|
SWEDEN, kings
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. KINGS of SWEDEN to 1060. Chapter 2. KINGS of SWEDEN 1060-1250 A. KINGS of SWEDEN 1060-[1111] (FAMILY of STENKIL) B. KING of SWEDEN [1080]-1099 (FAMILY of BLOT-SVEN) C. KINGS of SWEDEN [1133]-1222 (FAMILY of SVERKER) D. KINGS of SWEDEN 1156-1250 (FAMILY of JEDVARD) Chapter 3. KINGS of SWEDEN 1250-1412 (FOLKINGAÄTTEN) Chapter 4. KINGS of SWEDEN 1397-1523 Chapter 5. KINGS of SWEDEN (VASA) Chapter 6. KINGS of SWEDEN 1654-1741 (WITTELSBACH) Chapter 7. KINGS of SWEDEN 1751-1818 (HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP)
INTRODUCTION
The early history of Sweden before the 10th century is uncertain. As with the case of Denmark, it is impossible to distinguish myth from fact, assuming that there is any fact, in the narratives contained in early primary sources. The lists of kings of Sweden in the earliest sources are completely different from each other, and any attempt to reconcile them appears futile[1]. The names of these semi-legendary kings have not been copied into this document. It is probable that some of the confusion results from competing kings ruling in different parts of the country at the same time. It is likely that Gotland, Uppsala and Vermeland/Raumarik in the west each had its own monarchs, although there appears to be no proof in primary sources that this speculation is correct. This uncertainty in the early king lists leads to difficulties in the numbering of the later kings. For example, there is considerable confusion over the numbering of the different kings named Erik prior to the accession of the king who is generally known as Erik XII in 1344. In this document, these earlier kings named Erik have not been assigned numbers.
An outline genealogy of the first dynasty of Swedish kings, who ruled in the 10th and 11th centuries, can be reconstructed from available primary sources (see Chapter 1). After the extinction in the male line of this first dynasty in 1060, the Swedish throne was assumed by Stenkil Ragnvaldson whose connection with the preceding dynasty appears tenuous. His father is recorded in Heimkringsla, written nearly two centuries later although possibly based on earlier sources which no longer survive, as “Jarl” in Västergötland in the south of Sweden (see Chapter 2.A). Stenkil is described in different sources as “nepos” of the previous king Emund or as his son-in-law. There is no way of judging which of these hypotheses might be correct. It is also possible that there was no family relationship at all, but that a connection was invented by later chroniclers to emphasise continuity between the two dynasties. As will be seen below, few primary sources have been found which confirm the family relationships in the dynasty of kings founded by Stenkil.
In the late 11th and 12th centuries, three new dynasties of Swedish kings emerged, none of which appears to have been related to the others (Chapter 2.B, C and D). Power switched between these dynasties throughout the period. The impression is that, during the 10th to 12th centuries, different nobles established themselves in different parts of the country which was later unified into Sweden, and that during this period there was little united government. One explanation may simply be geographical. For example, developments around Uppsala in eastern central Sweden would have had limited access westwards across the mountain ranges which form the backbone of the Scandinavian peninsula. There may also have been limited communication with groupings established further south because of the chain of lakes which lies across central Sweden south of a latitudinal line drawn from Eskilstuna in the east to Karlstad in the west. These geographical limitations would also have discouraged contact with neighbouring countries further to the west and south. The Swedes would not have had easy access to the ripe pickings in the British Isles and along the mainland European coast from Friesland to the northern Iberian peninsula, which provided such tempting prizes for their Viking neighbours in Norway and Denmark. Sweden´s focus would more naturally have been directed eastwards to southern Finland and western Russia, with contact in those areas being motivated by trade rather than plunder. Dating also presents a problem during this period. Insufficient sources have been found to indicate that the precise dates attributed to most of these kings in secondary works are reliable. In addition, few matrimonial alliances are recorded during this period between the Swedish kings and other ruling families apart from with their neighbours in Norway and Denmark, which suggests relative isolation and a rather stunted level of development as a unified national entity.
Greater stability and continuity in the rulers of Sweden can be observed from the mid-13th century with the accession of King Valdemar of the Folkingaätten dynasty (see Chapter 3). From this time, matrimonial alliances with foreign dynasties multiplied, including connections with families who ruled in northern Germany and Poland as well as with the other Scandinavian monarchies. Inheritance of the crown settled within the same family, although a shortage of male heirs among the Norwegian, Danish as well as Swedish royal families resulted in temporary personal unification of some or all of the Scandinavians thrones. The Swedish and Norwegian crowns were united from 1319 to 1344 and from 1362 to 1363, the Danish and Norwegian thrones from 1381 to 1387, and all three were combined from 1389 to 1448.
Sources for early Swedish history are sparse. Snorre´s Heimkringsla series of Sagas[2] and Morkinskinna[3] include some information relating to Swedish kings. However, the factual accuracy of these works is debatable, especially relating to events before the 12th century. This question is discussed more fully in the introduction to the document NORWAY KINGS. Adam of Bremen[4] and Saxo Grammaticus[5] both include some information relating to Sweden. There appear to be no surviving contemporary Swedish-produced sources to complement this foreign documentation, another factor pointing to the under-development of the territory at that time. The first volume of the Diplomatarium Suecanum presents Swedish charters from 817 to 1285[6]. However, the compilation includes only about thirty documents dated to before the mid-12th century, and none of these include any relevant information relating to the Swedish kings or their families. It is somewhat surprising that even Papal documentation addressed to Swedish bishops does not name the Swedish kings. Even after the mid-12th century, the charters contain little relevant genealogical detail, in contrast to similar documents produced in other European countries.
Chapter 1. KINGS of SWEDEN to 1060
According to Heimskringla of Snorre Sturleson[7], the early kings of Sweden were as follows. There is little reason to be confident about the order and dating of these kings. If their names are correct, it would appear to extend the known history of the Swedish kings back to the early 9th century.
1. BJÖRN [I] "Ironside" .
2. ERIK [I] Björnson .
3. ERIK [II] Raefilson .
4. BJÖRN [II] . Reigned at Uppsala.
5. EMUND . Reigned in the south. a) ERIK [III] Emundson (-[880/85]). Snorre records that "Eirik Eymundson king of Sweden" conquered Vermaland and areas to the north to Svinasund, calling the territory "West Gautland", and appointed Hrane Gauzke as jarl[8]. Snorre records the death of King Eirik Eymundson when King Harald had been "ten years king of all Norway"[9]. As the dating of the accession of King Harald "Hårfagre/Harfagri/Fairhair" is itself open to doubt, this is of little use in calculating the precise date of death of King Erik. i) BJÖRN [III] Erikson . Snorre names Bjorn as son of Eirik Eymundson when recording that he was "king of Svithjod for fifty years"[10]. (a) ERIK [IV] . Snorre names "Eirik the Victorious and Olaf, the father of Styrbjorn" as the sons of Bjorn Eriksson[11]. (b) OLOF . He was Olof Bjarnarson according to the 13th century Knytlinga Saga[12]. Snorre names "Eirik the Victorious and Olaf, the father of Styrbjorn" as the sons of Bjorn Eriksson[13]. (1) [STYRBJÖRN [Björn] "den Starke/the Strong" (-killed in battle [Fyrisvellir] near Uppsala [985]). He was the son of Olof Bjarnarson according to the 13th century Knytlinga Saga[14]. (see below).]
6. ERIK Arsael . [1001].
Adam of Bremen names "Ring cum filiis Herich et Edmund" as kings "apud Sueones", specifying that "Anund, Bern, Olaph" were among his predecessors[15]. As can be seen, there is no way to reconcile the reconstruction according to Adam of Bremen, combined with Saxo Grammaticus, with the list in Heimskringla until the accession of Erik "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden, dated to the mid-980s.
1. ANUND .
2. BJÖRN .
3. OLOF .
4. RING . Adam of Bremen names "Ring cum filiis Herich et Edmund" as kings "apud Sueones", specifying that "Anund, Bern, Olaph" were among his predecessors[16]. The paragraph is undated but precedes one dealing with events in 936. Two children: a) EMUND . i) EMUND Erikson . Adam of Bremen records that "Emund filius Herici" reigned in Sweden[17], the paragraph being undated but following the one which records the succession of Emperor Otto III in 983. ii) BJÖRN Erikson . Saxo Grammaticus names him as father of Styrbjorn in the passage quoted below, although Knytlinga records a different parentage (see below). No source has been found which names Björn in his own right. m ---. The name of Björn’s wife is not known. Björn & his wife had [two] children: (a) [STYRBJÖRN [Björn] "den Starke/the Strong" (-killed in battle [Fyrisvellir] near Uppsala [985]). He was the son of King Björn according to Saxo Grammaticus[18]. He was the son of Olof Bjarnarson according to the 13th century Knytlinga Saga[19]. Saxo Grammaticus records that “Sturbionus, Suetici regis Biornonis filius” was deposed by “patrui Olaui filio, Erico”, despite help from “Haraldum [Harald I King of Denmark], cui Thyra mater extitit, cum sorore Gyritha supplex migravit...quanto illi eiusdem sororis sue matrimonium...permisit”, dated to [984/85], noting that King Harald “armis Sclavia potitus” appointed “Sturbiorno duce” to lead “apud Iulinum [presumably Jomsborg]...illius provincie oppidum...militum”[20]. Saxo Grammaticus records that Styrbjörn was killed in battle while trying to regain his throne[21]. The primary source which confirms the location of this battle has not been identified.] m as her first husband, TYRE Haraldsdatter, daughter of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his [first wife Gunhild ---] (-18 Sep [1000]). The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not been identified. She married secondly ([987], divorced) as his [third] wife, Bołeslaw of Poland, or (less likely) as his [---] wife, Burislaw Prince of the Wends. The Historia Norwegie, when recording her third marriage, says that "sororem Sweinonis regis…Tyri" had earlier been betrothed to "dux quidam de Sclauia"[22]. Follow the two hyperlinks for discussion about the identity of her second husband. She married thirdly (Tønsberg 998) as his third wife, Olav I Trygveson King of Norway. Snorre records Tyre's flight to Norway from her second husband and her subsequent marriage to King Olav[23]. The Historia Norwegie records the marriage of King Olav and "sororem Sweinonis regis…Tyri"[24]. Adam of Bremen records the marriage of "Olaph Trucconis filius" and "a Dania superbissimam Thore" soon after he returned to Norway after exile in England[25]. Adam of Bremen records that, after the death of her husband, his wife starved herself to death[26]. (b) [GYRITHA of Sweden . Gyritha and her alleged marriage are only referred to in Saxo Grammaticus, who says that King Styrbjörn granted King Harald his sister in marriage after seeking his help after being deposed: Saxo records that “Sturbionus, Suetici regis Biornonis filius” was deposed by “patrui Olaui filio, Erico”, despite help from “Haraldum [Harald I King of Denmark], cui Thyra mater extitit, cum sorore Gyritha supplex migravit...quanto illi eiusdem sororis sue matrimonium...permisit”, dated to [984/85][27]. m ([984/85]) as his [third] wife, HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark, son of GORM "den Gamle/the Old" King of Denmark & his wife Tyre "Danebod" (before 935-Jomsborg 1 Dec [986/87], bur Roskilde Cathedral).] iii) OLOF Erikson . He is named as Erik’s father, and uncle of Styrbjorn, by Saxo Grammaticus (see below). No source has been found which names Olof in his own right. m ---. The name of Olof’s wife is not known. Olof & his wife had one child: (a) ERIK (-[994/95]). Saxo Grammaticus records that “Sturbionus, Suetici regis Biornonis filius” was deposed by “patrui Olaui filio, Erico”, despite help from “Haraldum [Harald I King of Denmark], cui Thyra mater extitit, cum sorore Gyritha supplex migravit...quanto illi eiusdem sororis sue matrimonium...permisit”, dated to [984/85][28]. He succeeded as ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden. - see below.
ERIK, son of [OLOF Erikson of Sweden] & his wife --- (-Uppsala [994/95]). Snorre names "Eirik the Victorious and Olaf, the father of Styrbjorn" as the sons of Bjorn Eriksson[29]. Saxo Grammaticus records that “Sturbionus, Suetici regis Biornonis filius” was deposed by “patrui Olaui filio, Erico”, despite help from “Haraldum [Harald I King of Denmark], cui Thyra mater extitit, cum sorore Gyritha supplex migravit...quanto illi eiusdem sororis sue matrimonium...permisit”, dated to [984/85][30]. The following source suggests that Erik received Polish help in deposing his cousin: one manuscript of Adam of Bremen records that "Hericus rex Sueonum" made a treaty with “rege Polanorum Bolizlao” and that “Bolizlaus” gave “filiam vel sororem” to “Herico”[31]. This treaty can probably be dated to [985], consistent with the likely birth date of Erik’s son Oluf (see below). At that time, although Bolesław’s father Mieszko still ruled Poland, he was old and his son was probably already active on his own account. This suggestion is also consistent with King Erik’s receiving Polish support when he expelled King Svend from Denmark in [987], and a Polish marriage being arranged as part of the terms of Svend’s later release from Jomsborg (see Chapter 4 in the document MECKLENBURG). He succeeded as ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden. Adam of Bremen records that "rex Sueonum Hericus" invaded Denmark and expelled “Suein, derelictus a Deo, frustra sperans in ydolis suis”, dated to after 987 when Svend succeeded as king[32]. Saxo Grammaticus provides some further detail[33]. Adam also records that King Erik was converted to Christianity and baptised in Denmark, but suggests that he may have relapsed into paganism on returning to Sweden[34]. According to Snorre, Erik died "in a sickbed at Uppsala 10 years after the death of Styrbjörn"[35], and in another passage that his wife was a widow in 994[36]. There is considerable confusion between the sources regarding King Erik’s marriage(s): [m firstly ([before 980?] [repudiated?]) [as her first husband,] SIGRID [“Storråda/the Haughty”], daughter of "Skoglar" Toste & his wife ---. . Snorre records that “Toste had a daughter...proud and high-minded...Sigrid” who married "the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious, and had a son by him...Olaf"[37] and, in another saga, that after his first wife died [named Gunhild by Snorre] “the Danish king Svein Tjuguskeg” married “Sigrid the Haughty, a daughter of Skoglartoste, and mother of the Swedish king Olaf” noting that “by means of this relationship there was great friendship between the kings...”[38]. Fagrskinna also names Sigrid, mother of King Olof, as daughter of Skoglar-Tosta[39]. These reports directly contradict all the sources quoted below (and in the document DENMARK KINGS) which indicate the Polish princess as the widow of the Swedish king and second wife of Svend (and also that she was the lady who was “Storråda/the Haughty”). Hlawitschka, as part of his discussion about the wives of Erik King of Sweden and Svend King of Denmark, attempts to resolve the confusion by suggesting that King Svend married firstly the composite person “Gunhild, daughter of “Skoglar” Toste”[40]. This possibility cannot be dismissed, but the suggestion, in particular that Svend’s first wife was named “Gunhild”, is uncorroborated by primary sources except Snorre. The attempt also does not explain Snorre’s reference to “Skoglar” Toste’s daughter marrying the Swedish king, by whom she was mother of his successor (which also contradicts other sources). Another possibility is presumably that Sigrid, daughter of “Skoglar” Toste, married firstly the Swedish king (as his first wife) who repudiated her, and secondly married the Danish king (also as his first wife) who may have repudiated her as well, in which case the confusion in the sources could be attributed to both Svend’s wives being named Sigrid. That is the solution which is shown here, for presentational purposes only, with no guarantee that it is correct.] m [secondly] ([985?]) as her first husband, SIGRID [Syritha] [Czcirada/Czirada/Šwiętosława] [“Storråda/the Haughty”] of Poland, daughter of MIESZKO I Prince of Poland & his [first/seventh wife --- or [eighth] wife Dobrava [Dobroslawa] of Bohemia] (-[after Summer 1015]). Thietmar refers to the mother of "filiis Suenni" as "Miseconis filia ducis, soror Bolizlavi successoris eius et nati [=cognati?, [eius?] referring to Svend?]", commenting that “a viro suimet [=Svend] diu depulsa non minimam cum cæteris perpessa est controversiam” ("long exiled by her husband…this woman suffered no small amount of controversy") [suggesting her repudiation, as discussed further below][41]. As these events occurred only about 15/20 years before Thietmar was writing (in [1012/18?]), his report is probably as reliable as could be expected. Adam of Bremen (writing [1075/85]) broadly reflects the same information, recording the marriage of King Svend and "Herici relictam, matrem Olaph"[42], another manuscript stating that "Hericus rex Sueonum" had made a treaty with “rege Polanorum Bolizlao”·and that “Bolizlaus” gave “filiam vel sororem” to “Herico”[43]. Her two marriages are further confirmed by Adam who records that [her son by her first marriage] Olof King of Sweden (“Olaph sane, qui post obitum patris Herici regnum super Suevos accepit”) invaded Denmark, expelled “infelicem Suein a regno” and conquered the kingdom (“et ipse optinuit Daniam”), but that Olof restored Svend “in regnum suum, eo quod matrem suam habuerit"[44]. Neither Thietmar nor Adam name the Polish king’s supposed daughter. Saxo Grammaticus (writing about a century after Adam) confirms her name (but not her family origin) and two marriages, noting that King Svend married "Syritha Suetiam" after she was unsuccessfully wooed by Olav I King of Norway, and naming Olof King of Sweden as King Svend's stepson[45]. Morkinskinna names "Sigridr en stórráda" as mother of “the lady Ástrídr…sister of two kings, Knútr the Great and Óláfr the Swede” who married “Jarl Úlfr sprakaleggr”[46]. Her name and second marriage are confirmed, and her first marriage suggested, by Saxo Grammaticus who states that King Svend married "Syritha Suetiam" after she was unsuccessfully wooed by Olav I King of Norway, and also refers to Olof King of Sweden as King Svend's stepson[47]. The name “Sigrid/Syritha” could of course be a Norse/German adaptation of a Polish name. Hlawitschka analyses secondary sources which discuss Sigrid’s Polish origin, including those which propose alternative Polish names “Czcirada/Czirada” or “Šwiętosława”[48]. She married secondly ([995?]) as his second wife, Svend I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard" King of Denmark. Thietmar’s reference to Svend repudiating his second wife appears corroborated by Saxo Grammaticus who records that, after his father's death, Olof returned to Sweden [from Denmark] with "his mother Syritha, and stayed there exercising his sovereignty under his mother's tutelage" (“Erici filius Olavus cum matre Syritha Suetiam repetivit, ibique degens regnum materno arbitrio subiectum habuit”)[49]. This passage suggests that Olof arrived in Denmark with his mother on her second marriage and returned to Sweden with her (presumably after Svend repudiated her), when he was still a minor. At some point, Sigrid presumably left Scandinavia and returned to her native homeland as the Encomium Emmæ Reginæ records that "Cnuto" [and his brother?] visited “Sclavoniam” in [Summer] 1015 and brought back “matrem suam, quæ illuc morabatur” [“who was staying there”][50]. The date of Sigrid’s death is not known. Sigrid of Poland was studied by Rafal T. Prinke (his article has not been studied in detail as it is in the Polish language)[51]. King Erik & his [second] wife had [two] children: 1. OLOF ([985/86?]-[1022]). Adam of Bremen names Olav as son of King Erik & his (unnamed) wife who later married Svend King of Denmark[52]. Snorre names "Olaf the Swede" as the son of "the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious" and his wife Sigrid[53]. According to Saxo Grammaticus, after his father's death, he returned to Sweden [from Denmark] with "his mother Syritha, and stayed there exercising his sovereignty under his mother's tutelage"[54]. He succeeded as OLOF I "Skotkonung/under-King" King of Sweden. - see below. 2. [HOLMFRID. Snorre records the betrothal of "Svein, a son of Earl Hakon, and Earl Eirik's brother" and "Holmfrid, a daughter of King Olaf the Swedish king", although the chronology appears to suggest the likelihood that she was the sister rather than daughter of King Olav[55]. If that is correct, the identity of her mother is uncertain, especially bearing in my mind the confusion in the sources relating to Erik’s wife/wives. m SVEN Haakonsson Ladejarl of Norway, son of Jarl HAAKON Sigurdsson "the Mighty" & his wife Thora Skagadatter (-1016).]
OLOF, son of ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden & his [second] wife Sigrid ["Storråda/the Haughty"] of Poland ([985/86?]-[1022]). Adam of Bremen names Olav as son of King Erik & his (unnamed) wife who later married Svend King of Denmark[56]. His date of birth is suggested based on the likely date of his parents’ marriage, after his father’s accession (see above). The question of Olof’s age is confused by the two apparently contradictory texts of Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, quoted below, which record Olof’s invasion of Denmark. Snorre names "Olaf the Swede" as the son of "the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious" and his wife Sigrid[57]. He succeeded as OLOF I "Skotkonung/under-King" King of Sweden. Adam of Bremen records that Olof King of Sweden (“Olaph sane, qui post obitum patris Herici regnum super Suevos accepit”) invaded Denmark, expelled “infelicem Suein a regno” and conquered the kingdom (“et ipse optinuit Daniam”), but that Olof restored Svend “in regnum suum, eo quod matrem suam habuerit"[58]. This passage in Adam is difficult to interpret. Considering the likely marriage date of Olof’s parents (after his father’s accession to the Swedish throne, see above), King Olof was probably under 10 years old when his father died. On the other hand, Adam’s report suggests that he was acting as an adult at the time. Another perspective is provided by Saxo Grammaticus (writing about a century after Adam) who records that, after his father's death, Olof returned to Sweden [from Denmark] with "his mother Syritha, and stayed there exercising his sovereignty under his mother's tutelage" (“Erici filius Olavus cum matre Syritha Suetiam repetivit, ibique degens regnum materno arbitrio subiectum habuit”)[59]. This passage suggests that Olof had not invaded Denmark at all, but had arrived there with his mother when she married King Svend and had returned to Sweden with her (presumably after Svend repudiated her, see Thietmar’s comment) when he was still a minor. He converted to Christianity and was baptised as "JACOBUS"[60]. m ([before 1000]) ESTRED [of the Obotrites], daughter of ---. Adam of Bremen records that "Olaph rex Sueonum" married "filiamque Sclavorum Estred nomine de Obodritis"[61]. Wigger dates the marriage to “before 1000”[62]. Hlawitschka suggests that, if Estred was actually “de Obodritis”, she must have been the daughter of “Obodritenfürsten Mistui (ca. 967-990/95?)” and sister of “des um 1022 verstorbenen Fürsten Mistislav (ca. 990/95-1018)”[63]. However, he highlights Lübke’s Regesten which suggests a connection with “Wagria” and that her father was “Sederich (Mstidrag?) einen Wagrierfürsten”[64], although Hlawitschka also notes Adam of Bremen’s description of Slavic peoples of the Baltic coast which suggests that Adam knew the distinction between the Obotrites and Wagrians ("Populi Sclavorum multi, quorum primi sunt ab occidente confines Transalbianis Waigri; eorum civitas Aldiburg maritima. Deinde secuntur Obodriti, qui nunc Reregi vocantur, et civitas eorum Magnopolis [Mecklenburg]"[65]). Lübke provides information about “Sederich”, “Mstivoj” and “Mstidrag” elsewhere[66]. The general problem of defining the different peoples in the southern Baltic coast, and their territorial jurisdictions, is discussed in the Introduction to the document MECKLENBURG (the leaders named by Hlawitschka have not been identified in that document). Mistress (1): EDLA, daughter of ---, from Vinland. Snorre names "Edla, a daughter of an earl of Vindland" as the concubine of King Olof[67]. King Olof & his wife had two children: 1. INGIGERD Olafsdottir ([1000/03]-10 Feb 1050). Snorre names "the king's daughter Ingegerd" when recording that she was used as intermediary to effect a reconciliation between her father and Olav Haraldson King of Norway, and that her marriage to the Norwegian king was proposed[68]. Adam of Bremen names "filius Iacobus et filia Ingrad" as the children of "Olaph rex Sueonum" and his wife Estred, specifying that Ingrad married "rex sanctus Gerzlef de Ruzzia"[69]. Morkinskinna names “Queen Ingigerdr the daughter of King Óláfr the Swede” as wife of “King Yaroslav [of] Russia”[70]. Her birth date range is estimated based from the birth of her oldest child in 1020, and her youngest known child in [1036]. Snorre records the betrothal of "Ingegerd the king's daughter" and "King Jarisleif…from Russia"[71]. The Historia Norwegie records the marriage of "sororem Olaui Sueonensis…Margaretam" and "rex Iarezlafus de Ruscia" at her brother's instigation, after her betrothal to Olav of Norway was terminated[72]. It is more probable that she was the daughter rather than sister of King Olof if it is correct that she had ten children by her husband. She is referred to as IRINA in Russian sources[73]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of "the Princess wife of Yaroslav" 10 Feb [1048/50][74]. m (1019) as his second wife, IAROSLAV I Vladimirovich Grand Prince of Kiev, son of VLADIMIR Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Rognoda of Polotsk ([978]-20 Feb 1054). 2. ANUND JAKOB (-[1052]). Adam of Bremen names "filius Iacobus et filia Ingrad" as the children of "Olaph rex Sueonum" and his wife Estred, in a later passage clarifying that the son was "Anund…dictus est Iacobus"[75]. He succeeded his father in [1022] as ANUND JAKOB King of Sweden. m as her first husband, GUNHILD Svensdatter, daughter of Jarl SVEN Haakonsson & his wife Holmfrid of Sweden (-1060 or after). The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. Adam of Bremen refers to the marriage of "rex iuvenis Suein" and "consanguineam a Suedia", the king being threatened with excommunication by the Archbishop of Bremen and papal letters, his wife being named "Gunhild [vel Giuthe] reginam" in a later passage which records that after her separation she devoted herself to charitable activities on her estates[76]. Her parentage is referred to in Knytlinga Saga[77]. Snorre records that "Gunhild, Earl Svein's other daughter" was married to "the Danish king Svein Ulfson"[78]. She married secondly (1052) as his first wife, Svend II King of Denmark. King Olof had three illegitimate children by Mistress (1): 3. ASTRID. Snorre names "Emund, Astrid, Holmfrid" as the children of King Olof by his concubine Edla, specifying that Astrid was brought up in West Gautland in the house of Egil[79]. Adam of Bremen records that the wife of Olav King of Norway was "rege Sueonum…filiam"[80]. The Historia Norwegie records that Olav married "soror Margarete" after his betrothal to the latter was terminated by her marriage to "rex Iarezlafus de Ruscia"[81]. Snorre records the marriage of King Olav and "Astrid, daughter of the Swedish king Olaf"[82]. Her marriage was arranged to appease Swedish opposition to King Olav II's recently assumed rule. She remained in Sweden with her daughter when her husband left for Russia[83]. m (Feb 1019) OLAV II King of Norway, son of HARALD "Grenske" King of Vingulmark, Vestfold and Agder & his wife Asta Gudbransdatter (maybe posthumously 995-killed in battle Stiklestad 29 Jul 1030, bur in a sandbank in the river at Trondheim, transferred to St Clement's church which later became Trondheim Cathedral). 4. HOLMFRID . Snorre names "Emund, Astrid, Holmfrid" as the children of King Olof by his concubine Edla[84]. 5. EMUND (-1060). Snorre names "Emund, Astrid, Holmfrid" as the children of King Olof by his concubine Edla, specifying that Emund was sent to Vindland to be fostered by his mother's relations where "he for a long time neglected his Christianity"[85]. Adam of Bremen names "Emund" as son of "rex Olaph…a concubina"[86]. He succeeded in [1052] as EMUND Slemme "den Gamle/the Old" King of Sweden. m [firstly] ---. The name of Emund's first wife is not known. [m secondly as her second husband, ASTRID Njalsdotter, widow of RAGNVALD Ulfsson Jarl of Västergötland, daughter of NJAL --- & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. Her supposed second marriage to Ragnvald may be nothing more than a guess based on Adam of Bremen recording that "nepos eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" succeeded on the death of Emund[87].] King Emund & his [first] wife had [two] children: a) ANUND (-before 1056). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. b) [daughter . According to Europäische Stammtafeln[88], Stenkil married the unnamed daughter of King Emund. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. It is possible that the marriage is uncorroborated in contemporary documentation but was assumed by later genealogists to explain Stenkil's succession as king. However, the accession could have been justified solely on the basis of his being the king's stepson, although it is not impossible that it was also confirmed by subsequent marriage to his predecessor's daughter, if indeed he had one[89]. m STENKIL Ragnvaldson, son of RAGNVALD Jarl of Västergötland & his wife Ingeborg of Norway (-1066). He succeeded his father-in-law in 1060 as STENKIL King of Sweden.] - see below, Chapter 2.A. KINGS of SWEDEN 1060-[1111].
Chapter 2. KINGS of SWEDEN 1060-1250
A. KINGS of SWEDEN 1060-[1111] (FAMILY of STENKIL)
"Skoglar" TOSTE, son of --- (-after [970?]). In Svithjod. Snorre records that, “after his father Gudrod’s fall” (dated to [960/65]), Harald "Grenske" “fled to the Uplands”, before heading “eastward into Svithjod” where he “cruised...in summer” with “a man...Toste...a great warrior...often in battle, and...therefore called Skoglar-Toste”, and “in the winter...after passing two years in the Uplands, took up his abode with Toste”[90]. m ---. The name of Toste's wife is not known. Toste & his wife had [two] children: 1. ULF ---. Snorre records Ulf as the brother of Sigrid "Storråda/the Haughty"[91]. m ---. The name of Ulf's wife is not known. Ulf & his wife had one child: a) RAGNVALD Ulfsson . Snorre names "Earl Ragnvald, Ulf's son" when recording his [first] marriage[92]. Jarl in Västergötland. Snorre records that Ragnvald accompanied Ingegerd to Russia and was installed as Earl of Ladoga[93]. m firstly INGEBORG Trygvesdatter, daughter of TRYGVE Olavsson of Norway & his wife Åstrid Eiriksdatter. Snorre records the marriage of "Ingebjorg, Trygve's daughter, King Olaf's sister" and "Earl Ragnvald, Ulf's son"[94]. m secondly [as her first husband,] ASTRID Njalsdotter, daughter of NJAL --- & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. [She married secondly as his second wife, Emund Slemme "den Gamle/the Old" King of Sweden. Her supposed second marriage to Ragnvald may be nothing more than a guess based on Adam of Bremen recording that "nepos eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" succeeded on the death of Emund[95].] Jarl Ragnvald & his first wife had two children: i) ULF . Snorre names "Earl Ulf and Earl Eilif" as the sons of Ragnvald & his wife[96]. ii) EILIF . Snorre names "Earl Ulf and Earl Eilif" as the sons of Ragnvald & his wife[97]. Jarl Ragnvald & his second wife had one child: iii) STENKIL Ragnvaldson (-1066). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded [his stepfather] in 1060 as STENKIL King of Sweden. - see below. 2. [SIGRID "Storråda/the Haughty" . Snorre records that “Toste had a daughter...proud and high-minded...Sigrid” who married "the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious, and had a son by him...Olaf"[98] and, in another saga, that after his first wife died [named Gunhild by Snorre] “the Danish king Svein Tjuguskeg” married “Sigrid the Haughty, a daughter of Skoglartoste, and mother of the Swedish king Olaf” noting that “by means of this relationship there was great friendship between the kings...”[99]. Fagrskinna also names Sigrid, mother of King Olof, as daughter of Skoglar-Tosta[100]. These reports directly contradict all the sources quoted in the document DENMARK KINGS which indicate the Polish princess as the widow of the Swedish king and second wife of Svend (and that she was “Storråda/the Haughty”). Hlawitschka, as part of his discussion about the wives of Erik King of Sweden and Svend King of Denmark, attempts to resolve the confusion by suggesting that King Svend married firstly the composite person “Gunhild, daughter of “Skoglar” Toste”[101]. This possibility cannot be dismissed, but the suggestion, in particular that Svend’s first wife was named “Gunhild”, is uncorroborated by primary sources except Snorre. The attempt also does not explain Snorre’s reference to “Skoglar” Toste’s daughter marrying the Swedish king, by whom she was mother of his successor (which also contradicts other sources). Another possibility is presumably that Sigrid, daughter of “Skoglar” Toste, married firstly the Swedish king (as his first wife) who repudiated her, and secondly married the Danish king (also as his first wife), in which case the confusion in the sources could be attributed to both Svend’s wives being named Sigrid. That is the solution which is shown here, for presentational purposes only, with no guarantee that it is correct. m firstly ([before 980?] [repudiated?]) [as his first wife,] ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden, son of [OLOF Erikson & his wife ---] (-Uppsala [994/95]). m secondly ([before 980?] [repudiated [985]?]) [as his first wife,] SVEND I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard" King of Denmark, son of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his first wife Gunhild ([960]-Gainsborough 3 Feb 1014, bur in England, later removed to Roskilde).]
STENKIL Ragnvaldson, son of RAGNVALD Ulfsson Jarl in Västergötland & his second wife Astrid Njalsdotter (-1066). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Adam of Bremen names "nepos an privignus regis…Stinkil" when recording that he repulsed the legates of the Archbishop of Bremen, in the subsequent passage clarifying that he was "nepos eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" when recording that he succeeded on the death of Emund[102]. The reference to "nepos" would be consistent with Stenkil having been King Emund's stepson. He succeeded in 1060 as STENKIL King of Sweden. Adam of Bremen records the death of "in Sueonia rex Stinkel" and that after this "duobus Hericis" fought each other for the kingdom[103], the passage undated but following the record of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Snorre records that "Steinkel, the Swedish king, died about the same time as the two Haralds fell" and was succeeded by "Hakon"[104]. m ---. The identity of King Stenkil's wife is not known. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[105], she was --- Emundsdottir, daughter of EMUND Slemme "den Gamle/the Old" King of Sweden & his first wife ---. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. It is possible that the marriage is uncorroborated in contemporary documentation but was assumed by later genealogists to explain Stenkil's succession as king. It is also possible that it is no more than a guess based on Adam of Bremen recording that "nepos eius [=rex Sueonum Emund] Stinkel" succeeded on the death of Emund[106], as “nepos” could presumably cover son-in-law. The accession could have been justified solely on the basis of Stenkil´s being the king's stepson, although it is not impossible that it was also confirmed by subsequent marriage to his predecessor's daughter, if indeed he had one[107]. King Stenkil & his wife had [two] children: 1. [HALSTEN Stenkilsson. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded in [1070] as HALSTEN King of Sweden. Snorre records that "Steinkel, the Swedish king, died about the same time as the two Haralds fell" and was succeeded by "Hakon"[108], but does not specify the family relationship between the two.] m ---. The name of Halsten's wife is not known. Halsten & his wife had two children: a) FILIP Halstensson (-1118). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded as FILIP King of Sweden. m as her second husband, INGEGÄRD of Norway, widow of OLUF I “Hunger” King of Denmark, daughter of HARALD III "Hardråde" King of Norway & his wife Ielisaveta Iaroslavna of Kiev. Snorre names "one Maria, the other Ingegerd" as the daughters of King Harald & his wife[109]. Snorre records the marriage of "Olaf, the Danish King Svein's son" and "Ingegerd, a daughter of King Harald and sister of King Olaf of Norway"[110]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. b) INGE Halstensson (-[1125]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded as INGE II King of Sweden. After his death, Magnus Nielsson of Denmark was chosen as king of Sweden [Västergötland] in 1129[111]. m firstly RAGNHILD, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. St Ragnhild of Telje is identified in some sources as queen of King Inge II[112]. m secondly as her first husband, ULVHILD Haakonsdotter, daughter of HAAKON Finsson & his wife --- (-before 1143). Fagrskinna names “Úlfhildr dróttning, dóttir Hákonar Finnssunar Hárekssunar or Þjóttu” as mother of “Karl konungs”, adding that she had first married “Nikolás Danakonungr”, secondly “Ingi Sviakonungr Hallsteinssunr” and thirdly “Sverkir konungr Kolssunr”[113]. She married secondly, as his second wife, Niels King of Denmark (-murdered 25 Jun 1134). Her second marriage is referred to by Saxo Grammaticus who states that "Ulvildam Noricam", wife of "Nicolaus", was secretly abducted by Sverker I King of Sweden but their "connection was accepted as a marriage"[114]. 2. INGE Stenkilsson (-[1111]). Snorre names Inge as son of Stenkel when recording that he succeeded Hakon as king[115]. He lived in Russia before being recalled to Sweden to become king, although the primary source on which this statement is based has not yet been identified. He succeeded in 1080 as INGE I King of Sweden. Orkneyinga Saga records that “King Ingi Steinkelsson” was deposed because of his Christianity and replaced by “another king who still adhered to the pagan rites, the queen´s brother Svein, nicknamed the Sacrificer”, adding that Inge “was forced into exile and went to West Gotaland, but eventually managed to trap Svein inside a house and burnt him there” before resuming control[116]. m firstly HELENA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95 which names “Cristinæ Reginæ…filia…Ingonis Suevorum Regis et Helena Reginæ”[117]. Presumably Helena originated in Russia where her husband allegedly lived before 1080. She is first named in Abbot William's genealogy of the Danish kings written in [1193][118]. Her possible Russian or Byzantine origin, and whether the series of Greek names were introduced into the Swedish royal family through her influence, is discussed by M. Sjöström[119]. m secondly MAER, sister of BLOT-SVEN [later King of Sweden]. She is the wife attributed to King Inge in the Sagas, but as "Maer" means "the maiden" she may be identical with his first wife shown above[120]. However, Sjöström suggests that Queen Helena´s religious donations indicate that this is unlikely to be correct because Blot-Sven is recorded in primary sources as a heathen[121]. King Inge & his first wife had four children: a) CHRISTINA (-18 Jan 1122). Fagrskinna records that “Harald konungr”, son of “Valdimars ok Gydu”, married “Kristinar, dóttur Inga konungs Steinkelssunar”[122]. Morkinskinna records that “Haraldr Valdimarsson” married “Kristin, the daughter of King Ingi Steinkelsson king of the Swedes”[123]. A genealogy written by Vilhelm Abbot of Æbelholt records that “Christina avia Waldemari regis filia fuit Ingonis Svevorum regis et Helene regine”[124]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95 which names “Ingiburgh filia Rizlavi…Ruthenorum Regis et Cristinæ Reginæ…filia…Ingonis Suevorum Regis et Helena Reginæ”[125]. m (1095) as his first wife, MSTISLAV I Vladimirovich Grand Prince of Kiev, son of VLADIMIR Vsevolodich "Monomakh" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Gytha of England (1076-15 Apr 1132). b) MARGRETA "Fredkulla/peace-bringing woman" (-4 Nov [1130], bur Roskilde). Snorre records that the marriage of "King Inge's daughter Margaret" and King Magnus was agreed at "Konghelle on the Gaut river" under the agreement which settled disputes between the kings of Norway, Denmark and Sweden[126]. Saxo records that her first marriage took place after the peace meeting between the three Scandinavian kings at Gotaalv in 1101, hence her nickname[127]. Snorre names "Queen Margaret, a daughter of King Inge, who had before been married to King Magnus Barefoot" as the wife of "the Danish king Nikolas, a son of Svein Ulfson"[128]. m firstly ([1101]) MAGNUS III "Berrføtt/Barfod/Barfot/Barefoot" King of Norway, illegitimate son of OLAV III "Kyrre/the Gentle" King of Norway & his mistress --- (-killed in battle in Ireland 24 May 1103). m secondly ([1105]) as his first wife, NIELS King of Denmark, illegitimate son of SVEND II King of Denmark & his mistress --- (-murdered Schleswig 25 Jun 1134). c) KATARINA. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not so far been identified. m BJØRN "Jernside/Ironside" of Denmark, son of HARALD "Kesja" Regent of Denmark & his wife Ragnhild of Norway (-drowned 1134). d) RAGVALD Ingesson . His parentage is given in the Fagrskinna genealogy[129]. Snorre names "Ragnvald, who was the son of the Swedish King Inge Steinkelson" when recording his daughter's marriage[130]. Claimant to the throne. Under-King in Västergötland. He was killed when he arrived uninvited at the ting at Karlaby[131]. m ---. The name of Ragvald's wife is not known. Ragvald & his wife had one child: i) INGRID Ragvaldsdotter (-after 1161). Her first marriage is confirmed by Snorre naming "Magnus…and…Ragnvald" as sons of "Queen Ingerid and Henrik Halte…a son of the Danish king Svein Sveinson"[132]. According to Saxo Grammaticus, her first marriage was arranged by her paternal aunt Margareta Queen of Denmark to improve relations between the Swedish and Danish royal families[133]. She deserted her first husband, allegedly with a lover, but she was recaptured at Ålborg and brought home[134]. Snorre records the marriage of King Harald and "Ingerid, a daughter of Ragnvald, who was the son of the Swedish King Inge Steinkelson"[135]. Morkinskinna records that Harald married “Ingirídr, Rognvaldr´s daughter”[136]. Snorre records that Queen Ingerid married "Ottar Birting…a lendermen and a great chief, and of a Trondheim family" after the death of King Harald, but that he was killed "north in the merchant town"[137]. Snorre records that "Queen Ingerid had a son to Ivar Sneis…called Orm [nicknamed]…King-brother", and afterwards married "Arne of Stodreim, who was from this called King's-mate", their children being "Inge, Nikolas, Philip of Herdla, and Margaret who first married Bjorn Buk and afterwards Simon Karason"[138]. m firstly HENRIK "Skadelår/the Limper" of Denmark, son of SVEND Svensson of Denmark & his wife --- (-killed in battle near Fotevig 4 Jun 1134). m secondly ([Jun 1134/36]) HARALD "Gille" King of Norway, illegitimate son of MAGNUS III King of Norway & his mistress --- (-murdered Bergen 14 Dec 1136). m thirdly (1136) OTTARR Birting (-murdered [1146/47]). [m] [fourthly] IVAR Sneis . The source cited above suggests that Ingrid and Ivar Sneis were not married. m [fourthly/fifthly] ARNE Ivarsson "Kongsmag", at Stodreim in Norway (-after 1161).
1. RAGVALD "Knaphövde" . Claimant to the throne. Under-King in Västergötland. He was killed when he arrived uninvited at the ting at Karlaby[139].
B. KING of SWEDEN [1080]-1099 (FAMILY of BLOT-SVEN)
Brother and sister, parents not known: 1. BLOT-SVEN, son of --- (-after 1099). He succeeded as BLOT-SVEN King of Sweden. Orkneyinga Saga records that “King Ingi Steinkelsson” was deposed because of his Christianity and replaced by “another king who still adhered to the pagan rites, the queen´s brother Svein, nicknamed the Sacrificer”, adding that Inge “was forced into exile and went to West Gotaland, but eventually managed to trap Svein inside a house and burnt him there” before resuming control[140]. m ---. The name of Blot-Sven's wife is not known. Blot-Sven & his wife had [one possible child]: a) [CECILIA. The origin of Jedvard's wife is not known. According to Brenner[141], she was the daughter of Blot-Sven King of Sweden, but this does not appear to be based on a contemporary primary source. m JEDVARD, son of ---.] 2. MAER. She is the wife attributed to King Inge in the Sagas, but as "Maer" means "the maiden" she may be identical with his first wife shown above[142]. However, Sjöström suggests that Queen Helena´s religious donations indicate that this is unlikely to be correct because Blot-Sven is recorded in primary sources as a heathen[143]. m as his second wife, INGE I Stenkilson King of Sweden, son of STENKIL Ragnvaldsson King of Sweden & his wife --- Emundsdottir (-[1111]).
C. KINGS of SWEDEN [1133]-1222 (FAMILY of SVERKER)
SVERKER, son of --- (-murdered 24/25 Dec 1156). Sverker's parentage is not known. According to Saxo Grammaticus, he was "of modest origins"[144]. Under King in Östergötland. He was installed as SVERKER I King of Sweden in [1133/34] in succession to Magnus Nielsson of Denmark. [m firstly as her third husband,] ULVHILD Haakonsdotter, widow first of INGE II Halstensson King of Sweden and secondly of NIELS King of Denmark, daughter of HAAKON Finsson & his wife --- (-before 1143). Her second marriage is referred to by Saxo Grammaticus who states that "Ulvildam Noricam", wife of "Nicolaus", was secretly abducted by King Sverker but their "connection was accepted as a marriage"[145]. Fagrskinna names “Úlfhildr dróttning, dóttir Hákonar Finnssunar Hárekssunar or Þjóttu” as mother of “Karl konungs”, adding that she had first married “Nikolás Danakonungr”, secondly “Ingi Sviakonungr Hallsteinssunr” and thirdly “Sverkir konungr Kolssunr”[146]. m secondly (after 1143) as her third husband, RYKSA [Swantosława] of Poland, widow firstly of MAGNUS I "den Stærke/the Strong" King of Denmark and secondly of [VOLODAR], daughter of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen ([1116/17]-after 25 Dec 1155). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Rikissam" as the only daughter of "dux Vergescelaus de Polonia" and his wife Agnes, specifying that "primo fuit regina Suecie", that by her second husband "regi Russie nomine Musuch" she was mother of "Sophiam reginam Dacie et Rikissam", the latter marrying "imperatoris Castelle Alfunso"[147]. This appears to be a confused account which contradicts other sources in many aspects. She was known as RIKISSA in Sweden. Her third marriage is confirmed by Knytlíngasaga which records that [her son] “Knúti konúngi” fled to ”Sörkvir konúngr átti Rikizu, módur Þeirra Knúts konúngs ok Súffiu” after being defeated by King Svend III[148]. The marriage is also confirmed by the Liber Census Daniæ which records that the estate of [her son by King Sverker] “Bulizlaus” was inherited by his sister Sofia Queen of Denmark [Ryksa’s daughter by her second husband][149]. King Sverker I & his first [wife] had four children: 1. JOHAN Sverkersson (-murdered [1153/54]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He appears to have been his father's designated heir but was killed (by peasants?) some years before his father's death[150]. 2. KARL Sverkersson (-murdered Visingsö 12 Apr [1166], bur Alvastra Abbey). His parentage is stated by Saxo Grammaticus[151]. He succeeded in 1161 as KARL I King of Sweden. m (1163) KRISTIN Stigsdatter [Hvide], daughter of STIG Tokesen "Hvitaleder/White leather" [Hvide] & his wife Margrete Knudsdatter of Denmark. Snorre names (in order) "the Danish king Valdemar…and daughters Margaret, Christina and Catherine" as the children of "Canute Lavard" & his wife, recording that Margrete married "Stig Hvitaled" and that their daughter was "Christina, married to the Swedish king, Karl Sorkvison, and their son was king Sorkver"[152]. Fagrskinna names (in order) “Valdimarr konungr ok Kristin ok Katerin or Margareta” as children of “Knútr lávardr, bródir Eiriks eimuna” and his wife, noting that Margrete married “Stigr hvitaledr”, father of “Nikoláss ok Kristinar er átti Karl konungr Sverkissunr”[153]. Morkinskinna records that “Karl Sørkvisson king of the Swedes” married “Kristín” daughter of “Stígr hvítaledr” and his wife Margret[154]. King Karl & his wife had one child: a) SVERKER Karlson (-killed in battle Gestilren 17 Jul 1210, bur Alvastra Abbey). Snorre names "king Sorkver" as son of "the Swedish king, Karl Sorkvison" & his wife[155]. Fagrskinna names “Sverkir konungr, fadir Jóans konungs” as son of “Kristinar er átti Karl konungr Sverkissunr”[156]. He succeeded in 1196 as SVERKER II "den yngre/the younger" King of Sweden. The Saga of King Sverre records the accession of "Sorkvi Karlsson" after the death of "King Knut of Sweden"[157]. “Swerco filius Karoli Regis rex Sweorum” donated property to the monks of Nydala by charter dated to [1196/1210][158]. The Icelandic Annals record the battle in 1208 between "Svercherum Caroli filius" and "Ericum Canuti filium, Suecorum reges"[159]. Deposed 1208. The Annales Sigtunenses [Annals of Skänninge] in 1210 record “bellum in Gestyldren” where “Swerkerus rex et Folko dux” were killed[160]. m firstly BENGTE Ebbesdatter [Galen], daughter of EBBE Sunesen [Galen] from Knardrup & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly INGEGÄRD Birgersdotter, daughter of BIRGER Bengtsson "Brosa" Jarl in Sweden & his wife Brigida of Norway (-after 1210). Snorre names (in order) "Ingegerd…married to the Swedish king Sorkver [and] a second daughter…Kristin and a third Margaret" as the daughters of "Earl Birger Brose" & his wife[161]. King Sverker II & his first wife had two children: i) KARL Sverkersson (-murdered in the mountains near Trondheim 1198). The Saga of King Sverre records the marriage of "Karl son of King Sorkvi" and "Ingibiorg daughter of King Sverri"[162]. m INGEBORG Sverresdatter of Norway, daughter of SVERRE King of Norway & his first wife Astrid Rösdatter. ii) HELENA Sverkersdotter (-after 1240). A charter dated 1237 refers to the marriage of “S. Fulconis ducis filius” and “E. Suerchonis Regis filia” after her abduction from Vreta convent[163]. m (before 1237) SUNE Folkason Jarl in Sweden, son of FOLKER Birgersson [Folkunge] Jarl in Sweden & his wife (-1247). King Sverker II & his second wife had [two] children: iii) [KARL Sverkersson (-1213). The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1213 of "Carolus Svercheri filius"[164]. If King Sverker was his father, Karl must have been from the king´s second marriage, after the death of his older half-brother of the same name.] iv) JOHAN Sverkersson (1201-Visingsö 10 Mar 1222, bur Alvastra Abbey). Snorre names "King Jon" as the son of "the Swedish king Sorkver" and his wife Ingegerd[165]. Morkinskinna names “King Jón” as son of “King Sørkvir”[166]. The Saga of King Sverre records the death of "Earl Birgi Brosa" in the same year as Sverre King of Norway [in 1202], commenting that "the Swedes then took Jon son of King Sorkvi…one year old"[167]. Fagrskinna names “Sverkir konungr, fadir Jóans konungs” as son of “Kristinar er átti Karl konungr Sverkissunr”[168]. He succeeded in 1216 as JOHAN I King of Sweden, crowned [1219]. The Icelandic Annals record the succession in 1216 of "Johannes Svercheri filius" who reigned for six years[169]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1222 of "Johannes Sverkeri filus rex Suecorum"[170]. 3. [INGEGÄRD] (-1172, bur Vreta Abbey). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (1156) KNUD III Magnussen Joint King of Denmark, son of MAGNUS I "den Stærke/the Strong" King of Denmark & his wife Ryksa [Swantosława] of Poland ([1129]-murdered Roskilde 9 Aug 1157). 4. INGEGÄRD (-1204). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Prioress at Vretakloster 1164. King Sverker I & his second wife had one child: 5. BURISLAV (-before 1173). His parentage is indicated by the following document: the Liber Census Daniæ records that the estate of “Bulizlaus”, son of King Sverker, was inherited by his [half-]sister Sofia Queen of Denmark[171]. Contender for the throne [1168/73]. King Sverker had one [illegitimate] son by an unknown mistress: 6. KOL. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.
D. KINGS of SWEDEN 1156-1250 (FAMILY of JEDVARD)
m ---. The name and origin of Jedvard's wife is not known. According to Brenner[172], she was Cecilia, daughter of Blot-Sven King of Sweden, but this does not appear to be based on a contemporary primary source. Jedvard & his wife had two children: 1. ERIK Jedvardsson (-murdered [near Uppsala] 18 May 1159, bur Uppsala Church). His father's name is confirmed by the Saga of King Sverre which records the marriage of King Sverre to "Margret daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and King of the Swedes" and states that "King Eirik rests in a shrine at Upsala in Sweden"[173]. He succeeded in 1156 as ERIK "den helige" King of Sweden. m KIRSTIN of Denmark, daughter of BJØRN Jernside of Denmark & his wife Katarin Ingesdottir of Sweden. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not so far been identified. King Erik & his wife had four children: a) KNUT Eriksson (-Autumn [1195] or 8 Apr 1196). The Saga of King Sverre names "Margret daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and King of the Swedes" as sister of "Knut King of the Swedes" when recording her marriage to Sverre King of Norway[174]. He succeeded in 1167 or 1172 as KNUT King of Sweden. - see below. b) MARGARETA Eriksdotter ([1155]-1209). The Saga of King Sverre records the marriage of King Sverre to "Margret daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and King of the Swedes" the year after King Magnus was killed [1185][175]. m (1185) as his second wife, SVERRE Sigurdsson King of Norway, possible illegitimate son of SIGURD Haraldsson Mund King of Norway & his mistress Gunhild --- ([1152]-Bergen 9 Mar 1202, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). c) KATARINA Eriksdotter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. [Maybe the witness named third in the following document was her son: “Ericus...Sueorum rex” donated property “in die intronizacionis et consecracionis nostre dilecto cognato nostro Domino Olauo Vpsalensy archyelecto” by charter dated 31 Jul 1224, witnessed by “...dominus Johannes filius Remmodis, dominus Kanutus filius Holgery dominus Phylyppus filius Kateryne, dominus Phylippus frater Iohannis, dominus Iggiualdus”[176]. Another possibility is that he was the son of [Katarina] daughter of King Knut (see below).] m NILS Blaka, son of ---. d) FILIP Eriksson (-after [1200?]). “…Philippus frater meus…” witnessed a charter dated to [1167/99] under which “K…Sweorum rex filius Herjcjs itjdem regis” donated property to Nydala kloster[177]. “Suerco...S[weorum] rex filius Karoli itidem regis” donated property to Nydala Kloster by undated charter, dated to [1200?], witnessed by “Byrgho Sweuorum et Guttorum dux...Philippus frater regis Kanuti Magnus et Karolus fratres ducis, Finuidus Struch...”[178]. m ---. The name of Filip's wife is not known. Filip & his wife had [one probable son]: i) [HOLMGER . “Kanutus...rex Sweorum” donated “partem piscationis in ælwakarlabv [Elfkarleby]...” to Juleta kloster by charter dated 1199 (corrected to 1191), witnessed (on his part) by “Byrgerus dux Sweorum, Karulus frater eius, Kanutus frater regine, Holmgerus nepos meus, Finwidus”[179]. The document does not name Holmger’s father, but it seems likely that he was Filip as no record has been found of King Knut having another brother.] same person as...? HOLMGER [Filipsson] . Secondary sources record this co-identity. The primary source which confirms that it is correct has not been identified, although his son’s succession, and his grandsons’ names Holmger and Filip, suggest that the descent shown here is factual. m ---. The name of Holmger's wife is not known. Holmger & his wife had one son: (a) KNUT (-1234). “Ericus...rex Sueorum” settled a dispute between “monachos de Aluastro et Brynnulfum stabularium nostrum...” by undated charter, dated to [1222/30], witnessed and sealed by “...Kanutus Holmgeri filius...Kanutus Christine filius...Joarus filius Johannis” [the last two not otherwise identified][180]. “Ericus...Sueorum rex” donated property “in die intronizacionis et consecracionis nostre dilecto cognato nostro Domino Olauo Vpsalensy archyelecto” by charter dated 31 Jul 1224, witnessed by “...dominus Johannes filius Remmodis, dominus Kanutus filius Holgery dominus Phylyppus filius Kateryne, dominus Phylippus frater Iohannis, dominus Iggiualdus”[181]. He succeeded in 1229 as KNUT King of Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1234 of "Kanutus longus rex"[182].] [m firstly ---. This first marriage is suggested to explain the marriage of King Knut’s son Holmger to the daughter of Filip Lavransson who married his father’s widow (see below, although the primary source which confirms that she was the mother of Holmger’s wife has not been identified)[183]. Sjöström suggests that “a sister of rijksjarl Ulf Fase” (children of Karl den döve Riksjarl of Sweden, who was killed in battle Oct 1220 at Lihula, western Estonia) was Knut’s first wife and mother of Holmger, based on ”a certain landed inheritance [a share of land at Sko] of Holmger and some heraldic indication on Holmger’s tombstone”[184]]. m [secondly] ([1229/30?]) as her first husband, HELENA Pedersdotter, daughter of PEDER Strangesen, drost, high seneschal of Denmark, [de iure uxoris] Lord of Kalundborg castle [Sjaelland] & his wife Ingeborg Esbernsdatter, heiress of Kalundborg. Hakonar Saga names “Helenu...dóttur Pétrs Stranga-sonar” as “möder” (mother) of Holmger Knutson (and therefore wife of King Knut) and records her second marriage with “Filipus”[185]. As noted above under her husband’s possible first wife, the chronology suggests that Holmger was born from an earlier marriage of his father. If that is correct, “mother” in this extract was used in an extended sense. Another issue is that these mentions in the Hakonar Saga only appear in two manuscripts (the Flateyjarbök and the Stockholm manuscript), not in two others (the Codex Frisianus and the Eirspennil manuscript), which in any case may suggest the possibility of a later mistranscription[186]. Helena’s mother was the daughter of Esbern Snare, founder of Kalundborg fortress, and his third and last wife Helena Guttormsdotter. The dating of Helena’s marriage is suggested by her husband allying himself with a powerful Danish family, in order to challenge Valdemar II King of Denmark who continued to support his nephew Erik "Läspe/the Lisper" King of Sweden, deposed as king in 1229 (see below)[187]. She married secondly Filip Lavransson, who was named in the 25 Jul 1282 charter cited below. King Knut & his [first wife] had one child: (1) HOLMGER Knutson (-beheaded [near] Gästrikland 1248, bur Sko kloster near Enköping, Upland, Sweden[188]). His father’s supporters established Holmger as rival king when his father died in 1234. He claimed the throne again in 1247 in the “Folkunge Rising”, but in 1248 he was defeated at the battle of Sparrsätra (Åsunda district near Enköping) by forces of King Erik XI and Birger jarl, and was captured and beheaded[189]. This rebellion is recorded in Hakonar Saga[190]. “Benedictus germanum Svevorum Gothorumque Regis” recalled “discordia inter...Regem Sveworum et nobiles viros Dominum Hulmgerum et Dominum Philippum, qui quoniam in mortem Principis procerumque eius...fuerunt machinati...” and their wives’ assets forfeited to the crown, in a charter for Skokloster dated 25 Jul 1282[191]. m ([before 1247]) [his stepsister,] HELENA Filipsdotter “i Sko”, daughter of FILIP Lavransson & [his wife Helena Pedersdotter] (-after 25 Jul 1282)[192]. The 25 Jul 1282 charter cited above names “Domina Helena, prenominati Hulmgeri uxore, eademque predicti Philippi filia”[193]. Sjöström suggests that Helena was the same person as “Elin abbess of Sko”[194]. Knut & his [second wife] had one child: (2) FILIP Knutson (-beheaded 1251). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not been identified. Filip was one of the claimants to the throne in the 1251 rebellion against King Valdemar and his father Birger jarl, but was defeated at the battle of Herrevadsbro in 1251, captured, and beheaded[195]. 2. JOAR Jedvardsson (-[1170/90]). “…J. patruus domini Regis K…” witnessed a charter dated to [1167/99] under which “Kanutus…Sweorum rex” donated property to the monks of Juleta kloster[196]. The primary source which confirms his name has not yet been identified.
KNUT Eriksson, son of ERIK “den helige” King of Sweden & his wife Kirstin of Denmark (-Autumn [1195] or 8 Apr 1196). The Saga of King Sverre names "Margret daughter of Eirik the Saint son of Jutvard and King of the Swedes" as sister of "Knut King of the Swedes" when recording her marriage to Sverre King of Norway[197]. He succeeded in 1167 or 1172 as KNUT King of Sweden. “Kanutus…Sweorum rex atque Gothorum” donated property to the monks of Wiby by charter dated to [1167/85][198]. “K…Sweorum rex filius Herjcjs itjdem regis” donated property to Nydala kloster by charter dated to [1167/99], witnessed by “Byrgo Sweorum et Guttorum dux…Philippus frater meus, Magnus et Karolus fratres ducis…”[199]. The Saga of King Sverre records the death "in the autumn" of "King Knut of Sweden"[200], dateable from the context to [1195]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1195 of "Canutus Erici filius, rex Svecorum"[201]. m ---. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified, although her brother was named Knut and was a magnate in Sweden[202]: “Kanutus...rex Sweorum” donated “partem piscationis in ælwakarlabv [Elfkarleby]...” to Juleta kloster by charter dated 1199 (corrected to 1191), witnessed (on his part) by “Byrgerus dux Sweorum, Karulus frater eius, Kanutus frater regine, Holmgerus nepos meus, Finwidus”[203]. King Knut & his wife had five children: 1. JON (-murdered 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 2. JOAR (-murdered 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 3. KNUT (-murdered 1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 4. ERIK Knutson (-Visingsö 10 Apr 1216). The Icelandic Annals record the battle in 1208 between "Svercherum Caroli filius" and "Ericum Canuti filium, Suecorum reges", adding that Erik ruled for nine years[204]. He succeeded [1208/10] as ERIK King of Sweden. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1210 record the coronation of “rex Ericus secundus XI Kal Dec” and his marriage to “Rykyto sororem regis Dacie”[205]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1216 of "Ericus Canuti filius rex Svecorum"[206]. [m firstly/Mistress ---. Erik Knutson’s earlier relationship is confirmed by the chronology of his daughter K[atarina] who had children who were adults in the early 1240s and who could not therefore have been Erik’s daughter by his known marriage.] m [secondly] (1210) RIKISSA of Denmark, daughter of VALDEMAR I "den Store" King of Denmark & his wife Sofia --- (-8 May 1220, bur Ringsted Church). Fagrskinna names “Knútr konungr ok Valdimarr konungr ok Rikiza dróttning” as children of King Valdemar I and his wife, adding that “Rikizu dróttning” married “Eirikr konungr i SviÞjód Knútssunr”[207]. The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1210 of "Ericus Canuti filius rex Suecorum" and "Richizzam filiam Valdemari, sororem Valdemari senioris Danorum regis"[208]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1210 record the coronation of “rex Ericus secundus XI Kal Dec” and his marriage to “Rykyto sororem regis Dacie”[209]. The Annales Ryenses record the death in 1221 of "Rikæcæ regina"[210]. The burial records of Ringsted record the burial of "Kanutus filius Waldemari primi rex Danorum ac Sclavorum Pomeraneorum ac totius Holtzatie, sed et dux Estonie" and "soror sua Rikizæ regina uxor Erici regis Suetie" who died "VIII Id Mai" in 1210[211]. King Erik & his [first wife/Mistress] had one [illegitimate] child: a) K[ATARINA] (-[before 1251?]). The Annals of Skänninge in 1251 record “dom. K. fil. E. reg. sec.” as (deceased?) mother of Filip Pettersson who claimed the Swedish throne in that year[212]. Filip’s father’s name is confirmed by the following document: “Phi et L. Gotorum legifer, Petri filii” confirmed the donation of “mansionem...Lvnby”, donated by “proavus noster bone memorie P. nec non et avus noster L. set et P. pater noster”, to Nydala Kloster by undated charter, dated to [1240/50][213]. m ([1222]) PETTER Lavransson, son of LAVRANS Pettersson i Tiundeland & his wife [Katarina] Filipsdotter ([1201/03?]-). A passage in the Annales Sigtunenses appears to suggest that K[atarina] married secondly Magnus Knutsson "Broka", indicating that she was the mother of his son (the Annales Sigtunenses in 1251 record that “Philippus et Kanutus filii domine K filie regis Erici secundi” were beheaded[214]). This interpretation is contradicted by passages in Hakonar Saga (cited under Magnus Knutsson). King Erik & his [second] wife had three children: b) INGEBORG Eriksdotter ([1212]-17 Jun 1254). Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 4 Nov 1246 in which “Ericus…rex Swethie” names “domino Birgero genero nostro”[215]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1254 record the death of “domina Ingeburgis ducissa Suecie”[216]. m ([1235]) BIRGER Magnuson Jarl, Regent of Sweden, son of MAGNUS "Minnesköld" [Folkungaätten] & his second wife Ingrid [Ylva] ([1200]-20/21 Oct 1266, bur Varnhem Abbey). - KINGS of SWEDEN, FOLKINGAÄTTEN. c) SOPHIA (-before 24 Apr 1241). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (before 15 Feb 1237) HEINRICH BORWIN [III] Herr von Mecklenburg, son of HEINRICH BORWIN [II] Herr von Mecklenburg & his wife Christine of Scotland (-after 2 Dec 1277). d) ERIK Eriksson (posthumously 1216-12 Feb 1250). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded in 1222 as ERIK "Läspe/the Lisper" King of Sweden, deposed 1229, and again 1234-50. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1222 of "Johannes Sverkeri filus rex Suecorum" and the succession of "Ericus Erici filius" who ruled for 27 years[217]. The Annales Ryenses record the death in 1250 of "Ericus rex Sueciæ"[218]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1250 of "Ericus Erici filius Svionum rex"[219]. m (Fyrisäng near Uppsala [1243/44]) KATARINA Sunasdotter, daughter of SUNE Folkesson & his wife Helena Sverkersdatter of Sweden (-Gudhem Convent 1252). “Katerina…Regina Swechorum” donated property to Gudhems Kloster by charter dated 11 Jun 1250 which names “dominus Suno…pater noster”[220]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1252 record the death of “K. regina Suecie”[221]. 5. SIGRID . Hakonar Saga records “Svía-veldi Magnús broki, son Knútz jarls, Birgis sonar brossu” and his marriage with “Sigrídi, dóttur Knútz Svía konungs”[222]. Hakonar Saga clarifies her parentage in another passage[223]. Sjöström suggests that the marriage was arranged in 1205/07, when Magnus’s father joined Erik Knutsson (future king of Sweden, against then king Sverker II) who offered his sister in marriage to Magnus as part of the arrangement[224]. m ([1205/07?]) MAGNUS Knutsson "Broka", son of KNUT Birgersson & his wife --- (-after 1230)
Chapter 3. KINGS of SWEDEN 1250-1412 (FOLKINGAÄTTEN)
BIRGER Magnusson, son of MAGNUS "Minnesköld" [Folkungaätten] & his second wife Ingrid [Ylva] ([1200]-20/21 Oct 1266, bur Varnhem Abbey). The Icelandic Annals record that "dominus Birgerus Magni filius" was made "comes in Svecia" in 1248[225]. Jarl at Bjälbo. Regent of Sweden. Founder of Stockholm. “B…Dux Sueorum” donated property to Eskilstuna Kloster by charter dated 16 Jul 1266 which names “filiorum nostrorum…W…Regis Sueorum, Magni Ducis…Ericj ac Benedictj Scolaris”[226]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1265 of "Birgerus dux Sveciæ"[227]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1266 record the death of “Birgerus dux Swecie secundus”[228]. m firstly ([1235]) INGEBORG of Sweden, daughter of ERIK Knutsson King of Sweden & his second wife Richeza of Denmark ([1212]-17 Jun 1254). Her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 4 Nov 1246 in which “Ericus…rex Swethie” names “domino Birgero genero nostro”[229]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1254 record the death of “domina Ingeburgis ducissa Suecie”[230]. m secondly (1261) as her second husband, MECHTILD von Holstein, widow of ABEL King of Denmark, daughter of ADOLF IV Graf von Holstein und Stormarn & his wife Hedwig zur Lippe (1225-1288, bur Varnhem Abbey). The Annales Stadenses record the marriage "1237 VII Kal Mai" of "dux Abel" and "filiam comitis Adolfi de Scowenborch", naming her "Mechtildem" and recording her second marriage to "ducem Sueciæ" in a later passage[231]. The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1261 of "Bergerus Sveciæ dux" and "Mathildam reginam Daniæ"[232]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Birger's mistress is not known. Birger Magnusson & his first wife had eight children: 1. RIKISSA Birgersdotter (-before 13 Dec 1288). The Cronica Principum Saxonie names "Rixam filiam regis Suecie" as wife of "Henricum seniorem [filium Nycolai domini de Werle]"[233]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1262 record the marriage of “regina Rykita...in Slauiam”[234]. m firstly (Oslo 1251) HAAKON Haakonsson "den Unge/the Young" under King of Norway, son of HAAKON IV "den Gamle/the Old" King of Norway & his wife Margareta Skulesdotter (Bergen 10 Nov 1232-Tønsberg 30 Apr or 5 May1257, bur Oslo, St Hallvards Church). m secondly (1262) as his first wife, HEINRICH von Werle, son of NIKOLAUS I Herr von Werle zu Rostock [Mecklenburg] & his wife Jutta von Anhalt (-murdered near Saal, Rügen 8 Oct 1291). Herr zu Werle zu Güstrow 1281. 2. VALDEMAR Birgersson ([1237]-Nyköping Castle 26 Dec 1302). The Icelandic Annals record that "Valdemarus Birgiri filius" succeeded as king of Sweden in 1249[235]. He succeeded in 1250 as VALDEMAR King of Sweden. “Waldemarus…rex Swechie” confirmed the donation of property to Gudhems Kloster by “reginam dominam Katerinam” by charter dated 17 Jan 1251 which names “patris nostri domini Byrgerj ducis”[236]. The Annales Lubicenses records that "Waldemarus rex Sweorum" was deposed in 1275 by "Magno duce fratre suo"[237]. The Icelandic Annals record the reconcilation between "reges Valdemarus et Magnus" and the departure of Valdemar for Denmark soon after[238]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1302 of "Valdemarus Birgeri filius Rex Sveonum"[239]. m firstly (1260, divorced after 1276) SOPHIE of Denmark, daughter of ERIK IV "Plovpenning" King of Denmark & his wife Jutta of Saxony (-1286). The Annales Sigtunenses in 1260 record the marriage of “regis W. et regine Sophie”[240]. The Icelandic Annals record a visit to "Konúngahellam…festo martyris Albani" by "rex Valdemarus Sophiaque regina cum filio domicello Erico annos quinque nato" in 1276[241]. The Icelandic Annals note the presence of "Sophia regina Valdimari regis, eorumque filio Erico domicello et filiabus Ingeburga quæ nupsit Gerhardo filio Gerhardi comitis Holsatiæ et Catharina virgine" at the reconcilation between "reges Valdemarus et Magnus"[242]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1286 record the death of “Sophia regina”[243]. m secondly LUCARDIS, daughter of ---. 1296. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Mistress (1): JUTTA of Denmark, daughter of ERIK IV "Plovpenning" King of Denmark & his wife Jutta of Saxony ([1246]-[1286/95]). Abbess of St Agneta in Roskilde 1266. She left the convent in 1271[244]. King Valdemar had & his first wife had seven children: a) ERIK Valdemarsson (-1261, bur Sigruna Abbey). The Annales Sigtunenses in 1261 record the death of “domicellus primogenitus Ericus filius W et regine Sophie” and his burial “apud fratres Sictunie”[245]. b) INGEBORG Valdemarsdotter (-[1290]). The Annales Lubicenses refer to the first wife of "Gherardi comitis Holtzatiæ" as "filia Woldemari Regis Sweciæ"[246]. “Waldemarus…Rex Sveorum” confirmed a grant to Hamburg by “pater noster Dominus Byrgerus felicis memoriæ Dux Sveorum” by charter dated 12 Dec 1275 “in nuptiis filiæ nostræ…et comitis Gerardi…de Holsatia”[247]. The Icelandic Annals note the presence of "Sophia regina Valdimari regis, eorumque filio Erico domicello et filiabus Ingeburga quæ nupsit Gerhardo filio Gerhardi comitis Holsatiæ et Catharina virgine" at the reconcilation between "reges Valdemarus et Magnus"[248]. m (12 Dec 1275) as his first wife, GERHARD II Graf von Holstein in Plön, son of GERHARD I Graf von Holstein in Itzehoe & his first wife Elisabeth von Mecklenburg (1254-Plön 28 Oct 1312, bur Hamburg Cathedral). c) KATARINA Valdemarsdotter (-1283). The Icelandic Annals record a visit to "Konúngahellam…festo martyris Albani" by "rex Valdemarus Sophiaque regina cum filio domicello Erico annos quinque nato" in 1276[249]. d) ERIK Valdemarsson [Folkungaättens Valdemarsgren] ([1271/72]-1330). The Icelandic Annals record a visit to "Konúngahellam…festo martyris Albani" by "rex Valdemarus Sophiaque regina cum filio domicello Erico annos quinque nato" in 1276[250]. The Icelandic Annals record a visit to "Konúngahellam…festo martyris Albani" by "rex Valdemarus Sophiaque regina cum filio domicello Erico annos quinque nato" in 1276[251]. The Icelandic Annals record that "domicellus Ericus filius Valdemari" was released from prison in 1302[252]. Norwegian High Councillor 1308. Swedish High Councillor 1322. m INGEBORG Knutsdotter, daughter of KNUT Jonsson [Aspenäsätten] & his wife Katharina Bengtsdotter [Folkungaättens lagmansgren]. 1333. Erik & his wife had one child: i) VALDEMAR Eriksson . 1345/69. m firstly (before 1347) INGEGÄRD Karlsdotter [Färla], daughter of [KARL Orestason [Färla] & his wife Helena Magnusdotter [Folkungaättens oäkta gren]]. m secondly as her first husband, HELGA Anundsdotter [Balk av Strand], daughter of ANUND Röriksson [Balk av Strand] & his wife Cecilia Magnusdotter. She married secondly (before 1379) Ya Königsmarck, Vogt of Stockholm Castle. Valdemar & his wife had one child: (a) ERIK Valdemarsson (-[1388/96]). m ERMEGARD --- (-[1402/03]. e) RIKISSA Valdemarsdotter (-[1 Sep 1288/19 Apr 1293]). The Annales Polonorum record the marriage "1285 in octavis sancti Francisci" of "filiam regis Swecie nomine Rithcam" and "dux Primislius maioris Polonie"[253]. m (1285) as his second wife, PRZEMYSŁ Prince of Greater Poland, son of PRZEMYSŁ I Prince of Poznan, Kalisch and Gniezien [Piast] & his wife Elisabeth von Schlesien [Piast] (14 Oct 1257-murdered Rogoźno 8 Feb 1296, bur Posen Cathedral). He succeeded in 1295 as PRZEMYSŁ II King of Poland. f) MARIANNA Valdemarsdotter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1299. m (Nyköping 1285) as his second wife, RUDOLF von Diepholz, son of --- (-1303 or after). g) MARGARETA Valdemarsdotter . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Nun at Skänninge Convent 1288. King Valdemar had one possible illegitimate son by Mistress (1): h) [ERIK Valdemarsson ([1273]-). Brenner doubts his existence, saying he is likely confused with King Valdemar's legitimate son Erik[254].] 3. MAGNUS Ladulås Birgersson ([1240]-Visingsö 18 Dec 1290, bur Stockholm, Riddarholm Church). The Annales Lubicenses names "Magno duce fratre suo [=Waldemarus rex Sweorum]" when recording that he deposed his brother in 1275[255]. He succeeded in 1275 as MAGNUS I Ladulås King of Sweden. - see below. 4. KRISTINA Birgersdotter (-1285 or after, bur Alvastra Abbey [Östergötland]). “M...Sweorum Gothorumque Rex et B. frater suus” confirmed the donation made to Linköping made by “soror nostra Domina Cristina” by charter dated 25 Jun 1282, sealed by “...prefate sororis nostre Domine C. et mariti sui Domini S. ac filiarum suarum Dominarum M. et E.”[256]. The testament of “Cristina Byrgheri ducis Sweorum quondam filia”, dated 1285, chose burial “monachis in Alwastrum apud quos ex deliberacione diutina una cum marito meo...domino Siggone” for which she donated “curiam...Lywnær [Ljuna, in Högstad, Östergötland]”, donated property to Linköping for masses including “omni septimana...una missa pro defunctis, pro anima...mariti nostri Domini Siggonis, sicut in suo continetur testamento” [confirming that he was then deceased], sealed by “Domini M....regis Sweorum Gothorumque et...germani eius B. ducis Fynlandie...meum, nec non et predulcium mearum, Margarte et Helene filiarum feci presentibus”[257]. [m firstly ---. No proof of this possible earlier marriage has been found. However, the absence of Kristina’s two daughters (named in her 1285 testament, presumably as adults so born late [1250s/1260]) from her known husband’s 1283 testament (see below) suggests that he may not have been their father[258]. This suggestion appears corroborated by Kristina’s 25 Jun 1282 charter cited above which refers to “mariti sui” and “filiarum suarum”.] m [secondly] SIGGE Guttormson, son of --- (-[1283/1285], bur Alvastra Abbey). He was named in the 25 Jun 1282 charter cited above. Sigge’s testament, dated 1283, names the couple’s son Birger, who presumably died before his mother’s 1285 testament in which he is not mentioned, but not the two daughters which suggests their birth from an earlier otherwise unrecorded marriage of their mother, see above[259]. The daughter Margrete married Leonard/Lidinvard/Lennart Ötheson, Iagman i Nárke, while Helene married firstly riddare Ingemar Nielsson (murdered in 1278, discussed in Erikskrönikan[260]) and secondly (Papal dispensation 13 Feb 1284) her third cousin riddare Ulf Holmgerson till Rammshammar (who is named until 1290), their unnamed daughter marrying riddare Torkel Andersån, high counsellor of Sweden (who was named in 1311, 1318, and 1335)[261]. The testament of Helene’s granddaughter, “Ingiburgis Thorstensdoter” [Ingeborg Torstensdotter], dated 28 Mar 1346, bequeathed property to “consanguineo meo domino Birghero Magnusson...matri mee...domine Katerine Vlpsdoter...sorori mee domicelle Katerine...Laurencio Ingibyornæson...”, witnessed by “dominum Birgherum Magnusson [executor] dominam Katerinam consortem suam, dominam Elenam Thorchilsdoter, domicellam Katerinam Birghersdoter, Holmgerum Thorchilssom, fratrem Johannem Allonis, dominum Thorgotum, dominum Swenungam, Jaconbum Sonæson cum uxore Hermannum Cristinam Eriksdoter, Cristinam Pætersdoter...”[262]. 5. KATARINA . The Cronica Principum Saxonie names "Katerinam, filiam regis Suecie" as wife of "Sifridum comitem"[263]. m (before 17 Oct 1259) SIEGFRIED Graf von Anhalt in Köthen und Dessau, son of HEINRICH I "der Fette" Graf von Anhalt und Aschersleben & his wife Irmgard von Thüringen (-after 25 Mar 1298, bur Coswig). 6. ERIK Birgersson (-17 Dec 1275). “B…Dux Sueorum” donated property to Eskilstuna Kloster by charter dated 16 Jul 1266 which names “filiorum nostrorum…W…Regis Sueorum, Magni Ducis…Ericj ac Benedictj Scolaris”[264]. Duke in southern Sweden 1275. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1275 record the death of “domicellus Ericus dux”[265]. 7. INGEBORG (-30 Jun 1302, bur Mölln). The Cronica Principum Saxonie refers to the wife of "Iohannem [filium Alberti dux]" as "filiam regis Suecie"[266]. The Annales Lubicenses record the death in 1302 of "Ingeburgis, mater Alberti, Iohannis et Erici ducum Saxoniæ, filia Regis Sweonum"[267]. m ([1270]) JOHANN I Herzog von Sachsen, son of ALBRECHT I Herzog zu Sachsen, Engern und Westfalen [Askanier] & his third wife Helene von Braunschweig (-30 Jul 1286). 8. BENGT Birgersson ([1254]-25 May 1291). The Annales Sigtunenses in 1254 record the birth of “Benedictus secundus episcopus Lincopensis dux Finlandie”, after the death of his mother (suggesting that she died in childbirth or soon afterwards)[268]. “B…Dux Sueorum” donated property to Eskilstuna Kloster by charter dated 16 Jul 1266 which names “filiorum nostrorum…W…Regis Sueorum, Magni Ducis…Ericj ac Benedictj Scolaris”[269]. “Benedictus germanus Svevorum Gothorumque Regis” settled a dispute between “Regem Sveworum” and “nobiles viros Dominum Hulmgerum et Dominum Philippum”, relating to their wives’ property, naming “Domina Helena, prenominati Hulmgeri uxore, eademque predicti Philippi filia”, by charter dated 25 Jul 1282[270]. Duke in Finland 1284: he is named as such in the 1285 testament of his sister Kristina (see above). Bishop of Linköping 1286: the Annales Sigtunenses in 1286 record the election “in episcopum Lincopensem” of “dominus Benedictus frater regis Sweorum” and his consecration in Stockhom[271]. Birger Magnusson had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1): 9. GREGERS Birgersson or Frilloson [Folkingaättens oäkta gren] (-1276, bur Uppsala). At Ängsjö. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1276 of "Gregorius filius notus Birgeri comitis"[272]. He was ancestor of the Folkingaättens Oäkta Gren family.
MAGNUS Ladulås Birgersson, son of BIRGER Magnusson Jarl and Regent of Sweden [Folkungaätten] & his first wife Ingeborg of Sweden ([1240]-Visingsö 18 Dec 1290, bur Stockholm, Riddarholm Church). He succeeded in 1275 as MAGNUS I Ladulås King of Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record a peace agreement and meeting between "Magnum Norvegiæ regem" and "Magnum Birgeri filium Sveonum regem" in 1276[273]. The Icelandic Annals record the death in 1290 of "Magnus Svevorum rex Birgeri filius"[274]. m (Kalmar 11 Nov 1276) HEDWIG von Holstein, daughter of GERHARD I Graf von Holstein in Itzehoe & his first wife Elisabeth von Mecklenburg (-[7 Mar 1324/14 Feb 1326]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. King Magnus I & his wife had six children: 1. ERIK (-1279, bur Uppsala). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 2. BIRGER Magnusson (1280-[Sjælland] 31 May 1321, bur Ringsted Church). The Annales Sigtunenses in 1283 record the election “in regem Swecie” of “Birgerus filius regis Magni”, and that “Ericus frater eius factus est dux”, noting that both were “parvuli”[275]. He succeeded his father in 1290 as BIRGER King of Sweden. The Icelandic Annals record that "Haqvinus…rex Norvegiæ" and "Birgerus rex Sveciæ, dux Ericus frater huius" signed a peace agreement "ad ostium Solbergæ prope Gothalbim" in 1302[276]. Deposed 1319. The burial records of Ringsted record "Birgerus rex Suetie" who died "pridie Kal Jun" in 1321 and "uxor sua Margareta filia regis Erici et Agnetis" who died "VI Non Mar" in 1341[277]. m (Papal dispensation 23 Dec 1284, Stockholm 25 Nov 1298) MARGRETE of Denmark, daughter of ERIK V "Klipping" King of Denmark & his wife Agnes von Brandenburg (-2 Mar 1341, bur Ringsted Church). Pope Martin IV issued a dispensation for the marriage of "Birgero, filio Magni Sveciæ regis" and "Margaretæ filiæ Erici regis Daniæ" for 4o consanguinity dated 23 Dec 1284[278]. The Annales Lubicenses refer to the wife of "Birgerum regem…Sweorum" as "sororem regis Danorum" when recording that her husband's brothers "Ericus et Waldemarus duces" captured her and her husband in 1305[279]. She was known as MÄRTA in Sweden. The burial records of Ringsted record "Birgerus rex Suetie" who died "pridie Kal Jun" in 1321 and "uxor sua Margareta filia regis Erici et Agnetis" who died "VI Non Mar" in 1341[280]. King Birger & his wife had six children: a) MAGNUS Birgersson (Stockholm Sep 1300-murdered Stockholm 1 Jun 1320, bur Stockholm, Riddarholms Church). He was probably chosen by his father as heir but was imprisoned by supporters of his cousin and finally executed[281]. Magnus had [one possible] illegitimate daughter: i) KARIN Magnusdotter of Herrmanshult . b) ERIK Birgersson (-1319). The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium names "Birgerus rex Suecie, uxor sua Margareta…et tres filii sui Ericus, Otto et Valdemarus"[282]. Archdeacon at Uppsala 1315. c) OTTO Birgersson . The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium names "Birgerus rex Suecie, uxor sua Margareta…et tres filii sui Ericus, Otto et Valdemarus"[283]. d) VALDEMAR Birgersson . The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium names "Birgerus rex Suecie, uxor sua Margareta…et tres filii sui Ericus, Otto et Valdemarus"[284]. e) AGNES Birgersdotter (-after 1344). The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium names "Birgerus rex Suecie, uxor sua Margareta, filie sue Agnes et Katherina"[285]. f) KATARINA Birgersdotter (-after 1320). The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium names "Birgerus rex Suecie, uxor sua Margareta, filie sue Agnes et Katherina"[286]. 3. RIKISSA (-17 Dec 1348). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of St Klara in Stockholm 1335. 4. INGEBORG (-5 Aug 1319, bur Ringsted Church). The Annales Lubicenses record the marriage in 1297 of "Ingeburgem sororem Birgen regis Sweorum" and "Ericus rex Danorum"[287]. Nun of St Klara at Roskilde 1318. The Annales Colbazienses record the death in 1319 of "rex Dacie et uxor eius"[288]. The burial records of Ringsted record "Ericus rex, filius Erici regis" and "Ingeburgh uxor sua filia Magni regis Suecie" who died "Non Apr" in 1319[289]. m (Hälsingborg [Jun] 1296) ERIK VI "Mændved" King of Denmark, son of ERIK V "Klipping" King of Denmark & his wife Agnes von Brandenburg (1274-Roskilde 13 Nov 1319, bur Ringsted Church). 5. ERIK Magnusson ([1282]-murdered Nyköping Castle Feb 1318, bur Stockholm, Storkyrka). The Annales Lubicenses name "Ericus et Waldemarus duces" as brothers of "Birgerum regem…Sweorum"[290]. Duke in Södermanland 1303. - see below. 6. VALDEMAR Magnusson (-murdered Nyköping Castle Feb 1318, bur Stockholm, Storkyrka). The Annales Lubicenses name "Ericus et Waldemarus duces" as brothers of "Birgerum regem…Sweorum"[291]. Duke in Finland 1302. m firstly (1302 after 2 Dec, divorced 9 Dec 1305) CHRISTINA Tyrgilsdotter, daughter of TYRGILS Knutsson & his wife Birgitta. m secondly (Oslo 29 Sep 1312) INGEBORG of Norway, daughter of ERIK Magnusson King of Norway & his second wife Isabel Bruce (1297-[1356/57]). The Annales Lubicenses refer to the wife of "Waldemarus [dux]" as "filiam Erici quondam regis Norwegiæ"[292]. Valdemar & his second wife had one child: a) ERIK Valdemarsson (1316-young). The Icelandic Annals record the birth in 1316 of "Ericus regis Erici ex filia nepos"[293].
ERIK Magnusson, son of MAGNUS Lådulas [Folkunge] King of Sweden & his wife Hedwig von Holstein ([1282]-murdered Nyköping Castle Feb 1318, bur Stockholm, Storkyrka). The Annales Lubicenses name "Ericus et Waldemarus duces" as brothers of "Birgerum regem…Sweorum"[294]. The Annales Sigtunenses in 1283 record the election “in regem Swecie” of “Birgerus filius regis Magni”, and that “Ericus frater eius factus est dux”, noting that both were “parvuli”[295]. The Icelandic Annals record that "Haqvinus…rex Norvegiæ" and "Birgerus rex Sveciæ, dux Ericus frater huius" signed a peace agreement "ad ostium Solbergæ prope Gothalbim" in 1302[296]. Duke in Södermanland 1303. Duke of Halland. m firstly (divorced before 1302) --- Thurgilsdotter, daughter of THURGIL Knudson Marshal of Sweden & his wife ---. The Annales Lubicenses record that "marscalei [regis] filia" was wife of "Erico duci" but divorced[297]. m secondly (Betrothed 1302, Oslo 29 Sep 1312) as her first husband, INGEBORG of Norway, daughter of HAAKON V Magnusson King of Norway & his second wife Euphemia von Rügen (1301-17 Jun after 1360). The Icelandic Annals record the betrothal in 1302 of "dux Ericus" and "domicellam Ingiburgam filiam Haqvini regis"[298]. The Annales Lubicenses refer to the wife of "Ericus [dux]" as "filiam Haquini regis Norwegiæ"[299]. The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1311 of "Dux Ericus in Suecia" and "domicellam Ingeburgam filiam Haqvini regis"[300]. She married secondly (21 Jun 1327) Knut "Porse" Duke of Sønderhalland and Estland (-30 May 1330). The Icelandic Annals record the marriage in 1326 of "Canutus Possius" and "dominam ducissam Ingiborgam matrem Magni regis Norvegiæ"[301]. Erik & his second wife had two children: 1. MAGNUS Eriksson (1316-drowned near Bergen 1 Dec 1374, bur Varnhem Abbey). The Icelandic Annals record the birth in 1316 of "domicellus Magnus Minniskjöldus regis Haqvini ex filia nepos"[302]. He succeeded his uncle in 1319 as MAGNUS II King of Sweden, and MAGNUS II King of Norway. The Icelandic Annals record that "Domicellus Magnus Erici filius, regis Haqvini de fila nepos" became "rex Norvegiæ Sveciæ atque Gothiæ" in 1320[303]. He was deposed in 1344 as King of Norway. He abdicated in 1363 as King of Sweden, remaining as regent of Norway. m (Bohus [Tønsberghus] Castle 5 Nov 1335) BLANCHE de Namur, daughter of JEAN Comte de Namur & his second wife Marie d'Artois [Capet] (-Copenhagen Autumn 1363). A charter dated 24 Aug 1335 records that Edward III King of England ordered ships to take “Blanchia de Namour soror...comitis de Namour” to Norway for her marriage to “regem Norwegiæ”[304]. She was accused by the noblewoman Birgitta Birgersdotter (St Bridget of Vadstena) of having poisoned the latter's son, her innocence of the crime only being proved at the end of the 18th century[305]. She lived at Tønsberghus castle in Norway from 1358, because of the political situation in Sweden, and administered the fiefs of Vestfold and Skienssysla[306]. King Magnus II & his wife had two children: a) ERIK Magnusson ([1339]-20 Jun 1359). Duke of Scania. He succeeded in 1344 as ERIK XII joint King of Sweden, ruling jointly with his father. The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium records the death in 1359 of "rege Suecie Erico…uxor sua Beatrix, primogenitus suus" and names "pater suus Magnus rex Suecie"[307]. m (before 25 Oct 1356) BEATRIX von Bayern, daughter of Emperor LUDWIG IV King of Germany, Duke of Bavaria Pfalzgraf bei Rhein & his second wife Marguerite de Hainaut [Avesnes] Ctss de Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland (1344-25 Dec 1359). The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium records the death in 1359 of "rege Suecie Erico…uxor sua Beatrix, primogenitus suus" and names "pater suus Magnus rex Suecie"[308]. King Erik XII & his wife had one child: i) son (b and d 1359). The Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium records the death in 1359 of "rege Suecie Erico…uxor sua Beatrix, primogenitus suus" and names "pater suus Magnus rex Suecie"[309]. b) HAAKON Magnusson ([15] Aug 1340-Oslo [Aug/Sep] 1380, bur Oslo, Maria Church). His father designated him his heir in Norway, which was formally approved by the Norwegian estates. He succeeded his father in 1344 as HAAKON VI King of Norway. He succeeded in 1362 as HAAKON I King of Sweden, deposed 1363. m (Copenhagen [9] Apr 1363) MARGRETHE of Denmark, daughter of VALDEMAR IV King of Denmark & his wife Heilwig von Schleswig (1353-on board ship Flensburg harbour 28 Oct 1412, bur Sorø Abbey, transferred 1413 to Roskilde Church). She succeeded in 1387 as MARGRETHE I Queen of Denmark, 1388 as MARGRETHE I Queen of Norway and in 1389 as MARGRETHE Queen of Sweden. King Haakon I & his wife had one child: i) OLAV (Dec 1370-3 Aug 1387). He succeeded in 1376 as OLAF II King of Denmark, and in 1381 as OLAV IV King of Norway. 2. EUPHEMIA Eriksdotter ([1317]-[27 Oct 1363/16 Jun 1370]). The late 14th century Doberaner Genealogie records that “Albertus” married “Eufemia soror domini Agni, quondam regis Suecie”[310]. m (contract Bohus 24 Jul 1321, Rostock [10 Apr] 1336) as his first wife, ALBRECHT [I] Herr von Mecklenburg, son of HEINRICH [II] "dem Löwen" Herr von Mecklenburg & his second wife Anna von Sachsen-Wittenberg (1318-Schwerin 18 Feb 1379, bur Doberan Abbey). He was created Herzog von Mecklenburg und Fürst by Imperial Order at Prague 8 Jul 1348. a) ALBRECHT von Mecklenburg ([1340]-Dobrenau [31 Mar /1 Apr] 1412, bur Doberan). He was crowned ALBERT King of Sweden at Uppsala 18 Feb 1364. He succeeded his father in 1379 as ALBRECHT III joint Herzog von Mecklenburg. Deposed as King of Sweden in 1389, he was imprisoned by Margrethe Queen of Denmark from 24 Feb 1389 to 26 Sep 1395. Lord of Gotland 1397/1399. He formally abdicated as King of Sweden in 1405. - MECKLENBURG. b) other children: see MECKLENBURG.
Chapter 4. KINGS of SWEDEN 1397-1523
1. ERICH BOGISLAW von Pommern, son of WARTISLAW VII Duke of Pomerania & his wife Marie von Mecklenburg ([1381]-Rügenwalde 1459 [after 4 Apr] bur Rügenwalde Marienkirche). He was adopted by Margrethe I King of Denmark as her heir in Norway (as the most senior claimant to the throne by descent from King Haakon V), following the death of her son King Olav IV, and succeeded in 1389 as ERIK III King of Norway, although Queen Margrethe continued to govern as Regent even after Erik reached the age of majority (lifetime prerogative granted by the Norwegian High Council 1387). He succeeded in 1396 as ERIK VII King of Denmark, and in 1397 as ERIK XIII King of Sweden. He was crowned 17 Jun 1397 at Kalmar as king of all three countries. He was accused of mismanagement of the realms, culminating in a rebellion in 1436. In 1439, King Erik was obliged to appoint the drottseke Sigurd Jonsson of Giske as regent in Norway. He abdicated in Denmark 10 Apr 1440, and was replaced in Sweden 4 Oct 1440 by Christoph von Bayern (see below). He was eventually deposed 4 Jun 1442 in Norway in favour of Christoph[311].
1. CHRISTOPH von Bayern, son of JOHANN Herzog von Bayern Pfalzgraf bei Rhein in Neumarkt & his wife Katharina von Pommern-Stolp [Denmark] (Neumarkt 26 Feb 1416-Helsingborg 5/6 Jan 1448, bur Roskilde Cathedral). He succeeded his maternal uncle 10 Apr 1440 as CHRISTOFFER III King of Denmark, 4 Oct 1440 as KRISTOFER King of Sweden and 4 Jun 1442 as CHRISTOF King of Norway. He succeeded his father in 1443 as Pfalzgraf in Neunburg vorm Wald und in Neumarkt.
1. KARL Knutsson, son of KNUT Tordsson Bonde, lord of Tullgam, castellan of Turku (Finland) & his wife Margareta Karlsdotter av Tofta heiress of Fogelvik, Ekholmen, Tofta ([Finland?] Oct [1408/09]-Stockholm royal castle 15 May 1470) . His paternal and maternal ancestries are shown in the genealogics.org website[312]. A powerful holder of Viipuri in Finland and its military troops, he was appointed Jan 1436 as co-regent of Sweden, sole regent (riksföreståndare) 27 Apr 1436 until 1441[313]. He was elected in Mora Stones as KARL VIII King of Sweden 28 Jun 1448 (especially with the support of his Finnish troops from Viipuri[314]), was twice deposed and twice reinstated, ruling 1448-1457, 1464-1465, 1467-1470[315]. He was elected as KARL King of Norway 20 Nov 1449 and crowned at Nidaros, Trondheim, in opposition to King Christian I, but was defeated and deposed by King Christian in 1450[316].
1. CHRISTIAN von Oldenburg, son of DIETRICH Graf von Oldenburg & his second wife Hedwig von Schleswig und Holstein (Oldenburg Feb 1426-Copenhagen 21 May 1481 bur Roskilde Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1440 as CHRISTIAN XIV joint Graf von Oldenburg in Oldenburg und Delmenhorst. He was chosen to succeed as CHRISTIAN I King of Denmark and Norway, on the death without heirs in 1448 of King Christoffer III. He did not immediately succeed in Sweden where Karl Knutsson Bonde was elected king (see above). He was crowned King of Norway in 1450. He was elected KRISTIAN I King of Sweden in 1457, but his rule there was effective only for short periods after 1463 despite King Christian's wife's vigorous pursuit of her claim to Sweden as the "morning-gift" under the terms of her first marriage[317]. a) JOHAN Prince of Denmark (Aalborg 1 Feb 1455-Aalborg 20 Feb 1513, bur Aalborg, transferred 1804 to Odense St Knuds Kirke). He succeeded his father in 1481 as JOHAN I King of Denmark and Norway. Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein 1482/1490. JOHANNES II King of Sweden 1483-1501. i) CHRISTIAN Prince of Denmark (Nyborg 1 or 2 Jul 1481-Kalundborg 25 Jan 1559, bur Odense St Knuds Kirke). He succeeded his father in 1513 as CHRISTIAN II King of Denmark and Norway. KRISTIAN II King of Sweden 1520 to 1521. He was deposed in 1523.
Chapter 5. KINGS of SWEDEN (VASA)
A. ORIGINS
The paternal and maternal ancestries of King Gustaf I are shown in the genealogics.org website, which sets out his descent from various Swedish noble families, some of whom are shown in earlier parts of the present document[318]. This information has not been copied into the present document as the website does not show corroborative primary source data. It should be noted in particular that Birgitta Gustavsdotter, mother of Erik Jonsson who is shown below, was the daughter of noble Birgitta Steensdotter of Vik, Örby and Loholm, heiress of Ekholmen, who was in turn the daughter of noble Margareta Karlsdotter of Tofta, heiress of Fogelvik, Ekholmen, Tofta, and her second husband lord Steen Tureson of Vik, örby, and Loholm. Margareta was, by her first husband riddare Knut Tordson ‘Bonde’ lord of Tullgarn, the mother of Karl VIII King of Sweden who is shown above[319].
Doubts about the Vasa family ancestry were raised by Ivan IV Tsar of Russia by letter to Johan III King of Sweden who, after commissioning historical research, replied in 1573 dismissing the suggestion[320].
1. ERIK Jonsson, son of JOHANNES Kristiernsson of Örbyhus & his first wife noble Birgitta Gustavsdotter of Rävsnäs, heiress of Rydboholm ([1470]-executed/murdered Stockholm 8 Nov 1520). He inherited Rydoboholm from his mother, and was castellan of Kastelholma on Ahvenanmaa island. Knighted by Johannes II King of Sweden in 1497, in 1503 he was universal heir of his childless maternal uncle riddare Steen Gustavson “Sture” (full brother of Erik’s mother Birgitta), who was regent (riksföreståndare) of Sweden 1470-1497 and 1501-1503, castellan of several Swedish fortresses, and owner of an immense personal fortune including Gripsholm castle[321]. m ([1492/95]) CECILIA Magnusdotter of Eka, daughter of MAGNUS Karlson of Eka, castellan of Stegeholm & his wife Siiri Eskelintytär of Venngam, heiress of Lindholm, castellana of Kastelholma[322] (-Copenhagen [1522/23]). Cecilia’s mother (died Geddeholm castle Oct 1527) was a “royal matriarch”, as her son-in-law the younger Steen Sture was regent of Sweden 1512-1520, her daughter Kristina Nielsdotter was temporary regent in 1520[323], and of course her grandson Gustaf was regent in 1521 and became king as noted below[324]. Erik & his wife had children: a) GUSTAF Eriksson (Lindholm manor, Upland 12 May 1496-Stockholm 29 Sep 1560). Regent (riksföreståndare) of Sweden 1521-23. He was elected 6 Jun 1523 as GUSTAF I King of Sweden. - see below. b) MARGARETA Eriksdotter ([before 1500]-Tallinn, Ravala, Estonia 31 Dec 1536, bur Tallinn Cathedral). The followiing information about Margareta has been sent by Sjöström[325]. Co-heiress of her parents, in particular Lindholmen and Rydboholm, both in Upland, Sweden. Her surviving children by her first marriage were Count Peder Brahe, High Seneschal of Sweden, Lord of Lindholmen and Rydboholm, Count of Visingsborg (ancestor of the Brahe comital family) and noble Birgitta Joakimsdotter till Tärnö, heiress of Tärnö manor in Södermanland (ancestress of the Grip baronial family). m firstly (1516) noble JOAKIM Pederson “Brahe” Lord of Tämö manor, son of --- (-executed/murdered Stockholm bloodbath 8 Nov 1520). m secondly (Stockholm 15 Jan 1525) JOHANN Graf von Hoya und Bruchhausen, son of --- (-killed in battle near Assens, Funen, Denmark 11 Jun 1535). Castellan of Viipun [Vyborg] and fiefholder of Viipun province. From the Obergrafschaft Hoya line, his ancestors until the late 14th century (Johann Graf von Hoya, died Dec 1377) are shown in the document SAXONY NOBILITY. Secondary sources show Jobst Graf von Hoya and Irmgard von Lippe as his parents (primary sources not identified).
B. KINGS of SWEDEN 1523-1654
The family of King Gustaf I is shown in outline form below, copied from published secondary sources and hyperlinked to other documents in Medieval Lands to show the marriage connections with other European royal families. The primary sources which confirm the information have not been researched. The genealogics.org website provides further biographical details about King Gustaf, his wives, and his children (unchecked against the information shown below)[326].
GUSTAF Eriksson, son of ERIK Jonsson & his wife Cecilia Magnusdotter (Lindholm manor, Upland 12 May 1496-Stockholm 29 Sep 1560). Regent (riksföreståndare) of Sweden 1521-23. He was elected 6 Jun 1523 at Strengnes (episcopal town in Södermanland, south of Lake Mälaren, not the same place as the traditional election place, the Mora Stones near Upsala), by the assembly of delegates of Sweden’s “circuits” (in practical terms “provinces” or regions, each with its own lawspeaker, justiciar), as GUSTAF I King of Sweden, crowned 12 Jan 1528 at Upsala cathedral. He was promulgated 13 Jan 1544 by the Vesteros Riksdag (assembly of member lords and delegates of societal classes, [four] estates, convened in session in Vesteros) “hereditary king of the hereditary kingdom, Sweorum Gothorum Vendorum(que)”[327]. m firstly (Stockholm 24 Sep 1531) KATHARINA von Sachsen-Lauenburg, daughter of MAGNUS II Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg & his wife Katharina von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (24 Sep 1513-Stockholm 23 Sep 1535). m secondly (Upsala 1 Oct 1536) MARGARETA Eriksdotter av Ekeberg, daughter of riddare ERIK Abrahamson till Ekeberg & his wife Ebba Eriksdotter till Loholmen (Eleberg, Lillkyrka, Närke 1 Jan 1516-Tynnelsö castle, near Strengnes, Södermanland 26 Aug 1551). m thirdly (Vadstena 22 Aug 1552) KATARINA Gustavsdotter av Torpa och Toftaholm, daughter of baron GUSTAF Olofson till Torpa, lord of Toftaholm, riddare & his wife Birgitta Eriksdotter av Ekeberg (Torpa manor, Länghem, Västergötland 22 Jul 1535-Strömsholm castle, near Västeras, Västmanland 13 Nov 1621). Katarina’s mother was older sister of her husband’s second wife. Holding Kastelholma, Gripsholm, and Strömsholm castles as dower, she became an independent force in Sweden in her own right as dowager queen from her husband’s death until her own death[328]. Her life was reviewed in 2015 by Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen[329]. Gustaf I & his first wife had one child: 1. ERIK Prince of Sweden (Stockholm 13 Dec 1533-poisoned Örbyhus 26 Feb 1577). He succeeded his father in 1560 as ERIK XIV King of Sweden. He was deposed in 1569. m (4 Jul 1568) KARIN Mansdotter, daughter of --- (6 Nov 1550-Liuksala, Finland 13 Sep 1612). Erik XIV & his wife had four children: a) SIGRID (15 Oct 1566-24 Apr 1633). m firstly (1597) HENRIK Tott till Sjundley, son of --- (-[1600/01]). m secondly (1609) NILS Nilsson till Bro [Natt och Dag], son of --- (-18 Apr 1613). b) GUSTAF (28 Jan 1568-Kaschin, Russia 22 Feb 1607). c) HENRIK (24 Jan 1570-1574). d) ARNOLD (1 Nov 1572-1573). Erik XIV had four illegitimate children by unknown mistresses: e) VIRGINIA (1559-1633). m (1585/6) HAKON Knutsson Hand, son of --- (-1595/6). f) CONSTANTIA (1560-1649). m ([1594]) HENRIK Frankelin, son of --- (-1610). g) LUCRETIA (1564-). m --- Zelow, son of ---. h) MARGARETA (-1618). m (1592) OLAVIUS Simonis, son of --- (-1639). Gustaf I & his second wife had eleven children: 2. JOHAN (Stegeborg 20 Dec 1537-Stockholm 17 Nov 1592). He succeeded his brother in 1569 as JOHAN III King of Sweden. m firstly (Vilna 4 Oct 1562) KATARZYNA Pss of Poland, daughter of ZYGMUNT I "Stary" King of Poland & his second wife Bona Sforza (Krakow 1 Nov 1526-Stockholm 16 Sep 1583). m secondly (Västeras 21 Feb 1585) GUNILLA Bjelke, daughter of JOHAN Axelsson & his wife Margareta Posse (25 Jun 1568-25 Jul 1597). Mistress (1): KARIN Hansdotter, daughter of ---. Johan III & his first wife had three children: a) ISABELLA (1564-Jan 1566). b) SIGISMUND (Gripsholm, Sweden 20 Jun 1566-Warszawa 30 Apr 1632). He succeeded in 1587 as ZYGMUNT III King of Poland. He converted to Roman Catholicism. He succeeded his father in 1592 as SIGISMUND King of Sweden. He was deposed in Sweden 1599. c) ANNA (31 May 1568-6 Feb 1625). Johan III & his second wife had one child: d) JOHAN (Uppsala 18 Apr 1589-Bröborg 5 Mar 1618). Duke of Östergotland 1606. m (29 Nov 1612) MARIE ELISABETH Pss of Sweden, daughter of CARL IX King of Sweden & his second wife Christina Pss von Holstein-Gottorp (10 Mar 1596-7 Aug 1618). Mistress (1): KERSTIN Mansdotter, daughter of ---. Johan had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1): i) Hans Johansson (-unmarried in Germany). Johan III had four illegitimate children by Mistress (1): e) JULIUS Gyllenhielm (1559-1581). f) AUGUSTUS (-1560). g) SOFIA (-1583). m (1580) PONTUS Baron De la Gardie, son of --- (-1585). h) LUCRETIA (-1585). 3. KATHARINA (6 Jun 1539-Berum 21 Dec 1610, bur Aurich St Lamberti). m (Stockholm 1 Oct 1559) EDZARD von Ostfriesland, son of ENNO I Graf von Ostfriesland & his wife Anna von Oldenburg-Delmenhorst (24 Jun 1532-Aurich 27 Feb or 1 Mar 1599, bur Aurich St Lamberti). He succeeded in 1561 as EDZARD II Graf von Ostfriesland. 4. CAECILIA (16 Nov 1540-Brussels 27 Jan 1627). She converted to Roman Catholicism in 1575. m (18 Jun 1564) CHRISTOPH I Markgraf von Baden-Rodemachern, son of BERNHARD III Markgraf von Baden-Baden & his wife Françoise de Luxembourg heiress of Roussy and Pittingen (posthumously 26 Feb 1537-Rodemachern 2 Aug 1575, bur Rodemachern). 5. MAGNUS (25 Jul 1542-26 Jun 1595). Duke of Östergotland 1560. Mistress (1): VALBORG Eriksdotter, daughter of ---. Mistress (2): ANNA von Haubitz, daughter of ---. Magnus had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1): a) LUCRETIA (before 1566-1624). m (1586) CHRISTOFFER von Warnstedt, son of --- (-1627). Magnus had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2): b) HELENA (before 1572-after 1630). m WOLMAR Uexkull, son of --- (-1627) 6. CARL (b and d 1544). 7. ANNA MARIA (19 Jun 1545-30 Mar 1610, bur Remigiusburg). m (20 Dec 1562) GEORG JOHANN I Pfalzgraf von Veldenz, son of RUPRECHT Pfalzgraf von Veldenz & his wife Ursula Wild- und Rheingräfin zu Salm-Kyrburg (11 Apr 1543-Lützelstein 18 Apr 1592, bur Lützelstein Pfarrkirche). 8. STEN (1546-1547). 9. SOPHIE (29 Oct 1547-17 Mar 1611). m (4 Jul 1568) MAGNUS von Sachsen-Lauenburg, son of FRANZ I Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg & his wife Sibylle von Sachsen ([1544/46]-Ratzeburg 14 May 1603, bur Ratzeburg Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1571 as MAGNUS II Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg, until 1574 when his father resumed power, and again on his father's death in 1581. 10. ELISABETH (4 Apr 1549-20 Nov 1597, bur Uppsala Cathedral). m (7 May 1581) as his second wife, CHRISTOPH Herzog von Mecklenburg, son of ALBRECHT VII Herzog von Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Güstrow & his wife Anna von Brandenburg (Augsburg 30 Jun 1537-Tempzin 4 Mar 1592, bur Schwerin Cathedral). 11. CARL (Stockholm 4 Oct 1550-Nyköping 30 Oct 1611). Duke of Södermanland, Nerike and Värmland. Regent of Sweden 1592. Ruling Prince of Sweden 1598. He succeeded in 1604 as CARL IX King of Sweden. - see below.
CARL Prince of Sweden, son of GUSTAF I King of Sweden & his second wife Margareta Eriksdotter [Leijonhufvud] (Stockholm 4 Oct 1550-Nyköping 30 Oct 1611, bur Strengnas Cathedral). Duke of Södermanland, Nerike and Värmland. Regent of Sweden 1592. Ruling Prince of Sweden 1598. He succeeded in 1604 as CARL IX King of Sweden. m firstly (Heidelberg 11 May 1579) ANNA MARIA Pfalzgräfin von Simmern, daughter of LUDWIG VI Elector Palatine & his first wife Elisabeth Landgräfin von Hessen (Heidelberg 24 Jul 1561-Eskilstuna, near Nyköping 29 Jul 1589, bur Strengnas Cathedral). m secondly (27 Aug 1592) CHRISTINA von Holstein-Gottorp, daughter of ADOLF Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp & his wife Christina von Hessen (Kiel 12 Apr 1573-Nyköping 8 Dec 1625). Mistress (1): KARIN Nielsdotter, daughter of --- [Lutheran priest] & his wife ---. All information about her provided by Sjöström[330]. Carl IX & his first wife had six children: 1. MARGARETA ELISABETH (24 Sep 1580-26 Aug 1585). 2. ELISABETH SABINA (13 Mar 1582-6 Jul 1585). 3. LUDWIG (17 Mar 1583-26 May 1583). 4. KATHARINA (Nyköping 19 Nov 1584-Västerås 23 Dec 1638, bur Strengnäs Cathedral). On the abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden in 1654, her descendants became the next heirs to the Swedish crown. m (Stockholm 11 Jun 1615) JOHANN KASIMIR Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken, son of JOHANN Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken & his wife Magdalena Pss von Kleve (Zweibrücken 12 Apr 1589-Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, Sweden 8 Jun 1652, bur Strengnäs Cathedral). Johann Kasimir & his wife had eight children: a) KARL GUSTAV Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken zu Kleeburg (Nyköping 18 Nov 1622-Göteborg 23 Feb 1660, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). He succeeded his father in 1652 as Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken zu Kleeburg. His cousin Queen Christina of Sweden recognised Karl Gustav formally as her successor 18 Oct 1650. He succeeded on her abdication at Stockholm 16 Jun 1654 as CARL X GUSTAV King of Sweden. - see below. b) other children: PFALZGRAFEN von ZWEIBRÜCKEN. 5. GUSTAF (12 Jun 1587-4 Dec 1587). 6. MARIE (17 Dec 1588-23 Apr 1589). Carl IX & his second wife had four children: 7. CHRISTINA (26 Nov 1593-24 May 1594). 8. GUSTAF ADOLF (Slot Stockholm 9 Dec 1594-killed in battle near Lützen 6 Nov 1632). He succeeded his father 1611 as GUSTAF II ADOLF King of Sweden. m (Stockholm 26 Nov/5 Dec 1620) MARIE ELEONORE Markgräfin von Brandenburg, daughter of JOHANN SIGISMUND Elector of Brandenburg & his wife Anna Pss von Preußen (Schloß Königsberg 11/21 Nov 1599-Royal Palace, Stockholm 18/28 Mar 1655, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskyrkan). Mistress (1): MARGARETA Slotsdotter, daughter of ---. a) CHRISTINA (16 Oct 1623-21 Sep 1624). b) CHRISTINA (Stockholm 8 Dec 1626-Rome 19 Apr 1689, bur Rome St Peter's). She succeeded her father in 1632 as CHRISTINA Queen of Sweden. She abdicated in 1654 and converted to Roman Catholicism. Gustaf II Adolf had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1): c) GUSTAF Gustafsson af Wasaborg (Stockholm 1616-Wildeshausen 1653). m ANNA SOPHIE Gräfin zu Wied, daughter of --- (1616 -1694). - WASABORG. 9. MARIE ELISABETH (10 Mar 1596-7 Aug 1618). m (29 Nov 1612) her first cousin, JOHAN Prince of Sweden Duke of Östergötland, son of JOHAN III King of Sweden & his second wife Gunilla Bielke (-5 Mar 1618). 10. CARL FILIP (Tallinn, Rävala, Estonia 22 Apr 1601-Narva [border of Ingria/Estonia] 25 Jan 1622). Duke of Södermanland, Nerike and Värmland 1609. m (secretly 5 May 1620) as her first husband, ELISABETH [Lisbeth] Sevedsdotter Ribbing, daughter of SIGVID [Seved] Svendson Ribbing, Sweden’s High Treasurer, Lord of Festered manor, High Councillor of Sweden, Västergötland magnate, lawspeaker & his wife Anna Eriksdotter av Vinstorp [fifth generation descendant of King Karl Knutson] (28 Jun 1597-24 Apr 1662). All information about her provided by Sjöström[331]. She was the younger sister of her husband’s illegitimate brother’s wife, the marriage being opposed by the dowager queen. She married secondly noble Knut Nielsson “Lilliehöök”, Governor of Uusimaa and Turku, Lord of Klastorp, Måseberg and Tråva (14 Nov 1603-1664). Carl Filip & his wife had one child: a) ELISABETH Carlsdotter (posthumously 1622-1682, bur Strengnes Cathedral, Södermanland). All information about her provided by Sjöström[332]. She did not accept the surname Gyllenhielm [used by her father’s illegitimate half-brother, see below], which was offered to her. Her rights as successor of Queen Chsrtina were not accepted, the queen abdicating specifically in favour of Pfalzgraf Karl Gustav (see above). She inherited Tynnelsö castle, near Strengnes by Lake Mälaren, Södermanland from her paternal family. Her only recorded child by her first husband (no children by her second husband) baron Carl Axelson, heir of Iijoki barony, lord of Tynnelsö, Dagöholm, Traneberg, Forsvik (Stockholm 8 May 1647-Upsala 20 Mar 1664), univestiry student, predeceased his mother and left no known descendants. m firstly (Stockholm palace 13 Nov 1645) castellan AXEL Tureson till Forsvik, Governor of Stockholm, son of noble TURE Axelson till Traneberg [agnatic lineage: Natt och Dag] [descendant of Inge I King of Sweden & Haakon V King of Norway] & his wife noble Ebba Axelsdotter av Bergshamar [agnatic lineage: Posse] [descendant of Inge I King of Sweden & Haakon V King of Norway] (Traneberg manor, Otterstad, Kållandsö island, Västergötland 21 Mar 1621-Stockholm 23 Aug 1647). m secondly (Drottninghol Palace Oct 1660) noble BALTHASAR Marschalck auf Cranenborc, son of ---. Created Friherre av Cranenborg. Lord of Tyynelsö and Forsvik de iure uxoris, lord of Algö and Messvik (Bremen 25 Jul 1623-26 Mar 1685). Carl IX had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1): 11. KARL Karlson Gyllenhielm (Nyköping, Södermanland 4 Mar 1574-Carlberg 17 Mar 1650). All information about him and his wife provided by Sjöström[333]. Friherre till Bergqvara, regent for Queen Christina 1632-1644, Lord Admiral of Sweden, Field Marshal m (Stockholm castle Jun 1615) KRISTINA Seversdotter Ribbing, baroness of Bergqvara, daughter of SIGVID [Seved] Svendson Ribbing, Sweden’s High Treasurer, Lord of Festered manor, High Councillor of Sweden, Västergötland magnate, lawspeaker & his wife Anna Eriksdotter av Vinstorp [fifth generation descendant of King Karl Knutson] (9 Aug 1593-Sundbyholm 19 Feb 1656, bur Strengnes Cathedral, Södermanland). Karl & his wife had one child: a) daughter (1626-young).
Chapter 6. KINGS of SWEDEN 1654-1741 (WITTELSBACH)
KARL GUSTAV Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken zu Kleeburg, son of JOHANN KASIMIR Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken zu Kleeburg & his wife Katharina Pss of Sweden (Nyköping 18 Nov 1622-Göteborg 23 Feb 1660, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). He succeeded his father in 1652 as Pfalzgraf von Zweibrücken zu Kleeburg. His cousin Queen Christina of Sweden recognised Karl Gustav formally as her successor 18 Oct 1650. He succeeded on her abdication at Stockholm 16 Jun 1654 as CARL X GUSTAF King of Sweden. m (Stockholm 24 Oct 1654) HEDWIG ELEONORE Herzogin von Holstein-Gottorp, daughter of FRIEDRICH III Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp & his wife Marie Elisabeth Herzogin von Sachsen (Gottorf 23 Oct/2 Nov 1636-Stockholm 24 Nov/4 Dec 1715). Mistress (1): BRIGITTA Allerts, daughter of ---. Carl X Gustaf & his wife had one child: 1. CARL Prince of Sweden (Stockholm 4 Dec 1655-Stockholm 15 Apr 1697, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). He succeeded his father in 1660 as CARL XI King of Sweden. Herzog von Zweibrücken 1681. m (Skottorp near Helsingborg 6 May 1680) ULRIKA ELEONORA Pss of Denmark, daughter of FREDERIK III King of Denmark, King of Norawy & his wife Sophie Amalie Herzogin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Copenhagen 11 Sep 1656-Karlberg Castle near Stockholm 26 Jul 1693, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). Carl XI & his wife had seven children: a) HEDWIG SOFIE AUGUSTA (Stockholm 26 Jun 1681-Stockholm 12/22 Dec 1708). m (Karlberg Castle 12 Jun 1698) FRIEDRICH IV Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp, son of CHRISTIAN ALBRECHT Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp & his wife Frederikke Amalia Pss of Denmark (Gottorf 18 Oct 1671-killed in battle Clissow, Poland 19 Jul 1702, bur Schleswig Cathedral). b) CARL (Stockholm 27 Jun 1682-killed in battle Frederikshall 11 Dec 1718, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). He succeeded his father 1697 as CARL XII King of Sweden, Herzog von Zweibrücken. c) GUSTAF (Stockholm 14 Jun 1683-Stockholm 26 Apr 1685, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). d) ULRIK (Ulriksdal Castle near Stockholm 2 Aug 1684-Ulriksdal Castle 8 Jun 1685, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). e) FREDERIK (Stockholm 7 Oct 1685-Stockholm 22 Oct 1685, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). f) CARL GUSTAF (Stockholm 27 Dec 1686-Stockholm 4/14 Feb 1687, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskerkan). g) ULRIKA ELEONORA (Stockholm 23 Jan/2 Feb 1688-Stockholm 24 Nov/5 Dec 1741, bur Stockholm, Riddarholskerkan). She succeeded her brother 3 Jan 1719 as ULRIKA ELEONORA Queen of Sweden. m (Stockholm 4/15 Apr 1715) as his second wife, FRIEDRICH Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel, son of KARL Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel & his wife Marie Anna Pss of Courland (23 Apr 1676-Stockholm 5 Apr 1751, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskyrka). He was elected 15 Apr 1720 as FREDERIK I King of Sweden, crowned 14 May 1720. He succeeded his father in 1730 as FRIEDRICH I Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel. Carl X Gustaf had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1): 2. GUSTAV Carlsson (Stockholm 13 Mar 1649-Castle ter Horn 1 Jan 1708, bur Beetgum). Greve av Börringe, Lord of Lindholm. m (Ameland 13 Sep 1685) ISABELLA SUSANNA von Schwarzenberg joint Heerin van Ameland, daughter of GEORG FRIEDRICH von Schwarzenberg [Colonel in the army of the General States] & his wife --- (ter Horn 1 Jan 1640-23 Nov 1723, bur Beetgum).
Chapter 7. KINGS of SWEDEN 1751-1818 (HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP)
ADOLF FRIEDRICH Herzog von Holstein-Eutin, son of CHRISTIAN AUGUST Herzog von Holstein-Eutin & his wife Albertine Friederike Markgräfin von Baden-Durlach (Gottorf 14 May 1710-Stockholm 12 Apr 1771). Herzog von Holstein-Eutin and Bishop of Lübeck 16 Sep 1727. He renounced the bishopric and secular principality of Lübeck in 1750. He was adminstrator of the duchy von Holstein-Gottorp 1739-1745 during the minority of his cousin Karl Peter Ulrich. He was elected successor to the crown of Sweden 3 Jul 1743 by the Swedish Diet. He succeeded 5 Apr 1751 as ADOLF FREDERIK King of Sweden. m (by proxy Berlin 17 Jul 1744, in person Drottningholm 29 Aug 1744) LUISE ULRIKE Pss of Prussia, daughter of FRIEDRICH WILHELM I King of Prussia & his wife Sophia Dorothea Pss von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Hannover [later Pss of Great Britain] (Schloß Berlin 24 Jul 1720-Svartsjö castle, on an island in Lake Mälar, Sweden 2 Jul 1782, bur Stockholm Riddarholmskyrkan). Adolf Frederik & his wife had five children: 1. son stillborn (Stockholm 18 Feb 1745). 2. GUSTAF (Stockholm 24 Jan 1746-assasinated Stockholm 29 Mar 1792). He succeeded his father in 1771 as GUSTAF III King of Sweden. m (by proxy Christiansborg castle, Copenhagen 1 Oct 1766, in person Stockholm 4 Nov 1766) SOPHIE MAGDALENA Pss of Denmark, daughter of FREDERIK V King of Denmark, King of Norway & his first wife Louisa Pss of Great Britain (Christiansborg Castle 3 Jul 1746-Ulriksdal Castle, Solna, Sweden 21 Aug 1813). Gustaf III & his wife had two children: a) GUSTAF ADOLF (Stockholm 1 Nov 1778-St Gallen, Switzerland 7 Feb 1837). He succeeded his father in 1792 as GUSTAF IV ADOLF King of Sweden, under the regency of his uncle until 1800. He was deposed 13 Mar 1809, and formally abdicated at Gripsholm 29 Mar 1809. He left Sweden and took the name “Colonel Gustavson”. m (by proxy Stralsund 6 Oct 1797, in person Stockholm 31 Oct 1797, divorced Basel 17 Feb 1812) FRIEDERIKE Pss von Baden, daughter of KARL LUDWIG Erbmarkgraf von Baden & his wife Friederike Amalie Landgräfin von Hessen-Darmstadt (Karlsruhe 12 Mar 1781-Lausanne 25 Sep 1826). Gustaf IV Adolf & his wife had five children: i) GUSTAF (Stockholm 9 Nov 1799-Pillnitz 4 Aug 1877). Crown Prince of Sweden. He assumed the title Prince of Vasa 5 May 1829. m (Karlsruhe 9 Nov 1830, divorced Karlsruhe 14 Aug 1844) his first cousin, LUISE Pss von Baden, daughter of KARL Grand-Duke of Baden & his wife Princesse Stéphanie Napoléon, Princesse française (Schwetzingen 5 Jun 1811-Karthaus near Brno 19 Jul 1854). Gustaf & his wife had two children: (a) son (Vienna 3 Mar 1832-Vienna 7 Mar 1832). (b) KAROLA (Schönbrunn 5 Aug 1833-Dresden 15 Dec 1907). m (Dresden 18 Jun 1853) ALBRECHT Prince of Saxony, son of --- (Dresden 23 Apr 1828-Schloß Sibyllenort 19 Jun 1902). He succeeded in 1873 as ALBRECHT I King of Saxony. ii) SOPHIE (Stockholm 21 May 1801-Karlsruhe 6 Jul 1865). m (Karlsruhe 25 Jul 1819) her great-uncle, LEOPOLD I Grand Duke of Baden, son of KARL FRIEDRICH Grand Duke of Baden & his second wife Luise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg (Karlsruhe 29 Aug 1790-Karlsruhe 24 Apr 1852) iii) CARL GUSTAF (Drottningholm 2 Dec 1802-castle Haga, near Stockholm 10 Sep 1805). Duke of Finland. iv) AMELIA (Stockholm 22 Feb 1805-Schloß Hacking, near Vienna 31 Aug 1853) v) CECILIA (Stockholm 22 Jun 1807-Oldenburg 27 Jan 1844). m (Vienna 5 May 1831) PAUL AUGUST FRIEDRICH Grand Duke of Oldenburg, son of --- (Rastede 13 Jul 1783-Oldenburg 27 Feb 1853) b) CARL GUSTAF (Drottningholm 25 Aug 1782-Stockholm 23 Mar 1783). Duke of Smaland. 3. CARL (Stockholm 7 Oct 1748-Stockholm 5 Feb 1818). Created Duke of Södermanland in 1772 by his brother Gustaf III in recognition of his support during the attempted coup d’état 19 Aug 1772. He succeeded in 1809 as CARL XIII King of Sweden after his nephew was deposed. King of Norway 4 Nov 1814. m (by proxy Wismar 22 Jun 1774 in person Stockholm 7 Jul 1774) HEDWIG SOPHIE CHARLOTTE Pss von Holstein-Gottorp, daughter of FRIEDRICH AUGUST Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp & his wife Friedrica Wilhelmina Landgräfin von Hessen-Kassel (Eutin 22 Mar 1759-Stockholm 20 Jun 1818). Carl XIII & his wife had two children: a) daughter stillborn (Stockholm 2 Jul 1797). b) CARL ADOLF (Stockholm 4 Jul 1798-Stockholm 10 Jul 1798). Carl XIII had one adopted son: c) JEAN BAPTISTE JULES Bernadotte, son of JEAN HENRI Bernadotte & his wife Jeanne de Saint Vincent (Pau 26 Jan 1763-Stockholm 8 Mar 1844). Marshal of the French Imperial Army. He was created Prince et Duc de Pontecorvo 5 Jun 1806. He was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Assembly 21 Aug 1810, and was adopted by Carl XIII King of Sweden under the name CARL JOHAN. He succeeded 5 Feb 1818 as CARL XIV JOHANN King of Sweden, King of Norway. m (Sceaux 17 Aug 1798) DESIREE Clary, daughter of FRANÇOIS Clary [shopkeeper in Marseille] & his wife Rose Françoise Somis (Marseille 9 Nov 1777-Stockholm 17 Dec 1860). She was crowned Queen of Sweden 21 Aug 1829. - KINGS of SWEDEN. 4. FREDERIK ADOLF (Drottningholm 18 Jul 1750-Montpellier 12 Dec 1803). Created Duke of Östergötland 1772 by his brother Gustaf III in recognition of his support during the attempted coup d’état 19 Aug 1772. 5. SOPHIE ALBERTINE (Stockholm 8 Oct 1753-Stockholm 17 Mar 1829). Abbess of Quedlinburg from 30 Mar 1773 to 1803, when Quedlinburg became part of the kingdom of Prussia.
[1] This early "history", together with the various king lists, is narrated in Dunham, S. A. (1840) History of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 3 Vols. (London, Longman) I 124-155. [2] Laing, S. (trans.) (1907) Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings Snorre (Norroena Society, London), available at Online Medieval and Classical Library Release 15b, <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Heimskringla/> (24 Jan 2003). [3] Andersson, T. M. and Gade, K. E. (trans.) (2000) Morkinskinna (Cornell). [4] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum, MGH SS VII, pp. 267-389. [5] Olrik, J. and Ræder, H. (eds.) Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, available at <http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/> (15 Aug 2003), Christiansen, E. (1980) Saxo Grammaticus, Danorum Regum Heroumque Historia, Books X-XVI (B. A. R. International Series 84). [6] Liljegren, J. G. (ed.) (1829) Diplomatarium Suecanum, Svensk Diplomatarium, Tome I 817-1285 (Stockholm). [7] Dunham I 125. [8] Snorre, Harald Harfager's Saga, 14. [9] Snorre, Harald Harfager's Saga, 28. [10] Snorre, Harald Harfager's Saga, 29. [11] Snorre, Harald Harfager's Saga, 29. [12] Cited in Saxo (Christiansen), p. 164 footnote 17. [13] Snorre, Harald Harfager's Saga, 29. [14] Cited in Saxo (Christiansen), p. 164 footnote 17. [15] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum I.63, MGH SS VII, p. 305. [16] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum I.63, MGH SS VII, p. 305. [17] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.22, MGH SS VII, p. 314. [18] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, II, p. 5, and Holder, A. (1886) Saxonis Grammatici Gesta Danorum (Strasbourg) (“Saxo (Holder)”), p. 325. [19] Cited in Saxo (Christiansen), p. 164 footnote 17. [20] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, II, p. 5, and Saxo (Holder), p. 325. [21] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, II, pp. 5-6, and Saxo (Holder), p. 326. [22] Historia Norwegie XVII, p. 94. [23] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 99 and 100. [24] Historia Norwegie XVII, p. 94. [25] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.34, MGH SS VII, p. 318. [26] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.39, MGH SS VII, p. 320. [27] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, II, p. 5, and Saxo (Holder), p. 325. [28] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, II, p. 5, and Saxo (Holder), p. 325. [29] Snorre, Harald Harfager's Saga, 29. [30] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, II, p. 5, and Saxo (Holder), p. 325. [31] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.34, Schol. 25, MGH SS VII, p. 318. [32] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.28, MGH SS VII, pp. 316-17. [33] Saxo (Holder), p. 336. [34] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.36, MGH SS VII, p. 319. [35] Snorre, Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Haakon son of Sigurd, 11. [36] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part II, 48. [37] Snorre, Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Haakon son of Sigurd, 11, p. 113. [38] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 98, p. 223. [39] Munch, P. A. & Unger, C. R. (1847) Fagrskinna (Christiania), 74, 137, pp. 59, 101. [40] Hlawitschka, E. (2006) Die Ahnen der hochmittelalterlichen deutschen Könige, Kaiser und ihrer Gemahlinnen, Band I: 911-1137, Teil 2, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Hilfsmittel 25,2 (Hannover), XXI, 20/21, pp. 478-81. [41] Thietmar 7.39, pp. 334-5, and MGH SS rer Germ NS 9, Lib. VII, 39, p. 447. [42] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, p. 319. [43] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.34, Schol. 25, MGH SS VII, p. 318. [44] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, pp. 319-20. [45] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, XII, p. 22, and Saxon (Holder), . [46] Andersson, T. M. and Gade, K. E. (trans.) (2000) Morkinskinna (Cornell), 4, p. 113. [47] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, XII, p. 22. [48] Hlawitschka (2006), XXI, 20/21, pp. 481-83. [49] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, XI, p. 20, and Saxo (Holder), p. 337. [50] Encomium Emmæ Reginæ/Cnutonis Regis Gesta, Liber II, 2, MGH SS rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum (1865), p. 12. [51] Prinke, R. T. ‘Świętosława, Sygryda, Gunhilda. Tożsamość córki Mieszka I i jej skandynawskie związki [Świętosława, Sygryda, Gunhilda. The identity of Mieszko I's daughter and her Scandinavian relationships]’, Roczniki Historyczne, Rocznik LXX (2004), pp. 81-110, available at <https://www.academia.edu/> (14 Feb 2021). [52] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, p. 319. [53] Snorre, Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Haakon son of Sigurd, 11. [54] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, XI, p. 20. [55] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 123. [56] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, p. 319. [57] Snorre, Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Haakon son of Sigurd, 11. [58] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, pp. 319-20. [59] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, XI, p. 20, and Saxo (Holder), p. 337. [60] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 10, XI, p. 22. [61] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, p. 319. [62] Wigger, F. (1860) Mecklenburgische Annalen bis zum Jahre 1066 (Schwerin), pp. 53-4. [63] Hlawitschka (2006), XXI, 22, p. 483. [64] Hlawitschka (2006), XXI, 22, p. 483, citing Lübke, C. (1986) Regesten zur Geschichte der Slaven an Elbe und Oder (vom Jahr 900 an) (Digitale Ausgabe, 2018), Teil III, Regesten 983-1013, 344, 344a, pp. 183-4, available at <https://bibdorm.bsb-muenchen.de/api/v1/mf/pdf/BV045370824> (15 Feb 2021). [65] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.18, MGH SS VII, p. 311. [66] Lübke (1985/2018), Teil II, Regesten 900-983, 169.13), p. 239, and (1986/2018), Teil III, Regesten 983-1013, 256, p. 66. [67] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 89. [68] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part II, 71. [69] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37, MGH SS VII, p. 319. [70] Morkinskinna, 1, p. 89. [71] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 95. [72] Ekrem, I. and Mortensen, L. B. (eds.) Fisher, P. (trans.) (2003) Historia Norwegie (Copenhagen), XVIII, p. 104. [73] Franklin, S and Shepard, J. (1998) The Emergence of Rus 750-1200 (Longman), p. 202. [74] Cross, S. H. and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P. (trans. & eds.) (1973) The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text (“PC”) (Medieval Academy of America, Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1048-1050, p. 139. [75] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.37 and II.57, MGH SS VII, pp. 319 and 326. [76] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum III.11 and III.14, MGH SS VII, pp. 339 and 341. [77] Knytlinga Saga, ch. 23, cited in Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), p. 232 footnote 24. [78] Snorre, King Harald's Saga Part I, 42. [79] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 89. [80] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.59, MGH SS VII, p. 327. [81] Historia Norwegie XVIII, p. 104. [82] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 92. [83] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part VII, 191. [84] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 89. [85] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 89. [86] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.57, MGH SS VII, p. 326. [87] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum III.14 and III.15, MGH SS VII, p. 341. [88] ES II 114. [89] Sjöström, in a private email to the author dated 15 Mar 2007. [90] Snorre, Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Haakon son of Sigurd, 11, pp. 112-13. [91] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 105. [92] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 105. [93] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 95. [94] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 105. [95] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum III.14 and III.15, MGH SS VII, p. 341. [96] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 95. [97] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Haraldson Part III, 95. [98] Snorre, Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Haakon son of Sigurd, 11, p. 113. [99] Snorre, King Olav Trygvason's Saga Part III, 98, p. 223. [100] Fagrskinna (1847), 74, 137, pp. 59, 101. [101] Hlawitschka (2006), XXI, 20/21, pp. 478-81. [102] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum III.14 and III.15, MGH SS VII, p. 341. [103] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum III.52, MGH SS VII, p. 356. [104] Snorre, Magnus Barefoot's Saga, 13. [105] ES II 114. [106] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum III.14 and III.15, MGH SS VII, p. 341. [107] Sjöström, in a private email to the author dated 15 Mar 2007. [108] Snorre, Magnus Barefoot's Saga, 13. [109] Snorre, King Harald's Saga Part I, 33. [110] Snorre, Saga of Olaf Kyrre, 5. [111] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, V, p. 119. [112] Sjöström, in a private email to the author dated 15 Mar 2007. [113] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 145. [114] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, X, p. 138. [115] Snorre, Magnus Barefoot's Saga, 13. [116] Pálsson, H. and Edwards, P. (trans.) (1978) Orkneyinga Saga, The History of the Earls of Orkney (Penguin Books), 35, p. 80. [117] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829),101, p. 125. [118] Gertz, M. C. (1917) Scriptores Minores Historiæ Danicæ Medii Ævi (not yet consulted), and Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), p. 291 footnote 2. [119] Sjöström, M. ´Research Query: Antecedents of Queen Helena ´the Byzantine´, consort of Inge I of Sweden´, Foundations Vol. 2, no. 5, Jan 2008, p. 375. [120] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), p. 291 footnote 2. [121] Sjöström, M. ´Queen Helena´, p. 379. [122] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 144. [123] Morkinskinna, 66, p. 329. [124] Gertz, M. C. (1917-18) Scriptores Minores Historicæ Danicæ medii ævi (Copenhagen), Vol. I, Wilhelmi Abbatis Genealogia Regum Danorum, p. 182. [125] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829),101, p. 125. [126] Snorre, Magnus Barefoot's Saga, 17. [127] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), p. 291 footnote 2. [128] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, 28. [129] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), p. 292 footnote 6. [130] Snorre, Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille, 1. [131] Christiansen, E. (1997) The Northern Crusades, 2nd Ed, Penguin Books, p. 23. [132] Snorre, Saga of Hakon Herdebreid, 18. [133] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, I, p. 110. [134] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, IV, p. 118. [135] Snorre, Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille, 1. [136] Morkinskinna, 82a, p. 359. [137] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd, Inge and Eystein, the sons of Harald, 14. [138] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd, Inge and Eystein, the sons of Harald, 16. [139] Christiansen, E. (1997) The Northern Crusades, 2nd Ed, Penguin Books, p. 23. [140] Orkneyinga Saga 35, p. 80. [141] Brenner, S. O. (1978 reprint) Nachkommen Gorms des Alten I-XVI Generation (Dansk Historisk Haandbogsforlag), p. 12. [142] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), p. 291 footnote 2. [143] Sjöström, M. ´Queen Helena´, p. 379. [144] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, X, p. 138. [145] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, X, p. 138. [146] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 145. [147] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1141, MGH SS XXIII, p. 834. [148] Fornmanna Sögur, Band XI (1828), Knytlíngasaga, kap. 110, p. 358. [149] Gallén, J. ‘Vem var Valdemar den stores drottning Sofia?’ [‘Who was Valdemar the Great’s Queen Sofia’], Historisk Tidskrift för Finland, 61 (Helsinki, 1976), p. 276, citing “Kong Valdemars Jordebog udg. ved Svend Aakjær I (Copenhagen 1926), 43, 26” and “Konungalängden i Scriptores rerum Suecicarum, I, 1, 12”. [150] Sjöström, in a private email to the author dated 15 Mar 2007. [151] Saxo Grammaticus (Christiansen), 13, X, p. 138. [152] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, 21. [153] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 145. [154] Morkinskinna, 66, p. 329. [155] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, 21. [156] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 145. [157] Stephton, J. (trans.) (1898) The Saga of King Sverri of Norway (“Sverissaga”) (London), 127, consulted at <http://www.northvegr.org/lore/Sverri/ (9 Feb 2007). [158] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829),102, p. 126. [159] Íslenzkir Annálar sive Annales Islandici (Copenhagen, 1847) ("Annales Islandici"), 1208, p. 87. [160] Annales Sigtunenses, Annerstedt, C. (1871, 1876) Scriptores rerum Svecicarum medii aevi, Tome III (Uppsala), p. 2. [161] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd, Inge and Eystein, the sons of Harald, 22. [162] Sverissaga 153. [163] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 295, p. 287. [164] Annales Islandici, 1213, p. 91. [165] Snorre, Saga of Sigurd, Inge and Eystein, the sons of Harald, 22. [166] Morkinskinna, 66, p. 329. [167] Sverissaga 182. [168] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 145. [169] Annales Islandici, 1216, p. 93. [170] Annales Islandici, 1222, p. 97. [171] Gallén ‘Who was Valdemar the Great’s Queen Sofia’ (1976), p. 276, citing “Kong Valdemars Jordebog udg. ved Svend Aakjær I (Copenhagen 1926), 43, 26” and “Konungalängden i Scriptores rerum Suecicarum, I, 1, 12”. [172] Brenner, p. 12. [173] Sverissaga 100. [174] Sverissaga 100. [175] Sverissaga 100. [176] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 229, p. 240. [177] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 70, p. 95. [178] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 116, p. 140. [179] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 113, p. 138. [180] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 216, p. 227. [181] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 229, p. 240. [182] Annales Islandici, 1234, p. 109. [183] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [184] Sjöström, by emails 6 Jul 2023, 9 Jul 2023. [185] Vigfusson, G. (1887) Icelandic Sagas, Vol. II (London), Hakonar Saga, 262, p. 258. [186] Sjöström, by email 6 Jul 2023. [187] Sjöström, by email 9 Jul 2023. [188] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [189] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [190] Hakonar Saga, (1887), 262, p. 258. [191] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 753, p. 615. [192] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [193] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 753, p. 615. [194] Sjöström, by email 6 Jul 2023. [195] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [196] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 67, p. 93. [197] Sverissaga 100. [198] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 63, p. 90. [199] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 70, p. 95. [200] Sverissaga 127. [201] Annales Islandici, 1195, p. 81. [202] Sjöström, by email 15 Mar 2007. [203] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 113, p. 138. [204] Annales Islandici, 1208, p. 87. [205] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 2. [206] Annales Islandici, 1216, p. 93. [207] Fagrskinna (1847), 213, p. 145. [208] Annales Islandici, 1210, p. 89. [209] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 2. [210] Annales Ryenses 1221, MGH SS XVI, p. 406. [211] Gertz, M. C. (ed.) (1918) Scriptores Minores Historiæ Danicæ medii ævi (Copenhagen), Vol. II, Sepulchalia, I Tabula Ringstadiensis, p. 83. [212] Sjöström, by email 4 Jul 2023. [213] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 896, p. 736. [214] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 4. [215] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 339, p. 317. [216] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [217] Annales Islandici, 1222, p. 97. [218] Annales Ryenses 1249, MGH SS XVI, p. 408. [219] Annales Islandici, 1250, p. 121. [220] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 377, p. 345. [221] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 4. [222] Hakonar Saga, (1887), 165, p. 145. [223] Hakonar Saga, (1887), 269, p. 264. [224] Sjöström, by email 9 Jul 2023. [225] Annales Islandici, 1248, p. 121. [226] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 518, p. 435. [227] Annales Islandici, 1265, p. 135. [228] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [229] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 339, p. 317. [230] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [231] Annales Stadenses 1237 and 1241, MGH SS XVI, pp. 363 and 367. [232] Annales Islandici, 1261, p. 131. [233] Cronica Principum Saxonie, MGH SS XXV, p. 476. [234] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [235] Annales Islandici, 1249, p. 121. [236] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 387, p. 352. [237] Annales Lubicenses 1275, MGH SS XVI, p. 414. [238] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 149. [239] Annales Islandici, 1302, p. 183. [240] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [241] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 149. [242] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 149. [243] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 7. [244] Brenner, p. 22. [245] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [246] Annales Lubicenses 1304, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [247] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 604, p. 503. [248] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 149. [249] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 153. [250] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 149. [251] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 153. [252] Annales Islandici, 1302, p. 183. [253] Annales Polonorum I 1285, MGH SS XIX, p. 650. [254] Brenner, p. 270. [255] Annales Lubicenses 1275, MGH SS XVI, p. 414. [256] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 749, p. 613. Document highlighted by Sjöström by email 6 Jun 2023. [257] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 800, p. 654. Document highlighted by Sjöström by email 6 Jun 2023. [258] Information sent by Sjöström by email 6 Jun 2023. [259] Information sent by Sjöström by email 6 Jun 2023. [260] Anonym, & Jansson, Sven-Bertil (1986, 2003) Erikskrönikan (Stockholm), available at “Litteraturbanken (LB) Biblioteket”, <https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/Anonym/titlar/Erikskr%C3%B6nikan/sida/61/etext>, <https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/Anonym/titlar/Erikskr%C3%B6nikan/sida/62/etext>, <https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/Anonym/titlar/Erikskr%C3%B6nikan/sida/63/etext> (27 Jul 2023), links sent by Sjöström by email 15 Jul 2023. [261] Information sent by Sjöström by email 6 Jun 2023, who highlighted that descendants of Helene, shown at <https://www.genealogics.org/descendtext.php?personID=I00636661&tree=LEO&display=block&generations=8> (11 Jun 2023), include Gustaf I King of Sweden. [262] Hildebrand, B. E. (1858, 1865) Diplomatarium Svecanum, Vol. V 1341-1347 (Holmiæ), 4055, p. 550, information sent by Sjöström by email 30 Jun 2023. [263] Cronica Principum Saxonie, MGH SS XXV, p. 476. [264] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 518, p. 435. [265] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [266] Cronica Principum Saxonie, MGH SS XXV, p. 476. [267] Annales Lubicenses 1302, MGH SS XVI, p. 418. [268] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 5. [269] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 518, p. 435. [270] Diplomatarium Suecanum (1829), 753, p. 615. [271] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 7. [272] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 155. [273] Annales Islandici, 1276, p. 147. [274] Annales Islandici, 1290, p. 165. [275] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 6. [276] Annales Islandici, 1302, p. 181. [277] Gertz, M. C. (ed.) (1918) Scriptores Minores Historiæ Danicæ medii ævi (Copenhagen), Vol. II, Sepulchralia, I Tabula Ringstadiensis, p. 86. [278] Cuba, Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Danicæ (1847) Regesta Diplomatica Historiæ Danicæ, Tome I (Copenhagen) 1344, p. 165. [279] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [280] Sepulchralia, I Tabula Ringstadiensis, p. 86. [281] Sjöström, by email 15 Mar 2007. [282] Gertz, M. C. (ed.) (1918) Scriptores Minores Historiæ Danicæ medii ævi (Copenhagen), Vol. II, Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, X, p. 113. [283] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, X, p. 113. [284] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, X, p. 113. [285] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, X, p. 113. [286] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, X, p. 113. [287] Annales Lubicenses 1297, MGH SS XVI, p. 417. [288] Annales Colbazienses 1319, MGH SS XIX, p. 717. [289] Sepulchralia, I Tabula Ringstadiensis, p. 86. [290] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [291] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [292] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [293] Annales Islandici, 1316, p. 209. [294] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [295] Annales Sigtunenses (1871, 1876), p. 6. [296] Annales Islandici, 1302, p. 181. [297] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [298] Annales Islandici, 1302, p. 181. [299] Annales Lubicenses 1305, MGH SS XVI, p. 419. [300] Annales Islandici, 1311, p. 201. [301] Annales Islandici, 1326, p. 223. [302] Annales Islandici, 1316, p. 209. [303] Annales Islandici, 1320, p. 215. [304] Rymer, T. (1740) Fœdera, Conventiones, Literæ 3rd Edn (London), Tome II, Pars III, p. 133. [305] Imsen, Steinar 'Late Medieval Scandinavian Queenship', Duggan, A. (ed.) (1997) Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe (The Boydell Press), p. 55. [306] Imsen 'Late Medieval Scandinavian Queenship', p. 62. [307] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, XV, p. 117. [308] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, XV, p. 117. [309] Chronica Archiepiscoporum Lundensium, XV, p. 117. [310] Lisch, G. C. F. ‘Die doberaner Genealogie und die parchimsche Genealogie’, Jahrbücher des Vereins für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Band 11 (1846), Doberaner Genealogie, p. 19. [311] Sjöström, by email 5 Jul 2023. [312] <https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00201262&tree=LEO>, link sent by Sjöström, by email 28 Jun 2023. [313] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [314] Sjöström, by email 28 Jun 2023. [315] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [316] Sjöström, by email 11 Jun 2023. [317] Imsen 'Late Medieval Scandinavian Queenship', p. 56. [318] <https://www.genealogics.org/pedigree.php?personID=I00014929&tree=LEO&parentset=0&display=standard&generations=3>, link sent by Sjöström, by email 23 Jun 2023. [319] Sjöström, by emails 23 and 28 Jun 2023. [320] Sjöström, by email 7 Jul 2023, text of part of King Johan’s letter at <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa%C3%A4tten> (23 Jul 2023). [321] Sjöström, by emails 23 and 28 Jun 2023. [322] Sjöström, by emails 23 and 28 Jun 2023. [323] Sjöström, by email 29 Jun 2023, citing <https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00174828&tree=LEO> (30 Jun 2023). [324] Sjöström, by emails 23 and 28 Jun 2023, citing <https://www.skbl.se/en/article/SigridEskilsdotterBaner> and <https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00106582&tree=LEO> (30 Jun 2023). [325] Sjöström, by email 2 Nov 2023. [326] <https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00014929&tree=LEO> (2 Jul 2023). Link sent by Sjöström by email 2 Jul 2023. [327] Sjöström, by emails 23 and 28 Jun 2023. [328] Sjöström, by emails 23 and 28 Jun 2023. [329] Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2015) Vasadrottningen: En biografi över Katarina Stenbock, 1535-1621 (Lund: Historiska Media), review and summary available at <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/625976/pdf> (2 Dec 2023). Information sent by Sjöström, by email 19 Sep 2023. [330] Sjöström, by email 26 Nov 2023. [331] Sjöström, by email 26 Nov 2023. [332] Sjöström, by email 26 Nov 2023. [333] Sjöström, by email 26 Nov 2023. |