelchis" and that he died before his father aged 34[196].

b) RADELGAR ([822]-[Nov/Dec] [853/54]). The Annales Beneventani record that "Radelgarius filius Radelchis princeps" succeeded his father in 849 as RADELGAR I Prince of Benevento[197]. The contemporary Epitaphium Radelcarii Principis names "Radelcarius, Beneventi celsa potestas"[198], arranged in the compilation immediately after the Epitaphium of his supposed mother. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in 854 of "Radelgarius Princeps"[199]. m TASSELGARDA, daughter of ---. "Radelcharius…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property, at the request of "Tasselgardæ…conjugis nostræ", by charter dated Nov 851[200]. Prince Radelgar & his wife had [two] children:

i) GAIDERIS (-881). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Gaiderius filius Radelgarii" succeeded after the murder of his uncle in 878 as GAIDERIS Prince of Benevento[201]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was deposed and expelled from Benevento in Jan 881[202]. m ---. The name of Gaideris´s wife is not known. Gaideris & his wife had one child:

(a) son . His parentage is confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Gaideris" made an alliance with "Pandonolfo", confirmed by the marriage of the son of the former to the daughter of the latter, dated to [880][203]. m ([880]) --- di Capua, daughter of PANDENOLF Count of Capua & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that "Gaideris" made an alliance with "Pandonolfo", confirmed by the marriage of the son of the former to the daughter of the latter, dated to [880][204].

ii) [--- di Benevento . Erchempert names "Landone filio Landonolfi, cognato…Gaideris"[205], which could indicate that Lando was the brother-in-law of Gaideriso. m LANDO di Capua, son of LANDENOLF di Capua & his wife --- (-885).]

c) ADELCHIS (-murdered 878). The Annales Beneventani record that "Adelgis germanus frater Radelgarii" succeeded his brother in 854 as ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento[206].

- see below.

d) AIO (824 or after-886). The Annales Beneventani record "Aio episcopus" in 840 and the death in 886 of "Aio episcopus"[207]. Bishop of Benevento 17 Jul 840. His parentage is not specified, but the Epitaphium Caretrudæ records that "coniux Radelchis…hæc Caretruda" was the mother of a bishop[208].

e) LADELCHIS (-after Jun 862). The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf, dated 849, names "Petrum filium Landonis et Paldefrit filium Paldulfi" and "Adelgisum et Ladelgisum filios meos et Potonem nepotem meum" as sureties/hostages for performance of the agreement[209]. "Le Prince Adelchis" gave the property of Drogo, who died without heirs, to "son frère Ladelchis" on the request of "un autre frère Arechis qui était son référendaire" by charter dated Jun 862[210].

f) ARECHIS (-after Jun 862). "Le Prince Adelchis" gave the property of Drogo, who died without heirs, to "son frère Ladelchis" on the request of "un autre frère Arechis qui était son référendaire" by charter dated Jun 862[211].

g) six other children . The Epitaphium Caretrudæ names "coniux Radelchis…hæc Caretruda", adding that she died aged 70 and had twelve children[212].

ADELCHIS 854-878, RADELCHIS II 881-884, 897-900, AIO 884-891, URSUS 891-892, GUIDO 895-897

ADELCHIS, son of RADELCHIS I Prince of Benevento & his wife Caretruda --- (-murdered 878). The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf, dated 849, names "Petrum filium Landonis et Paldefrit filium Paldulfi" and "Adelgisum et Ladelgisum filios meos et Potonem nepotem meum" as sureties/hostages for performance of the agreement[213]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Adelgis germanus frater Radelgarii" succeeded his brother in 854 as ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento[214]. Emperor Louis II occupied Benevento in 866, using it as his southern base particularly to plan the recapture of Bari from the Arabs. During this time, the emperor minted coins in association with Prince Adelchis[215]. The over-bearing manner of Empress Engelberga triggered her arrest, and that of her husband, at Benevento in Aug 871, although their release was negotiated within a month by the bishop of Benevento[216]. Regino records that "Adalgisus dux Beneventanus" rebelled against Emperor Louis in 871, having been corrupted by the Greeks[217]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the abbot of Volturno, at the request of "Audoaldi comitis cognati nostri", by charter dated Feb [878][218]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records that "Adelchis Princeps" was killed in 878[219]. A charter of his son "Aio…Langobardorum gentis princeps", dated May [885], records that "dom Adelchis princip…genitori nostro" was killed by "Potoni fi[lii] Potitionis"[220].

m ADELTRUDA, daughter of ---. "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property, at the request of "Adeltrudæ…conjugis nostræ", by charter dated Feb 876[221]. She may have been the sister of Count Audoald, as suggested by the Chronicon Vulturnense which records that "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the abbot of Volturno, at the request of "Audoaldi comitis cognati nostri", by charter dated Feb [878][222].

Prince Adelchis & his wife had [ten] children:

1. RADELCHIS (-900). Erchempert records that "filiorum trium, Maionis et Maienolfi nec non et Radelgisi filii Adelgisi Beneventani principis" supported "Pando [di Capua]" in attacking "Guaiferio" Prince of Salerno, dated to 863[223]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Radelchis iunior/Radelgis filius predicti Adelgisii" succeeded in 881 as RADELCHIS II Prince of Benevento[224]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was deposed and expelled from Benevento in 885[225] and, in a later passage, that he was restored as Prince of Benevento in 898[226]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Radelchis…gentis Langobardorum Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Santa Maria, at the request of "Garichisæ nostræ sororis", by charter dated Aug [898][227]. The Annales Beneventani record that he was deposed again in Jan 900, by Atenolf I Prince of Capua "cognatus eius", who seized the Beneventan throne[228]. m ARNIPERGA, daughter of --- (-after Feb 881). "Radelchis…Langobardorum gentis princeps filius domini bonæ recordationis Adelchis" donated property, at the request of "Arniperge…conjugi nostre", by charter dated Feb 881[229]. Stasser suggests that she was Arniperga di Capua, daughter of Pando di Capua & his wife ---, on the assumption that "cognatus" in the following source should be interpreted as "brother-in-law" and therefore that Radelchis´s wife was Pandenolf´s sister[230]: the source in question is Erchempert, who records that "Pandonolfus" requested "Radelgisum principem cognatum suum" for help against "filiis Landonis et filiis Landonolfi"[231]. A difficulty with this theory is that a second source, the Annales Beneventani, record that in Jan 900 Radelchis II was deposed by Atenolf I Count of Capua "cognatus eius", who then seized the Beneventan throne[232]. Stasser, in another passage, contradicts himself by suggesting that the wife of Radelchis II was the sister of Atenolf, also on the basis that "cognatus" should be interpreted as meaning "brother-in-law"[233]. Pandenolf Count of Capua was the son of Pando, while Atenolf was the son of Pando´s brother Landenolf. Arniperga could not therefore have been the sister of both these Capuan counts. It is clear that "cognatus" in one or both of the sources quoted must be given a broader meaning than brother-in-law. It is probably a safe conclusion that Radelchis was distantly related to the counts of Capua, and that the relationship may have been through his wife Arniperga as "consanguineus" was the term generally applied to indicate blood relationship, but the precise nature of the relationship is not known.

2. MAIO (-[May 878/Oct 884]). Erchempert records that "filiorum trium, Maionis et Maienolfi nec non et Radelgisi filii Adelgisi Beneventani principis" supported "Pando [di Capua]" in attacking "Guaiferio" Prince of Salerno, dated to 863[234]. "Maio" is named in a charter of "son père" dated May 878[235].

3. MAGENULF (-after 863). Erchempert records that "filiorum trium, Maionis et Maienolfi nec non et Radelgisi filii Adelgisi Beneventani principis" supported "Pando [di Capua]" in attacking "Guaiferio" Prince of Salerno, dated to 863[236].

4. AIO (-Oct 891). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Aio frater Radelchis" succeeded in 884 as AIO Prince of Benevento[237]. The Byzantines, under Nikephoros Phokas, launched a major campaign in southern Italy between late 883 and 885, recapturing most of Calabria from Benevento and Salerno[238]. Byzantine forces attempted to capture Beneventan towns in [888] and Prince Aio responded by seizing Bari, although the town was recaptured within a year. This was followed by an invasion of Beneventan territory by Naples[239]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record war between Capua and Naples "in Liburia ad sanctum Cartium" in the second year of the reign of Atenolf Count of Capua, that Atenolf "indictione 6 post dies undecim" captured "Berelais", but that in the same week he was defeated by "Aio princeps cum quodam patricio Constantinopolitano"[240]. "Aio…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property which belonged to "Potoni fi[lii] Potitionis infra finibus Alifanis et Telesinis", for which he had killed "dom Adelchis princip…genitori nostro", to Montecassino, at the request of "Ladelchis…germani nostri", by charter dated May [885][241]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Oct 891 of "Aio Princeps"[242]. m ---. The name of Aio's wife is not known. Prince Aio & his wife had one child:

a) URSUS (-892 or after). The Annales Beneventani record that "Ursus puer filius Aio" succeeded his father in 891 as URSUS Prince of Benevento[243]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Sybbaticius/Simbaticius", Byzantine strategos of Calabria, captured Benevento in Oct 892, deposed Ursus, and established the town as the Byzantine administrative capital for the newly established theme of Longobardia in place of Bari[244]. The contemporary Epitaphium Ursi names "Ursus…splendida progenies", specifying that "hunc genuit princeps Bardorum stemmate clarus Radelchis", although it does not name his father[245].

5. LADELCHIS (-after May 885). "Aio…Langobardorum gentis princeps" donated property which belonged to "Potoni fi[lii] Potitionis infra finibus Alifanis et Telesinis", for which he had killed "dom Adelchis princip…genitori nostro", to Montecassino, at the request of "Ladelchis…germani nostri", by charter dated May [885][246].

6. AGELTRUDA (-after 921). Herimannus names "Angildruda" as widow of Guido and mother of Lambert, but does not give her origin[247]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. "Vuido…imperator augustus" confirmed earlier donations to the church of Parma by "coniugi nostræ Ageltrudi" by charter dated 21 Feb 891[248]. The Annales Fuldenses name "Ageldrudis vidua Widonis" in 896[249]. A document dated 1 Dec 898 records a peace agreement reached between Berengar King of Italy and "Ageltrudæ relicta quondam Widoni imperatoris" and "filio eius Lamberto [imperatoris]"[250]. m GUIDO III Duke of Spoleto, son of GUIDO II Duke of Spoleto & his wife Ita of Benevento (-894). He was elected GUIDO I King of Italy at Pavia 12 Feb 889. He was crowned Emperor at Rome 21 Feb 891.

7. GAIRICHISA (-after Aug 898). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Radelchis…gentis Langobardorum Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Santa Maria, at the request of "Garichisæ nostræ sororis", by charter dated Aug [898][251].

8. [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that, after the murder of "Adelgis", he was replaced by "Gaideris filius Radelgari nepos extincti" and "Cailo et Dauferius generi illius" were expelled from Benevento[252]. It is possible that either she or her unnamed sister was the same person as Adelchis´s daughter named Gairichisa, named above. m GAILO, son of --- (-after 878).]

9. [daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Erchempert who records that, after the murder of "Adelgis", he was replaced by "Gaideris filius Radelgari nepos extincti" and "Cailo et Dauferius generi illius" were expelled from Benevento[253]. It is possible that either she or her unnamed sister was the same person as Adelchis´s daughter named Gairichisa, named above. m DAUFER, son of --- (-after 878).]

10. [--- di Benevento . The Annales Beneventani record that Atenulf deposed Radelchis Prince of Benevento "cognatus eius" and seized the Beneventan throne[254]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" in this passage should be interpreted as "brother-in-law" and therefore that Atenulf had married secondly the daughter of Prince Adelchis. m (before 899) as his second wife, ATENOLF Count of Capua, son of LANDENOLF of Capua & his wife --- (-[912]).]

1. GUIDO di Spoleto, son of --- di Spoleto & his wife --- (-murdered Rome early 897). He succeeded his [cousin] in [888/89] as GUIDO IV Duke of Spoleto. The Chronicon Salernitanum quotes a letter addressed to "Guaimario principi", when Benevento was threatened by the Byzantines, requesting help from "Guidoni cognato vestro…sororem suam vestramque coniugem", the same passage later referring to "Guido marchio" [Guido IV Duke and Marchese of Spoleto] and "suæque sorori Idte", dated to 896 in the margin of the MGH edition of the text[255]. The Annales Beneventanti record that he expelled the Byzantines from Benevento in 895[256], forcing them back to Bari, and established himself as GUIDO Prince of Benevento[257]. He returned to Spoleto in 897 and offered Benevento to his brother-in-law Guaimar Prince of Salerno, who was captured and blinded on his way to the city[258]. He was killed by Alberico, who later succeeded as Duke of Spoleto.

C. PRINCES of BENEVENTO (FAMILY of PRINCES of CAPUA)

After Atenolf I Count of Capua deposed Radelchis Prince of Benevento in Jan 900, he seized the Beneventan throne[259], uniting Benevento with Capua. He used the title "Langobardorum gentis princeps"[260]. The following members of the royal family of Capua ruled separately as Princes of Benevento.

LANDOLF 940

LANDOLF di Capua, son of ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua & his wife --- (-after 979). A charter dated Jul 969 records a donation by "Landolfus filius bone memorie domni Atenolfi, qui fuid princeps Benebenti"[261]. He succeeded his father in 940 as LANDOLF Duke of Benevento. He was exiled by Pandolf I Prince of Capua and took refuge in Naples, from where he appealed to his sister for shelter at Salerno. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that he was made gastald of Conza and his sons were given Salernitan territories[262]. In 973, Landolf captured Gisolf I Prince of Salerno and succeeded as LANDOLF Prince of Salerno, but Gisolf was restored soon after with the help of Pandolf I Prince of Capua[263]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "suus patruus [referring to Pandolf I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua and Benevento] Landolfus…filius..:Atenolfi principis", who had been expelled from Capua and found refuge in Naples, invaded Salerno, deposed Gisulf Prince of Salerno (dated to 973)[264].

m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known.

Duke Landolf & his wife had four children:

1. GUAIMAR . The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf[265]. Conte di Marsi.

2. INDULF . The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf[266]. Conte di Sarni.

3. LANDOLF (-after 1004). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf[267]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "suus patruus [referring to Pandolf I "Capiferreus/Ironhead" Prince of Capua and Benevento] Landolfus…filius..:Atenolfi principis" left "filium suum…Landulfus" in Naples when he invaded Salerno (dated to 973)[268]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, after the death of "Landenulfus", "Landulfus qui fuerat Neapolim derelictus" donated "Laurim castellum" and also left for Salerno[269]. "Otto…imperator augustus" confirmed donations to the church of Salerno by "Landulfi filii item Landulfi" by charter dated 2 Nov 982[270].

4. LANDENOLF (-[973]). The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf, specifying that Landenolf "habuit unum claucosum oculum"[271]. Conte di Lauri. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, after the death of "Landenulfus", "Landulfus qui fuerat Neapolim derelictus" donated "Laurim castellum" and also left for Salerno[272]. m ---, daughter of TASSELGARD & his wife ---. The Chronicon Salernitanum names (in order) "Landenulfus, Landulfus, Indulfus et Guaimarius" as the four sons of Landolf and records that "ipse Landenulfus" married "puellam…Tasselgardi filiam"[273]. Landenolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDULF (-after 5 Dec 981). "Otto…imperator augustus" gave judgment in a dispute between Abbot Iohannes of San Vincenzo, Volturno and "Landolfo comite filium cuiusdam Landenolfi comiti" in a charter dated 5 Dec 981, before "Gunzolino marchio et Azzolino Teatino comitibus[274].

ADELFER 1003-1005

ADELFER [IV] di Avellino, son of ADELFER [III] Conte di Avellino & his wife --- (-after 1005). "I conti Madelfrid e Adelferio, figli del fu Adelferio" granted land in Avellino to "Ludovico figlio di Ermengardo" by charter dated Aug 993[275]. He was installed in 1003 as ADELFER Prince of Benevento, deposed in 1005. The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[276]. m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer [IV] & his wife had two children:

1. ADELFER [V] (-after 1005). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[277].

2. other children: CONTI di AVELLINO.

LANDOLF V -1034, PANDOLF VI, LANDOLF VI -1077, PANDOLF IV -1074

LANDOLF di Capua, son of PANDOLF III Prince of Capua & his wife --- (-Sep 1034). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino"[278]. The calculation of the regnal years of "Landolfi filii eius [=domini Pandolfi]" in the Annales Beneventani suggests that he was installed as joint Prince of Benevento, jointly with his father, in [987][279]. LANDOLF V Prince of Benevento. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Sep 1034 of "Landulphus Princeps"[280].

m ---CARDA, daughter of MANSO II Duke of Amalfi & his wife --- ([982/87]-[1004/09], bur Benevento San Pietro). The epitaph of "---carda…Landulfi…uxor proles Mansonis…ducis" records that she died aged 22, and was buried at Benevento San Pietro[281].

Duke Landolf & his wife had two children:

1. PANDOLF (-Feb 1073). The calculation of the regnal years of "Pandolfi filii eius [=domni Landolfi]" in the Annales Beneventani suggests that he was installed as joint Prince of Benevento, jointly with his father, in [1011][282]. PANDOLF VI Prince of Benevento. "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito by charter dated Jul 1045, whose dating clause refers to the forty-first year of "Domini Pandolfi…Principis" and the seventh year of "Domini Landolfi…filii eius"[283]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Leone Papa et Principe Beneventano et Catapano imperiali" fought the Normans "in principatu Beneventu", but that "Rodulphus Princeps" escaped and Pope Leo was captured by "Humphredo et Northmannis" in Jun 1053[284]. The Annales Beneventani record that he became a monk in 1059[285]. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the death in Feb 1073 of "Pandulphus Princeps"[286]. m ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-20 May after 1069). The necrology of Benevento San Pietro records the death 20 May of "Altruda principissa", who Stasser suggests was the wife of Prince Pandolf VI[287]. Duke Pandolf & his wife had one child:

a) LANDOLF (-18 Dec 1077[288]). "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito by charter dated Jul 1045, whose dating clause refers to the forty-first year of "Domini Pandolfi…Principis" and the seventh year of "Domini Landolfi…filii eius"[289]. He was installed as LANDOLF VI joint Prince of Benevento in Aug 1038. The Chonicon Monasterii Beneventani records the installation in Aug 1038 of "Landulphus junior"[290]. He submitted to the Pope in 1051, papal suzerainty over the town being recognised by Emperor Heinrich III the following year[291]. The Annales Beneventani record that "Ricardus princeps et Robertus dux" besieged Benevento from Jan to 8 Apr 1078[292]. The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that Benevento was incorporated into the Papal States after the death of Landolf VI[293]. m [ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-7 Jul [1069/1119]) or MARIA, daughter of --- (-10 Nov [1069/1119]). The necrology of Benevento San Pietro records the death 7 Jul of "Altruda principissa" and 10 Nov of "Maria principissa", who Stasser suggests were the wives of Prince Landolf VI and Prince Pandolf IV[294].] Duke Landolf & his wife had one child:

i) PANDOLF (-Feb 1073[295]). The Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti record that "Padolfus filius eius [=Landulfus]" was installed as PANDOLF IV joint Prince of Benevento in Aug 1056[296]. m [ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-7 Jul [1069/1119]) or MARIA, daughter of --- (-10 Nov [1069/1119]). The necrology of Benevento San Pietro records the death 7 Jul of "Altruda principissa" and 10 Nov of "Maria principissa", who Stasser suggests were the wives of Prince Landolf VI and Prince Pandolf IV[297].]

2. ATENULF (-after [1041]). According to Amatus, the Normans chose "Atenulf…the Prince of Benevento's brother" as their leader to fight the Greeks[298], dated from the context of the passage to [1041], but Amatus records in a later passage that he defected to Benevento taking with him the captured prisoners whom he sold and was "deprived of his wealth and castelli by the Normans"[299].

D. CONTI di AVELLINO

1. DAUFER (-after 818). The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento (dated to May 818), and Daufer making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in expiation of the crime[300]. m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer & his wife had one child:

a) ROFRIT ([776/79]-[836/39]). The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento (dated to May 818), and Daufer making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in expiation of the crime[301]. Thesaurarius and referendarius of Sico I Prince of Benevento from [821] to [836]. The epitaph of "Rofrit" records his death aged 60[302]. m firstly ---. The name of Rofrit´s first wife is not known. Thnis first marriage is indicated on the basis of the following reasoning: the dates attributed to Rofrit´s son Adelchis (as well as his possible daughter, the wife of Landolf [I] Count of Capua) indicate that they must have been adult when their father died, whereas Rofrit´s known wife Dauferada would probably have been too old to have had adult children when her husband died if, as is suggested, she was the daughter of Daufer "Mutus". m secondly DAUFERADA, daughter of --- (-17 Oct ----). The epitaph of "Dauferada…Rofrit…iugalis" 17 Oct aged 45[303]. Her parentage is not known. The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Rofrit" and "sua principessa cognata", the latter referring from the context to the wife of Sicard Prince of Benevento (who is named in another passage of the same source as the daughter of Daufer "Mutus", see above)[304]. If, as consistently suggested by Stasser, the word "cognata" can be interpreted as brother-in-law, then it is possible that Rofrid´s second wife was Dauferada, daughter of Daufer "Mutus" & his wife --- [305]. However, the meaning of the word cannot be so limited, and therefore Rofrit´s second wife being the sister of Adelchisa is only one of the possible interpretations. If Dauferada was Adelchisa´s sister, it is likely that she was older than the princess of Benevento. Rofrit & his first wife had [two] children:

i) ADELCHIS (-killed 839). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Adelchisi Rofrit filius…et suum cognatum Landolfum comite Capuano" attempted to assassinate Radelchis I Prince of Benevento and was arrested and put to death (dated [summer/autumn] 839)[306].

ii) [daughter . The parentage of the wife of Landolf [I] is suggested by the Chronicon Salernitanum which names "Adelchisi Rofrit filius…et suum cognatum Landolfum comite Capuano"[307]. Stasser suggests that "cognatus" should be interpreted as brother-in-law in this context, and therefore that Landolf´s wife was the daughter of Rofrit[308]. m LANDOLF [I] Count of Capua, son of PANDO & his wife --- (-[842]).]

Rofrit & his second wife had one child:

iii) ADELFER [I] . His parentage is confirmed by the report that Guaimar I Prince of Salerno confiscated property which he had received from "sa tante Adelgisa" (which she had received from "son époux Adelfier fils de Roffrid") from "Roffrid fils de Gaido", dated to 900[309]. m ADELGISA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the report that Guaimar I Prince of Salerno confiscated property which he had received from "sa tante Adelgisa" (which she had received from "son époux Adelfier fils de Roffrid") from "Roffrid fils de Gaido", dated to 900[310].

b) POTELFRIT (-after 818). The Chronicon Salernitanum records the conspiracy involving "Rofrit cum germano suo…Potelfrit, filii…Dauferii" which culminated in "Agelmundus" assassinating Grimoald IV Prince of Benevento (dated to May 818)[311]. m ---. The name of Potelfrit´s wife is not known. Potelfrit & his wife had one child:

i) daughter (-after Jan 900). The parentage of the wife of Landenolf is confirmed by the Chronicon Salernitanum which refers to "Potelfrit filia" as mother of "Atenolfus"[312]. m LANDENOLF di Capua, son of LANDOLF [I] Count of Capua & his wife --- (-[859]).

1. ADELFER [II] (-after 897). Gastald di Avellino. The Catalogus rerum Langobardorum et ducum Beneventanorum records that "Guaimarius Salerni princeps Beneventum" [Guaimar I Prince of Salerno] was blinded by "Avellinum…cuius castaldeus…Adelferius, nepos magni Rofrit" who escaped to Capua (dated to [896/97])[313].

Two brothers, parents not known:

1. ROFRIT (-before Jan 963). Gastald [di Larino]. "Roffrid et Adelferi germanis et gastaldei" are named in a charter dated Nov 944 or 945 which records a judgment recognising the independence of the monastery of Santa Sophia di Benevento from Monte Cassino[314].

- CONTI di LARINO.

2. ADELFER [III] (-after Oct 981). Gastald [di Avellino]. "Roffrid et Adelferi germanis et gastaldei" are named in a charter dated Nov 944 or 945 which records a judgment recognising the independence of the monastery of Santa Sophia di Benevento from Monte Cassino[315]. Conte [di Avellino]. Referendarius. Pandulfus II Prince of Benevento donated property to the abbot of Santa Sophia di Benevento, at the request of "Adelferi comiti…parenti nostro", by charter dated Oct 981[316]. m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer & his wife had two children:

a) MADELFRIT [I] (-after Jun 994). "Guaiferius castaldus et Petrus iudicibus…Bisantio comes filius quondam Adelferi thesaurarii et Madelfrit thesaurarius filius Landolfi thesaurarii et Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Roffrit comitis et Madelfrit referendario filius Adelferi referendario et comes" donated property to Cava monastery by charter dated Jan 963[317]. Conte di Avellino. "I conti Madelfrid e Adelferio, figli del fu Adelferio" granted land in Avellino to "Ludovico figlio di Ermengardo" by charter dated Aug 993[318]. "Madelfrit comes filius Adelferi" is named as mediator in a charter dated Jun 994 which records a dispute between the abbots of Salerno San Lorenzo and Salerno San Massimo[319]. m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit & his wife had one child:

i) ALOARA (-after May 1000). A charter dated May 1000 relates to "monasterio sancti Nicolai de Gallocanta" built by "Aloara comitissa filis Madelfrit comitis que fuit uxor Landoarii comitis filii vone memorie Lamberti comitis et Guaiferio comes qui sum infra etate, filius istius Aloare et predicti Landoarii", owned by "Adelberti comiti…congnato et thio nostro filio ipsius Landoari comitis"[320]. m LANDOAR, son of LAMBERT & his wife --- (-[Mar 997/May 1000]).

b) ADELFER [IV] (-after 1005). "I conti Madelfrid e Adelferio, figli del fu Adelferio" granted land in Avellino to "Ludovico figlio di Ermengardo" by charter dated Aug 993[321]. Conte di Avellino. He was installed in 1003 as ADELFER Prince of Benevento, deposed in 1005. The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[322]. m ---. The name of Adelfer´s wife is not known. Adelfer [IV] & his wife had two children:

i) ADELFER [V] (-after 1005). The Annales Beneventani record that "domni Pandolfi et…domni Landolfi filii eius" were expelled from Benevento in 1003 and replaced as prince by "Adelferium de Abellino", that 1004 was "anno primo domni Adelferii de Abellino et Adelferii filius eius", and that "domni Pandolfi et domni Landolfi filii eius" returned to Benevento in 1005[323].

ii) MADELFRIT [II] (-after Jun 1038). "Madelfrit comes filius vone memorie Adelferi qui fuit comes" shared property with "Bernard fils de Truppoald et Jean fils de Musandus" by charter dated Sep 1024[324]. Conte di Avellino. Property previously sold to "Madelfrit comiti filio bone memorie Adelferi qui fuit comes" was excluded from a sale by "Prectio" of the property in the county of Avellino, recorded in a charter dated Jun 1038[325].

The parentage of Ioannes and Daufer is not known, but it appears likely that they were brothers:

1. IOANNES (-before Jan 1053). Conte di Avellino. "Domini Iohannis comitis" is named as present in a charter dated Apr 1025 which records a sale of properties by "germanorum Iaquintus clericus et Iohannes puerelus"[326]. "les comtes Jean et Adelfier" are named in a document dated May 1045 issued by "Domnella fille du moine Jean"[327]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

a) IOANNES (-after Jan 1053). Conte di Avellino. "Iohanni comiti filii vone memorie Iohanni qui fuit comes" is named in a charter dated Jan 1053 issued by "Falco fils du notaire Risus"[328].

2. DAUFER (-before May 1045). Conte di Avellino. m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer & his wife had one child:

a) ADELFER [VI] (-after May 1045). Conte di Avellino. Pandulf III and Landolf VI Princes of Benevento donated property in the county of Avellino "au clerc Rodelfier", at the request of "Adelferium comitem…nostrum parentem hac filius quoddam Dauferi qui olim fuit comes", by charter dated May 1045[329].

1. ADELFER . m ADELTRUDA, daughter of ---. Adelfer & his wife had one child:

a) SICHELGARDA (-after 1118). "Guaimarius filius Guaimarius qui fuerat filius domini Guidonis ducis filii domini Guaimarii principis et Sicelgaita noverca eius filia Adelferii comitis Beneventani" are named in a charter of Cava abbey dated Nov 1092[330]. "Sichelgarda veuve de Gaimar I de Giffoni" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "sa fille Mabilia [et] de l´époux de celle-ci Robert", by charter dated 1118, which names "son mundoald…Landulf de Baragiano, fils d´une fille du défunt Gaimar I de Giffoni"[331]. m as his second wife, GUAIMAR di Giffoni, son of GUIDO di Salerno Duke of Sorrento & his wife Raingarda --- (-[Oct 1091/Nov 1092], bur Cava abbey).

E. CONTI di LARINO

References to members of this family are found in primary sources between the mid-10th and mid-11th centuries. However, the repetition of the same names means that a definitive family reconstruction is not possible. Stasser suggests various interesting hypotheses[332], but none can be considered conclusive enough to be used as the basis for the presentation in the present document. The main difficulty is that links could be through the female as well as the male line. The principal family members with the same name have been assigned sequential numbers in square brackets below. It must be emphasised that this numbering system is designed only to assist identification of further links in the family and that it has no historical significance.

ROFRIT di Avellino, son of --- (-before Jan 963). Gastald [di Larino]. "Roffrid et Adelferi germanis et gastaldei" are named in a charter dated Nov 944 or 945 which records a judgment recognising the independence of the monastery of Santa Sophia di Benevento from Monte Cassino[333]. It is assumed that this Rofrit was the ancestor of the conti di Larino, although no primary source has yet been identified which confirms that this hypothesis is correct beyond doubt.

m ---. The name of Rofrit´s wife is not known.

Rofrit & his wife had three children:

1. ROFRIT [II] (-after 11 Aug 992). Pandolf Count of Capua donated property at Albut in Liburia to Santa Sophia, at the request of "Roffrid comes", by charter dated Oct 970[334]. Paldolf Prince of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Benevento Santa Sophia, at the request of "Roffrid comes…nostro", by charter dated Aug 986[335]. Pandolf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Modesto di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…thium nostrum", by charter dated to [Aug 991/Aug 992][336]. Pandulf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento granted the city of Trivento to "Randoisio comite…hac filius Berardi comiti", at the request of "Roffridum comitem", by charter dated 11 Aug 992[337]. m ---. The name of Rofrit´s wife is not known. Rofrit [II] & his wife had one child:

a) MARIA (-after 1003). "Mulier vidua…Maria filia bone memorie Roffridus comes et relicta Potefrid bonæ memoriæ Magenolfi comiti" donated the church of San Apolinario near castellum Macchiagodena to Volturno by charter dated Nov 1003[338]. m POTELFRID, son of MAGENOLF Conte di Boiano & his wife --- (-before 1003).

2. ADELFER (-after Jan 963). "Guaiferius castaldus et Petrus iudicibus…Bisantio comes filius quondam Adelferi thesaurarii et Madelfrit thesaurarius filius Landolfi thesaurarii et Adelferi castaldus filius quondam Roffrit comitis et Madelfrit referendario filius Adelferi referendario et comes" donated property to Cava monastery by charter dated Jan 963[339].

3. GAITELGRIMA . The epitaph of "Gaitelgrima…proles Roffredi…coniux Landulfi principis" records that she died aged over 60 years old[340]. Stasser suggests that her father was the same person as Rofrit Conte di Larino[341]. The hypothesis appears to be confirmed correct by the charter dated to [Aug 991/Aug 992] under which Pandolf II and Landolf V Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Modesto di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…thium nostrum"[342]. m (Summer 958) LANDOLF V Prince of Capua and Benevento, son of LANDOLF IV Prince of Capua & his wife [Maria de Gaeta/Euanthia ---] (-968).

1. DAUFER (-before 986). The chronology suggests that Daufer was the son of Rofrit di Avellino gastald [di Larino], but this affiliation is not beyond doubt. m ([955]) --. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer [I] & his wife had four children:

a) MADELFRIT [I] (-[before 18 Dec 1012]). Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[343].

- see below.

b) ROFRIT [III] (-before 1030). "Madelfrit et Rofrit germani atque comites et filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit comiti" donated the church of Santa Maria di Corneto to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated May 1010[344].

- see below.

c) DAUFER [II] (-after 1001). Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[345].

d) MAGENOLF (-after 1001). Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[346].

MADELFRIT [I] di Larino, son of DAUFER Conte di Larino & his wife --- (-[before 18 Dec 1012]). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Madelfrid comitis" adjudged the monastery of San Benedetto di Pettinari to the prior of San Benedetto di Larino, dated to [986][347]. Pandulf II Prince of Benevento granted property at Airola, which he had received from "Madelfrid et Dauferii et Maghenolfus germanis atque comitibus consobrini fratres mei et filii quondam Dauferi qui fuit comes", to "Madelbert", by charter dated May 1001[348]. The abbot of Monte Cassino granted property to "Madelfrit comiti" which had been donated by "Dauferi genitoris mei" by charter dated Jul 1006[349]. "Madelfrit et Rofrit germani atque comites et filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit comiti" donated the church of Santa Maria di Corneto to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated May 1010[350].

m ---. The name of Madelfrid´s wife is not known.

Madelfrid [I] & his wife had three children:

1. ROFRIT [V] (-before 1045). Landolf V and Pandulf III Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of Santi Lupulo e Zosimo di Benevento, at the request of "Roffridum comitem…nostrum parentum", by charter dated 11 Sep 1015[351]. "Roffrit filius…bone memorie Malfrit comitis et Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Rofrit comitibus" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Nov 1042[352]. m ADELEITA, daughter of --- (-after Aug 1049). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Adelferius comes de Beneventano principatu" donated the monastery of San Eustachio di Pantasia to Monte Cassino, dated to Aug 1049[353], the corresponding charter dated Aug 1049 recording that the donor acted "avec sa mère Adeleita et son épouse Adeltruda"[354]. Rofrit [IV] & his wife had three children:

a) ADELFIER (-after 8 Mar 1050). Pandulf III and Landulf VI Princes of Benevento donated property next to the river Fresilone to the monastery of Santa Colomba, at the request of "Adelfier fils du comte Roffrid", by charter dated 8 Mar 1050[355]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Adelferius comes de Beneventano principatu" donated the monastery of San Eustachio di Pantasia to Monte Cassino, dated to Aug 1049[356], the corresponding charter dated Aug 1049 recording that the donor acted "avec sa mère Adeleita et son épouse Adeltruda"[357]. m ADELTRUDA, daughter of --- (-after Aug 1049). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Adelferius comes de Beneventano principatu" donated the monastery of San Eustachio di Pantasia to Monte Cassino, dated to Aug 1049[358], the corresponding charter dated Aug 1049 recording that the donor acted "avec sa mère Adeleita et son épouse Adeltruda"[359].

b) DAUFER (-after 1050). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Dauferio comiti de Larino" donated territory "in pertinentia Thermulensi" to Monte Cassino, dated to [1050][360].

c) MADELFRIT (-after 1052). "Madelfrid comes filius quondam bo. me. Rofridi que fuit comes" granted his part of Santa Maria in Aurole which came from "domni Madelfrid barbuto qui fuit comes et ciano meo" to "Falco" by charter dated Nov 1052[361].

2. MADELFRIT [II] (-before Apr 1016). Pandulf II, Landolf V and Pandulf III Princes of Benevento confirmed the privileges of the monastery of San Benedetto di Benevento, at the request of "Madelfridum comitem…et filii Madelfrid", by charter dated 18 Dec 1012[362].

3. POTO [II] (-before Nov 1041). "Poto comes et filius…bone memorie Madelfrit comes" donated the territory of Vivario near the river Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated 1016[363].

1. POTO [I] (-after 17 May 988). Conte di Greci. Pandulf II and Landulf V Princes of Benevento granted "la cité de Greci" to "comte Poto", at the request of "comte Adelfier", by charter dated 17 May 988[364].

ROFRIT [III] di Larino, son of DAUFER Conte di Larino & his wife --- (-before 1030). "Madelfrit et Rofrit germani atque comites et filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit comiti" donated the church of Santa Maria di Corneto to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated May 1010[365].

m ([970]) ---.

Rofrit [III] & his wife had one child:

1. MADELFRIT [III] (-after Aug 1044). "Roffrit filius…bone memorie Malfrit comitis et Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Rofrit comitibus" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Nov 1042[366]. "Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Roffrit comes" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti, for the souls of "Theodenande uxoris mee et…filiorum vivis atque defunctis", by charter dated Aug 1044, witnessed by "…Rofrit comes…"[367]. m THEODENANDA, daughter of --- (-after Aug 1044). "Malfrit comes filius…bone memorie Roffrit comes" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti, for the souls of "Theodenande uxoris mee et…filiorum vivis atque defunctis", by charter dated Aug 1044, witnessed by "…Rofrit comes…"[368]. Madelfrit & his wife had one child:

a) ROFRIT (-Jan [1060/62]). "Rofrit comes filius…bone memorie Malfrit comitis", on his deathbed, donated the church of Santa Colomba near castellum Portocannone to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jan [1060/62][369].

1. TASSELGARD [I] (-before Jul 1045). m MARIA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "patris mei Tesselgardi et genitricis meæ Mariæ, et Bertæ materteræ meæ…"[370]. It is assumed that Berta was the donor´s maternal aunt, assuming that "matertera" should be interpreted in its strict sense in the document. Tasselgard [I] & his wife had three children:

a) TASSELGARD [II] (-Dec 1049). Conte di Larino. "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "patris mei Tesselgardi et genitricis meæ Mariæ, et Bertæ materteræ meæ…mearumque uxorum mortuis et vivis, quarum nomina sunt, Marada, et…filiorum meorum Tesselgardi et Bernardi, et Porum: necnon et fratrum meorum Roffria et Malfria", by charter dated Jul 1045, whose dating clause refers to "Domini Pandolfi…Principis et…Domini Landolfi…filii eius", subscribed by "Dauferius Comes…"[371]. "Traselgardus filius…bone memorie domini Tasselgardi qui fuit comes", on his deathbed, and "domina Altruda uxor mea" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Dec 1049, witnessed by "…Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes, Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes…"[372]. m firstly MARADA, daughter of ---. This earlier marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…mearumque uxorum mortuis et vivis, quarum nomina sunt, Marada…"[373]. As Tesselgardo´s living wife makes a similar donation in the same document, it is assumed that Marada was the name of his earlier deceased wife. m secondly ALTRUDA, daughter of MAGENOLFO & his wife --- (-after Dec 1049). Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…mearumque uxorum mortuis et vivis, quarum nomina sunt, Marada…"[374]. The same document includes a similar donation by "Alarada Comitissa filia Magenolfi Comitis…uxor prædicti Tesselgardi Comitis". "Traselgardus filius…bone memorie domini Tasselgardi qui fuit comes", on his deathbed, and "domina Altruda uxor mea" donated property to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Dec 1049, witnessed by "…Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes, Roffrit comes, Madelfrit comes…"[375]. Tasselgard [II] & his [first/second] wife had two children:

i) TASSELGARD [III] . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…filiorum meorum Tesselgardi et Bernardi…"[376].

ii) BERNARDO . His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…filiorum meorum Tesselgardi et Bernardi…"[377].

b) ROFRIT [VI] (-after Feb [1059/62]). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…fratrum meorum Roffria et Malfria"[378]. "Rofrit comes filius…bone memorie Traselgardi qui fuit comes" donated the church of San Andrea de Silpoli to Santa Maria di Tremiti, with the advice of "Roffreda filio meo", by charter dated Feb [1059/62][379]. No direct proof has been found that this Rofrit was the father of the children shown below. However, the fact that one of them was called Tasselgard indicates a close connection with the family. m [ROFREDA], daughter of --- (-after Jun 1057). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum dominus Rofreda comes genitor meus [error for "domina Rofreda genetrix mea"?]…" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][380]. Rofrit & his wife had six children: Rofrit [VI] & his wife had six children:

i) ROFRIT (-after Aug 1059). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum dominus Rofreda comes genitor meus [error for "domina Rofreda genetrix mea"?] cum domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione, and other property in Pleuti next to land "que fuit domini Malfrit comitis filii…bone memorie Traselgardi comitis", to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][381]. "Rofrit comes filius…bone memorie Traselgardi qui fuit comes" donated the church of San Andrea de Silpoli to Santa Maria di Tremiti, with the advice of "Roffreda filio meo", by charter dated Feb [1059/62][382]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Roffredum quondam Roffredi Comitis filium" restored "Cellam…Sanctam Mariam in Castanieto" to Volturno by charter dated Aug 1059[383].

ii) ATTO (-after Jun 1063). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][384]. "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][385].

iii) TASSELGARD [IV] (-after Jun 1063). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][386]. "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][387].

iv) MADELFRIT [VI] (-[Jun 1057/Jun 1064]). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][388]. m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit [VI] & his wife had one child:

(a) ROFRIT (-after Jun 1063). "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][389].

v) ATENOLF (-after Jun 1063). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][390]. "Actus et Traselgardus et Adenolfus germanos comites et Rofrit nepotem nostrum filii…Malfrit qui fuit germanus noster, filii…bone memorie domini Rofrit qui fuit comes…in civitate Campomarini" donated the church of Santa Maria di Arcora to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1063/64][391].

vi) SICONULF (-after Jun 1057). "Rofrit filius…bone memorie dominus Roffrit comes", on his deathbed, "cum…domino Atto et Traselgardo et Malfrit et Addenolfo et Siinolfo comitibus germanis meis" donated castellum Petraficta near Saccione to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun [1057 or 1059][392].

c) MADELFRIT [V] (-after Nov 1054). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1045 under which "Tesselgardus Comes filius bonæ memoriæ Tesselgardi Comitis ex civitate Benevento…[de] comitatus Larinensis" donated Gaudia to the monastery of Tremito, for the souls of "…fratrum meorum Roffria et Malfria"[393]. "Malfrit marchione filius quoddam bone memorie Tasselgardi comitis" donated the church of San Pietro di Puliano to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Nov [1054/56][394].

1. ROFRIT [IV] (-before 1030). m ---. The name of Rofrit´s wife is not known. Rofrit & his wife had three children:

a) GRIMOALD (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030, signed by "les comtes Alfan et Landulf"[395]. m ---. Grimoald & his wife had [four] children:

i) ALFAN (-before Jun 1047). m ---. Alfan & his wife had one child:

(a) IOANNES (-after Jun 1105). A charter dated Jun 1047 records the presence of "domni…Guaimarii…principis et ducis [et] domnus Guido dux et Paldulfus germani eius…filii…domni Guaimarii principis" at a donation, with "Atenolfum comitem filium quondam Landolfi comitis, et…Iohannem comitem filium quondam Alfani comitis" named as guarantors[396]. "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[397]. "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid" by charter dated Jun 1105, which names "consobrinum fratrem Ademar fils du comte Landulf" as fiduciary[398].

ii) ROFRIT . m ---. Rofrit & his wife had one child:

(a) IOANNES (-after Jun 1105). "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid" by charter dated Jun 1105[399].

iii) RICCIA (-before Mar 1078). "Riccia relicta domini Mansoni filii domini Risi filii bone memorie domini Iohannis…ducis…et pro vice de Riso de Johanne filiis meis" sold land to "domino Iohanne nepoti nostro filio domini Alfani filii domini Grimoaldi comite et iudice de civitate Salerno", with the consent of "Aloare et Stephanie germane filie mee" and specifying "a parte Regale filia mea qui est sine etate", by charter dated Mar 1078 which names "domino Mansone viro meo et…domino Iohannes…gemano suo cognato meo"[400]. m MANSO, son of ARECHIS [Riso] di Amalfi & his wife --- (-before Mar 1078).

iv) [--- . Her parentage and marriage are suggested by the charter dated Jun 1105 under which "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père" to "son cousin le moine Jean, fils de son oncle paternal le comte Roffrid", which names her son "consobrinum fratrem Ademar fils du comte Landulf" as fiduciary[401]. m LANDOLF, son of [ADEMAR di Amalfi & his wife ---] (-before May 1064).]

b) DAUFER [III] (-before 1030). m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer [III] & his wife had one child:

i) ROFRIT (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[402].

c) POTO [III] (-before 1030). His relationship to the family of Grimoald is confirmed by the charter dated Jun 1105 under which "Jean fils du comte Alfan comte fils du comte et juge Grimoald" sold territories including some held "aux filles du défunt comte Poto, cousines de son père"[403]. ["Poto figlio del fu Roffrid" donated land outside Benevento at Calcara to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", with the consent "della moglia Adeltruda", by charter dated Aug 987[404]. It is not certain that this document refers to the same Poto, although the chronology suggests that this may be correct.] m ---. The name of Poto´s wife is not known. If the charter dated Aug 987, under which "Poto figlio del fu Roffrid" donated land outside Benevento at Calcara to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", with the consent "della moglia Adeltruda"[405], refers to the same Poto as is shown in this family, her name was Adeltruda. Poto & his wife had three children:

i) RODELGRIMA (-after Sep 1065). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[406]. "Rolegrima filia quondam Potonis comitis que fuerat uxor quondam Ederradi comitis" donated property to "Landolfo filio quondam Roffrit comitis", with the consent of "Aldemari clerici filii quondam Landemarii comitis et Maraldi filii quondam Landolfi comitis mundoalt sui", by charter dated Sep 1065[407]. m EDERAD, son of --- (-before Sep 1065)

ii) ALOARA (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[408].

iii) ALFERADA (-after 1030). "Grimoald comte fils du feu comte Roffrid" divided his territories with "son neveu le comte Roffrid fils de son défunt frère Daufier et ses nieces Rodelgrima, Aloara et Alferada, filles de son défunt frère Poto" by charter dated 1030[409].

1. MADELFRIT [IV] (-before Jun 1052). m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit [IV] & his wife had one child:

a) PURPURA (-before Jun 1052). "Gualbertus filius…Gusberti" donated property, which came to him from "Purpure filia quodam Malfrit comite que fuit uxor mea", to Santa Maria di Tremiti by charter dated Jun 1052[410]. m GUALBERT, son of GUISBERT & his wife --- (-after Jun 1052).

2. MADELFRIT [VII] (-before 1 Feb 1104). m ---. The name of Madelfrit´s wife is not known. Madelfrit [VII] & his wife had one child:

a) OLFUS Caraczulo (-after 1 Feb 1104). "Mari et Olfus, qui nominator Caraczulo, filio q. d. Malfredo comitis beneventani" donated property by charter dated 1 Feb [1104][411].

F. CONTI di SUESSA e d´ISERNIA

LANDENOLF [I] di Capua, son of ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua and Benevento & his wife Sichelgaita di Gaeta (-before Mar 963). His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 5 May 964 under which Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento granted "civitatem Isernensem" to his son "Landolfo comitis…fratri nostro fil. quondam Landenolfi thio nostro"[412]. His affiliation is confirmed by the charter of his grandson "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" dated 981, under which he donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine[413]. Another possibility is suggested by the epitaph of his son "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis"[414]. No other reference has been found to "Landenulfi principis", alive in the early 10th century, although it is possible that he was another otherwise unrecorded son of Atenolf Count of Capua. If the latter is correct, the other sources quoted above indicate that Sichelgaita di Gaeta must have been the wife of this Landenolf. Another epitaph, which records the death of his grandson "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[415], suggests that the reference to "Landenulfi principis" may simply have been an error.

m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known.

Landenolf & his wife had two children:

1. ATENOLF [I] (-before 981). "Domnum Atenolfum et domnum Landolfum germanis filiis bone memorie Landenolfi" are named as present in a charter dated Mar 963 which records a judgment relating to land "Baloneu" in favour of Monte Cassino[416]. Conte de Suessa. "Atenulfus comes filius bone recordatione domini Landolfi" donated property along the banks of the river Garigliano to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 971[417]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment, dated Jun 976, relating to property of the monastery of San Martin di Monte Marsico in the presence of "dominum Atenolfum et Landulfum germanis comitibus eiusdem civitatis [=civitatis Suessane]"[418]. m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known. Atenolf & his wife had two children:

a) ATENOLF [II] (-after 981). Conte de Suessa. "Atenolfus comes filius domni Atenolfi comitis bone memorie" donated property "in finibus Cageta que mihi pertinet de domna Sikelgaita bone memorie principissa bisabia mea" to Marinus, son of Constantine, by charter dated 981[419].

b) LANDENOLF [II] (-after May 984). "Landenolfus filius quondam domni Atenolfi bone memorie" donated property inherited from "domni Atenolfi comiti genitore meo et ei obvenit a domna Sikelgaita principissa visabia mea" to "domno Marino filio domni Constantini" by charter dated May 984[420].

2. LANDOLF [I] "Grecus" ([935/40]-[997/1002], bur Santa Maria d´Isernia). "Domnum Atenolfum et domnum Landolfum germanis filiis bone memorie Landenolfi" are named as present in a charter dated Mar 963 which records a judgment relating to land "Baloneu" in favour of Monte Cassino[421]. Conte d´Isernia. Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento granted "civitatem Isernensem" to "Landolfo comitis…fratri nostro fil. quondam Landenolfi thio nostro" by charter dated 5 May 964[422]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment, dated Jun 976, relating to property of the monastery of San Martin di Monte Marsico in the presence of "dominum Atenolfum et Landulfum germanis comitibus eiusdem civitatis [=civitatis Suessane]"[423]. The epitaph of "domino Landulfo comes…filius domini Landenulfi comiti cuius domini Landenulfi…principis" records his death aged 62[424]. m ([958/60]) SICHELGAITA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated Mar 1003 under which her sons "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem"[425]. Landulf & his wife had three children:

a) LANDENOLF [III] (-after Oct 1004, bur Santa Maria d´Isernia). "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem", with the consent of "uxoribus nostris", by charter dated Mar 1003[426]. Conte d´Isernia. Pope John XVIII confirmed the rights of "Landinolfus comes filius comitis Landolfi Greci" over the church of Santa Maria d´Isernia, restored by him "cum bone memorie Gemma conjuge sua", by bull dated Oct 1004[427]. The epitaph records the death of "Landenolfus comes filius bone memorie domini Landulfi comitis ex quidem nato Atenulfi principis ortus"[428]. m GEMMA, daughter of --- (-[Mar 1003/Oct 1004]). Pope John XVIII confirmed the rights of "Landinolfus comes filius comitis Landolfi Greci" over the church of Santa Maria d´Isernia, restored by him "cum bone memorie Gemma conjuge sua", by bull dated Oct 1004[429].

b) LAIDOLF (-after Mar 1003). "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem", with the consent of "uxoribus nostris", by charter dated Mar 1003[430]. Conte d´Isernia. m --- (-after Mar 1003). The name of Laidolf´s wife is not known. Laidolf & his wife had one child:

i) BERNARDO [I] (-after 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[431]. m ---. The name of Bernardo´s wife is not known. Bernardo & his wife had five children:

(a) BERNARDO [II] (-after 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[432].

(b) son (-killed in battle before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[433].

(c) son (-killed in battle before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[434].

(d) daughter (-before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[435].

(e) daughter (-before Oct 1064). "Bernardus comes filius cuiusdam bone memorie Laidolfi comitis ex civitate Eserniæ…et filio eius Bernardus pater et filius" donated the monastery of San Marco in Carpenone to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "…nostræ duæ filiorum <sic> et duo filii mei qui interfecti sunt", by charter dated Oct 1064[436].

c) LANDOLF [II] (-before Mar 1003). Conte d´Isernia. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Mar 1003 under which his brothers "Laidulfus et Landenulfus germani comitibus et filii bone memorie domini Landolfi comiti" donated property to San Pietro d´Isernia, for the souls of "supradicti nostri genitori et domine Sikelgaite nostra genetrice…et…Landolfum comitem nostrum fratrem"[437]. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf [II] & his wife had two children:

i) LANDOLF [III] (-before 1069). Conte de Suessa. "Domno Landolfus et Landolfo filio eius et Atenolfo comitibus de civitate Suessa" are named as present in a charter dated to [1047/48] which records a judgment of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[438]. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf [III] & his wife had two children:

(a) LANDOLF [IV] (-after 1083). "Domno Landolfus et Landolfo filio eius et Atenolfo comitibus de civitate Suessa" are named as present in a charter dated to [1047/48] which records a judgment of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[439]. Conte de Suessa. m ---. The name of Landolf´s wife is not known. Landolf [IV] & his wife had one child:

(1) AGELTRUDA (after 1050-before 1100). "Johannes filius bone memorie Paldulfi filii domini Guaimarii principis et Ageltruda uxor eius filia Landolfi comitis Sesse civitatis" are named in a charter dated 1083[440]. m IOANNES di Salerno Signore di Capaccio, son of PALDULF di Salerno & his wife Theodora di Tusculanum (-after 1083).

(b) LANDO (-after 1069). His parentage is confirmed by the marriage contract of his daughter "domnum Lando comes Suessa filius bone recordationis domni Landolfi…Offa…filiam suam" dated 1069[441]. Conte de Suessa. m ---. The name of Lando´s wife is not known. Lando & his wife had one child:

(1) OFFA (after 1052-after 1069). The marriage contract of "Bernardus consule de civitate Fundane filius quondam bone recordationis domni Leoni" and "domnum Lando comes Suessa filius bone recordationis domni Landolfi…Offa…filiam suam" is dated 1069, and names "Crescentius consule Fundano e filius quondam bone recordationis domni Crescentius" as fiduciary[442]. m (1069) BERNARDO Conte di Fondi, son of LEO Conte di Fondi & his wife --- (-after 1069).

ii) PIETRO (-after 1049). The Stemma principum Langobardorum records "Pierre comte de Suessa fils de Landulf de Suessa, et son épouse Gemma, fille de Docibilis vir illustris"[443]. Conte di Suessa. "Domnus Petrus comes Suessanus…" and "duc Atenulf I de Gaète, les ducs de Fundi et son beau-père Docibilis fils de Landulf" are named as present in a charter dated Jun 1049 which records a memoratorium of "comte Ederrad de Traetto"[444]. m GEMMA, daughter of DOCIBILIS & his wife ---. The Stemma principum Langobardorum records "Pierre comte de Suessa fils de Landulf de Suessa, et son épouse Gemma, fille de Docibilis vir illustris"[445]. "Domnus Petrus comes Suessanus…" and "duc Atenulf I de Gaète, les ducs de Fundi et son beau-père Docibilis fils de Landulf" are named as present in a charter dated Jun 1049 which records a memoratorium of "comte Ederrad de Traetto"[446].

1. ATENOLF [III] (-after [1047/48]). Atenolf [III] was presumably the grandson of Landolf [I] but no indication has been found about his precise parentage. Conte d´Isernia e Suessa. "Atenulfum comitem Iserniensem et Landonem comitem Cajactiensem" are named as fiduciaries in a charter dated Apr 1029[447]. "Domno Landolfus et Landolfo filio eius et Atenolfo comitibus de civitate Suessa" are named as present in a charter dated to [1047/48] which records a judgment of Atenulf I Duke of Gaeta[448].

G. CONTI di TEANO

ATENOLF di Capua, son of ATENOLF II joint Prince of Capua and Benevento & his wife Sichelgaita di Gaeta (-after 15 Mar 952). "Atenolfus comes fili bone memorie domni Atenolfi prin[cipis]" refers to a dispute with the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla relating to land "in Bairano finibus pertinentiis nostro comitato Teano", in a charter dated Aug [944][449]. Conte di Teano. Landulf and Pandulf his son Princes of Benevento donated property to Monte Cassino, at the request of "Atenulfus comes…nepoti nostro", by charter dated 15 Mar 952[450].

m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known.

Atenolf [I] & his wife had one child:

1. ATENOLF [II] (-after May 964). "Atenolfus comes filius bone recordationis domni Atenolfi comitis…et…Radelgardis…uxor…filia bonæ memoriæ Potoni" donated property at Teano to Santa Maria de Cingla, by charter dated May 961[451]. Conte di Teano. "Atenolfus comes Teanensis et filius bone recordacionis domni Atenolfi comitis" recorded a dispute with Santa Maria de Cingla, by charter dated May 964[452]. m RADELGARDA, daughter of POTO & his wife --- (-after May 961). "Atenolfus comes filius bone recordationis domni Atenolfi comitis…et…Radelgardis…uxor…filia bonæ memoriæ Potoni" donated property at Teano to Santa Maria de Cingla, by charter dated May 961[453]. Atenolf [II] & his wife had five children:

a) LANDO (-after Nov 986). Pandulf I and Landulf Princes of Benevento donated property to Monte Cassino, at the request of "Lando comes…nepoti nostro filio quondam Atenolfi comitis", by charter dated Oct 968[454]. Conte di Teano. The testament "du comte Lando, fils du comte Atenulf" is dated Oct 986[455]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando comes ex civitate Teanense filius bonæ memoriæ domni Atenulfi comitis" donated property "in finibus…civitatis Teanensis", including "terræ meæ et de nepoti meæ quem genitor meus…habuit de pars episcopi Teanensi…[et terra] qui fuit Landoni senioris castaldei…[et] terra…ad potestatem Sellectæ et Gemmæ sorori meæ", by charter dated Nov 986[456]. m as her first husband, GISULFA di Chieti, daughter of ATTO [II] Conte di Chieti & his wife --- (-after May 998). "Jesulfa comitissa quæ fuit uxor bonæ memorie Landoni comitis comitatu Teano et filia Attoni comitis…uxor…Rainaldi comiti filii bonæ recordatione Berardi comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino by charter dated to [989/96][457]. She married secondly Rinaldo Conte di Marsi. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Oderisius comes…Gervisæ coniugie suæ"[458]. "Gervisa comitissa filia Actoni comitis et uxor…Rainaldi comitis Marsicane urbis" donated property "in finibus comitatui Teanensis in loco Baccari et Corrigre…datum Landoni comitis anteriori viri mei…comes…Teanensis filius Atenolfi comitis" to Monte Cassino by charter dated May 998[459].

b) ATENOLF [III] (-before Nov 986). Conte di Teano. "Le comte Atenulf, fils du feu comte Atenulf, et son épouse Blatta" donated property to San Salvatore di Cucuruzzu by charter dated Nov 982[460]. m BLATTA, daughter of ---. "Le comte Atenulf, fils du feu comte Atenulf, et son épouse Blatta" donated property to San Salvatore di Cucuruzzu by charter dated Nov 982[461].

c) DAUFIER (-[before Nov 986]). Conte di Teano. m ---. The name of Daufier´s wife is not known. Daufier & his wife had one child:

i) IOANNES (-after Nov 1027). Conte di Teano. "Iohannes comes Teanensis…et filii bone memorie domni Dauferi comitis" donated property "quod…pertinuit Gervisæ comitissæ…Landoni comiti Teanensis et thius meus" to San Salvatore di Cucuruzzu by charter dated Nov 1027[462].

d) SELLECTA (-after Nov 986). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando comes ex civitate Teanense filius bonæ memoriæ domni Atenulfi comitis" donated property "in finibus…civitatis Teanensis", including "terræ meæ et de nepoti meæ quem genitor meus…habuit de pars episcopi Teanensi…[et terra] qui fuit Landoni senioris castaldei…[et] terra…ad potestatem Sellectæ et Gemmæ sorori meæ", by charter dated Nov 986[463].

e) GEMMA (-after Nov 986). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Lando comes ex civitate Teanense filius bonæ memoriæ domni Atenulfi comitis" donated property "in finibus…civitatis Teanensis", including "terræ meæ et de nepoti meæ quem genitor meus…habuit de pars episcopi Teanensi…[et terra] qui fuit Landoni senioris castaldei…[et] terra…ad potestatem Sellectæ et Gemmæ sorori meæ", by charter dated Nov 986[464].

The following (probable) brothers were grandsons of Pandolf I Prince of Capua and Benevento and his wife Aloara, but it is not known which of the couple´s sons was their father. Stasser says that "on peut affirmer avec une quasi certitude qu´il s´agit de Gisulf", excluding Laidolf on the basis that Pandolf VI Prince of Capua would have claimed this connection in contemporary documentation if he had been Laidolf´s son[465]. Stasser´s analysis does not consider the possibility that Atenolf was their father.

1. PANDOLF (-[1026/28]). According to Stasser, "les sources ne précisent pas lequel …[des] six fils connus [du prince Pandulf I de Capoue] fut le fondateu de cette lignée, mais on peut affirmer avec une quasi certitude qu´il s´agit de Gisulf"[466]. Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus et Gisulfus Teanenses comites" [presumably brothers, although the relationship between the donors is not specified in the document] donated land at Cesima to Monte Cassino, dated to [1011/22][467]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfo Teanensi comiti" succeeded as PANDOLF VI Prince of Capua, dated to [1022][468]. "Pandolphus et Johannes filius eiusdem principis…Langobardorum gentis principes" confirmed the rights of the monastery of San Salvatore near Naples, at the request of Emperor Heinrich II, by charter dated 2 Sep 1022[469]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[470]. "Paldolfus et Joannes filius eiusdem…principis…Langovardorum gentis principes" confirmed rights as abbess to "domna Sichelgayta abbatissa" (abbess of Santa Maria di Cingla), at the request of "Landenolfus comes Calacianus…filius quondam Landolfi", by charter dated 13 Jun 1024[471]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus…Teanensis quem principem Capuæ factum ab imperatore" joined "Boaino", left Capua for Naples, and later lived in Rome where he died, dated to [1026/28][472]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that Prince Pandolf VI was exiled with his son "in Romaniam"[473]. m ---. The name of Pandolf's wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had three children:

a) IOANNES (-after 1026). "Pandolphus et Johannes filius eiusdem principis…Langobardorum gentis principes" confirmed the rights of the monastery of San Salvatore near Naples, at the request of Emperor Heinrich II, by charter dated 2 Sep 1022[474]. "Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted the principality of Capua to "Pandulfo et Iohanni filio eius…ita ut avus eius Pandulfus tenuit" by charter dated 5 Jan 1023[475]. The Chronicon Comitum Capuæ records that "Iohanne filio suo [=Pandulfo Teanensi]" ruled jointly with his father as IOANNES Prince of Capua but was exiled with his father "in Romaniam"[476]. "Otto…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted Pontecorvo to "principis Capuani…Iohannis Gagetani senioris consulis atque ducis nostri" by charter dated 15 Oct 999[477]. m BLATTA, daughter of --- (-after Jul 1049). "…Blacta…monachile…quæ fui principissa et relicta quondam Johanni principis filia [sic] supradicti Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[478]. Stasser suggests that she was Blatta of Naples, daughter of Sergius IV Duke of Naples & his wife ---, based on the close connection between the ducal family of Naples and Pandolf VI Prince of Capua who found refuge with Duke Sergius IV after being expelled from Capua[479].

b) PANDOLF (-before Jul 1049). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1049 under which "Landolfus…Teanensis comes et filius quondam…bonæ memoriæ domni Paldulfi principis…et…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa[480]. m ANNA, daughter of SERGIUS & his wife --- (-after Jul 1049). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…et…Anna comitissa filia Sergii et relicta quoddam supradicti Paldulfi comiti" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[481]. Stasser suggests that she was Anna of Naples, daughter of Sergius IV Duke of Naples & his wife ---, based on the close connection between the ducal family of Naples and Pandolf VI Prince of Capua who found refuge with Duke Sergius IV after being expelled from Capua[482]. Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) PANDOLF (-after Jul 1049). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[483].

ii) LANDOLF (-after 19 Jan 1065). "…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[484]. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[485].

c) LANDOLF (-[19 Jan 1065/Sep 1070]). Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Laidulfus Teanensis comes" captured "Adenulfum qui postmodum dux Caietæ" at Teano, in support of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno against Pandulf VII Prince of Capua, but that in revenge "Aquinenses comites" imprisoned the abbot of Monte Cassino who was helped by "Landulfus…Teanensis comes", dated to [1039][486]. "Landolfus…Teanensis comes et filius quondam…bonæ memoriæ domni Paldulfi principis…et…Paldulfus et Landulfus comitibus et filii qdd. bonæ recordationis domini Paldulfi comitis filii supradicti domini Paldulfi principis…et…Blacta…monachile…quæ fui principissa et relicta quondam Johanni principis filia [sic] supradicti Paldulfi principis…et Urania comitissa filia Johanni comitis et uxor…supradicti Landolfi comitis…et…Anna comitissa filia Sergii et relicta quoddam supradicti Paldulfi comiti" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[487]. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[488]. m URANIA, daughter of IOANNES & his wife --- (-after Jul 1049). "Landolfus…Teanensis comes et filius quondam…bonæ memoriæ domni Paldulfi principis…et Urania comitissa filia Johanni comitis et uxor…supradicti Landolfi comitis…" donated property to the monastery of San Giovanni di Clusa by charter dated Jul 1049[489]. Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) IOANNES (-after Jul 1086). "Iohannes quoque filius Landulfi comitis Teanensis" donated part of his castle at Mortula to the monastery of Monte Cassino in Sep 1070[490]. Conte di Venafro. "Iohannes comes Benafri filius Landolfi comitis…et son épouse Anna" donated castellum de Cardeto to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jul 1086[491]. m ATTA di Venafro, daughter of PALDO Conte di Venafro & his wife Maria --- (-after Jul 1086). "Atta filia Paldi comitis de civitate di Venafro…uxor…Iohannis comitis filii quoddam Landolfi qui fuit comes de suprascripta civitate" donated her part of land "infra finibus Teanense civitatis loco Presenzano ubi ad Savinianu" to the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla by charter dated Feb 1072[492]. "Iohannes comes Benafri filius Landolfi comitis…et son épouse Anna" donated castellum de Cardeto to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jul 1086[493]. Ioannes & his wife had three children:

(a) PALDO di Venafro (-after Jun 1123). "Paldi comes filius domni Ioannis comitis" is named in a charter dated Jun 1089 under which "comte Hugues Morinus" donated property[494]. Conte di Venafro. "Paldo comte de Venafro" was named in the charter dated 1118 under which "Roger comte de Calvi" donated property[495]. m ---. The name of Paldo´s wife is not known. Paldo & his wife had one child:

(1) ATENOLF di Venafro (-bur Monte Cassino). An epitaph records the death (undated) of "Adenulfi comitis filius Paldi comiti di Venafro"[496].

(b) ALTRUDA (-after Nov 1104). "Guilielmus…domino castelli…Nove…filius quondam Guilielmi qui dictus est de Magnia et Altruda filia quondam Johannis comitis Tianensis" donated property to the abbey of Cava by charter dated Nov 1104[497]. m GUGLIELMO Signore di Novi Velia, son of GUGLIELMO de Mannia & his wife --- (-after Nov 1104).

(c) SICHELGAITA (-after 1119). "Sichelgaita fille du feu comte Jean de Teano et veuve de Grégoire de Capaccio" donated property to Cava abbey, in the presence of "son fils Guillaume et de ses nepotes Grégoire, Gaimar, Gisulf, Tudinus et Jordan" by charter dated 1119[498]. m as his second wife, GREGORIO di Capaccio, son of PALDULF di Salerno & his wife Theodora di Tusculanum (-[1118/19]).

ii) LANDOLF (after [1050]-after Sep 1070). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "frater eius [=Iohannes] Landulfus infans"[499]. "Landolfus infans infra ætate filii quondam Landolfi qui fuit comes Teanensis" donated his part of castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1070[500].

2. [GISULF (-after 1011). Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus et Gisulfus Teanenses comites" [presumably brothers, although the relationship between the donors is not specified in the document] donated land at Cesima to Monte Cassino, dated to [1011/22][501].] m ---. The name of Gisulf´s wife is not known. Gisulf & his wife had [five] children:

a) PETRUS (-after 19 Jan 1065). Conte di Teano. "Les comtes de Teano Pierre et Jean" recognised the jurisdiction of Monte Cassino over Bantra castle in order to free "leur frère Laidulf Comte de Teano emprisonné par Ardemannus neveu de l´abbé Richer", dated to Aug 1040[502]. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[503].

b) IOANNES (-after 19 Jan 1065). Conte di Teano. "Les comtes de Teano Pierre et Jean" recognised the jurisdiction of Monte Cassino over Bantra castle in order to free "leur frère Laidulf Comte de Teano emprisonné par Ardemannus neveu de l´abbé Richer", dated to Aug 1040[504]. A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[505]. m ---. The name of Ioannes´s wife is not known. Ioannes & his wife had one child:

i) PIETRO (-after Oct 1116). "Le comte Pierre fils du comte Jean de Teano et son fils le comte Jean" confirmed their part of Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Oct 1116[506]. m ---. The name of Pietro´s wife is not known. Pietro & his wife had one child:

(a) IOANNES (-after Oct 1116). "Le comte Pierre fils du comte Jean de Teano et son fils le comte Jean" confirmed their part of Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Oct 1116[507].

c) LAIDOLF (-before 19 Jan 1065). Conte di Teano. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Laidulfus Teanensis comes" captured "Adenulfum qui postmodum dux Caietæ" at Teano, in support of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno against Pandulf VII Prince of Capua, but that in revenge "Aquinenses comites" imprisoned the abbot of Monte Cassino who was helped by "Landulfus…Teanensis comes", dated to [1039][508]. "Les comtes de Teano Pierre et Jean" recognised the jurisdiction of Monte Cassino over Bantra castle in order to free "leur frère Laidulf Comte de Teano emprisonné par Ardemannus neveu de l´abbé Richer", dated to Aug 1040[509]. m ---. The name of Laidolf's wife is not known. Laidolf & his wife had two children:

i) PANDOLF (-[19 Jan 1065/7 Dec 1089])). A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[510]. m ---. The name of Pandolf´s wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had one child:

(a) PANDOLF (-after Sep 1091). "…Pandulphi de Presumzanu" witnessed the charter dated 7 Dec 1089 which records a judgment in favour of the monastery of San Stefano di Fossanova[511]. Conte di Presenziano. "Pandulfus comes filius domni Pandulfi qui fuit comes Tiano" donated his part of castellum Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1091, signed by "Pandulfus comes, Ectore, Laidulfus…"[512]. m MARIA, daughter of --- (-after Apr 1108). "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[513]. Pandolf & his wife had four children:

(1) ECTORE (-after 1115). "Pandulfus comes filius domni Pandulfi qui fuit comes Tiano" donated his part of castellum Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1091, signed by "Pandulfus comes, Ectore, Laidulfus…"[514]. "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[515]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Hector, Pandulfus et Gisulfus filii Pandulfi de Presenzano" occupied castellum Camino but were forced to return it to Monte Cassino on the intervention of Pope Pascal II, dated to [1115][516].

(2) LAIDULF (-after Sep 1108). "Pandulfus comes filius domni Pandulfi qui fuit comes Tiano" donated his part of castellum Mortula to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1091, signed by "Pandulfus comes, Ectore, Laidulfus…"[517]. "Laydulfus comes filius quondam Pandulfi comitis Thianense" donated his part of castellum Mortula and Camino to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1108[518].

(3) PANDOLF (-after 1115). "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[519]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Hector, Pandulfus et Gisulfus filii Pandulfi de Presenzano" occupied castellum Camino but were forced to return it to Monte Cassino on the intervention of Pope Pascal II, dated to [1115][520].

(4) GISULF (-after 1115). "Mariæ quondam uxoris Pandulfi comitis Teanensis…avec ses fils Hector, Pandulf et Gisulf" her rights in Camino, Mortula and Rocca Bantra to Monte Cassino by charter dated Apr 1108[521]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Hector, Pandulfus et Gisulfus filii Pandulfi de Presenzano" occupied castellum Camino but were forced to return it to Monte Cassino on the intervention of Pope Pascal II, dated to [1115][522].

ii) LANDENOLF (-after [Aug 1101]). A charter dated 19 Jan 1065 records that Richard Prince of Capua confiscated property from "Landolfus filius quondam Pandulfi olim principis et Landulfus nepos ipsius Landolfi et filii quondam Pandulfi et Johannes et Petrus germani et filii quondam Gisulfi et Paldulfus et Landenolfus germani et filii quondam Laydolfi olim Thianensis comitibus" and donated castellum de Mortula to Monte Cassino[523]. "Landenulf comte de Presenziano, fils du défunt comte Laidulf de Teano, avec ses fils Landulf et Laidulf" donated his rights to castellum Mortula by charter dated Sep 1097[524]. "Landenulfus comes filius quondam Laidolfi comitis" donated his part of Camino to Monte Cassino by charter dated Aug 1101[525]. The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Landenulfus comes, filius Laydolfi comitis" when recording his donation to Monte Cassino (Aug 1101 in the margin)[526]. m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Landenolf & his wife had two children:

(a) LANDOLF (-after Sep 1097). "Landenulf comte de Presenziano, fils du défunt comte Laidulf de Teano, avec ses fils Landulf et Laidulf" donated his rights to castellum Mortula by charter dated Sep 1097[527].

(b) LAIDOLF (-after Sep 1097). "Landenulf comte de Presenziano, fils du défunt comte Laidulf de Teano, avec ses fils Landulf et Laidulf" donated his rights to castellum Mortula by charter dated Sep 1097[528].

d) daughter . The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Teanenses comites" betrothed "sororem suam" to "propinquo suo [=Richer abbot of Monte Cassino]…Ardemanno" provided he granted them "Vantra" castle but that "Laidulfum unum ex eisdem comitibus" was imprisoned (which suggests that the proposed marriage never took place), dated to [1039/40][529]. Betrothed ([1039/40]) to ARDEMANNO, son of ---.

e) [daughter (-after [May/Jul] 1045). The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records that "Pandulfus" captured "sororem Teanensium comitum" to force the liberation of "Adenulfus" [Duke of Gaeta] who had been captured by Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno, dated to [May/Jul] 1045[530]. It is not known whether this person was the same as the other sister of the counts of Teano who is referred to above.]

Stasser suggests that the following person was another brother of Pandolf VI Prince of Capua, although emphasising that this affiliation is only a hypothesis[531].

1. LAIDOLF (-before Feb 1046). "Laidolfus comes" is named as present in a charter dated 1028 under which "Gemma…uxor Leoni filii quondam Corbi et filia Iaquinti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the eleventh year of "domni Grimualdi Beneventane provincie princeps"[532]. m firstly ---. The name of Laidolf´s first wife is not known, but the marriage of his daughter before May 1023 strongly suggests this earlier marriage. m secondly ALOARA, daughter of TRUPPOALD & his wife ---. A charter dated Feb 1046 records that "Aloara que fuit uxore quondam Laidolfi comitis et filia quondam Truppoaldi comitis et…Iohannes comes germano suo" granted property to "Ademari filio quondam Grimoaldi et Amatus filio quondam Petri…thio et nepotes"[533]. Laidolf & his first wife had six children:

a) daughter . Amatus records that the "sister of Guaimar's [Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno] wife was married to the Duke of Sorrento who had exiled her" and that Pandolf IV Duke of Capua attempted to seduce "the daughter of this lady"[534]. The editor of the edition consulted notes that the two sisters were the daughters of Laidolf, citing the sources which are quoted below relating to Gemma di Capua, wife of Guaimar IV Duke of Salerno[535]. However, as discussed more fully in the chapter dealing with the dukes of Salerno, it appears probable that Gemma di Capua was Duke Guaimar IV´s third wife whom he married in [1031/32]. Is it certain, therefore, that Amatus is referring to Guaimar´s third wife? The key to answering this question is determining how closely the relevant passage in Amatus can be dated. Amatus, in the paragraph preceding the passage reporting the attempted seduction of the young lady, records the succession of Duke Guaimar IV to his father[536], which is dated from other sources to [Feb/Jun] 1027. In the paragraph about the attempted seduction, Amatus records that "Guaimar…prepared to avenge this infamy. He brought forth his wealth…and presented these gifts to the Normans…[who] wasted no time in proclaiming his lordship over all the princes". Chalandon suggests that the dispute (which is also recorded by Malaterra[537]) broke out after Pandolf IV´s attack on Benevento in 1036[538]. This appears to be correct: Amatus records that Emperor Konrad II intervened in Italy in response to the problem[539], and his visit to Italy can be dated to 1037/38 from other sources (see, for example, the detailed account in the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis which specifies the date 1038 for the emperor´s arrival in Italy[540]). It can therefore safely be concluded that the attempted seduction of the daughter of the duke of Sorrento´s wife should be dated to [1035/36] and therefore that her mother was the sister of Prince Guaimar´s [third] wife Gemma di Capua. This means that the duke of Sorrento´s must have married the Capuan lady before 1020, assuming that her daughter was adolescent by [1035/36]. m (before 1020, repudiated [before 1035]) --- Duke of Sorrento, son of --- (-after 1038).

b) PANDOLF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). He was installed in 1052 as PANDOLF Prince of Salerno. Amatus records that, after the murder of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno in 1052, "they…made Pandulf prince as he was first born of the brothers"[541]. Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[542].

c) ATENULF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[543].

d) son (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[544].

e) LANDOLF (-murdered 1052 after 3 Jun). Amatus names Landulf "youngest of the four brothers of Guaimar's wife" as one of the murderers of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno[545]. Amatus records that Pandolf and his brothers were released by Guido di Salerno, brother of the murdered prince, after he recaptured the city with help from the Normans, but the latter murdered Pandolf, his brothers and the other conspirators[546].

f) GEMMA (-after Dec 1070). Amatus refers to the wife of Prince Guaimar as sister of Landolf, one of his murderers[547]. "Waimarius…Longobardorum gentis Principes" confirmed the rights of Salerno church, with the consent of "Gemme Principisse…coniugis", by charter dated May 1032[548]. A charter dated Jul 1059, under which "Aloara filia quondam Romoaldi comitis que uxor denique Petri comitis et referendarii fuerat" donated property, quotes an earlier charter under which "Guaimar Prince of Salerno", in "the fourteenth year" of his reign, granted property in Salerno to "Petri comiti thio et referendario nostro" at the request of "Laidolfi comitis socero nostro"[549]. It is assumed that this document refers to Prince Guaimar IV (whose fourteenth year was 1032) and that "Laidolfi comitis" was therefore the father of the prince´s third wife. Gemma, daughter of Laidulf, donated a mill at Vietri to the monastery of Cava dated Dec 1070, consented to by her five named sons[550]. m (before May 1032) as his third wife, GUAIMAR IV Duke of Salerno, son of GUAIMAR III Duke of Salerno & his second wife Gaitelgrima of Capua ([1010/12]-murdered 3 Jun 1052).

H. CONTI di VENAFRO

1. AUDOALD (-after Feb 878). Conte. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Adelchis…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed the privileges of the abbot of Volturno, at the request of "Audoaldi comitis cognati nostri", by charter dated Feb [878][551]. The relationship between Count Audoald and Prince Adelchis has not been traced. It is possible that Audoald was the brother of Adelchis´s wife, assuming that "cognatus" can be interpreted in this document as "brother-in-law". Audoald is placed with the conti di Venafro because his name is repeated several times in their family groupings.

The following reconstruction results from the charter dated Jan 955 which is quoted below. It is clear from the document that Ademar thesaurarius was great-grandfather of all four named donors. It is also clear that Audoald, son of Ademar, was not the brother of Alfan and Ademar, sons of Ademar. Their fathers must therefore have been first cousins. Another possible variation is that Patero was the son of another unnamed son of Ademar [I], rather than the brother of Ademar [III].

1. ADEMAR [I] . Thesaurarius. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had two children:

a) --- . m ---. One child:

i) ADEMAR [II] (-before Jan 955). Conte [di Venafro]. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had two children:

(a) ALFAN (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][552].

(b) ADEMAR [IV] (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][553].

b) --- . m ---. [Two] children:

i) [ADEMAR [III] (-before Jan 955). m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had one child:

(a) AUDOALD (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][554].

ii) [PATERO . m ---. The name of Patero´s wife is not known. Patero & his wife had one child:

(a) LANDOLF (-after Jan 955). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Alfanus et Aldemari germani filii quondam Aldemar qui fuit comes et Audoaldus castaldeus filius quondam Aldemari et Landulfus castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Pateri" donated "curtem nostram de finibus Benafro propinquo ecclesia Sancti Nicandri", granted to "Aldemari thesaurarius bisavius noster…a parte sacri palatii", to Volturno, by charter dated Jan [955][555].

1. ADEMAR [V] (-before Aug 987). The names of this family suggest that Ademar [V] was closely connected with the family of Ademar [I] who is shown above. It is possible that Ademar [V] was the same person as either Ademar [III] or Ademar [IV]. m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar [V] & his wife had two children:

a) AUDOALD (-after Aug 990). "Poto figlio del fu Roffrid" donated land outside Benevento at Calcara to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", with the consent "della moglia Adeltruda", by charter dated Aug 987[556]. "Pietro figlio di Dauferio" donated land at Calcara and Pantano, inherited "dalla moglie Aloara", to "conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 987[557]. "Il conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro" paid money to "Poto figlio di Giovanni Sapaticio", in the presence "dei conti Magenolfo et Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 990[558]. m ---. The name of Audoald´s wife is not known. Audoald & his wife had two children:

i) ADEMAR (-after Aug 1003). "Madelberto presbitero ed il nipote Giovanni" donated land in Telese at Cortesano, Titerno and Piscinola "ai conti Aldemaro e Audoaldo, figli del fu Audoaldo" by charter dated Aug 1003[559].

ii) AUDOALD (-after Aug 1003). "Madelberto presbitero ed il nipote Giovanni" donated land in Telese at Cortesano, Titerno and Piscinola "ai conti Aldemaro e Audoaldo, figli del fu Audoaldo" by charter dated Aug 1003[560].

2. MAGENULF (-after Aug 990). "Il conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro" paid money to "Poto figlio di Giovanni Sapaticio", in the presence "dei conti Magenolfo et Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 990[561]. m ---. The name of Magenulf´s wife is not known. Magenulf & his wife had one child:

a) ADEMAR (-after 8 Apr 1043). "Comte Rodelpot fils du comte Poto…[et] ses frères" divided land outside Benevento at Plesco di Calcara held jointly with "la comtesse Gaitelgrima, fille de feu le comte Alfan et épouse du comte Adémar fils du comte Magenulf" by charter dated Nov 1041[562]. "I principi Pandolfo III e Landolfo VI" granted fiscal immunities to specified persons, at the request "del conte Aldemario", by charter dated 8 Apr 1043[563]. m GAITELGRIMA, daughter of ALFAN & his wife --- (-after Nov 1041). "Comte Rodelpot fils du comte Poto…[et] ses frères" divided land outside Benevento at Plesco di Calcara held jointly with "la comtesse Gaitelgrima, fille de feu le comte Alfan et épouse du comte Adémar fils du comte Magenulf" by charter dated Nov 1041[564].

3. ADEMAR (-after Aug 990). "Il conte Audoaldo figlio del fu Aldemaro" paid money to "Poto figlio di Giovanni Sapaticio", in the presence "dei conti Magenolfo et Aldemaro", by charter dated Aug 990[565].

4. ADEMAR (-before Mar 1022). m ---. The name of Ademar´s wife is not known. Ademar & his wife had one child:

a) ADEMAR (-after Mar 1022). A charter dated Mar 1022 records an agreement between "Aldemari comes filius idem Aldemari que fuit Comes" and the abbot of Volturno relating to a dispute about properties in Telesia[566].

1. PALDEFRID (-after Nov 954). Conte di Venafro. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment against "Paldefrit comes castaldatus Benafrani" who had appropriated properties of the monastery of Volturno, by charter dated Nov 954[567]. m ---. The name of Paldefrid´s wife is not known. Paldefrid & his wife had two children:

a) PANDOLF [I] . "Pandulf et le diacre Landulf, fils du défunt comte Paldefrid de Venafro, et Paldo fils di défunt comte Adenulf de Venafro" opposed the rights of Monte Cassino to certain property in the county of Venafro by charter dated to [966][568]. Conte di Venafro. m ---. The name of Pandolf´s wife is not known. Pandolf & his wife had two children:

i) AUDOALD (-after 1032). "Audoald fils du défunt comte Pandulf de Venafro et ses neveux Pandulf et Landulf" shared properties in Cardito, Fondiniani, Casale and Acquafundata in the county of Venafro by charter dated 1032[569]. Conte di Venafro.

ii) son . m ---. Two children:

(a) PANDOLF [II] . "Audoald fils du défunt comte Pandulf de Venafro et ses neveux Pandulf et Landulf" shared properties in Cardito, Fondiniani, Casale and Acquafundata in the county of Venafro by charter dated 1032[570].

(b) LANDOLF . "Audoald fils du défunt comte Pandulf de Venafro et ses neveux Pandulf et Landulf" shared properties in Cardito, Fondiniani, Casale and Acquafundata in the county of Venafro by charter dated 1032[571].

b) LANDOLF (-after Dec 970). "Pandulf et le diacre Landulf, fils du défunt comte Paldefrid de Venafro, et Paldo fils di défunt comte Adenulf de Venafro" opposed the rights of Monte Cassino to certain property in the county of Venafro by charter dated to [966][572]. "Landolfus diaconus et monachus filius Paldefridi comitis" donated property in the county of Venafro to Monte Cassino by charter dated Dec 970[573].

2. [ATENOLF (-before [966]).] m ---. The name of Atenolf´s wife is not known. Atenolf & his wife had one child:

a) PALDO [I] . "Pandulf et le diacre Landulf, fils du défunt comte Paldefrid de Venafro, et Paldo fils di défunt comte Adenulf de Venafro" opposed the rights of Monte Cassino to certain property in the county of Venafro by charter dated to [966][574].

1. LANDENOLF . It is possible, but not certain, that Landenolf was the same person as the unnamed younger son of Pandolf [I] Conte di Venafro (see above). Conte di Venafro. m ---. The name of Landenolf´s wife is not known. Landenolf & his wife had one child:

a) PANDOLF [III] (-after Sep 1071). As mentioned above, assuming that Pandolf [III]´s father was the same person as the unnamed younger son of Pandolf [I] Conte di Venafro, Pandolf [III] was the same person as Pandolf [II]. Conte di Venafro. "Paldolfi comite Benafro filius cuiusdam domni Landenolfi comiti" was authorised by "domna Maria religiosa abbatissa…consobrine sorori tuæ" (abbess of Santa Maria de Cingla) to occupy castellum de Sant´Arcangelo by charter dated to [1062][575]. "Paldulfus comes de civitate Venafro et fili quoddam Landenulfi qui fuit comes" donated land "infra finibus Teano loco Presenzanu ubi Sabinianu…cum Paldo germano meo" to Monte Cassino by charter dated Sep 1071[576].

b) PALDO [II] (-after Feb 1072). Conte di Venafro. "Paldi…comes…cum Maria comitissa conjuge mea" donated castellum di Veticusu to Monte Cassino by charter dated Mar 1064[577]. m MARIA, daughter of ---. "Paldi…comes…cum Maria comitissa conjuge mea" donated castellum di Veticusu to Monte Cassino by charter dated Mar 1064[578]. Paldo & his wife had one child:

i) ATTA di Venafro (-after Jul 1086). "Atta filia Paldi comitis de civitate di Venafro…uxor…Iohannis comitis filii quoddam Landolfi qui fuit comes de suprascripta civitate" donated her part of land "infra finibus Teanense civitatis loco Presenzano ubi ad Savinianu" to the monastery of Santa Maria de Cingla by charter dated Feb 1072[579]. "Iohannes comes Benafri filius Landolfi comitis…et son épouse Anna" donated castellum de Cardeto to Monte Cassino by charter dated Jul 1086[580]. m IOANNES di Teano, son of LANDOLF Conte di Teano & his wife Urania --- (-after Jul 1086).

I. OTHER NOBILITY in BENEVENTO

1. RODOALD (-before Jun 766). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[581]. m ---. The name of Rodoald´s wife is not known. Rodoald & his wife had three children:

a) RADULHIN (-after Jun 766). The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[582].

b) ERMEPERT (-after Jun 766). The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[583].

c) EUFEMIA (-after Jun 766). The Chronicon Vulturnense records donations of property by "Godeschalcus qui fuit quondam Dux…Annam conjugem suam" to Volturno, a judgment given by "Domnæ Ascanipergæ et Domni Liutprandi" relating to the property which was appealed to "Domni Aistulfi Regis Ticino", and another claim by "Radoaldo Gastaldeo…in præsentiam Domni Arichis intentionando pro causis de filiis et noras suas, seu germana eorum Eufimia ancilla Dei" which was settled in respect of "pars Radulhini et Ermeperti cum conjuge sua, vel Eufemia germana eorum", by charter dated Jun 766[584]. Nun.

1. RODERISSUS (-before 810). m ---. The name of Roderissus´s wife is not known. Roderissus & his wife had two children:

a) RODEGAR (-after 807). "Rodegari…Theodericus, Framici fi[lius] Roderissi" witnessed the charter dated Oct [807] ("temporibus…Grimualdi summi principis gentis Longobardorum, anno sec[un[do princ[i]p[atu]s eius, mse Octobrio, indic prima") under which "Forti sculdais fi[lius] Roderissi sculdais, abitator in civitat Tarentina" donated property in Taranto to Montecassino[585]. Gastald [di Conza]. "Rodegari gastaldius filius quondam Roderissi…habitator in Gasananu" donated property "in finibus C[on[sinis…territorio Abolæ", including property belonging to "Eusebia c[on]iuge mea iuxta fines Canusie quæ…habui de genitore suo…Guartecausæ", to Montecassino by charter dated to Apr [795 or 810] ("temporibus domini n[ostr]I Grimoaldi summi principis Langobardorum gentis, mse Aprili idict IIIa", which could refer to either date, although the donor´s signatory in the charter dated Oct [807] quoted below suggests that the latter date may be correct)[586]. m EUSEBIA, daughter of GUARTACAUSA & his wife --- (-after [Apr 810]). "Rodegari gastaldius filius quondam Roderissi…habitator in Gasananu" donated property "in finibus C[on[sinis…territorio Abolæ", including property belonging to "Eusebia c[on]iuge mea iuxta fines Canusie quæ…habui de genitore suo…Guartecausæ", to Montecassino by charter dated to Apr [795 or 810][587]. Rodegar & his wife had [one] child:

i) [RODERISSUS . "Raderissi, Cunefrid filius Cunicici" witnessed the charter dated Apr [795 or 810] under which "Rodegari gastaldius filius quondam Roderissi…habitator in Gasananu" donated property to Montecassino[588]. The parentage of the witness Roderissus is not specified in the document but his name suggests that he may have been the son of the donor, whose father bore the same name.]

b) FRAMICUS (-after Oct 807). "Rodegari…Theodericus, Framici fi[lius] Roderissi" witnessed the charter dated Oct [807] ("temporibus…Grimualdi summi principis gentis Longobardorum, anno sec[un[do princ[i]p[atu]s eius, mse Octobrio, indic prima") under which "Forti sculdais fi[lius] Roderissi sculdais, abitator in civitat Tarentina" donated property in Taranto to Montecassino[589].

1. DAUFER (-before Jul 830). m ---. The name of Daufer´s wife is not known. Daufer & his wife had one child:

a) RODEGAR . "Rodegari gastaldius filius sanctæ recordationis Dauferii" confirmed the foundation of a hospice, under the authority of Montecassino, near ponte Leproso and donated property in Benevento by charter dated Jul [830][590]. Gastald.

1. MAIO (-before Jan 813). Gastald. m ---. The name of Maio´s wife is not known. Maio & his wife had one child:

a) MAIO (-after Nov 849). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Majo castaldeus filius bonæ memoriæ Mayonis castaldei" donated "casalem meum in finibus Capuæ in loco…Ponte Pozzolano et…in Monte Mariniano" to Volturno monastery by charter dated Jan 813 at Benevento[591]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[592].

2. TRUPPOALD (-after Nov 849). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[593].

3. RADELCHIS (-after Nov 849). The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[594].

1. PALDO (-before Oct 817). m ---. The name of Paldo´s wife is not known. Paldo & his wife had one child:

a) STEFANO (-after Oct 817). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[595]. m IMETRADA, daughter of ---. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[596]. Stefano & his wife had five children:

i) PALDO . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[597].

ii) TATO . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[598].

iii) [RADEGISA . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[599]. It is assumed that the three persons named after the donor´s wife were their daughters, but this is not specified in the document.]

iv) [ARNEGISA . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[600]. It is assumed that the three persons named after the donor´s wife were their daughters, but this is not specified in the document.]

v) [LEOPOLA . The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Stephanus castaldeus filius quondam Paldoni…cum duobus filiis meis Paldone et Tatone" donated "casale in partibus Beneventi et in Apulia et in Capuanis finibus" to Volturno monastery, retaining the right of use "post nostrum discessum si Imetrada uxor mea et Radegisa et Arnegisa et Leopola advixerint", by charter dated Oct 817 at Benevento[601]. It is assumed that the three persons named after the donor´s wife were their daughters, but this is not specified in the document.]

1. ATTIO (-before Jun 877). Gastald. "Be[ne]d[ic]tus et Sicardus filii bone memorie Attioni gast[aldei]" donated property "in finibus Tianu, loco---Scatunianu et Purpuranu" to Montecassino by charter dated Jun [877][602]. m ---. The name of Attio´s wife is not known. Attio & his wife had two children:

a) BENEDICTO (-after Jun 877). "Be[ne]d[ic]tus et Sicardus filii bone memorie Attioni gast[aldei]" donated property "in finibus Tianu, loco---Scatunianu et Purpuranu" to Montecassino by charter dated Jun [877][603].

b) SICARD (-after Jun 877). "Be[ne]d[ic]tus et Sicardus filii bone memorie Attioni gast[aldei]" donated property "in finibus Tianu, loco---Scatunianu et Purpuranu" to Montecassino by charter dated Jun [877][604].

1. LODOVICO (-after [896]). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records a judgment "in Benevento palatio…in præsentia Domnæ Ageltrudis imperatricis augustæ et domni Radelchis principis" by "Lodoicus castaldeus" against "Bernardus clericus filius…Bernardi…in monasterio Sanctæ Mariæ…ad Castanietum propinquo Castro Piniano" founded by "domna Theoderada ducissa…et…Domno Gisulfo Duce filio eius", by charter dated to [896][605].

1. RAIMELFRID (-after Jul 949). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that Leo abbot of the monastery of Volturno "et Adeferi referendario abocatore meo" claimed ownership of the monastery of San Salvatore di Alife in the court of the prince of Benevento, in ther presence of "Raimelfrid castaldeo et judice…cum Alfano castaldeo", by charter dated Jul 949[606].

2. ALFAN (-after Jul 949). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that Leo abbot of the monastery of Volturno "et Adeferi referendario abocatore meo" claimed ownership of the monastery of San Salvatore di Alife in the court of the prince of Benevento, in ther presence of "Raimelfrid castaldeo et judice…cum Alfano castaldeo", by charter dated Jul 949[607].

3. GAIDERAD . m ---. The name of Gaiderad´s wife is not known. Gaiderad & his wife had one child:

a) EDERAD (-after Jan 975). Gastald. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Erderado castaldeus filius cuiusdam Caiderradi habitator sum civitati Beneventanæ" donated "infra civitate Lisine et…ecclesiam Sancti Johannis…Caldole" to the monastery of Volturno by charter dated Jan 975[608].

Chapter 2. SALERNO

The principality of Salerno separated from Benevento at the time of the civil war which followed the death of Sicard Prince of Benevento in 839, its autonomy being confirmed by Louis II King of Italy in 849. The treaty of division between Radelchis Prince of Benevento and Siconulf Prince of Salerno, dated 849, specifies the towns which lay within the principality of Salerno: Taranto, Latiniano, Cassano, Cosenza, Laino, Lucania, Conza, Montella, Rota, Salerno, Sarno, Cimiterio, Furculo, Capua, Teano and Sora, as well as half of the gastaldat of Acerenza[609]. The extent of Salernitan territory was eroded over the years. By about 860, the rulers of Capua had severed their links with Salerno and acted autonomously, resulting in the loss of the towns of Capua, Teano and Sora[610]. Byzantine possessions in southern Italy were restricted to Gallipoli and Otranto, as well as land south of a line from Rossano to Amantes in Calabria, the two areas separated by the principality of Salerno[611]. However, Byzantium reconquered Bari in 876, Taranto in 880, and Conversano by 899, while the capital of the duchy of Benevento was occupied between 891 and 894[612]. By the early 11th century, Byzantium had reconquered Acerenza, as well as the territory south of that town, Bisignano, Cassano and Cosenza[613]. The princes of Salerno must have acknowledged Byzantine suzerainty, at least from time to time, as shown by the Byzantine titles which were used by the Salernitan princes, as recorded in the various charters which are quoted below.

A. PRINCES of SALERNO 849-978 (FAMILY of SICONULF)

SICONULF 849-850, SICO 850-853

SICONULF [Sikenolf], son of SICO I Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-Salerno [Nov/Dec] 849). Nithard names "Sigenulf" as brother of "Sigihard"[614]. "Syconulfum eius fratrem [=Sycard]" is named in the Catalogus Principum Salerni, when recording his imprisonment at Taranto[615]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, on the death of his older brother, Radelchis deprived Siconulf of Benevento and held him captive at Taranto. With help from Amalfi, he escaped and was brought back to Salerno which, under his leadership, declared war on Benevento[616]. During the civil war which followed, Siconulf gained control of the southern and western parts of the old principality of Benevento, declaring himself SICONULF Prince of Salerno. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 842, under which "Antipertu et Arnipertu germani filii quondam Cuniperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconolfi"[617]. "Sichenolfus…Langobardorum gentis princ[eps]" donated property, including that previously held by "dom[ne] Adelghise que nunc nostri palatii pertinet", to Santa Maria in Cingla by charter dated to [839/Jul 849][618]. The civil war was eventually settled by Louis II King of Italy [Carolingian], who arranged the creation of the new principality of Salerno out of Beneventan territory under the Radelgisi et Siginulfi Divisio Ducatus Beneventani signed in early 849[619]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus…Sikelnolfus…Langobardorum gentis Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "Mauroaldum abbatem, et Truppoaldum et Majonem seu Radelchis comitibus nostris", by charter dated Nov 849 "anno regni nostri…decimo"[620]. Siconulf´s death is dated from the charter dated Dec 849, whose dating clause refers to the first year of "domni nostri Siconi filii Siconolfi magno principis"[621]. The Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis records the death of Siconulf at Salerno[622].

m ITTA, daughter of ---(-after [Nov/Dec] 849). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Sikenolfus…suæ coniugis Ittæ" when recording that she survived her husband[623]. The origin of Prince Siconulf's wife is not known. Erchempert names "Guido dux Spoletanorum, Siconulfi cognatus" when recording that the former attacked the latter, dated to [843/43][624]. The Chronicon Salernitanum also names "Sikenolfus…suum cognatum Guidonem" when recording the same event[625]. This has been interpreted in two ways. Hlawitschka and Bougard proposed that the relationship indicated was that Guido of Spoleto had married a sister of Siconulf, daughter of Sico I Prince of Benevento[626]. On the other hand, Taviani Carozzi and Settipani considered that the correct interpretation was that Siconulf´s wife was Guido´s sister[627], and therefore Itta di Spoleto, daughter of Lambert [I] Marchese and Duke of Spoleto & his wife ---. Stasser approves the principle argument in favour of the latter hypothesis, which is based on the Chronicon Salernitanum recording the marriages of three of the daughters of "Sico princeps" and adding that the author could not remember the husbands of the others[628], and the unlikelihood that a marriage of one daughter with Guido of Spoleto would have been forgotten. The difficulty with both hypotheses is the assumption that "cognatus" should be interpreted only as meaning "brother-in-law", although the word could indicate a more remote family relationship.

Prince Siconulf & his wife had one child:

1. SICO ([839/45]-[May/Oct] 855). The dating clause of a charter dated Dec 849, under which "Leo quondam Iohanni [filius]" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the first year of "domni nostri Siconi filii Siconolfi magno principis"[629]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Syco eius filius [=Syconolfus] puer" succeeded his father as SICO II Prince of Salerno, under the regency of his godfather Petrus ("Petri comitis viri illustris de Salerno") and the latter's son Ademar[630]. His birth date range is estimated based on "puer" indicating a pre-adolescent, and taking into account that Sico was still a minor when he died. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 850, under which "Leo filius quondam Iohanni" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the first year of "domni nostri Siconi filii bone memorie domni Siconolfi summo princeps"[631]. The dating clause of a charter Mar 852, under which "Teodericus filius Leonis" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconis et domni Petri rectori eius"[632]. The dating clause of a charter Feb 854, under which "Lupus et Lanpertus et Amipertus diaconus et Walpertus germani filii Boneperti" and others donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "domni nostri Siconi et domni Petri rectori eius" and the first year of "domni Ademari principibus"[633], demonstrating that Ademar shared power with Prince Sico before the latter was killed. The Catalogus Principum Salerni and the Chronicon Salernitanum record that Sico was taken north by Louis II King of Italy [Carolingian] for grooming as eventual successor, but was assassinated in 853 by Petrus and Ademar when he returned to Benevento [634]. His death is dated to [May/Oct] 855, as the dating clause of a charter dated May 855, under which "Locerna religiosa femina filia quondam Santiperti et relicta…quondam Gennari filio Optimi" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "domni nostri Siconis et domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[635], while the dating clause of a charter dated Oct 855, under which "Teodi et Cunipertus germani filii Pauliperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[636]. Betrothed ([849]) to --- di Capua, daughter of LANDENOLF di Capua & his wife ---. Erchempert records that "Landonolfus" betrothed "natam suam" to "Siconolfo…filio illius" but that "filiis eius" died young "post patris"[637].

ADEMAR 853-861

PETRUS, son of --- ([Dec 855/Feb 856]). The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Petrus, godfather of Sico II Prince of Salerno, and his son were appointed regents on the new prince's accession in 851[638]. The dating clause of a charter dated Mar 852, under which "Teodericus filius Leonis" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "domni nostri Siconis et domni Petri rectori eius"[639]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni and the Chronicon Salernitanum record that Petrus and Ademar arranged Sico´s assassination when he returned to Salerno in 853[640], although the death of Sico is dated to [May/Oct] 855 as demonstrated by the charters quoted above. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 855, under which "Teodi et Cunipertus germani filii Pauliperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[641]. Petrus´s death is dated to [Dec 855/Feb 856], as the dating clause of a charter dated Dec 855, under which "Leodempertus filio Miteperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the seventh year of "domni nostri Petri" and the third year of "domni Ademari principibus"[642], while the dating clause of a charter dated Feb 856, under which "Roffrida flius quondam Ropperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the third year of "principatu domni Ademari" without mentioning Petrus[643].

m AUDPERGA, daughter of --- (-before Apr 858). Her marriage is confirmed by the Chronicon Vulturnense which records that "Domnus Ademari Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "domnus Petrus genitor meus…et ipsa Audperga" where they lived until their deaths, by charter dated Apr 858 "quinto anno principatus domini nostri Ademari"[644].

Petrus & his wife had one child:

1. ADEMAR (-861). The Catalogus Principum Salerni and the Chronicon Salernitanum record that "filius Petri prefati comitis Adimarius" installed himself as ADEMAR Prince of Salerno in 853 after he and his father murdered Sico II[645]. However, the dating clause of a charter Feb 854, under which "Lupus et Lanpertus et Amipertus diaconus et Walpertus germani filii Boneperti" and others donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fifth year of "domni nostri Siconi et domni Petri rectori eius" and the first year of "domni Ademari principibus"[646], demonstrating that Ademar shared power with Prince Sico before the latter was killed. The dating clause of a charter dated Oct 855, under which "Teodi et Cunipertus germani filii Pauliperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the sixth year of "principatus domni Petri" and the second year of "domni Ademari principibus"[647]. The Chronicon Vulturnense records that "Domnus Ademari Princeps" confirmed various donations to Volturno, including the donations by "domnus Petrus genitor meus…et ipsa Audperga" where they lived until their deaths, by charter dated Apr 858 "quinto anno principatus domini nostri Ademari"[648]. He was deposed in 861 by Guaifer, who succeeded as Prince of Salerno. m GUMELTRUDA, daughter of ---. "Gumeltruda" is named as wife of "Ademarius" in the Chronicon Salernitanum, which says that she was avaricious[649]. Prince Ademar & his wife had one child:

a) PETRUS . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Ademari filius Petrus"[650].

DAUFER 861, GUAIFER 861-880

DAUFER "Mutus", son of --- (-before Mar 852). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius…cum Guaiferium Maioque suis filiis" sent a delegation to Salerno, dated to [839/40] from the context[651]. [Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][652]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as Daufer´s son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.] The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Dauferii qui cognominatus fuit Mutus propter impeditionem suæ linguæ"[653]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius cognominatus Mutus" settled in "Nuceriam in loco…Forma", dated to [839/40] from the context[654].

m ---. The name of Daufer's wife is not known.

Daufer & his wife had [eight] children:

1. [DAUFERADA . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Rofrit" and "sua principessa cognata", the latter referring from the context to the wife of Sicard Prince of Benevento (who is named in another passage of the same source as the daughter of Daufer "Mutus", see above)[655]. If, as consistently suggested by Stasser, the word "cognata" can be interpreted as brother-in-law, then it is possible that Rofrid´s wife was Adelchisa´s sister[656]. However, the meaning of the word cannot be so limited, and therefore Rofrit´s second wife being the sister of Adelchisa is only one of the possible interpretations. If Dauferada was Adelchisa´s sister, it is likely that she was older than the princess of Benevento. The epitaph of "Dauferada…Rofrit…iugalis" records her death 17 Oct aged 45[657]. m as his second wife, ROFRIT, son of DAUFER & his wife --- ([776/79]-[836/39]).]

2. ADELCHISA . The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Adelchisa filia Dauferii qui cognominatus fuit Mutus propter impeditionem suæ linguæ" as wife of Sicard[658]. "Gontarius abbas monasterii sancti Modesti" was testamentary executor of "domina Adelchisa qui fuit principessa relicta domni Sichardi principis" and as such donated her property in Canosa to Monte Casino by charter dated Feb 852[659]. m SICARD Prince of Benevento, son of SICO I Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-murdered 839).

3. [ROMOALD (-after 840). Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][660]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as Daufer´s son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.]

4. [ARICHIS (-after 840). Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][661]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as his son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.]

5. [GRIMOALD (-after 840). Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][662]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as his son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.]

6. GUAIFER "Balbus" (-[Feb/Aug] 880, bur Teano). [Erchempert names "liberi Dauferii Balbi…Romoalt, Arichis et Grimoalt nec non et Gauiferius" when recording that they invaded Salerno from Benevento [dated to 840 by the editor of the MGH edition][663]. It is assumed that "Dauferius Balbus" indicates the same person as Daufer "Mutus", as his son Guaifer is named in other sources as Guaifer "Balbus", although this is not beyond all doubt.] The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius…cum Guaiferium Maioque suis filiis" sent a delegation to Salerno, dated to [839/40] from the context[664]. "Teodericus filius Loenis" sold property to "Waiferio filius bone memorie Dauferi" by charter dated Mar 852[665]. "Radechis comes filius Moncolani" sold property "circo carbonario propinquo civitatem Salernitatem" to "Waiferi comiti filius Dauferi" by charter dated Apr 856[666]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Guaiferius Balbus, filius Daiferi exulis Beneventani" usurped Salerno from his nephew[667]. The Chronicon Salernitanum names him "Muti Dauferii filius"[668]. He deposed his nephew and installed himself as GUAIFER Prince of Salerno in 861. Around this time, Capua broke free from Salerno and established itself as an autonomous principality[669]. The dating clause of a charter dated Jun 865, under which "Antipertus filius Trudiperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fourth year of "principatus domni nostri Waiferii magni principis"[670]. An Aghlabid force invaded Calabria from North Africa in 871, besieged Salerno and devastated the surrounding countryside. Amalfi sent help to Salerno to help withstand the siege, which was finally lifted after Louis II King of Italy dispatched a Frankish force from the north[671]. In 873, a Byzantine force recaptured Otranto from the Arabs, and in 876 Bari from the Lombards[672]. Erchempert records that "Landulfus" [Count of Capua] captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[673]. The dating clause of a charter Feb 880, under which "Senato filius Ragimperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the nineteenth year of "principatu domni nostri Waiferius" and the fourth year of "domni Waimari principibus"[674]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Guaifer became a monk[675]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Guaiferius…princeps" became a monk and travelled to "cœnobium beati Benedicti" but died before arriving, and was buried "Teanensi in castro eius ecclesia", dated to [880] from the context[676]. m firstly --- (-[849]) The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Guaiferius" killed his wife whom he suspected of adultery, dated to [849] from the context[677]. m secondly ([856]) LANDELAICHA di Capua, daughter of LANDO [I] Count of Capua & his wife Aloara --- (-after Mar 882). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "comes Capuanus Lando" had "duas filias", one of whom was intended to marry "Guaiferii" [dated to [856] from the context][678]. Her marriage is also indicated by Erchempert who records that "Landulfus" captured "Guaiferium principem" [dated to 874 by the editor of the MGH edition], that he was released after appointing "filios Landonis, Landonem…et Landonulfum, cognatos suos" as pledges and left for Ravenna in exile[679]. "Domne Landelaiche uxorem domni Waiferii principis" is named in a charter dated Jul 869, which also refers to, but does not name, "filiis et filie sue"[680]. "Domna Landelaicha…cum…domno Waimario principe filio suo" made a donation by charter dated Mar 882[681]. Prince Guaifer & his second wife had [five] children:

a) GUAIMAR (-901). The dating clause of a charter dated Feb 880, under which "Senato filius Ragimperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the nineteenth year of "principatu domni nostri Waiferius" and the fourth year of "domni Waimari principibus"[682]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius eius filius [=Guaiferius Balbus]" succeeded his father in 880 as GUAIMAR I Prince of Salerno[683].

- see below.

b) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m PULCHARUS prefect of Amalfi, son of MARINUS prefect of Amalfi & his wife --- (-after Sep 879).

c) ARECHIS ([860/70]-after Jul 923). "Arechis et Dauferius germani filii cuiusdam domni Waiferii qui fuit princeps" are named in a charter dated Feb 904[684]. "Arechiso gastaldo" is named as present in a charter dated Jul 923 which records that "Iohannelgarius monachus filius Iohanni…et…Ermengarda qui fuit uxor eius" donated property to San Massimo di Salerno[685].

- see Part B.

d) DAUFER ([860/70]-[Feb 904/928]). "Arechis et Dauferius germani filii cuiusdam domni Waiferii qui fuit princeps" are named in a charter dated Feb 904[686]. Gastald.

- see Part C.

e) [GUAIFER (-after [887]). Erchempert records that "filiis Landonis…Lando cum omnibus germanis suis…Landonolfus, Pando et nepos eorum Guaiferius" returning to "Teanum"[687]. It is not certain that Guaifer was the son of Guaifer Prince of Salerno but his name indicates that this may be correct.]

7. MAIO (-after [839/40]). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Dauferius…cum Guaiferium Maioque suis filiis" sent a delegation to Salerno, dated to [839/40] from the context[688]. Maio is named "Guaiferi germanus" in the Chronicon Salernitanum[689]. m ---. The name of Maio's wife is not known. Maio & his wife had one child:

a) DAUFER . The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Dauferius Beneventanus" succeeded Ademar as Prince of Salerno but ruled only 18 days before he was expelled by his uncle "Guaiferio"[690]. He installed himself as DAUFER Prince of Salerno in 861. He is named as son of Maio in the Chronicon Salernitanum[691].

GUAIMAR I 880-900, GUAIMAR II 900-946, GISULF I 946-973, -978

GUAIMAR di Salerno, son of GUAIFER Prince of Salerno & his wife Landelaiche --- (-901). The dating clause of a charter dated Feb 880, under which "Senato filius Ragimperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the nineteenth year of "principatu domni nostri Waiferius" and the fourth year of "domni Waimari principibus"[692]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Weimarius eius filius [=Guaiferius Balbus]" succeeded his father in 880 as GUAIMAR I Prince of Salerno[693]. The dating clause of a charter dated Aug 880, under which "Odelbertus filius ---" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the fourth year of "principatu domni nostri Waimarii"[694]. The Byzantines, under Nikephoros Phokas, launched a major campaign in southern Italy in late 883 and recaptured most of Calabria from Benevento and Salerno[695]. Erchempert records that, in 887, Duke Guaimar visited Constantinople and was invested as patrikios[696]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that, after the Byzantine capture of Benevento in 892, the Byzantines unsuccessfully attempted to capture Salerno[697]. The dating clause of a charter dated Aug 893, under which "Petrus filius quondam Raudiperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the seventeenth year of "principatus domni nostri Waimario imperiali patricio" and the first year of "principatus domni Waimario filio eius"[698]. Guido of Spoleto Prince of Benevento offered the throne of Benevento to Prince Guaimar in 897, but the latter was captured and blinded on his way to the city[699]. The Catalogus rerum Langobardorum et ducum Beneventanorum records that "Guaimarius Salerni princeps Beneventum" [Guaimar I Prince of Salerno] was blinded by "Avellinum…cuius castaldeus…Adelferius, nepos magni Rofrit" (dated to [896/97])[700]. Subject to unpredictable and violent behaviour, he was deposed in 900 by his son and confined to the monastery of St Maximus[701].

m ([880]) ITTA di Spoleto, daughter of --- di Spoleto & his wife --- ([865]-after [897/98]). The Chronicon Salernitanum quotes a letter addressed to "Guaimario principi", when Salerno was threatened by the Byzantines, requesting help from "Guidoni cognato vestro…sororem suam vestramque coniugem", the same passage later referring to "Guido marchio" [Guido IV Duke and Marchese of Spoleto] and "suæque sorori Idte", dated to 896 in the margin of the MGH edition of the text[702]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Idte uxore præfati principis senioris" (referring from the context to "Guaimarii principis") refused the marriage of her daughter to Landolf, son of Atenulf Count of Capua, on the basis that she was "ex regali stegmate orta", dated to [897/98] from the context[703]. The date of her marriage is based on the assumption that her daughter was nubile at the time, and is also consistent with the dates attributed to her son Guaimar. Her estimated birth date follows from her assumed marriage date. Her having inherited property in Spoleto, which she transmitted to her descendants, is confirmed by the Chronica Mon. Casinensis which records that her grandson "Gisulfus…Salernitanus princeps filius Guaimarii" donated property possessed by "Lambertus dux et marchio…in comitatu Marsicano, et Balva, et Forcone, et Amiterno, necnon et marchia Firmana et ducatu Spoletino" to the monastery[704].

Prince Guaimar & his wife had [four] children:

1. GUAIMAR (-946). The dating clause of a charter dated Aug 893, under which "Petrus filius quondam Raudiperti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the seventeenth year of "principatus domni nostri Waimario imperiali patricio" and the first year of "principatus domni Waimario filio eius"[705]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni record that "Weimarius alter, Gybbosus dictus, eius filius [=Weimarius]" succeeded in 900 as GUAIMAR II Prince of Salerno[706] after deposing his father. He participated in the joint Capuan, Beneventan and Salernitan expedition which removed the Arab settlement from the mouth of the River Garigliano in 915, although this is not mentioned in Salernitan sources[707]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that his forces defeated a Byzantine army along the Basintello River, east of Acerenza[708]. The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 933, under which "Adelpertus, qui Cicero vocatur, filius Adelberti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the forty-first year of "principatus domni nostri Guaimarii principi" and the first year of "domni Gisulfi principi filio eius"[709]. m firstly ---. The fact of Prince Guaimar's first marriage is deduced from the estimated date of his daughter's marriage, around the same time as her father's own marriage to Gaitelgrima of Capua. m secondly ([920/23]) GAITELGRIMA of Capua, daughter of ATENOLF II Prince of Capua and Benevento & his wife --- (-950 or after). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Gaitelgrima Atenolfi principi Beneventi filia" when recording the death of her husband "Guaimari"[710]. "Gisolfus…Langobardorum gentis princeps" gave property at the request of "Gaitelgrime…matrix nostre" by charter dated 950[711]. As she is not named in later charters, it is possible that the donation was made around the time of her death. Prince Guaimar & his first wife had one child:

a) ROTILDA di Salerno (-after 954). The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Atenolfus Beneventanus princeps" married "Guaimarius…sua filia Rothilda"[712]. m ([925]) ATENOLF di Capua, son of LANDOLF III joint Prince of Capua & his wife Gemma of Naples (-943).

Prince Guaimar & his second wife had two children:

b) GISULF ([930]-[Nov/Dec] 977). The dating clause of a charter dated Nov 933, under which "Adelpertus, qui Cicero vocatur, filius Adelberti" donated property to Cava monastery, refers to the forty-first year of "principatus domni nostri Guaimarii principi" and the first year of "domni Gisulfi principi filio eius"[713]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that "Gesulfus filius Gybbosi" succeeded his father in 946 as GISULF I Prince of Salerno[714]. On his accession, Landolf III Prince of Capua and Ioannes III Duke of Naples prepared to invade Salerno, but they were repulsed by the Salernitans with support from Amalfi[715]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that he appointed "Priscum, comitem suum tesaurarium et magistrum palatii"[716]. In 973, Duke Gisolf was deposed by Landolf of Capua gastald of Conza, his maternal uncle, helped by Marinus II Duke of Naples and Manso II Duke of Amalfi, but was restored soon after with the help of Pandolf I Prince of Capua[717]. The Catalogus Principum Salerni records that Duke Gisulf adopted Pandolf's second son, Paldulf (see Part B. below), as his heir in Salerno[718]. "Gisolfus et Gemma vir et uxor et Paldolfus optatus filius noster…Langobardorum gentis principibus" granted property in Salerno to "Nicole magistri filius Sergi" by charter dated 974[719]. A charter dated Nov 977 refers to the 40th year of "Gisolfi…principis" and the 4th year of "domne gemme uxoris eius et domni Paldofi optato eorum filio"[720]. m GEMMA, daughter of ---. "Gisolfus et Gemma vir et uxor et Paldolfus optatus filius noster…Langobardorum gentis principibus" granted property in Salerno to "Nicole magistri filius Sergi" by charter dated 974[721]. A charter dated Nov 977 refers to the 40th year of "Gisolfi…principis" and the 4th year of "domne gemme uxoris eius et domni Paldofi optato eorum filio"[722]. A charter dated Dec 977 refers to the 4th year of "domne gemme et domni Paldofi optato filio eius…principis"[723]. "Otto…imperator augustus" confirmed privileges to the church of Salerno which had been granted by "Gisulpus princeps cum uxore sua Gemma", by charter dated 31 Jan 983[724].

c) GUIDO (-after Nov 936). "Andrea filius Ramperti" gave property to "Guidoni comes filius…domni Guaimarii principi" by charter dated Nov 936[725]. It is assumed that Guido was an otherwise unrecorded younger son of Prince Guaimar by his second wife. As he is not named in later charters, he probably died young.

2. GUIDO di Salerno ([880/90]-after Apr 940). A charter dated May 947 refers to a donation by "domnus Guaimarius princeps" at the request of "Guidoni comitis et thensaurarii fratri suo"[726]. "Guido comes filius…domni Guaimarii prioris principis" gave property to "Ursu" by charter dated Aug 932[727]. Thesaurarius. A charter dated Apr 940 refers to property received from "Widoni comitis filius domni Waimarii principi" which was donated by "Adelchisi filius Albuin…et Adelchisi filium meum"[728]. m ---. The name of Guido´s wife is not known. Guido & his wife had [two] children:

a) GUAIMAR di Salerno ([910/20]-[Aug 967/Dec 974])<