The earliest generations of the so-called Rurikid family are reconstructed solely on the basis of the sparse information in the Povest' vremennykh let or 'Tale of the Years of Time', better known as the Primary Chronicle[1]. As pointed out by Franklin & Shepherd[2], the extant manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle which date from the 12th century should not be taken at face value as they must have been compiled from patchy sources of information. It is likely that the compilers exaggerated the role of Rurik's family in the 9th and 10th centuries, in order to establish a lengthy, credible history for the Russian principalities which were flourishing by the 12th century. In particular, the alleged establishment by "Oleg" in 882 of the principality of Kiev should be treated with caution. Nevertheless, the historical existence of Rurik´s supposed son Igor, and Igor´s son Sviatoslav, is corroborated by the De Administrando Imperio of Emperor Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos[3], written in the mid-10th century and therefore contemporary with Sviatoslav´s reign.

The arrival of Scandinavian traders in the territories which later developed into "Rus" should be seen in the context of the Khazar and Pecheneg 9th and 10th century occupations of the area, which would appear to have left little opportunity for the establishment of powerful principalities by Scandinavian newcomers, at least in the open plain lands. Archaeological evidence corroborates Scandinavian presence at Gorodishche, Timerëvo and other Upper Volga sites in the late 9th century. This indicates an increasing, although still limited, number of immigrants tempted no doubt by trading opportunities, but Franklin & Shepherd point out that it provides little evidence of organised government[4]. Chirovsky[5] discusses the development of two theories concerning the origin of Russia: the "Normanistic" theory, developed by 18th century historians of German descent who supported a literal reading of the Primary Chronicle and emphasised Norse rule over the Slavs who were unable to rule themselves), and the "anti-Normanistic" theory, which posits the rapid assimilation of small groups of Norse immigrants into the local Slav community and is based on a broad interpretation of the Primary Chronicle. Chirovsky points out there is no firm evidence of Scandinavian settlement at the same time either in the middle Dnieper area around Kiev or on the northern coast of the Black Sea[6]. A Scandinavian-origin trading community at Kiev appears to have been formed during the early 900s as an offshoot of the more northerly settlements, although it is possible that the Khazars still exercised hegemony in this area as late as [930][7]. The Kiev settlement appears to have developed quickly[8], to the point of launching an attack on Constantinople in 941 and establishing diplomatic contacts in the late 950s both with the emperor in Constantinople and with the German emperor.

The titles attributed to the rulers of the Rus principalities are a source of confusion, in particular the use of "Grand Prince/Grand Duke" as opposed to "Prince/Duke", especially in relation to the rulers of Kiev and Vladimir. Chirovsky points out[9] that all Kievan princes were theoretically equal (they are all referred to in the Russian chronicles as "Knyaz", female "Knyaginya") and that Vsevolod III Prince of Vladimir was the first prince to start calling himself "Grand Prince/Duke" ("Veliki Knyaz"). The author suggests that Vsevolod adopted this title to strengthen the separation of the principality of Vladimir from Kiev and also to place himself over the lesser princes of the Russian north. Use of the title by Vladimir´s descendants was confirmed when Prince Iaroslav Vsevolodich received the title "Grand Prince of Vladimir" from Khan Batu of the Golden Horde in 1243, in return for swearing allegiance. In the present document, the rulers of Kiev are referred to as "Grand Prince" to indicate their position of supremacy over the other principalities and to reflect the fact that they appointed the rulers of these principalities from among the various members of the family.

The system of princely appointments from Kiev was first formalised by Grand Prince Iaroslav under his 1054 testament, which made it clear that appointments to appanage territories were "temporary" and emphasised the common good of the whole realm in such a system[10]. In practice, the appointments were changed rapidly, giving little opportunity for any principality to develop its own hereditary leadership (except while the 1097 Liubech family accord was being observed). Over time, certain family lines of the dynasty did establish hereditary succession for themselves in particular principalities. However, a further problem arose with the fragmentation of this patrimony into even smaller territories to provide property for junior male members of the family. This fragmentation increased with the expansion of the different families. Family rivalry inevitably intensified: the sources record numerous examples of individual princes being dispossessed by more powerful rivals. The decline was halted temporarily by the 1097 Liubech accord, but the fragmentation and dynastic rivalry soon resumed and was only eliminated when all principalities were annexed by Moscow in the early 16th century.

From the time of Grand Prince Iaroslav I, the genealogy of the dynasty can be considered more reliable. However, there are still many gaps and uncertainties, particularly relating to the female members of the family. Iaroslav I's testament, referred to above, provided the basis for the tradition of succession to the title of Grand Prince of Kiev which, on the death of each Prince, was inherited by the oldest surviving male member of each generation of the descendants of Iaroslav I's sons, passing from one branch to another before passing to the oldest member of the succeeding generation. A further requirement was that the title of Grand Prince must previously, at some time, have been held by the successful candidate's father. In this way, various branches of the family were excluded from the succession. For example, the descendants of Iaroslav I's oldest son by his second marriage, Vladimir Iaroslavich, never held the title as their progenitor predeceased his father.

Iaroslav I consolidated the dynasty's contacts with other European ruling families by arranging dynastic marriages. The countries included the Scandinavian kingdoms, reflecting the dynasty's sense of origin, its neighbours Byzantium, Hungary and Poland, and countries further afield such as France and several of the Germanic states. This policy of foreign marriages was pursued by Iaroslav's successors but did not survive long into the 13th century. After that time, the Rus principalities restricted contacts with their western neighbours, and the Russian princes mainly sought brides from among the ever-growing number of collateral branches of their own dynasty.

The Grand Prince of Kiev was recognised as the nominal head of the family and overlord of the other Rus principalities. However, he took no active part in the government of the other territories, except through the appointment of their princes from among members of his family. The principalities of Chernigov, Galich (Galicia), Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Polotsk, Riazan, Smolensk, Suzdal, Turov and Volynia thus developed separately. Appointments to rule these principalities appear to have followed no particular pattern. Government of the principalities was exchanged and reshuffled with great regularity, all under the direction of the Grand Prince of Kiev, motivated by personal and family considerations, not least the wish to prevent rival princes from consolidating too much power in particular locations.

The principality of Kiev proper was relatively small in area compared to the other Russian principalities, although the city of Kiev was strategically well-placed on the River Dnepr which gave direct access to the Black Sea in the south and indirect access to the Baltic in the north. Kiev was bounded on its southern border by territory controlled by the Kumans. The territorial integrity of the principality was soon fragmented as additional principalities were created for junior members of the ruling family.

As Kiev's central authority declined in the 13th century, the line of the princes of Suzdal-Rostov assumed the role of "superior ruler", the focus of their political power transferring to the city of Vladimir and, in the 15th century, to Moscow.

The main near contemporary sources for the history of the Rurikid dynasty are as follows[11]:

§ the Ipatevskiy Chronicle, consisting of its three components, the so-called "Primary Chronicle" up to 1117, a south Russian compilation made in 1200 at the Vydubetskiy Monastery near Kiev, and the Chronicle of Galicia and Volynia (1200-1292).

§ the Lavrentevskiy Chronicle, the chief source for the history of Suzdalia which was copied in 1377 from a 1305 compilation, and its derivatives (the Chronicle of Pereyaslavl-Suzsalskiy which covers events from 1138 to 1214, and the Moscow Academy manuscript of the Suzdal Chronicle which brings the text up to 1419).

§ the Novgorod First Chronicle, in two versions up to 1330 and 1446/47.

§ the Moscow svod of 1479.

Only the Primary Chronicle and the Novgorod First Chronicle have been studied in the compilation of the present document.

The descent of the Rurikid dynasty from Grand Prince Vladimir I (who died in 1015) has been treated in detail by N. de Baumgarten. Although his works date from 1927[12] and 1934[13], they have the great advantage of citing the primary sources on which the information is based. Nevertheless, his citations are not as helpful as they could be, firstly because the publications include no key to the abbreviations which the author uses and no full list of works cited, and secondly because the absence of exact quotations means it is impossible to judge the weight of their evidence. In any case, many of the works cited are in the Russian language. The outline genealogies in the present document, into which primary source information has been fitted, were compiled mainly from Baumgarten´s works. Few primary sources have been noted for the members of the dynasty set out in chapters 7 to 12.

Chapter 1. ORIGINS, GRAND PRINCES of KIEV

A. ORIGINS

Bearing in mind the background to the establishment of Scandinavian settlements in Rus as set out in the Introduction, any reconstructed genealogy of the Rurikid dynasty during the early years, as well as all dates and even names, must be viewed with caution. The detailed genealogy for this early period set out below may be of little factual significance but is reproduced by way of interest.

RURIK [862-879], OLEG [879-912], IGOR [912]-945

1. [RURIK [Roric] (-[879]). According to the Primary Chronicle 860/62, following a call to "the Varangian Russes [=Scandinavians]…to come to rule and reign over us", Rurik and his two brothers migrated to settle, Rurik the oldest brother settling in Novgorod[14]. Franklin & Shephard comment that "the story [in the Primary Chronicle]…remains highly controversial"[15]. The initial Scandinavian settlements seem to have been at Gorodishche, the town of Novgorod (as its name implies) being a new settlement which was probably established nearby in the 950s [16]. The Primary Chronicle records Rurik´s death in 879[17]. This chronology is dubious when compared with the more robust dates attributable to his supposed grandson Sviatoslav (see below). m ---. The name of Rurik´s wife is not known. Ruril & his wife had [two possible children]:

a) [IGOR [Ingvar] ([877/79] or [910/20]-killed Iskorosten [=Korosten] [944/46], bur Dereva near Iskorosten). The Primary Chronicle names Igor as son of Rurik, adding that he was "very young" at his father´s death[18]. This suggests a birth date in [877/79] for consistency with the report about his supposed father´s death in the same source. However, the chronology of Igor´s son Sviatoslav, which is more robust as shown below, suggests that it is more likely that Igor was born in [910/20]. The Primary Chronicle records that Igor succeeded (his relative) Oleg in 912[19], but this chronology is also difficult to sustain. It is probably more accurate to suggest that Igor was established at Kiev by the end of the 930s[20]. The existence of Igor as a historical figure is nevertheless corroborated by Liudprand of Cremona, who records that Rus traders attacked coastal areas near Constantinople in 941 under a "king named Inger"[21], and the De administrando imperio which names his son "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius"[22]. Franklin & Shepard also refers to an apparently corroborating Khazar text, in which the leader is named 'H-L-G-W' [=Oleg?] and is said to have died in the Caspian region[23]. Oleg negotiated privileged trading terms with Byzantium in [944], the text of which is incorporated into the Primary Chronicle[24]. The main terms of the treaty are corroborated by the De administrando imperio[25]. The Primary Chronicle records that Oleg was killed by Derevlian Slavs, who lived to the north-east of Kiev and were unwilling to submit to his rule[26]. m ([930/35]) OLGA [Helga/Haelgha] --- (-969). The Primary Chronicle records that a wife Olga was brought [to Igor] from Pskov in 903[27]. The date is clearly inconsistent with the suggested birth date of their son Sviatoslav in [935/40] as shown below. After her husband was killed, the Derevlian Slavs proposed her marriage to their own leader Mal, but the Primary Chronicle records that Olga exacted prompt and effective revenge for her husband's death after besieging the Derevlian capital of Iskorosten[28]. Olga was regent for her son [from 945 to 964]. Her centre of power was based around Kiev where she owned two halls[29]. The Primary Chronicle records that Olga was baptised in Constantinople in [957] by the emperor (Konstantinos VII), and took the name HELENA after the mother of Emperor Konstantinos the Great[30]. She was also in contact with Emperor Otto I in 959[31]. The Primary Chronicle records that, during the invasion of the Pechenegs in 968, Olga shut herself in the city of Kiev with her grandsons Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir and that she died in 969[32]. She was later esteemed to be a saint, her feast day being 11 July. Igor & his wife had one child:

i) SVIATOSLAV ([935/40]-killed in battle 972). The De administrando imperio names "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius"[33]. The Primary Chronicle names Svyatoslav as son of Olga[34]. He succeeded his father as leader in Kiev, under the regency of his mother.

- see below.

b) [---. The precise relationship, if any, between the following individuals and Igor is not known. m ---.] [Two children]:

i) [IGOR. The Primary Chronicle names Igor "nephew of Igor" in the [944] treaty with Byzantium[35].

ii) [AKUN. The Primary Chronicle names Akun "nephew of Igor" in the [944] treaty with Byzantium[36], although it is not known whether he shared the same parents with Igor.

2. [SINEUS . According to the Primary Chronicle 860/62, following a call to "the Varangian Russes [=Scandinavians]…to come to rule and reign over us", Rurik and his two brothers migrated to settle, Sineus the second brother settling in Beloozero but dying after two years[37].

3. [TRUVOR . According to the Primary Chronicle 860/62, following a call to "the Varangian Russes [=Scandinavians]…to come to rule and reign over us", Rurik and his two brothers migrated to settle, Truvor the third brother settling in Izborsk but dying after two years[38].

The precise relationship, if any, between the following person and the main line of Rurik is not known.

1. OLEG [Helgi/Haelghe] (-912). The Primary Chronicle records that Rurik bequeathed his realm to Oleg "who belonged to his kin"[39]. The Primary Chronicle describes Oleg´s capture of Smolensk, Lyubech and Kiev, where he killed the local rulers Askold and Dir and set himself up as prince[40]. The same source states that he established authority over the Polyanians, Derevlians, Severians and Radimichians, but waged war with the Ulichians and the Tivercians[41]. It also records that, after a Rus attack on Constantinople, Oleg concluded two treaties with Byzantium which established the conditions for future Russian trade with Constantinople[42]. Franklin & Shepard point out the lack of corroboration in Byzantine sources for these early treaties[43]. The Primary Chronicle records that Oleg died from a snake bite[44].

SVIATOSLAV I 957-972, IAROPOLK I 972-980

SVIATOSLAV, son of IGOR [Ingvar] of Kiev & his wife Olga --- ([935/40]-killed in battle [Mar/May] 972). The De administrando imperio names "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius"[45]. The Primary Chronicle names Svyatoslav as son of Olga[46]. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a young adult when the De administrando imperio was compiled, before the death of Emperor Konstantinos VII in 959. According to the Primary Chronicle he "was but a child" in 946[47]. At an early age, Sviatoslav´s father appears to have established him in the northern town of Gorodishche, which seems to indicate that a claim to the overlordship of the northern Scandinavian settlements. The place is called "Nemogardas" in the De administrando imperio[48], which could be a corruption of Novgorod. He succeeded his father as SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev, under the regency of his mother. Kiev was besieged by the Pechenegs in 962[49]. Ruling alone by the mid-960s, Prince Sviatoslav launched a major attack against the Khazars in 965, using the Pechenegs as allies[50]. He conquered the entire middle Volga area and took control of the commercial centres of Sarkel and Ityl[51]. Sviatoslav invaded the territory of the Bulgars along the Danube in 967, having been invited to do so by Emperor Nikephoros Phokas, and established a base at Pereiaslavets on the Danube delta[52]. It is not clear whether Pereiaslavets was the same place as Preslava, the Bulgarian capital, as Franklin & Shepherd appear to assume[53] or different, which appears to be the basis on which Fine writes[54]. Faced with the perceived threat of invasion by Sviatoslav, Emperor Ioannes Tzimisces marched into Bulgaria, captured the capital, and negotiated Sviatoslav's withdrawal. During Sviatoslav's absence in Bulgaria, the Pechenegs raided as far as Kiev. Fine points out that according to the Primary Chronicle the Bulgarians summoned the Pechenegs to attack Kiev, without help from Byzantium[55]. On Sviatoslav´s return journey to Kiev while crossing the Dnieper river in Spring 972, he was attacked and killed by the Pecheneg leader Kuria who reputedly made his skull into a ceremonial cup covered with gold[56]. This represents a curious echo of the report in Paulus Diaconus according to which the skull of Alboin King of the Lombards in Pannonia was allegedly made into a drinking cup after he was defeated and killed by Cunimund King of the Gepids in 567[57].

m (before [960]) --- [of Hungary], daughter of [TORMAS Prince of Hungary & his wife ---]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was known as PREDSLAVA in Russia. Europäische Stammtafeln[58] suggests that Predslava was the possible daughter of Tormas but the basis for this speculation is not known. Her marriage date is estimated from the estimated date of birth of her son.

Mistress (1): ESFIR, daughter of ---. She is named as Sviatoslav´s mistress in Europäische Stammtafeln[59]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and relationship with Sviatoslav has not yet been identified.

Mistress (2): MALUSHA [Malfred], sister of DOBRINYA, daughter of MALK of Lyubech & his wife --- (-1002). The Primary Chronicle names Malusha, stewardess of Olga and sister of Dobrinya (naming their father Malk of Lyubech), as mother of Svyatoslav's son Vladimir[60].

Grand Prince Sviatoslav & his wife had one child:

1. IAROPOLK Sviatoslavich ([960]-murdered Kiev [980]). The Primary Chronicle names Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir as grandsons of Olga[61]. The source which records that Iaropolk was his father´s legitimate son has not yet been identified. He succeeded his father in 972 as IAROPOLK I Grand Prince of Kiev. The Primary Chronicle records that, after he was attacked in Kiev by his half-brother Vladimir, Iaropolk fled to Rodnia near Pecheneg territory. He was murdered when he returned to Kiev to try to negotiate with Vladimir[62]. The Primary Chronicle records that "the bodies of the two princes Yaropolk and Oleg sons of Svyatoslav" were buried in the Church of the Holy Virgin after being baptised in 1044[63]. m (972) ---. The Primary Chronicle records that Yaropolk had a Greek wife who had been a nun, brought home by his father[64]. She was the mistress of her husband´s brother VLADIMIR I "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev. The Primary Chronicle records that Vladimir, later Grand Prince of Kiev, had intercourse with his brother's [Yaropolk's] wife "a Greek woman"[65].

Grand Prince Sviatoslav had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

2. OLEG Sviatoslavich (-killed [976/77], bur Vruchiy). The Primary Chronicle names Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir as grandsons of Olga[66]. His father designated him in 972 as ruler in Dereva[67]. The source which records the name of Oleg´s mother, and the fact that he was illegitimate, has not yet been identified. After a dispute with his brother Iaropolk over hunting rights, the latter attacked and defeated Oleg, who was pushed from the bridge leading into Ovruch, and later buried at Vruchiy[68]. The Primary Chronicle records that "the bodies of the two princes Yaropolk and Oleg sons of Svyatoslav" were buried in the Church of the Holy Virgin after being baptised in 1044[69].

Grand Prince Sviatoslav had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

3. VLADIMIR Sviatoslavich ([960]-Berestov 15 Jul 1015). The Primary Chronicle names Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir as grandsons of Olga[70]. The Primary Chronicle names Malusha, stewardess of Olga and sister of Dobrinya (naming their father Malk of Lyubech), as mother of Svyatoslav's son Vladimir[71]. He succeeded in [980] as VLADIMIR I "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

VLADIMIR I 980-1015, SVIATOPOLK I 1015-1019

VLADIMIR Sviatoslavich, son of SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev & his mistress Malusha [Malfred] ([960]-Berestov 15 Jul 1015). The Primary Chronicle names Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir as grandsons of Olga[72]. The Primary Chronicle names Malusha, stewardess of Olga and sister of Dobrinya, as mother of Svyatoslav's son Vladimir, when recording that his father sent him to Novgorod in 970 with his maternal uncle after the inhabitants had demanded a prince of their own[73]. After the death of his half-brother Oleg, Vladimir fled "beyond the seas" and governors were assigned to Novgorod. With support mustered in Scandinavia, Vladimir regained control of Novgorod. He captured Polotsk after killing Rogvolod Prince of Polotsk, who had refused Vladimir's offer to marry his daughter (whom he married anyway) [74]. He then moved southwards towards Kiev to attack his half-brother Iaropolk, who fled to Rodnia but was murdered when he returned to Kiev in an attempt to negotiate with Vladimir. He thereby succeeded in [980] as VLADIMIR I "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev. In 981, Vladimir invaded Polish territory and conquered Czerwień, "Peremyshl" and other cities[75]. After actively promoting the worship of pagan idols, he was baptised in [987/88] as part of an agreement to help Emperor Basileios II in defeating a rebellion. He increased his own personal prestige by marrying the emperor's sister and imposed Christianity on his people by force. He sought to rule his diverse territories by nominating his various sons to rule in different towns, although at the end of his reign he was faced with the rebellions of his son Iaroslav and his adopted son Sviatopolk. Vladimir died while was making preparations for war with Novgorod following the suspension of payment of tribute by his son Iaroslav[76]. Vladimir was described as "fornicator immensus et crudelis" by Thietmar[77]. According to the Primary Chronicle, Vladimir had 300 concubines at Vyshgorod, 300 at Belgorod and 200 at Berestovo[78]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Vladimir at Berestovo 15 Jul 1015[79]. He was later esteemed to be a saint, his feast day being 15 July.

m firstly ([977], divorced 986) as her second husband, ROGNED of Polotsk, widow of --- Jarl in Sweden, daughter of ROGVOLOD Prince of Polotsk & his wife --- ([956]-[998/1000]). The Primary Chronicle names Rogned, daughter of Rogvolod Prince of Polotsk, recording that she at first refused to marry Vladimir, preferring his half-brother Yaropolk[80]. She became a nun in [989]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Rogned in [998/1000][81].

m secondly (Kherson 988) ANNA of Byzantium, daughter of Emperor ROMANOS II & his second wife Theophano [née Anastasia] (963-[1008/11], bur Kiev, church of the Palace). The Primary Chronicle names Anna, sister of Emperors Basil and Constantine, recording her brothers agreeing to her marriage to Vladimir on condition that he accepted baptism, and her arrival and marriage at Kherson[82]. The marriage marked the start of considerably increased influence for the Greek Orthodox church in Russia, as the new Russian church reported to the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Anna wife of Vladimir in [1008/11][83].

m thirdly (after 1011) [ADELIA] [von Öhningen, daughter of KONRAD Duke of Swabia & his wife Richlint ---] (-after 14 Aug 1018). The Genealogia Welforum refers to the four daughters of "Chuno comes [et] filia Ottonis Magni imperatoris", specifying that the third (unnamed) married "regi Rugorum"[84]. The Historia Welforum refers to the four daughters of "Couno comes" and "filia Ottonis magnis imperatoris…Richlint", specifying that they married "una Roudolfo isti [=Welforum], alia cuidam de Rinveldin, parenti Zaringiorum, tercia regie Rugiorum, quarta comiti de Diezon"[85]. As noted in the document SWABIA DUKES, these two sources are unreliable in their recording of the sons of Konrad I Duke of Swabia, so should not be assumed to be any more precise in recording his daughters. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.

Mistress (1): ---, wife of IAROPOLK Sviatoslavich, daughter of ---. The Primary Chronicle records that Vladimir, later Grand Prince of Kiev, had intercourse with his brother's [Yaropolk's] wife "a Greek woman"[86].

Mistress (2): OLAVA, a Czech concubine. The primary source which confirms her name and relationship with Vladimir has not yet been identified.

Mistresses (3) to (9): ---. The names of the other mistresses of Grand Prince Vladimir are not known.

Grand Prince Vladimir & his first wife had five children:

1. IZIASLAV Vladimirovich (-1001). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Izyaslav, Mstislav, Yaroslav and Vsevolod as the four sons of Vladimir and his wife Rogned[87]. The Primary Chronicle in another section names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Izyaslav in Polotsk[88]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[89], Iziaslav was the son of Rogned of Polotsk by her first husband, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. Prince of Polotsk.

- see Chapter 2. PRINCES of POLOTSK.

2. IAROSLAV Vladimirovich ([978]-20 Feb 1054). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Izyaslav, Mstislav, Yaroslav and Vsevolod as the four sons of Vladimir & his wife Rogned[90]. The Primary Chronicle in another section names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Yaroslav in Rostov and, after the death of Vysheslav, in Novgorod[91]. He succeeded in 1016 as IAROSLAV I "Mudriy/the Wise" Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below, Part B. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV 1019-1132.

3. MSTISLAV Vladimirovich "the Brave" (978-[1034/36], bur Church of the Redeemer). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Izyaslav, Mstislav, Yaroslav and Vsevolod as the four sons of Vladimir & his wife Rogned[92]. The Primary Chronicle in another section names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Mstislav in Tmutorakan after the death of his brother Vysheslav[93]. His father sent him to rule in Tmutorokan in 988. In 1024, he moved his headquarters north to Chernigov to challenge his half-brother Iaroslav whom he defeated at Listven. The brothers agreed a division of territories, Mstislav taking the land on the eastern bank of the Dnieper including Chernigov and Tmutorokan. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Mstislav in [1034/36] while on a hunting expedition and his place of burial[94]. His territories fell to Iaroslav. m ---. The name of Mstislav´s wife is not known. Mstislav & his wife had one child:

a) IEVSTAFII Mstislavich (-young 1033). The Primary Chronicle records the death of Eustathius son of Mstislav in 1033[95].

4. VSEVOLOD Vladimirovich (-1015). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Izyaslav, Mstislav, Yaroslav and Vsevolod as the four sons of Vladimir & his wife Rogned[96]. The Primary Chronicle in another section names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Vsevolod in Vladimir after the death of his brother Vysheslav[97]. Grand Prince of Volynia and Pereyaslavl 990. Snorre records that Vsevolod proposed marriage to Sigrid "Storråda/the Haughty", widow of Erik King of Sweden, adding that she ordered his murder in [995][98].

5. daughter (-after 1018). The Primary Chronicle records that Vladimir and his wife Rogned had two unnamed daughters[99]. The Primary Chronicle records that Boleslav of Poland fled from Kiev in 1018 with Iaroslav's two sisters[100]. same person as…? PREDSLAVA Vladimirovna (-after 1018). The Primary Chronicle names Predslava as sister of Iaroslav, recording that she warned the latter to be on his guard against Sviatopolk in 1015[101]. Bolesław I Prince of Poland asked for her hand in marriage in [1017] wishing to strengthen the bond between Poland and Russia but this was refused[102]. The Primary Chronicle records that Boleslav of Poland fled from Kiev in 1018 with Iaroslav's two sisters[103]. According to Baumgarten[104], Predslava married Boleslav III Duke of the Bohemians. There is no indication about the date of such a marriage. Information concerning Duke Boleslav and Predslava which is available from primary sources shows that [999/1002] and after [1018] are the most likely dates. However, a careful analysis of such information also shows difficulties which cast considerable doubt over the likelihood of such a marriage. If the marriage took place in [999/1002], during Duke Boleslav's brief period of rule in Bohemia, Predslava must have been born in the late 970s/early 980s, maybe the daughter of Grand Prince Vladimir by his first wife Rogneda of Polotsk (whom he married in [978], and was separated from in [986]). However, the three references in the Primary Chronicle cite above, which apparently relate to Predslava, show that she was still living at the court of Kiev during the period [1015/18] and that she was probably unmarried at the time. If the marriage took place after [1018], after Predslava had been taken to Poland, the probable age difference between Predslava and Duke Boleslav would have been pronounced, and Boleslav's apparent lack of political influence at the time must have reduced his marriage prospects. Concerning the age difference, if Predslava was still considered marriageable by Boleslaw I Prince of Poland in [1017], it is likely that she was born somewhat later than [978/86] (in which case she would have been the daughter of Grand Prince Vladimir by one of his concubines). Duke Boleslav's date of birth is unknown. However, his paternal uncle is recorded as having been born in 929 and the likely birth date range of his paternal aunt was [940/45]. It is therefore unlikely that Duke Boleslav's father was born much later than the 930s. Even if his father married late, it is therefore improbable that Duke Boleslav himself was born much later than [970]. This would mean a 25/30 year age difference between Predslava and Boleslav, although it is recognised that marriages between partners of unequal ages were not unheard of at the time. The question of Duke Boleslav's political status probably represents a more serious obstacle. By [1018], 15 years had passed since he had been blinded and sent into exile. No information has been found in the primary sources about his activity during this period, which suggests that he had fallen into obscurity. It is not known whether Boleslav spent all his years of exile in Poland and, if so, under what conditions he lived. However, according to Europäische Stammtafeln[105], he died in a Polish prison (in 1035). It is not known how long he had been in prison, but his absence from the scene during the early 1030s, when his younger brother Duke Jaromir was restored and deposed in Bohemia for a third time, suggests that ex-Duke Boleslav may have been dismissed as a possible successor in Bohemia due to a lengthy period of imprisonment. His blindness may also have been considered an insuperable handicap.

6. daughter (-after 1018). The Primary Chronicle records that Vladimir and his wife Rogned had two unnamed daughters[106]. The Primary Chronicle records that Boleslav of Poland fled from Kiev in 1018 with Iaroslav's two sisters[107].

Grand Prince Vladimir had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

7. SVIATOPOLK Vladimirovich ([980]-1019). The Primary Chronicle names Sviatopolk as son of Vladimir by the wife of his brother Iaropolk[108]. The Primary Chronicle in another section names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Svyatopolk in Turov[109]. After allegedly plotting against Prince Vladimir, he was arrested and held either in Kiev or in Vishgorod. After his uncle's death, he bribed his way to assume authority in Kiev, succeeding as SVIATOPOLK I "Okayanniy/the Damned" Grand Prince of Kiev. He proceeded to eliminate his cousins Boris, Gleb and Sviatoslav, then challenged his cousin Iaroslav of Novgorod in battle at Liubech in [1016], but was forced to flee to Poland[110]. He returned in Jul 1018 with an army led by his father-in-law Bolesław I King of Poland, defeating Iaroslav at the Western Bug and forced him to retire to Novgorod. Sviatopolk entered Kiev again 14 Aug 1018 and resumed his rule. Thietmar records that "Duke Boleslav invaded the Russian king's realm with his army [and placed] his long-exiled brother-in-law, the Russian's brother, on the throne"[111]. After King Bolesław returned to Poland, Iaroslav advanced once more on Kiev. Sviatopolk fled south to raise another force with the Pechenegs, but was finally defeated by the river Alta in 1019. He fled to Poland once more, but according to the Novgorod Chronicle died on the journey[112]. According to Ferrand[113], the two families Swiatopolk-Mirsky and Swiatopolk-Czetwertinsky descend from Grand Prince Sviatopolk I, who "according to Czech chronicles died at a very advanced age". The author gives no details of these chronicles or these alleged descents which, until further proof is advanced, must be considered speculative. This alleged origin of the family Swiatopolk-Mirsky is not given in the introduction to the entry about the family in the Almanach de Gotha[114]. As noted below in Chapter 4, Genealogisches Handbuch der Fürstlichen Häuser[115] states that the Swiatopolk-Mirsky family descends from a younger branch of the Princes of Turov. m (before 15 Jul 1013) --- of Poland, daughter of BOLESŁAW I "Chrobry/the Brave" King of Poland & his third wife Emnilde ([991/1001]-after 14 Aug 1018). Thietmar refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of Boleslaw & his wife Emnilde, specifying (in order) that "one was an abbess, the second married Count Hermann and the third the son of King Vladimir"[116]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm the peace which followed the Polish-Russian war of 1013[117]. She was accompanied to Kiev by Bishop Reinbern, who was thrown into prison when her husband was overthrown[118].

Grand Prince Vladimir had one illegitimate son by Mistress (2):

8. VYSHESLAV Vladimirovich (-1010). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that Vysheslav was the oldest and that his father established him in Novgorod[119]. Prince of Novgorod 988.

Grand Prince Vladimir had nine illegitimate children by unknown Mistresses (3) to (9):

9. SVIATOSLAV Vladimirovich (-killed in battle 1015 after 15 Jul). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Svyatoslav in Dereva after the death of his brother Vysheslav[120]. Prince of the Derevlians. He was killed on the orders of his cousin Sviatopolk I Grand Prince of Kiev while trying to escape to Hungary[121].

10. BORIS Vladimirovich ([990]-murdered 24 Jul 1015, bur Lto river, transferred 1072 to Vishgorod [122]). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Boris in Rostov after the death of his brother Vysheslav[123]. His father appointed him Prince of Rostov and Novgorod in 1010. His father sent him on campaign against the Pechenegs. He was murdered on the orders of his cousin Sviatopolk I Grand Prince of Kiev while camped by the river Alta[124]. He was canonised with his brother Gleb in 1072.

11. GLEB Vladimirovich (-murdered 5 Sep 1015, bur Lto river, transferred 1072 to Vishgorod[125]). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir, recording that his father established Gleb in Murom after the death of his brother Vysheslav[126]. His father appointed him Prince of Murom in 1010. He was lured by deceit from Murom and murdered on the orders of his cousin Sviatopolk I Grand Prince of Kiev[127]. He was canonised with his brother Boris in 1072.

12. POZVIZD [Kryzokyr] Vladimirovich (-after 1015). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir[128].

13. SUDISLAV Vladimirovich (-Kiev [1062/63], bur Church of St George). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir[129]. Prince of Pskov. He was imprisoned by his half-brother Iaroslav Grand Prince of Kiev in [1034/36][130]. The Primary Chronicle records his release from prison after 24 years in 1059 by Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod and his taking the monastic habit, and his death in [1062/63] and place of burial[131].

14. STANISLAV Vladimirovich (-before 1015). The Primary Chronicle names (in order) Vysheslav, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Svyatopolk, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Boris, Gleb, Stanislav, Pozvizd and Sudislav as the twelve sons of Vladimir[132]. Prince of Smolensk.

15. [--- Vladimirovna . Baumgarten cites a German secondary source, dated to 1722, which confirms her parentage and marriage[133]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([991/92]) as his second wife, BERNHARD [von Haldensleben], son of DIETRICH Markgraf über den Gau der Heveller [Nordmark] & his wife --- (-[1044/51]). He was installed in 1009 as BERNHARD Markgraf der Nordmark.]

16. PREMISLAVA Vladimirovna (-[1015]). Baumgarten names the wife of Duke László and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[134]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ([1000]) LÁSZLÓ "Szár/the Bald" Prince of Hungary, Duke between March and Gran, son of MIHÁLY Prince of Hungary Duke between March and Gran & Adelajda [Adleta] of Poland (-1029).

17. DOBRONEGA MARIA Vladimirovna (before 1012-1087). The Primary Chronicle records the marriage of "Yaroslav's sister" to Kazimierz of Poland in 1043 but does not name her[135]. The Annales Polanorum state that "Kazimirum duxit ex Russia Mariam" in 1025[136], although the date is clearly inaccurate. The Chronicæ Polanorum refers to the wife of King Kazimierz as "de Rusia nobilem"[137]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that "Kazimirus" married "Dobrognewam"[138]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1087 of "Dobronega uxor Kazimir"[139]. m (1043) KAZIMIERZ I KAROL "Odnowiciel/the Renewer" Prince of Poland, son of MIESZKO II Lambert King of Poland & his wife Richeza [Ezzonen] (25 Jul 1016-19 Mar 1058).

B. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV 1019-1093

IAROSLAV I 1019-1054

IAROSLAV Vladimirovich, son of VLADIMIR I "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Rognoda of Polotsk ([978]-Vyshgorod 20 Feb 1054, bur Kiev Church of St Sophia). Prince of Rostov 988-1010. Prince of Novgorod 1013-1015. He rebelled against his father and refused to pay tribute from Novgorod in 1014. Challenged by his cousin Sviatopolk I Grand Prince of Kiev, following the latter's accession in Kiev, he defeated Sviatopolk at Liubech [1016] and forced him to flee to Poland, succeeding as IAROSLAV I "Mudriy/the Wise" Grand Prince of Kiev. Sviatopolk returned in Jul 1018 with an army led by his father-in-law, Bolesław I King of Poland, and defeated Iaroslav at the Western Bug and forced him to retire to Novgorod. Sviatopolk entered Kiev again 14 Aug 1018 and resumed his rule. After King Bolesław returned to Poland, Iaroslav advanced once more on Kiev. Sviatopolk fled south to raise another force with the Pechenegs but was finally defeated by the river Alta in 1019, when Iaroslav resumed power in Kiev[140]. In 1024, his half-brother Mstislav Prince of Tmutorokan moved his headquarters north to Chernigov to challenge Iaroslav, whom he defeated at Listven. The half-brothers agreed a division of territories, Iaroslav taking the land on the western bank of the Dnieper including Kiev and Novgorod. While Iaroslav was absent in Novgorod, the Pechenegs laid siege to Kiev, but were defeated after Iaroslav returned with a formidable army to relieve the siege[141]. He succeeded in the territories of his half-brother Mstislav on the latter's death in 1036, becoming sole ruler or "Autocrat of the land of the Rus"[142]. His greatest project was the conquest of Constantinople but his armies were defeated in decisive battles in 1043[143]. He supervised the rapid expansion of the city of Kiev, modelled on Constantinople. His law code Rus'ka Pravda also contributed to the development and consolidation of his administration especially in the area around Kiev, although it appears to have had little impact in the north[144]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Iaroslav 19 Feb 1054 at Vyshgorod aged 76 and his burial place[145]. He left a testament dividing his territories between his sons, the substance of which is recorded in the Primary Chronicle[146] although no original text has survived.

[m firstly ---. The fact of Iaroslav´s first marriage is indicated by the chronology of his oldest son, although as noted below no primary source has yet been identified which refers to this oldest son. Nevertheless, Iaroslav´s birth date, if accurate as shown above, does suggest that an earlier marriage is likely.]

m [secondly] (1019) INGIGERD Olafsdottir of Sweden, daughter of OLOF "Skotkonung" King of Sweden & his wife Estrid of the Obotriten ([1000/03]-10 Feb 1050). Adam of Bremen names "filius Iacobus et filia Ingrad" as the children of "Olaph rex Sueonum" & his wife Estred, specifying that Ingrad married "rex sanctus Gerzlef de Ruzzia"[147]. Her birth date range is estimated based on the birth of her oldest child in 1020, and her youngest known child in [1036]. Morkinskinna names “Queen Ingigerđr the daughter of King Óláfr the Swede” as wife of “King Yaroslav [of] Russia”[148]. Snorre records the betrothal of "Ingegerd the king's daughter" and "King Jarisleif…from Russia"[149]. Her birth date range is estimated based on the birth of her oldest child in 1020, and her youngest known child in [1036]. The Historia Norwegie records the marriage of "sororem Olaui Sueonensis…Margaretam" and "rex Iarezlafus de Ruscia" at her brother's instigation, after her betrothal to Olav of Norway was terminated[150]. It is more probable that she was the daughter rather than sister of King Olof if it is correct that she had ten children by her husband. She is referred to as IRINA in Russian sources[151]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of "the Princess wife of Yaroslav" 10 Feb [1048/50][152].

Grand Prince Iaroslav & his first wife had one child:

1. [ILIYA Iaroslavich (-1020). Baumgarten names him but cites only one secondary source in support[153]. He is not named in the Primary Chronicle. Prince of Novgorod 1015.]

Grand Prince Iaroslav & his second wife had ten children:

2. VLADIMIR Iaroslavich (1020-Novgorod 1052, bur Novgorod Church of St Sophia). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Vladimir son of Iaroslav in 1020[154]. Snorre names "Valdemar, Vissivald and Holte the Bold" as the children of "King Jarisleif" & his wife[155]. His father installed him in 1043 as Prince of Novgorod. He subjugated the Finnic tribe of Yam to secure Novgorod's control over the Gulf of Finland[156]. Psellos records that Vladimir led an attack on Constantinople in [1045], apparently in revenge for the death of some Scythian noble in a brawl, but was defeated and forced to retreat[157]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Vladimir "Yaroslav's eldest son" at Novgorod in 1052 and his place of burial[158]. As he predeceased his father, his descendants were ignored in the latter's testament and were subsequently considered ineligible to succeed as Grand Princes of Kiev. m --- ([1022]-1066). The name of Vladimir´s wife is not known. Baumgarten identifies the wife of Vladimir as Oda, daughter of Luitpold Graf von Stade & his wife Ida von Elstorf [Brunswick][159]. This is based partially on the Annales Stadenses which name "Odam sanctimonialem de Rinthelen" as daughter of "Lippoldo filio domiine Glismodis" and "Ida [de Elsthorpe]", specifying that she married "regi Ruzie" by whom she had a son "Warteslaw", returned to Saxony with her son after her husband died[160]. Vladimir & his wife had one child:

a) ROSTISLAV Vladimirovich ([1045]-Tmutorakan 3 Feb 1067, bur Tmutorakan Church of the Holy Virgin). The Primary Chronicle names Rostislav, son of Vladimir and grandson of Yaroslav, recording that in 1064 he fled to Tmutorakan from where he expelled Gleb and occupied the throne himself, only to be expelled the following year by his uncle Svyatoslav who re-established his son Gleb, whom Rostislav expelled again[161]. Prince of Rostov, Novgorod and Volynia 1056-1064. Prince of Tmutorokan 1064-1065. The Primary Chronicle records that Rostislav was poisoned by the Greeks 3 Feb 1067 at Tmutorakan and his place of burial[162].

- see Chapter 3. PRINCES of GALICH and VOLYNIA.

3. ANASTASIA Iaroslavna ([1023]-[1074/1096], bur Admont Abbey). Baumgarten names the second wife of King András and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[163]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. After her husband's death in 1060, she and her sons took refuge at the court of Heinrich IV King of Germany but, leaving her elder son there, she and her younger son went to Austria[164]. The Annals of Lambert record that "regina Ungariorum, mater Salomonis regis" presented the sword of "rex Hunnorum Attila" to "duci Baioriorum Ottoni" after her son was restored as king of Hungary[165]. She became a nun at Admont in 1074 as AGMUNDA. m ([1039]) as his second wife, ANDRÁS of Hungary, son of VÁSZOLY [Vazúl] Prince of Hungary Duke between March and Gran & --- of the Bulgarians ([1014]-Zirc autumn 1060, bur Tihany, Abbey of St Anian). He succeeded in 1047 as ANDRÁS I "the Catholic" King of Hungary.

4. IZIASLAV Iaroslavich (1024-killed in battle Nezhatinaia Niva 3 Oct 1078 bur Kiev). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Izyaslav "a second son" to Vladimir in 1024[166]. He succeeded in 1054 as IZIASLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below, Part C. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV.

5. IELIZAVETA Iaroslavna (-after 25 Sep 1066). Snorre records the marriage of King Harald and Elisabeth "called by the Northmen Ellisif" daughter of "King Jarisleif", specifying in a later passage that "the Swedish king Olaf…was brother of [her] mother"[167]. Morkinskinna records the marriage of “Haraldr Sigurdarson” and “King Yaroslav and Queen Ingigerdr…daughter…Elisabeth, the Norsemen call her Ellisif”[168]. Snorre records that "Queen Ellisif came from the West…with her stepson Olaf and her daughter Ingegerd" after her husband was killed[169]. m (1044) HARALD Sigurdson, son of SIGURD Syr King of Ringeringe & his wife Asta Gudbrandsdatter (1015-killed in battle Stamfordbridge 25 Sep 1066). He succeeded in 1047 as HARALD III "Hardråde" King of Norway.

6. SVIATOSLAV Iaroslavich (1027-27 Dec 1076, bur Chernigov, Church of the Saviour). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Svyatoslav "a third son" to Vladimir in 1027[170]. He succeeded in 1054 as Prince of Chernigov, and in 1073 as SVIATOSLAV II Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below, Part D. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV.

7. VSEVOLOD Iaroslavich (1030-13 Apr 1093, bur Kiev St Sofia). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Vsevolod "a fourth son" to Vladimir in 1030[171]. Snorre names "Valdemar, Vissivald and Holte the Bold" as the children of "King Jarisleif" & his wife[172]. He succeeded in 1054 as Prince of Pereyaslavl, and in 1076 as VSEVOLOD I Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below, Part E. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV.

8. VIACHESLAV Iaroslavich ([1033/36]-Smolensk [1055/57]). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Vyacheslav son of Vladimir in [1034/36][173]. In accordance with the terms of his father's testament, he succeeded in 1054 as Prince of Smolensk. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Vyacheslav son of Yaroslav at Smolensk in [1056/57][174]. m ---. The name of Viacheslav´s wife is not known. Viacheslav & his wife had one child:

a) BORIS Viacheslavich ([1056]-killed in battle Niezhatnaia Niva 3 Oct 1078). Baumgarten names him, citing his primary source in support[175]. Prince of Chernigov 1077. Prince of Tmutorokan 1077-78.

9. ANNA Iaroslavna (1036-5 Sep ([1075/78], bur Abbaye Villiers near La-Ferté-Alais). The Liber Modernorum Regum Francorum records the marriage of "filiam regis Russorum Annam" with King Henri[176]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Anna filia Georgii regis Sclavonum" as wife of King Henri[177]. She was consecrated Queen Consort at Reims on her wedding day. Queen Anna caused a scandal in France by her second marriage and was forced to leave the court, although she returned after his death in 1074[178]. The Liber Modernorum Regum Francorum records the marriage of "Anna, Henrici relicta" and "Rodulfo comitis"[179]. "Rodulphus…Ambianensis comes" donated property to Sainte-Marie d'Amiens, with the consent of "Simon filius meus et Gualterus, Gualteri Tyrelli natus", by charter dated 1069, subscribed by "Anna uxor eius"[180]. m firstly (Reims 19 May 1051) as his second wife, HENRI I King of France, son of ROBERT II "le Pieux" King of France & his third wife Constance d'Arles [Provence] ([end 1009/May 1010]-Palais de Vitry-aux-Loges, forêt d’Orléans, Loiret 4 Aug 1060, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). m secondly ([1061]) as his third wife, RAOUL III “le Grand” Comte de Valois, son of RAOUL II Comte de Valois & his wife Aliénor de Champagne (-Péronne 23 Feb or 8 Sep 1074, bur Montdidier, later transferred to Crépy-en-Valois, église collégiale Saint-Arnoul).

10. IGOR Iaroslavich ([1036]-1060). In accordance with the terms of his father's testament, he succeeded in 1054 as Prince of Volynia. He succeeded his brother Viacheslav in 1057 as Prince of Smolensk. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Igor son of Yaroslav in 1060[181]. m ---. The name of Igor´s wife is not known. Igor & his wife had two children:

a) DAVID Igorevich ([1055-Dorogobuzh 25 Jul 1113). The Primary Chronicle names David, son of Igor, and Volodar, son of Rostislav, recording that they captured Ratibor, agent of Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev, and established themselves as princes at Tmutorakan[182]. They were expelled in their turn by Oleg Sviatoslavich who returned from Constantinople in 1083. David was installed as Prince of Volynia by his uncle Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev 1086 after the expulsion of his cousin Iaropolk Iziaslavich. He was expelled from Volynia in the following year when his cousin Iaropolk was restored, but after the latter's murder restored again[183]. He was installed as Prince of Dorogobuzh at the conference of Uvetichi 30 Aug 1100[184]. m ---. The name of David´s wife is not known. David & his wife had one child:

i) VSEVOLOD Davidovich (-1 Feb 1142). Baumgarten names him but cites only one secondary source in support[185]. Prince of Gorodno[186] 1113-1142, Gorodenski 1127. m (1116) AGAFIA Vladimirovna, daughter of VLADIMIR "Monomakh" Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife ---. Baumgarten records her parentage and marriage, citing one primary source in support[187]. Vsevolod & his wife had five children (named by Baumgarten with supporting sources[188]):

(a) BORIS Vsevolodich. 1146/1172. Prince of Gorodno.

(b) GLEB Vsevolodich (-after 1169). Prince of Gorodno.

(d) --- Vsevolodna. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. m firstly (1144) VLADIMIR Davidovich Prince of Chernigov, son of DAVID Sviatoslavich Prince of Smolensk & his wife Feodosia --- (-killed in battle Jul 1151). m secondly ([1152]) BASZKARD Prince of the Kumans.

(e) --- Vsevolodna (-after 1190). m ([1144]) IURII Iaroslavich Prince of Turov, son of IAROSLAV Sviatopolkovich Prince of Volynia & his second wife --- of Poland (-after 1166).

b) VSEVOLOD Igorevich. Baumgarten names him, citing one primary source in support[189]. m ---. The name of Vsevolod´s wife is not known. Vsevolod & his wife had one child:

i) MSTISLAV Vsevolodich (-[1114/16]). The Primary Chronicle names Mstislav grandson of Igor, recording that he accompanied Vladimir to Pereyaslavl in 1103, but does not give the name of his father[190]. Baumgarten names him but cites only one secondary source in support[191].

C. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV, descendants of IZIASLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev (third son of IAROSLAV I)

Although Iziaslav was his father's oldest surviving son, and succeeded as Grand Prince of Kiev in 1054 in accordance with his father's testament, only one of his sons, Sviatopolk II, succeeding as Grand Prince and none of his grandsons. In accordance with the family tradition described in the Introduction, all later descendants were thereby effectively excluded from the succession.

IZIASLAV I 1054-1078

IZIASLAV Iaroslavich, son of IAROSLAV I "Mudriy/the Wise" Grand Prince of Kiev & his [second] wife Ingigerd Olafsdottir of Sweden (1024-killed in battle Nezhatinaia Niva 3 Oct 1078, bur Kiev Church of the Holy Virgin). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Izyaslav "a second son" to Vladimir in 1024[192]. Prince of Turov. He succeeded on the death of his older brother in 1052 as Prince of Novgorod. In accordance with the terms of his father's testament, he succeeded in 1054 as IZIASLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev. It is also likely that his territories included Novgorod and Pskov[193]. He was deposed in Kiev by a mob which, dissatisfied with his refusal to attack the Kuman [Cumans], released Vseslav Prince of Polotsk from prison and proclaimed him Grand Prince of Kiev in Sep 1068, forcing Iziaslav to flee to Poland[194]. Iziaslav I was restored in 1069 with the help of Bolesław II King of Poland[195]. He was deposed again in Kiev in 1073 by his younger brother Sviatoslav, restored again in 1077 after Sviatoslav died. He answered the call from his brother Prince Vsevolod for military support against their nephew Oleg Sviatoslavich, whom they defeated 3 Oct 1078 at Nezhatin Meadow near Chernigov. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Izyaslav son of Iaroslav in battle on the meadow of Nezhata 3 Oct 1078 and his place of burial[196].

m ([1043]) GERTRUDA of Poland, daughter of MIESZKO II LAMBERT King of Poland & his wife Richeza [Ezzonen] ([1020]-4 Jan 1107). Baumgarten names the wife of Grand Prince Iziaslav and gives her origin, citing primary sources in support[197]. The Primary Chronicle records that "the Princess, Svyatopolk's mother" died 4 Jan 1107[198].

Grand Prince Iziaslav I & his wife had four children:

1. MSTISLAV Iziaslavich (-1069). The Primary Chronicle names Mstislav son of Izyaslav, recording that his father established him as Prince of Polotsk in 1069 but that "he soon died"[199]. He was installed as Prince of Novgorod by his father. He was expelled from Novgorod by Vseslav Prince of Polotsk in [1066/67]. He was not restored in Novgorod when his father returned from exile in Poland, but was replaced by Gleb Sviatoslavich. m ---. The name of Mstislav´s wife is not known. Mstislav & his wife had one child:

a) ROSTISLAV Mstislavich (-[10/15] Nov 1093, bur Church of the Holy Virgin of the Tithe). The Primary Chronicle records the death in 1093 of Rostislav, son of Mstislav and grandson of Izyaslav, and his burial 16 Nov[200].

2. IAROPOLK PIOTR Iziaslavich (-murdered 22 Nov 1086). The Primary Chronicle names Iaropolk, son of Izyaslav, recording that he and his father attacked Chernigov together in 1078[201]. He was installed as Prince of Volynia and, maybe, Turov by his uncle Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev in 1078, but was expelled in 1085 by his cousin Vladimir "Monomakh" and found refuge in Poland. He was restored the following year but murdered soon after. m ([1073]) as her first husband, KUNIGUNDE von Weimar, daughter of OTTO Graf von Weimar Markgraf of Meissen & his wife Adela de Louvain (-8 Jun 1140). The Annalista Saxo names (in order) "Odam, Cunigundam, Adelheidam" as the three daughters of Markgraf Otto & his wife, specifying that Kunigunde married firstly "regi Ruzorum", secondly "Cononi comiti de Bichlingge, filio ducis Ottonis de Northeim", and thirdly "Wipertus senior"[202]. The primary source which identifies her first husband more precisely has not yet been identified. Baumgarten records her first marriage but cites only one secondary source in support[203]. She married secondly Kuno von Northeim Graf von Beichlingen and thirdly (1110) as his second wife, Wiprecht [II] von Groitsch. Iaropolk & his wife had four children:

a) ANASTASIA Iaropolkovna (1074-8 Jan 1159). Baumgarten records her parentage and marriage, citing primary sources in support[204]. m GLEB Vseslavich Prince of Minsk, son of VSESLAV Briacheslavich "the Werewolf" Prince of Polotsk & his wife --- (-[19] Nov 1119).

b) IAROSLAV Iaropolkovich (-in prison Kiev 11 Aug 1102). The Primary Chronicle names Iaroslav, son of Iaropolk, recording that he fled from 1 Oct 1101 and was captured by Iaroslav, son of Svyatopolk, and recording his death 11 Aug 1102 in a later passage[205].

c) --- Iaropolkovna ([1076]-). The Annalista Saxo records that the daughter of "regi Ruzorum" and "Cunigundam" married "nobilis quidam de Thuringia Gunterus nomine"[206]. m firstly (after 1087) GÜNTHER [I] Graf von Schwarzburg, son of SIZZO [I] Graf & his wife --- (-1109). m secondly W--- von Giech (-[1125/29] or after).

d) VIACHESLAV Iaropolkovich (-13 Dec 1104). The Primary Chronicle names Viacheslav, son of Iaropolk, recording that he accompanied Vladimir to Pereyaslavl in 1103, and his death 13 Dec 1104 in a later passage[207].

3. SVIATOPOLK MIKHAIL Iziaslavich (1050-16 Apr 1113). The Primary Chronicle names Svyatopolk son of Iziaslav, recording that his father established him as Prince of Polotsk in 1069 after the death of his brother Mstislav[208]. He succeeded his uncle in 1093 as SVIATOPOLK II Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

4. [EUDOXIA] Iziaslavna (-1089). The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record that in 1088 "Mesko uxorem duxit" without naming his wife[209]. Baumgarten records the parentage of the wife of Mieszko and suggests that her name was Eudoxia, citing primary sources in support[210]. m (1088) MIESZKO Prince of Poland, son of BOLESŁAW II "Szczodry/the Liberal" King of Poland & his wife Vizeslava Sviatoslavna of Kiev (1069-1089).

SVIATOPOLK II 1093-1113

SVIATOPOLK MIKHAIL Iziaslavich, son of IZIASLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Gertrud of Poland (1050-16 Apr 1113). The Primary Chronicle names Svyatopolk son of Iziaslav, recording that his father established him as Prince of Polotsk in 1069 after the death of his brother Mstislav[211]. He was appointed to succeed his brother Mstislav as Prince of Polotsk 1069, but was expelled by his predecessor Prince Vseslav in 1071[212]. He was installed as Prince of Novgorod in 1078 by his uncle Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev, but transferred to Turov in 1088, relinquishing the latter in 1093 when he succeeded his uncle as SVIATOPOLK II Grand Prince of Kiev. His possession of Kiev was confirmed in 1097 under the family accord at Liubech, which distributed the various family territories. This was followed by the conference at Uvetichi 30 Aug 1100, at which further distributions were made. After years suffering from raids by the Kuman [Cumans], he made peace in 1101 at Sakov near Pereyaslavl, but carried out the first of a series of counter-offensives against them in 1103[213].

m firstly ---. Baumgarten records this first marriage, citing a secondary source in support[214].

m secondly (1094) --- Kuman princess, daughter of TUGOR Khan of the Kumans (-before 1103). The Primary Chronicle records the marriage in 1094 of Svyatopolk and the daughter of Tugorkan[215].

m thirdly ([1103]) BARBARA Komnene, daughter of --- (-1125). Baumgarten cites one secondary source confirming Barbara Komnene as third wife of Grand Prince Sviatopolk II[216]. The Translatio Manus Sancti Stephani, included in Orlieb's Zwiefaltensis Chronicon, records the marriage of "Bolezlai Boloniorum…ducis" and "ex nobilissimis principibus Grecorum filiam suam cuidam tradidit in matrimonium regi Rutenorum", the editor of the compilation consulted identifying "rex Rutenorum" as "Swiatopolk Michael princeps Kiewensis, cuius coniux altera filia aut cognate fuit imperatoris Alexii"[217]. Neither source specifies her parentage. Sturdza refers to her as the daughter of Isaakios Komnenos, brother of Emperor Alexios I, although he does not name her[218]. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.

Mistress (1): ---. The name of the mistress of Grand Prince Sviatopolk II is not known.

Grand Prince Sviatopolk II & his first wife had [four] children:

1. IAROSLAV Sviatopolkovich (-killed in battle May 1123). The Primary Chronicle names Iaroslav, son of Svyatopolk, recording that his father installed him in Vladimir[219]. He was installed as Prince of Volynia in 1100.

- see below, Chapter 4. PRINCES of TUROV and PINSK.

2. ZBISLAVA Sviatopolkovna (-[1109/12]). The Primary Chronicle names Sbyslava, daughter of Svyatopolk when recording that she was taken to Poland 16 Nov 1102 to marry Boleslav[220]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that the mother of "Boleslaus suo primogenito Wladislao filio" was "ex quadam Ruthena nobili"[221]. m ([16 Nov 1102/early 1103]) as his first wife, BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" King of Poland, son of WŁADYSŁAW I HERMAN Prince of Poland & his second wife Judith of Bohemia (20 Aug [1086]-28 Oct 1138).

3. ANNA Sviatopolkovna (-after 1136). Baumgarten records her parentage and marriage, citing a secondary source in support[222]. m SVIATOSLAV Davidovich Prince of Lutsk, son of DAVID Sviatoslavich Prince of Chernigov & his wife Fedosia --- ([1080]-14 Oct 1142 or 1145).

4. PREDSLAVA Sviatopolkovna. The Primary Chronicle names Predslava, daughter of Svyatopolk, when recording that she was taken to Hungary 21 Aug 1104 to marry the king's son[223]. Baumgarten names her husband as Álmos but only cites one secondary source in support[224]. m (21 Aug 1104) ÁLMOS of Hungary, son of GÉZA I King of Hungary & his second wife --- Synadene ([1068]-1129). He rebelled against his brother King Kálmán, declaring himself King of Hungary 1102-1109, but received little support. He was blinded, together with his son, on the orders of his brother King Kálmán and fled to Constantinople[225].

Grand Prince Sviatopolk II & his third wife had three children:

5. BRYACHESLAV Sviatopolkovich (1104-28 Aug 1127). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Bryachislav, son of Svyatopolk, in 1104[226].

6. IZIASLAV Sviatopolkovich (-23 Dec 1128). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[227].

7. MARIA Sviatopolkovna (-after 1145). The Translatio Manus Sancti Stephani, included in Orlieb's Zwiefaltensis Chronicon, records that "regi Rutenorum" arranged the marriage of "filiam…ex nobilissimis principibus Grecorum filiam suam" and "cuidam nobilissimorum Boloniæ tyrannorum", but that "Boloniorum princeps…Patricius" wanted to marry her and poisoned her intended husband[228]. Baumgarten names her and her husband, citing a secondary source in support[229]. m ([1118]) PETER Vlast (-1153).

Grand Prince Sviatopolk II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

8. MSTISLAV Sviatopolkovich (-killed in battle 12 Jul 1099). The Primary Chronicle names Mstislav, son of Svyatopolk "by a concubine", recording that his father established him as prince in Vladimir, recording in a later passage that he was killed in Vladimir 12 Jul 1099[230].

D. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV, PRINCES of CHERNIGOV, descendants of SVIATOSLAV II Grand Prince of Kiev (fourth son of IAROSLAV I)

This branch of the family continued to provide Grand Princes of Kiev until 1239, following the invasion of the Mongols. The accession of Vsevolod II in 1139 was not strictly in accordance with the family tradition described in the Introduction as his father, Oleg Sviatoslavich, had never himself been Grand Prince of Kiev.

Chernigov was a principality to the north-east of Kiev, which covered roughly the area to the east of the River Dnepr and north of the River Dnesa, bordering the principality of Smolensk in the north. Under the terms of the family accord reached at Liubech in 1097, the principality of Chernigov was assigned to this branch of the family. Once Chernigov was established in this line of the dynasty, the principle of lateral succession appears to have applied, the ruling prince being succeeded by the next most senior male member of his own generation before the succession passed to the subsequent generation. The principality of Novgorod-Severskiy was carved out of Chernigov and assigned to a junior branch of the ruling family in 1139.

SVIATOSLAV II 1073-1076

SVIATOSLAV Iaroslavich, son of IAROSLAV I "Mudriy/the Wise" Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife Ingigerd Olafsdottir of Sweden (1027-27 Dec 1076, bur Chernigov, Church of the Redeemer). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Svyatoslav "a third son" to Vladimir in 1027[231]. In accordance with the terms of his father's testament, he succeeded in 1054 as Prince of Chernigov, the territory including the land of the Viatichians and Radimichians and the Murom region[232]. He was appointed to succeed his brother Igor in 1060 as Prince of Smolensk. He was forced out of Smolensk to Chernigov by the Kuman [Cumans], but defeated the latter in 1068, capturing their leader[233]. He deposed his elder brother Iziaslav in Kiev in 1073, succeeding as SVIATOSLAV II Grand Prince of Kiev, whereupon he transferred Chernigov to his younger brother Vsevolod. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Svyatoslav son of Yaroslav 27 Dec 1076 "from the cutting of a sore" and his place of burial[234].

m [KILIKIA] von Dithmarschen, daughter of ETHELER von Dithmarschen & his wife Ida von Elsdorf [Braunschweig]. Baumgarten refers to the marriage of "[Kilikia] de Dithmarschen, fille du Comte Etheler" and Sviatoslav II Grand Prince of Kiev, adding that she was a different person from "Oda von Stade" who married Sviatoslav´s brother Vladimir (see above)[235]. This marriage is also discussed by Bloch[236]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

Grand Prince Sviatoslav II & his wife had six children:

1. VIZESLAVA Sviatoslavna. Baumgarten names the wife of Bolesław II and gives her origin, citing primary sources in support[237]. If this is correct, she must have been one of the older children in view of the date of birth of her son. m (before 1069) BOLESŁAW II "Szczodry/the Liberal" Prince of Poland, son of KAZIMIERZ I KAROL "Odnowiciel/the Renewer" Prince of Poland & his wife Dobronega Maria Vladimirovna of Kiev ([1039]-1081). King of Poland 1076.

2. GLEB Sviatoslavich (-killed in battle 30 May 1078[238], bur Chernigov, Church of the Saviour). The Primary Chronicle names Gleb, son of Sviatoslav, recording that he was expelled from Tmutorakan by Rostislav in 1064, restored by his father in 1065, before being expelled again by Rostislav[239]. Prince of Tmutorokan 1064-1065/69. His father installed him as Prince of Novgorod in 1068, in succession to Mstislav Iziaslavich who had been forced out by Vseslav Prince of Polotsk, while Mstislav's father Iziaslav Grand Prince of Kiev was in exile in Poland. He successfully defended Novgorod against a raid by the Kuman [Cumans] in Oct 1069, but was forced out in 1073, restored in 1077, but forced out again in 1078 and killed[240]. The Primary Chronicle records that Gleb, son of Sviatoslav, was killed in "Zavaloche"[241].

3. ROMAN Sviatoslavich "the Red" (-killed 2 Aug 1079). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[242]. Prince of Murom. Prince of Tmutorokan 1069-1079. He was killed on the orders of his uncle Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev while advancing to take Pereyaslavl with a force of Kuman [Cumans][243].

4. DAVID Sviatoslavich (-Jan 1123). The Primary Chronicle names David, son of Svyatoslav, recording that he left Novgorod for Smolensk "toward the close of the year" 1095[244]. Prince of Novgorod. He was installed as Prince of Smolensk 1094[245]. Under the family accord at Liubech 1097, he became Prince of Chernigov. m FEODOSIA, daughter of ---. Baumgarten records her marriage and cites a primary source in support[246]. David & his wife had five children:

a) SVIATOSLAV Davidovich ([1080]-14 Oct 1142 or 1145). The Primary Chronicle names Svyatosha, son of David Svyatoslavich[247]. The Primary Chronicle records that Svyatopolk, son of David and grandson of Svyatoslav, became a monk 17 Feb 1106[248]. Prince of Lutsk. m ANNA Sviatopolkovna of Kiev, daughter of SVIATOPOLK II Mikhail Iziaslavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his [first wife ---] (-after 1136). Baumgarten records her parentage and marriage, citing a secondary source in support[249]. Sviatoslav & his wife had one child:

i) --- Sviatoslavna. The Chronicle of Novgorod refers indirectly to the (unnamed) daughter of Sviatoslav Davidovich, referring to the latter as "the father-in-law of Vsevolod"[250]. m (1123) VSEVOLOD Mstislavich Prince of Novgorod, son of MSTISLAV II "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden (-11 Feb 1138).

b) VSEVOLOD Davidovich (-after 1124). Baumgarten records this marriage and cites a primary source in support[251]. Prince of Murom. m (1124) --- of Poland, daughter of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his first wife Zbislava Sviatopolkovna of Kiev (before 1111-). Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the wife of Prince Vsevolod but cites only one secondary source in support[252]. It is assumed from her marriage date that she must have been born from her father's first marriage.

c) VLADIMIR Davidovich (-killed in battle Jul 1151). Baumgarten names him, citing a secondary source in support[253]. Prince of Chernigov 1139. m (1144) as her first husband, --- Vsevolodna of Gorodeno, daughter of VSEVOLODKO Davidovich Prince of Gorodeno & his wife Agafia Vladimirovna. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. She married secondly ([1152]) Baszkord Khan of the Kumans. Vladimir & his wife had one child:

i) SVIATOSLAV Vladimirovich (-[1166/67]). Baumgarten names him, citing a secondary source in support[254]. Prince of Vshchizh [Wczyz]. m (1159) ROSTISLAVA Andreievna of Suzdal, daughter of ANDREI Iurievich "Bogoliubskii" Prince of Rostov and Suzdal & his first wife Ulita Stefanovna (-1167). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

d) IZIASLAV Davidovich (-killed in battle 6 Mar 1167). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[255]. Prince of Chernigov 1151-1155. Grand Prince of Kiev 1154-1155, 1158, 1161-1167. m ---. The name of Iziaslav´s wife is not known. Iziaslav & his wife had one child:

i) --- Iziaslavna. Baumgarten records her parentage and marriage, citing a secondary source in support[256]. m (1155) as his second wife, GLEB Iurievich Prince of Pereyaslavl, son of IURII Vladimirovich "Dolgorukiy/Longarm" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife --- of the Kumans (-20 Jan 1172). He was proclaimed GLEB Grand Prince of Kiev in 1169.

e) ROSTISLAV Davidovich (-1120). Baumgarten names him, citing a secondary source in support[257].

5. OLEG MIKHAIL Sviatoslavich "Gorislavich" ([1058]-1 Aug 1115[258]). The Primary Chronicle names Oleg, son of Sviatoslav, recording that he and Vladimir, son of Vsevolod, fought the Czechs with the Poles in 1076[259]. Prince of Volynia [1073]. He claimed Chernigov in 1076 on the death of his father, but was expelled in Apr 1078 by his uncles Iziaslav and Vsevolod to Tmutorokan. He returned with support from the Kuman [Cumans] to take Chernigov by force and defeated his uncle Vsevolod on the river Sozh, east of Pereyaslavl, 25 Aug 1078[260]. Prince Vsevolod sought support from Prince Iziaslav. They defeated Oleg 3 Oct 1078 at Nezhatin Meadow near Chernigov, where Prince Iziaslav was killed. Oleg was kidnapped from Tmutorokan on the orders of his uncle Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev and taken to Constantinople (from where he went to Rhodos where he spent two years and married his first wife), being replaced by Vsevolod's agent Ratibor, who in turn was expelled by Oleg's cousins David Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich, before returning himself to take control of Tmutorokan in [1083]. He captured Chernigov in 1094, after expelling Prince Vladimir "Monomakh". He was expelled in 1095 by Princes Vladimir and Sviatopolk, but waged continual war against them 1096/97[261]. He installed himself as Prince of Murom and Suzdal in 1096, but was obliged to withdraw by the armed forces of Mstislav Vladimirovich Prince of Novgorod (later Mstislav II Grand Prince of Kiev)[262]. Under the terms of the family accord at Liubech in 1097, he became Prince of Novgorod-Severskiy and Riazan. m firstly (Rhodos [1081/83]) THEOPHANO Musalonissa, from Rhodos. Baumgarten records this marriage, citing one secondary source in support[263]. m secondly --- Kuman princess, daughter of OSSOLUR Asaduk Khan of Kumans. Baumgarten records this marriage and cites a primary source in support[264]. Oleg & his first wife had three children:

a) VSEVOLOD Olegovich (-1 Aug 1146). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[265]. Prince of Chernigov 1127-1139. He succeeded in 1139 as VSEVOLOD II Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

b) IGOR Olegovich (1096-murdered Kiev 19 Sep 1147). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[266]. Prince of Kursk 1115-1127. Prince of Chernigov 1139-1146. He succeeded in 1146 as IGOR Grand Prince of Kiev. He was expelled 1147 by Iziaslav Mstislavich, became a monk, but murdered shortly after. He came to be venerated as a saint.

c) GLEB Olegovich (-1138). Baumgarten names him, citing a secondary source in support[267]. He was installed as Prince of Kursk in 1136. He helped his brother Sviatoslav, then Prince of Novgorod, to drive out Vsevolod Mstislavich from Pskov where he had been planning to invade Novgorod[268]. m ---. The name of Gleb´s wife is not known. Gleb & his wife had one child:

i) IZIASLAV Glebovich (-14 May 1134). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[269].

Oleg & his second wife had one child:

d) SVIATOSLAV NIKOLAI Olegovich (-15 Feb 1164). Baumgarten names him, citing a secondary source in support[270]. He was installed as Prince of Novgorod-Severskiy in 1139.

- see below, Chapter 5. PRINCES of NOVGOROD-SEVERSKIY and KURSK.

6. IAROSLAV Sviatoslavich (-1130). The Primary Chronicle names Iaroslav brother of Oleg, recording that the latter sent him as an outpost while he was attempting to seize Novgorod[271]. Prince of Chernigov 1123/27. Prince of Riazan and Murom 1127/29.

- see below, Chapter 6. PRINCES of RIAZAN, MUROM and PRONSK.

Baumgarten names the following family sub-group and cites sources in support[272].

VSEVOLOD II 1139-1146, IGOR 1146-1147

VSEVOLOD Olegovich, son of OLEG MIKHAIL Sviatoslavich "Gorislavich" Prince of Novgorod-Severskiy and Riazan & his [first/second] wife --- (-1 Aug 1146). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[273]. Prince of Chernigov 1127-1139. He succeeded in 1139 as VSEVOLOD II Grand Prince of Kiev.

m MARIA Mstislavna of Kiev, daughter of MSTISLAV II "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden (-Winter 1179).

Grand Prince Vsevolod II & his wife had four children:

1. ANNA Vsevolodovna. Baumgarten names her and her marriage, citing a secondary source in support[274]. m IVAN Vasilkovich Prince of Terebovl, son of VASILKO Rostislavich Prince of Terebovl & his wife --- (-1141).

2. SVIATOSLAV Vsevolodich (-24 Jul 1194). He succeeded in 1176 as SVIATOSLAV III Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

3. IAROSLAV Vsevolodich ([1139/40]-[1198/99]). Prince of Chernigov 1176. He invaded Smolensk in 1196, triggering a fierce but inconclusive war which spread to Polotsk, Kiev and Chernigov[275]. m IRINA IEFROSINIA Borisovna (-1202). Iaroslav & his wife had three children:

a) ROSTISLAV Iaroslavich (24 Jun 1174-after 1214). Prince of Snov. m (15 Jun or 11 Aug 1187) VSESLAVA Vsevolodovna of Vladimir, daughter of VSEVOLOD Iurievich "Balshoe Gniezdo/Big Nest" Prince of Vladimir & his first wife Maria of Ossetia (-after 1206).

b) IAROPOLK Iaroslavich (-after 1214). Prince of Novgorod-SEVERSKIY 1197. m ---. The name of Iaropolk´s wife is not known. Iaropolk & his wife had one child:

i) VSEVOLOD Iaropolkovich. Prince of Chernigov 1246-1263. m ANASTASIA, daughter of ---.

c) --- Iaroslavna. m (8 Nov 1179) VLADIMIR Glebovich Prince of Pereyaslavl, son of GLEB Iurievich Prince of Pereyaslavl Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- Iziaslavna of Chernigov (1157-18 Apr 1187).

4. SVENISLAVA Vsevolodovna (-[1155/63]). Baumgarten names the first wife of Duke Boleslaw and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[276]. m (1142) as his first wife, BOLESLAW I Duke of Silesia, son of WŁADYSŁAW II "Wygnaniec/the Exile" Prince of Krakow and Silesia & his wife Agnes of Austria (1127-8 Dec 1201). He was invested in 1163 as BOLESLAW I Duke of Breslau.

SVIATOSLAV III 1176-1194

SVIATOSLAV Vsevolodich, son of VSEVOLOD II Olegovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Maria Mstislavna of Kiev (-24 Jul 1194). His father installed him as Prince of Volynia [1144], triggering war with Vladimirko Vsevolodich Prince of Galich who objected to the appointment[277]. Prince of Severskiy -1176. Prince of Chernigov 1164-1176. He challenged the succession of Iaroslav Iziaslavich as Grand Prince of Kiev in 1174. After allying himself with the Rostislavichi branch, Princes of Smolensk, he was able to succeed 1176 as SVIATOSLAV III Grand Prince of Kiev, introducing a period of stability in the government of Kiev which continued until his death in 1194[278]. His army inflicted a serious defeat on the Kuman in 1184, capturing several of their khans[279].

m firstly (1143) MARIA Vasilkovna of Polotsk, daughter of VASILKO Sviatoslavich Prince of Polotsk & his wife ---.

m secondly --- (-after 1190). The name of Sviatoslav´s second wife is not known.

Grand Prince Sviatoslav III & his [first/second] wife had nine children:

1. MSTISLAV Sviatoslavich (-killed in battle Kalka River 1223). Prince of Chernigov (1215-23). He was killed fighting the Mongols in their first invasion of Rus territory[280]. m --- Iasian princess, daughter of ---. Mstislav & his wife had one child:

a) VASILKO Mstislavich (-killed in battle 31 May 1223). Prince of Nesvich. He was killed, along with his father, fighting the Mongols in their first invasion of Rus territory[281].

2. VLADIMIR Sviatoslavich (-1201). Prince of Novgorod 1180/82. m (1177) FEBRONIA [Prebrana] [Mikhailovna, daughter of MIKHAIL Iurievich Prince of Vladimir & his wife Febronia ---. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[282], Febronia was the daughter of Iurii Vladimirovich "Dolgorukiy/Longarm" Grand Prince of Kiev, the father of Mikhail Iurievich. If she was the latter's daughter, she was only an infant when she married.

3. GLEB Sviatoslavich (-after 1219). Prince of Bielgorod. Prince of Chernigov. m ([1183]) [ANASTASIA] Rurikovna, daughter of RURIK II Rostislavich Prince of Ovrutsch Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife Anna Iurievna of Turov. Gleb & his wife had three children:

a) MSTISLAV FEDOR Glebovich (-after 1239). Prince of Turov. Prince of Chernigov 1235/1238. The Mongols, under Batu, captured Chernigov 18 Oct 1239[283]. m ---. The name of Mstislav´s wife is not known. Mstislav & his wife had two children:

i) ANDREI Mstislavich (-killed in battle after 1261). Prince of Chernigov. m (1261) OLGA Vasilkovna of Galich, daughter of VASILKO Romanovich King of Galich & his second wife Helena of Poland (-after 10 Dec 1288). Baumgarten names her and cites a Russian primary source[284].

ii) --- Mstislavich ([1233]-after 1245).

b) IEVFEMIA Glebovna of Chernigov. She was sent to Constantinople in 1194. Betrothed (1194) to ALEXIOS Angelos, son of Emperor ISAAKIOS II Emperor & his first wife --- ([1182/83]-murdered 1204 after 28 Jan). He succeeded in 1203 as Emperor ALEXIOS IV.

c) --- Glebovna (-killed in battle 7 Feb 1238). m (1215) VLADIMIR Vsevolodich Prince of Moscow and Pereyaslavl, son of VSEVOLOD Iurievich "Balshoe Gniezdo/Big Nest" Prince of Vladimir & his first wife Maria of Ossetia (-6 Jan 1229).

4. BOLESLAVA Sviatoslavna (-before 1189). m (1167) as his first wife, VLADIMIR Iaroslavich Prince of Peremyshl, son of IAROSLAV Vladimirkovich "Osmomysl" Prince of Galich & his first wife Olga Iurievna of Kiev (-1199). He succeeded in 1187 as Prince of Galich.

5. VSEVOLOD Sviatoslavich "Chermnyi" (-[1214/15]). He succeeded in 1205 as VSEVOLOD Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

6. OLEG Sviatoslavich (-[1204]). Prince of Chernigov 1202. m firstly --- Andreievna of Vladimir, daughter of ANDREI Iurievich Prince of Pereyaslavl & his wife --- of the Kumans (before 1141-before 1176). m secondly (before 1176) --- Iurievna of Riazan, daughter of IURII Rostislavich Prince of Riazan and Murom & his wife ---. Oleg & his second wife had one child:

a) DAVID Olegovich (-1196). Prince of Chernigov 1190/96. m (1190) --- Igorovna, daughter of IGOR ---.

7. --- Sviatoslavna . Baumgarten names Mstislav but cites only two secondary sources in support, without specifying which refers to Mstislav´s wife[285]. m (1170) MSTISLAV Vladimirovich Prince of Dorogobuzh, son of VLADIMIR Mstislavich Prince of Terebovl, Volynia and Dorogobuzh & his wife --- (-after 1202).

8. MARIA Sviatoslavna . Baumgarten names her and cites a primary source[286]. m (1168) as his second wife, IAROPOLK Iziaslavich, son of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- of Lithuania (-7 Mar 1168).

VSEVOLOD 1205/1214

VSEVOLOD Sviatoslavich "Chermnyi", son of SVIATOSLAV III Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his [first/second] wife --- (-[1214/15]). Prince of Chernigov 1204-1212. He challenged the rule of Rurik II Rostislavich in Kiev, seizing power in 1206 as VSEVOLOD Grand Prince of Kiev. Vsevolod was evicted shortly after by Rurik, the pattern being repeated in 1207[287]. Vsevolod seized control permanently in 1211 and evicted his rival[288]. The Rostislavichi branch regained power from Vsevolod in 1212.

m firstly ([11 Oct/24 Dec] 1178) --- of Poland, daughter of KAZIMIERZ II "Sprawiedliwy/the Just" Prince of Sandomir and Krakow & his wife Helena [of Moravia/of Smolensk] (1164-1194). Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the wife of Vasilko, but cites only one secondary source in support[289]. Baumgarten records her death in 1194, citing a Russian source in support[290].

m secondly ---.

Grand Prince Vsevolod & his first wife had two children:

1. MIKHAIL Vsevolodich ([1185]-executed 20 Sep 1246). He succeeded before 1237 as MIKHAIL Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

2. AGAFIA Vsevolodovna (-killed in battle 7 Feb 1238). Her marriage was arranged to bolster the support of the Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal for her father's bid for power in Kiev in 1211[291]. When the Mongols invaded Vladimir she sought refuge with her sons in the Cathedral of the Assumption, but this was set alight by the invaders. m (10 Apr 1211) IURII Vsevolodich Prince of Vladimir, son of VSEVOLOD Iurievich "Balshoe Gniezdo/Big Nest" Prince of Vladimir & his first wife Maria of Ossetia (1188-1238).

Grand Prince Vsevolod & his second wife had four children:

3. VERA Vsevolodovna. m ALEKSANDR Glebovich Prince of Dubroviczk, son of GLEB Iurievich Prince of Dubrovitsa and Turov & his wife --- Rostislavna of Smolensk (-killed in battle Kalka River 1223).

4. --- Vsevolodovna. m (before 1208) MIKHAIL Vsevolodich Prince of Pronsk, son of VSEVOLOD Glebovich Prince of Pronsk & his wife --- (-murdered 20 Jul 1217).

Baumgarten names the following family sub-group and cites sources in support, except for the descendants of the children of Mikhail Vsevolodich who are shown in square brackets[292].

MIKHAIL 1237-1239

MIKHAIL Vsevolodich, son of VSEVOLOD Sviatoslavich "Chermnyi" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife [Anastasia] of Poland ([1185]-executed 20 Sep 1246). His father established Mikhail as Prince of Pereyaslavl in 1206, during the former's first brief period of rule in Kiev, but he lost the principality to Rurik II Rostislavich Grand Prince of Kiev later the same year[293]. Prince of Chernigov 1226. He was installed as Prince of Novgorod in early 1225[294], left for Chernigov later the same year, but returned in 1229 only to leave again in 1230 leaving his son Rostislav at Novgorod[295]. Challenging the supremacy of the Rostislavichi branch in Kiev, he allied himself with the Kuman and attacked Kiev. Vladimir Rurikovich Grand Prince of Kiev was captured, though released upon payment of a ransom, and Mikhail succeeded by 1237 as MIKHAIL Grand Prince of Kiev. Faced with the threat of attack by the Mongols, who had invaded north-eastern Rus, Mikhail fled to Hungary after the fall of Chernigov 18 Oct 1239[296]. After several years seeking assistance and refuge in Hungary, Poland and Galich, by 1243 he accepted the Mongols' recognition of Iaroslav Vsevolodich as senior prince of the dynasty and returned to Chernigov. He visited the Mongol capital Sarai to pay allegiance but refused to comply with the requirements made of him and was executed. He was later recognised as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church[297].

m ([1211]) MARIA Romanovna, daughter of ROMAN Mstislavich Prince of Galich & his first wife Predslava Rurikovna (-after 1241).

Mikhail Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife had eight children:

1. ROSTISLAV Mikhailovich ([1225]-1263). Prince of Novgorod 1229-1230. Grand Prince of Kiev 1231/1240. Prince of Galich 1236/1238. He assumed the title ROSTISLAV Tsar of the Bulgarians after 1258.

- see below.

2. MARIA Mikhailovna (-7 or 9 Dec 1271). m (10 Feb 1227) VASILKO Konstantinovich Prince of Rostov, son of KONSTANTIN Vsevolodich Prince of Rostov, Grand Prince of Vladimir & his wife --- Mstislavna of Smolensk (7 Dec 1208 or 1209-murdered 4 Mar 1238).

3. IEFROSINIA Mikhailovna ([1212]-25 Sep 1250). She became a nun as THEODULA. Betrothed (1233) to FEDOR Iaroslavich Prince of Novgorod, son of IAROSLAV Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Vladimir & his third wife Fedosia Igorevich of Riazan (Winter 1219-5 Jun 1233).

4. [ROMAN Mikhailovich (-after 1305). Prince of Briansk 1246-88.] m ANNA ---. Roman & his wife had three children:

a) OLEG Romanovich of Briansk and Chernigov (1288-[1290/1307]).

b) MIKHAIL Romanovich.

c) IELENA Romanovna . Baumgarten names her and cites a Russian primary source[298]. m VLADIMIR IVAN Vasilkovich of Galich, son of VASILKO Romanovich King of Galich & his second wife Helena of Poland (after 1248-10 Dec 1288 or [1289]). Grand Prince of Volynia 1269.

5. [SEMËN Mikhailovich. Prince of Gluchov. Ancestor of Princes Odoevsky (extinct)[299].] m ---. The name of Semën´s wife is not known. Semën & his wife had one child:

a) ROMAN Semënovich of Novosilsk. m ---. The name of Roman´s wife is not known. Roman & his wife had one child:

i) IURII Romanovich. m ---. The name of Iurii´s wife is not known. Iurii & his wife had two children:

(a) SEMËN Iurievich.

(b) IVAN Iurievich (-after 1371). Prince of Novosilsk and Odoievsk. m --- of Lithuania, daughter of ALGIRDAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his first wife [Maria] Iaroslavna of Vitebsk.

6. [MSTISLAV Mikhailovich (1220-1280). at Karachev.] m ---. The name of Mstislav´s wife is not known. Mstislav & his wife had two children:

a) ANDREI Mstislavich (-1339). [300]m --- of Lithuania, daughter of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his [third] wife [Ievna [Eva] Ivanovna].

b) TIT Mstislavich. He is shown in the outline genealogy of the Rurikid set out in Ferrand[301], but not mentioned in Europäische Stammtafeln[302]. m ---. The name of Tit´s wife is not known. Tit & his wife had two children:

i) SVIATOSLAV Titovich . m (after 1376) FEDORA of Lithuania, daughter of ALGIRDAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his first wife [Maria] Iaroslavna of Vitebsk. Sviatoslav & his wife had one child:

(a) IURII Sviatoslavich. Prince of Massalsk. Possible ancestor of Princes Massalsky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire several times between 7 Sep 1862 and 21 Mar 1889[303].

ii) IVAN Titovich of Kozelsk . Ancestor of the Princes Gortchakov (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire several times between 24 Jun 1848 and 17 Mar 1871[304]. m AGRAFENA Olegovna, daughter of OLEG Ivanovich Grand Prince of Riazan & his wife Iefrosinia ---.

7. [IURII Mikhailovich. Prince of Torussa.] m ---. The name of Iurii´s wife is not known. Iurii & his wife had three children:

a) [305]VSEVOLOD Iurievich. m ---. The name of Vsevolod´s wife is not known. Vsevolod & his wife had one child:

i) ANDREI Vsevolodich "Shutycha" of Mezetzk. 1261. m ---. The name of Andrei´s wife is not known. Andrei & his wife had one child:

(a) ALEKSANDR Andreievich. Prince at Bariatino. Ancestor of the Princes Bariatinsky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire several times between 30 Apr 1798 and 21 Oct 1858 [306].

b) [307]KONSTANTIN Iurievich. Prince of Obolensk. m ---. The name of Konstantin´s wife is not known. Konstantin & his wife had one child:

i) IVAN Konstantinovich. Prince of Obolensk. m ---. The name of Ivan´s wife is not known. Ivan & his wife had one child:

(a) KONSTANTIN Ivanovich. m ---. The name of Konstantin´s wife is not known. Konstantin & his wife had two children:

(1) IVAN Konstantinovich. m ---. The name of Ivan´s wife is not known. Ivan & his wife had two children:

a. MIKHAIL Ivanovich. Ancestor of the Princes Repnin (extinct). The heiress Princess Alexandra Nikolaievna Repnin (died 1834) married Prince Grigori Semënovich Volkonsky, their descendants adopting the name and arms of the Princes Repnin, and their princely status being confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire 24 Sep 1852 and 27 May 1853[308].

b. SEMËN Ivanovich. Ancestor of the Princes Obolensky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire many times between 25 Oct 1832 and 5 Dec 1888[309].

(2) ANDREI Konstantinovich. m ---. The name of Andrei´s wife is not known. Andrei & his wife had two children:

a. VASILY Andreievich "Stcherbaty". Ancestor of the Princes Stcherbatov (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire many times between 8 Feb 1828 and 30 May 1877[310].

b. IVAN Andreievich Dolgoruky. Possible ancestor of the Princes Dolgoruky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire many times between 2 Jan 1798 and 11 Feb 1871[311].

c) [312]IVAN Iurievich "Tolstaia Golova" (1340-). Ancestor of the Princes Volkonsky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire many times between 4 Mar 1799 and 25 Jan 1888[313].

8. [FEDULIA Mikhailovna ([1165-1250). She was canonised in 1580 as St Iefrosina of Suzdal. m (1201) SVIATOSLAV of Chernigovsk .]

ROSTISLAV Mikhailovich, son of MIKHAIL Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Maria Romanovna of Galich ([1225]-1263). He was appointed Prince of Novgorod in 1229 by his father but was expelled 8 Dec 1230[314]. Grand Prince of Kiev 1231/1240. Prince of Galich 1236/1238. After the Mongol invasion, he sought refuge with Bela IV King of Hungary, married the king's daughter, and was appointed Ban of Mačva. He mediated the peace between Bulgaria and the empire of Nikaia in 1256[315]. On the death of his son-in-law Kalojan II Tsar of Bulgaria in 1258, Rostislav invaded Bulgaria from neighbouring Mačva, ostensibly to protect the interests of his daughter, who was handed to him at Trnovo. He retreated to Vidin where he assumed the title ROSTISLAV Tsar of the Bulgarians, and was recognised as such by Hungary[316]. His forces were temporarily expelled from Vidin province by his rival Konstantin Tih, during Rostislav's temporary absence helping his father-in-law Bela IV King of Hungary in his war with Bohemia, but restored by Hungarian troops which expelled Konstantin from the area in 1261[317]. On his death, his lands were divided between his sons, Mikhail taking his part of Bosnia and Bela taking Mačva.

m (1243) ANNA of Hungary, daughter of BÉLA IV King of Hungary & his wife Maria Laskarina of Nikaia ([1226/27]-). Her parentage and marriage are indicated by Georgius Akropolites who names "Rosum Urum…Ungariæ regis generum" as father-in-law of "Bulgarorum…princeps"[318]. The name of the wife of Rostislav is confirmed by the Annales Polonorum recording the marriage in 1265 of their daughter Gryfina, in a later passage specifying that she was daughter of "ducis Roczislay et…Anna"[319]. Baumgarten names the wife of Prince Rostislav and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[320].

Rostislav Mikhailovich & his wife had five children:

1. GRYFINA [Agripina] Rostislavna (after 1243-[26 May 1303/09]). The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the marriage of "Lestko" and "dominam Grifinam" in 1268, recording in a later passage that "domna Grifina rediit ad ducem Lestkonem" in 1276[321]. The Annales Polonorum record that in 1271 "Griphina uxor ducis Lestconis Syradiensis" declared her own virginity to record the impotence of her husband[322]. The Annales Polonorum record the marriage in 1265, in a later passage specifying that she was daughter of "ducis Roczislay et…Anna"[323]. m (1268) LESZKO "Czarny/the Black" Prince of Sieradz, son of KAZIMIERZ I Prince of Kujavia, Łęczyca and Sieradz [Piast] & his second wife Konstanze von Schlesien [Piast] ([1240/42]-30 Sep 1288). He succeeded in 1279 as Prince of Krakow and Sandomir.

2. ANNA Rostislavna ([after 1243]-[1296/98]). Her parentage and first marriage are indicated by Georgius Akropolites who names "Rosum Urum…Ungariæ regis generum" as father-in-law of "Bulgarorum…princeps"[324]. Her first marriage was arranged to confirm the alliance between Bulgaria and Hungary in 1255[325]. After the death of her first husband, his successor forcibly married her. Georgius Akropolites records that "consobrino suo Callimano" married "Bulgarorum princeps…Michael…uxore" after killing her first husband[326]. After the latter's death shortly after, she was handed back to her father after he invaded Bulgaria[327]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[328], the wife of Moys de Dáró was the daughter of András of Hungary & his wife Ielena Mstislavna of Galich. m firstly ([1255]) MIHAIL II ASEN Tsar of the Bulgarians, son of IVAN ASEN II Tsar of the Bulgarians & his third wife Eirene Komnene Angelina of Epirus ([1238]-murdered 1257). m secondly (1257) KOLOMAN II Tsar of the Bulgarians, son of ALEXANDER of Bulgaria, sébastokrator & his wife --- of Serbia (-murdered 1258). m[329] thirdly (May 1260) MOYS de Dáró, Judge of the Kumans, Palatine of Hungary, Gespan of Sopron, son of --- (-end 1280).

3. KUNIGUNDA [Kunguta] Rostislavna (1245-9 Sep 1285, bur Prague Erlöserkirche). The Canonicorum Pragensium Continuationes Cosmæ records the marriage "VIII Kal Nov 1261" of "Cunegundem filiam Hostislai ducis Bulgarorum" and the king "in castello Ungarias…Possen"[330]. The Chronica Pragensis (Chronicon Francisci) records the second marriage of "Rex Przsemysl" and "Chungundam, Regis de Mazouia filiam"[331]. The Altahenses Annales record the marriage in 1261 of "Otaker rex" and "Chunigundem filiam Regis Ruscie, neptem Bele regis Ungarie ex filia"[332]. m firstly (Pressburg 25 Oct 1261) as his second wife, OTAKAR PŘEMYSL II King of Bohemia, son of WENZEL I King of Bohemia & his wife Kunigunde von Hohenstaufen (1233-killed in battle Dürnkrut 26 Aug 1278, bur Znaim Minoriten). m secondly (Prague 2 Jun 1284) as his second wife, ZAVIŠ von Rosenberg zu Skalitz und Falkenstein, son of BUDIWOJ von Krumau [Rosenberg] & his wife Perchta von Skalitz (-beheaded Schloß Frauenberg 24 Aug 1290, bur Hohenfurt).

4. MIKHAIL Rostislavich (-after 1268). On his father's death, he succeeded in the part of Bosnia held by his father. He supported Bela IV King of Hungary in the civil war against his son István in 1263/66, and was ousted by the latter in 1268[333].

5. BELA Rostislavich (-killed 1272). According to Fine, on his father's death, Bela succeeded as Ban of Mačva[334].

E. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV, PRINCES of PEREYASLAVL, descendants of VSEVOLOD I Grand Prince of Kiev (fifth son of IAROSLAV I)

The principality of Pereyaslavl lay to the east and south-east of the principality of Kiev and south of the principality of Chernigov. It was the first line of defence for Kiev for invasions from the steppe people to the east. In the second half of the 11th and early 12th centuries, Pereyaslavl was closely linked to Kiev being ruled either directly by the Grand Prince of Kiev or his designated successor.

Like the branch descended from Sviatoslav II Grand Prince of Kiev, set out in Part D, this branch of the family continued to provide Grand Princes of Kiev until 1240, following the invasion of the Mongols.

VSEVOLOD I 1076-1078

VSEVOLOD Iaroslavich, son of IAROSLAV I "Mudriy/the Wise" Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife Ingigerd Olafsdottir of Sweden (1030-13 Apr 1093, bur Kiev, Church of St Sophia). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Vsevolod "a fourth son" to Vladimir in 1030[335]. Snorre names "Valdemar, Vissivald and Holte the Bold" as the children of "King Jarisleif" & his wife[336]. In accordance with the terms of his father's testament, he succeeded in 1054 as Prince of Pereyaslavl, the territory including Rostov, the whole Volga, Oka and Klazma river basin and the region of Bielooziero[337]. He was defeated [1062] by the Kuman [Cumans], in their first attack against Rus. He was forced out of Pereyaslavl and retreated to Kiev[338]. He was appointed to succeed his brother Sviatoslav as Prince of Chernigov in 1073. He succeeded his brother in 1076 as VSEVOLOD I Grand Prince of Kiev, but was deposed in 1077 by his older brother Iziaslav. His nephew Oleg Sviatoslavich claimed Chernigov after the death of his father Sviatoslav, but was expelled by Vsevolod in Apr 1078. Oleg returned with support from the Kuman [Cumans] to take Chernigov by force, defeating Vsevolod on the river Sozh, east of Pereyaslavl, 25 Aug 1078[339]. Prince Vsevolod thereupon sought support from his brother Iziaslav, and they defeated Oleg 3 Oct 1078 at Nezhatin Meadow near Chernigov, where Prince Iziaslav was killed[340]. Vsevolod was restored once more as Grand Prince of Kiev in 1078 after Prince Iziaslav's death. The Primary Chronicle records the death 13 Apr 1093 of Vsevolod son of Yaroslav and his place of burial[341].

m firstly (1046) [MARIA] [Irina], daughter of [--- Monomachos] & his wife --- ([1030/35]-1067). The Primary Chronicle refers to the wife of Vsevolod as "the Greek princess" but does not name her or give her origin[342]. The primary source which states her name has not yet been identified. She and her marriage are not referred to in Greek sources. No doubt her belonging to the Monomachos family has been assumed, firstly because her son is generally known as "Vladimir Monomakh" and secondly because Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachos ruled in Byzantium at the date of her marriage, but no information has been found to corroborate this relationship. It is unlikely that she was the daughter of Emperor Konstantinos himself as he is not recorded in Greek sources as having had children by any of his wives or mistresses, although her birth date range (estimated from the birth of her son in 1053) would be consistent with her having been the daughter of his second marriage. In particular, Psellos mentions no children in his detailed review of the events of the emperor´s reign. Her birth date is estimated from her having given birth to her son in 1053. The primary source which corroborates the date of her marriage has not so far been identified.

m secondly --- Kuman princess, daughter of --- Khan of the Kumans (-1111). Baumgarten records this marriage and cites a primary source in support[343]. She adopted the name ANNA after her marriage.

Grand Prince Vsevolod I & his first wife had one child:

1. VLADIMIR Vsevolodich (1053-19 May 1125). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Vladimir son of Vsevolod "by the Greek princess" in 1053[344]. He succeeded in 1113 as VLADIMIR "Monomach" Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

Grand Prince Vsevolod I & his second wife had five children:

2. ROSTISLAV Vsevolodich (1070-drowned Stugna River 26 May 1093, bur Kiev Church of St Sophia). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Rostislav, son of Vsevolod, in 1070[345]. Prince of Pereyaslavl. He took part with his half-brother Vladimir and Sviatopolk Grand Prince of Kiev in the campaign against the Kuman [Cumans] in 1093, and after their defeat was drowned while retreating across the river Stugna[346].

3. IEVPRAXIA Vsevolodovna ([1071]-10 Jul 1109, bur Kiev, Crypt Monastery). The Annalista Saxo names "Eupracciam filiam regis Ruscie qui in nostra lingua vocobatur Adelheid, quam postea duxit Heinricus imperator" as wife of "Heinricus marchio"[347]. She was known as ADELHEID in Germany. Contemporary chroniclers were scandalised by the alleged sexual abuses inflicted on his second wife by Heinrich IV[348] who imprisoned her at Verona, from where she was released in 1094 by Matilda Ctss of Tuscany. The Chronicon of Bernold records that "Praxedis reginæ" made complaints about her treatment "inauditas fornicationum spurcicias" to the synod of Konstanz in 1094 and that her separation was agreed in 1095 at the same synod[349]. The Annales Sancti Diibodi gives lengthy details concerning her divorce[350]. The empress publicly denounced her husband at the council of Piacenza, presided over by Pope Urban II from 1 Mar 1095[351]. She became a nun at Kiev in 1095. The Primary Chronicle records that Eupraxia daughter of Vsevolod took the veil 6 Dec 1106[352]. The Primary Chronicle records the death 10 Jul 1109 of Eupraxia daughter of Vsevolod and her burial place[353]. m firstly HEINRICH I "der Lange" Graf von Stade Markgraf der Nordmark, son of LOTHAR UDO II Graf von Stade, Markgraf der Nordmark & his wife Oda von Werl ([1065]-27 Jun 1087). m secondly (14 Aug 1089, divorced 1095) as his second wife, Emperor HEINRICH IV King of Germany, son of Emperor HEINRICH III King of Germany & his second wife Agnès de Poitou ([Goslar] 11 Nov 1050-Liège 7 Aug 1106, bur Speyer cathedral).

4. IEKATERINA Vsevolodovna (-11 Aug 1108). The Primary Chronicle records the death 25 Jul 1108 of Catherine, daughter of Vsevolod[354]. Nun.

5. --- Vsevolodovna (-1089). Baumgarten records this daughter and cites a primary source in support[355].

6. IANKA [Anna] Vsevolodovna (-3 Nov 1112). The Primary Chronicle names Ianka, daughter of Vsevolod, recording that she became a nun "while still a maiden" at the convent of the Church of St Andrew founded by her father[356]. In 1089 she was sent to Constantinople to accompany the new Metropolitan, Ioann III, back to Kiev[357]. Abbess of Janczyn.

VLADIMIR II 1113-1125, IAROPOLK II 1132-1139, VIACHESLAV 1139, GLEB 1169/1172

VLADIMIR Vsevolodich, son of VSEVOLOD I Iaroslavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife [Maria or Irina] of Byzantium (1053-19 May 1125). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Vladimir son of Vsevolod "by the Greek princess" in 1053[358]. Morkinskinna records that “Valdimarr”, father of “Haraldr Valdimarsson”, was “the son of King Yaroslav and Ingigerdr, the daughter of Óláfr the Swede”, although this skips a generation in the generally accepted genealogy of the Rurikids[359]. Prince of Smolensk 1077 and 1095. Prince of Chernigov 1078. He was installed as Prince of Pereyaslavl in 1097 at the Liubech conference. He paid considerable attention to the northern borderlands, building several castles and towns for strategic reasons. He founded the town of Vladimir on the bank of the Kliazma river in 1108[360]. According to Martin, the town of Vladimir was founded by his son Iurii "Dolgorukii"[361] but this is chronologically impossible if the town was indeed founded in 1108. The people of Kiev invited him to rule them in 1113 after the death of Prince Sviatopolk, but Vladimir refused. After a second invitation, he accepted and succeeded in 1113 as VLADIMIR "Monomach" Grand Prince of Kiev. He captured Turov, Volynia where he installed his son Andrei in 1118, and Minsk in 1119[362]. Vladimir left an autobiographical document, which is referred to as his "testament" although it contains no bequests or detailed description of the members of his family, rather recounting his warrior exploits and giving general advice to his children (unnamed)[363].

m firstly ([1070]) [GYTHA, illegitimate daughter of HAROLD II King of England & his mistress Eadgyth Swanneshals ([1050/55]-). Gytha's estimated birth date range is based on the birth dates of her children and the estimated date of her husband's second marriage. According to Saxo Grammaticus, after her father's death she and her two brothers "immediately emigrated to Denmark" where Svend II Estrithsen King of Denmark "received them in a spirit of family duty" and arranged her marriage to "Waldemarus King of the Russians"[364]. Gytha is named as King Harold's daughter in Fagrskinna, which also gives her marriage to "Valldimar Konongr sun Iarozlæifs konongs I Holmgarde". Morkinskinna records that the mother of “Haraldr Valdimarsson”, father of Malmfrid who married Sigurd King of Norway, was “Edith the daughter of Harold Godwinson” and that her husband was “the son of King Yaroslav and Ingigerdr, the daughter of Óláfr the Swede” (although this skips a generation in the generally accepted genealogy of the Rurikids)[365]. The husband of Gytha has generally been identified as Grand Prince Vladimir "Monomach"[366], but Morkinskinna appears to be the only source which suggests that this is correct. Baumgarten cites no Russian source which corroborates the marriage[367], although his work is particularly thorough in its source citations. In addition, it is surprising that no single name from Gytha's family was used among the known descendants of Grand Prince Vladimir. While it is true that the Rurikid dynasty rarely imported foreign names for the male descendants, it was not unusual for females to bear names which are recognisable from the families of foreign princesses who married into the family. The obvious example is the Scandinavian name Ingeborg used by Vladimir's son Mstislav for his daughter by Christina of Sweden. It is probable that Gytha herself would not have been considered a good marriage prospect at the time: her mother was obscure, she herself was illegitimate, her father had been killed ignominiously, her family lived in exile without influential connections, and her brothers had fallen into complete obscurity. If a Russian marriage was arranged for her, it is likely that her husband would have been one of the lesser princes of the dynasty. The fact that the Scandinavian sources consistently propose a name similar to Vladimir should not be viewed as conclusive, as the difficult Russian first names were frequently transcribed into contemporary western sources with more creativity than accuracy. The inevitable, if disappointing, conclusion is that this Russian marriage of Gytha's should be viewed with some caution.]

m secondly --- (-7 May 1107). The Primary Chronicle records that the wife of Vladimir died 7 May 1107, but does not name her[368].

[m thirdly ([1107]) --- Kuman princess, daughter of AEPA Khan of the Kumans. Vladimir, in his "testament", refers to making "peace with Aepa, and after receiving his daughter in marriage" proceeding to Smolensk[369]. This passage has been assumed to indicate Vladimir's own marriage with the Khan's daughter. However, the Primary Chronicle, evidently referring to the same occasion, records the peace agreement with Aepa stating that Vladimir "took the daughter of Aepa son of Osen to be the wife of Prince George [Vladimir's son Iuri "Dolgoruki"]" 12 Jan 1108[370], not mentioning the marriage of another daughter to Vladimir himself.]

Grand Prince Vladimir & his first wife had six children:

1. MSTISLAV Vladimirovich (1076-15 Apr 1132). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Mstislav son of Vladimir, grandson of Vsevolod, in 1076[371]. He succeeded his father in 1125 as MSTISLAV II "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

2. IZIASLAV Vladimirovich (1077-killed in battle Murom 6 Sep 1096, bur Novgorod St Sophia). The Primary Chronicle names Iziaslav, son of Vladimir, recording that he arrived at Murom from Kursk in 1095[372]. Prince of Suzdal. The Primary Chronicle records that he was killed fighting Oleg Sviatoslavich, and his burial place[373].

3. SVIATOSLAV Vladimirovich ([1080]-16 Mar 1114). The Primary Chronicle names Sviatoslav, son of Vladimir, recording that his father gave him as a hostage to the Polovtsian Kytan in 1095[374]. Prince of Chernigov, Smolensk and Pereyaslavl.

4. IAROPOLK Vladimirovich (-18 Feb 1139). The Primary Chronicle names Iaropolk, son of Vladimir, recording that he accompanied Vladimir to Pereyaslavl in 1103[375]. Prince of Pereyaslavl 1114-1132. He succeeded his brother in 1132 as IAROPOLK II Grand Prince of Kiev. m (1116) ELENA of Ossetia, daughter of --- (-after 1246). Baumgarten records this marriage and cites a primary source in support[376].

5. VIACHESLAV Vladimirovich (-1154). The Primary Chronicle names Vyacheslav brother of Mstislav, recording that their father sent him "with Polovtsian support"[377]. Prince of Smolensk 1113-1125, Prince of Turov 1125-1132, 1134-1142, 1142-1146. Prince of Pereyaslavl 1132-1134, 1142. Prince of Peresopnin 1146-1149. Prince of Vyshgorod 1149-1151. He succeeded his brother in 1139 as VIACHESLAV Grand Prince of Kiev, but only ruled 8 days before ceding the city to Vsevolod Olegovich Prince of Chernigov. He was restored 1150, but expelled Sep 1150 in favour of his younger brother Iurii. After Iurii was in his turn expelled Mar 1151, Viacheslav ruled jointly with his nephew Iziaslav II. m ---. The name of Viacheslav´s wife is not known. Viacheslav & his wife had one child:

a) MIKHAIL Viacheslavich (-before 1154). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[378]. Prince of Turov 1129.

i) [ROMAN Mikhailovich. Baumgarten names he and his brother as possible children of Mikhail Viacheslavich[379]. 1155/60.]

ii) [--- Mikhailovich (-before 1150).]

6. MARINA Vladimirovna (-1146). Baumgarten cites Russian primary sources which confirm this couple's marriage[380]. m LEON Diogenes, son of --- (-murdered 15 Aug 1116). His parentage is unknown. He fled to Russia where he was accepted as a son of Emperor Romanos IV, although an imposter[381].

Grand Prince Vladimir & his second wife had six children:

7. ROMAN Vladimirovich (-6 Jan 1119). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[382]. Prince of Volynia 1118. m --- Volodarovna, daughter of VOLODAR Rostislavich Prince of Peremyshl.

8. IEVFEMIA Vladimirovna (-4 Apr 1139). Baumgarten names the second wife of King Kálmán and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[383]. She was repudiated by her husband and sent back to Suzdal before giving birth to her son[384]. m (1104, repudiated 1113) as his second wife, KÁLMÁN King of Hungary, son of GÉZA I King of Hungary & his first wife Sophie van Looz (1065-3 Mar 1116).

9. IEVPRAXIA Vladimirovna (-1109).

10. AGAFIA Vladimirovna. Baumgarten records her parentage and marriage, citing one primary source in support[385]. m (1116) VSEVOLOD Davidovich Prince of Gorodno, son of DAVID Igorevich Prince of Dorogobuzh & his wife --- (-1 Feb 1142).

11. IURII Vladimirovich "Dolgorukiy/Longarm" (-15 May 1158). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[386]. His succeeded as Prince of Rostov-Suzdal in 1125.

- see below, Chapter 8.A. PRINCES OF VLADIMIR.

12. ANDREI Vladimirovich (11 Jul 1102-1141). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source in support[387]. Prince of Pereyaslavl 1135-1141. He was installed by his father as Prince of Volynia 1119, after expelling Iaroslav Sviatopolkovich[388]. -1135. m --- Kuman princess, granddaughter of Khan TUGOR of the Kumans. Baumgarten records this marriage and cites a primary source in support[389]. Andrei & his wife had four children:

a) VIACHESLAV Andreievich.

b) VLADIMIR Andreievich (-28 Jan 1170). Prince of Dorogobuzh. m ---, daughter of --- Ban of ---.

c) IAROPOLK Andreievich. 1157/1160/1161.

d) --- Andreievna (before 1141-before 1176). m as his first wife, OLEG Sviatoslavich of Vladimir, son of SVIATOSLAV III Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his [first/second] wife --- (-[1204]). Prince of Chernigov 1202.

MSTISLAV II 1125-1132

MSTISLAV Vladimirovich, son of VLADIMIR Vsevolodich "Monomakh" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife [Gytha of England] (1076-Kiev 14 Apr 1132[390]). The Primary Chronicle records the birth of Mstislav, son of Vladimir, grandson of Vsevolod, in 1076[391]. Morkinskinna records that “Haraldr Valdimarsson” was the son of “Valdimarr” and “Edith the daughter of Harold Godwinsson”[392]. He was appointed Prince of Novgorod by his grandfather in 1088, Prince of Rostov 1093, and restored as Prince of Novgorod 1095[393]. He was transferred to Pereyaslavl 1117 by his father. He succeeded his father in 1125 as MSTISLAV II "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev.

m firstly (1095) CHRISTINE of Sweden, daughter of INGE I Stenkilson King of Sweden & his first wife Helena --- (-18 Jan 1122). Morkinskinna records that “Haraldr Valdimarsson” married “Kristin, the daughter of King Ingi Steinkelsson king of the Swedes”[394]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, which names “Ingiburgh filia Rizlavi…Ruthenorum Regis et Cristinæ Reginæ…filia…Ingonis Suevorum Regis et Helena Reginæ”[395].

m secondly (Kiev 1122) [LIUBAVA] Dmitrievna, daughter of DMITRY Zavidich boyar [Passadnik] of Novgorod & his wife --- (-after 1168). The marriage of Mstislav to "Dmitrevna daughter of Zavidich of Novgorod" is referred to in the Novgorod Chronicle[396].

Grand Prince Mstislav II & his first wife had eleven children:

1. VSEVOLOD Mstislavich (-11 Feb 1138[397]). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[398]. He was appointed as Prince of Novgorod in 1117 by his grandfather to succeed his father when the latter became Prince of Pereyaslavl. He conquered most of Estonia in 1132/1133, recaptured Yuriev and strengthened Novgorodian commercial interests. Novgorod revolted against Kievan supremacy in 1136, Vsevolod was expelled and the city became an independent community which elected its own princes over whom was superimposed the authority of the Council of Nobles[399]. Vsevolod attempted to force his way back but only reached Pskov where he installed himself as Prince in 1137[400]. m (Novgorod 1123[401]) --- Sviatoslavna, daughter of SVIATOSLAV Davidovich Prince of Lutsk & his wife Anna Sviatopolkovna of Kiev. The Chronicle of Novgorod refers indirectly to the (unnamed) daughter of Sviatoslav Davidovich, referring to the latter as "the father-in-law of Vsevolod"[402]. Vsevolod & his wife had [three] children:

a) [VLADIMIR (-after 1139). Baumgarten names him but cites only secondary sources in support[403]. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "regi Russie nomine Musuch" as second husband of Ryksa[404]. The charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, names him “Waldemar…Ruthenorum Rex”[405], although it is curious that it does not state Vladimir´s parentage as another line of consanguinity through Vladimir´s supposed paternal grandmother. This does suggest that Vladimir´s parentage may not be as shown here. Prince of Novgorod.] m (before 18 May 1136) as her second husband, RYKSA [Swantosława] of Poland, widow of MAGNUS I "den Stærke/the Strong" King of Denmark, daughter of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen ([1116/17]-after 25 Dec 1155). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Rikissam" as the only daughter of "dux Vergescelaus de Polonia" and his wife Agnes, specifying that "primo fuit regina Suecie", that by her second husband "regi Russie nomine Musuch" she was mother of "Sophiam reginam Dacie et Rikissam", the latter marrying "imperatoris Castelle Alfunso"[406]. This appears to be a confused account which contradicts other sources in many aspects. Her parentage and second marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, which records that “filia…Ducis Poloniæ…Bolezlavi” was mother of “Sophia cuius pater fuit Waldemar…Ruthenorum Rex”[407]. She married thirdly (after 1140) Sverker I King of Sweden. The primary source which confirms her third marriage has not yet been identified. Vladimir & his wife had one child:

i) SOFIA Vladimirovna ([1141]-5 May 1198, bur Ringsted). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Sophiam de Russia" as wife of "Waldemarum II"[408]. Her parentage and first marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, which records that “Waldemarus” and “Sophia cuius pater fuit Waldemar…Ruthenorum Rex” were parents of “dominam nostrum Franciæ reginam”[409]. Arnold's Chronica Slavorum confirms that "Lothewigus lantgravius de Thuringia, filius sororis imperatoris" repudiated his first wife on the grounds of consanguinity to marry "matrem Kanuti regis Danorum"[410]. The necrology of Lüneburg records the death "6 May" of "Sophia regine Dacie"[411]. m firstly (1157) VALDEMAR I "den Store/the Great" King of Denmark, son of KNUT "Lavard" Duke of South Jutland/Sønderjylland [Schleswig] and King of the Obotriten & his wife Ingeborg Mstislavna of Kiev (14 Jan 1131-Vordingborg 12 May 1182, bur Ringsted). m secondly ([1184], divorced 1187) as his second wife, LUDWIG III "der Milde" Landgraf of Thuringia, son of LUDWIG II "der Eiserne" Landgraf of Thuringia & his wife Judith [Jutta] von Staufen ([1152]-1190).

b) IVAN Vsevolodich (-1128). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[412].

c) VIACHESLAVA Vsevolodovna (-15 Mar after 1148). Baumgarten names and records the parentage of the first wife of Bolesław IV, citing sources in support[413]. m as his first wife, BOLESŁAW of Poland, son of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen (1122-15 Jan 1173). He succeeded in 1138 as BOLESŁAW IV "Kedzierwy/der Krause" Prince of Mazovia and Kujavia, and Prince of Krakow in 1146.

2. INGEBORG Mstislavna. Snorre names "Harald Valdemarson's other daughter, sister to Malmfrid…Ingebjorg" as wife of "Canute Lavard, a son of the Danish king Eirik the Good and grandson of King Svein Ulfson"[414]. Morkinskinna records that “Haraldr Valdimarsson´s second daughter…Ingibjorg” married “King Knútr lávardr”[415]. A charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, names “Ingiburgh filia Rizlavi…Ruthenorum Regis et Cristinæ Reginæ…filia…Ingonis Suevorum Regis et Helena Reginæ” as mother of “Waldemarum Regem”[416]. Her marriage was arranged by her maternal aunt Margareta Queen of Denmark to improve relations between the Swedish and Danish royal families[417]. 1131. m ([1116]) KNUD "Lavard" Count in Sønderjylland [Schleswig], son of ERIK I “Ejegod/the Good” King of Denmark & his wife Bodil Thorgunasdatter (Roskilde 12 [Mar/Apr] 1096-murdered Haraldsted Skov, near Ringsted 7 Jan 1131, bur Ringsted).

3. MALMFRIDA Mstislavna (-after 1137). Snorre records the marriage of Sigurd King of Norway and "Malmfrid, a daughter of King Harald Valdemarson, eastward in Novgorod"[418]. Morkinskinna records that Sigurd married “Malmfrídr, the daughter of Haraldr Valdimarsson from the east in Kiev…[and] Kristín, the daughter of King Ingi Steinkelsson king of the Swedes”[419]. Snorre records that King Sigurd divorced her[420]. "Erici Danorum regis, Erici filius" founded "præbendæ canonicalis in ecclesia Lundensi", with the consent of "Malfride regina et filio regis Svenone", by charter dated 6 Jan 1135[421]. The source which more precisely confirms that Malmfrid, divorced wife of King Sigurd, was the same person as Malmfrid wife of King Erik II had not yet been identified. Baumgarten records her parentage and second marriage but only cites one secondary source in support[422]. m firstly (divorced 1128) as his second wife, SIGURD I "Jorsalafare/the Crusader" King of Norway, illegitimate son of MAGNUS III "Berrføtt/Barfod/Barfot/Barefoot" King of Norway & his mistress --- ([1089/90]-Oslo 14 Aug 1130, bur Hallvardskyrka, Oslo). m secondly ([1130]) ERIK Eriksson of Denmark, illegitimate son of ERIK I “Ejegod/the Good” King of Denmark & his mistress --- (-near Ribe 18 Sep 1137, Ribe Cathedral). He succeeded in 1134 as ERIK II "Emun" King of Denmark.

4. --- Mstislavna. The marriage of "the daughter of Mstislav" with Iaroslavich Sviatopolkovich is referred to in the Chronicle of Novgorod[423]. m (1112 after 29 Jun, repudiated 1118) IAROSLAV Sviatopolkovich Prince of Volynia, son of SVIATOPOLK II Iziaslavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife --- (-killed in battle May 1123).

5. MARIA Mstislavna (-Winter 1179). Baumgarten names her and cites a primary source[424]. m VSEVOLOD Olegovich Prince of Chernigov, son of OLEG MIKHAIL Sviatoslavich "Gorislavich" Prince of Novgorod-Severskiy and Riazan & his [first/second] wife --- (-1 Aug 1146). He succeeded in 1139 as VSEVOLOD II Grand Prince of Kiev.

6. IZIASLAV Mstislavich (-13 Nov 1154). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[425]. He succeeded as IZIASLAV II Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

7. XENIA Mstislavna. Baumgarten names her, but citing only one secondary source[426]. m BRIACHESLAV Davidovich of Polotsk Prince of Iziaslavl, son of DAVID Vseslavich Prince of Polotsk & his wife --- Mstislavna (-after 1129).

8. SVIATOPOLK Mstislavich (-1154). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[427]. Prince of Polotsk and Minsk 1132. Prince of Novgorod 1142-1148. Prince of Volynia 1147. m (Novgorod [23 Dec 1143/6 Jan 1144]) --- of Moravia, daughter of [OTTO II "Niger" Duke of Moravia at Olmütz & his wife Sophie von Berg]. Sviatopolk's marriage in Novgorod "between Christmas and Epiphany" to "a wife from Moravia" is referred to in the Novgorod Chronicle[428]. Baumgarten refers to this marriage and identifies her as Euphemia, daughter of Duke Otto, whose birth is recorded in the Annales Gradicenses in 1115 "Eufemia" but which do not name her parents[429]. Baumgarten´s commentary suggests that he has not identified the source which names the wife of Sviatopolk, and that her co-identity with Euphemia is only accepted because "de toutes les princesses de Moravie, Euphémie seule pouvait être la femme de Swiatopolk"[430]. This does not seem a satisfactory way of proceeding as it is far from clear that the Bohemian sources name all Moravian princesses at the time. Until more information comes to light, it is better to show her parentage in square brackets.

9. DOBRODJEJA Mstislavna (-before 1136). Baumgarten states that "Irena [Dobrodeja]", daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav, married "Andronikos Komnenos", citing Byzantine primary sources in support[431]. According to Sturdza[432], the wife of Alexios Komnenos was "Irena" daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[433], Alexios married firstly Dobrodeja Mstislavna, adding that she was also called Eupraxia, presumably her Orthodox baptismal name. No primary source has so far been identified which identifies more precisely the wife of Alexios Komnenos. [m (1122) as his first wife, ALEXIOS Komnenos co-Emperor, son of Emperor IOANNES II & his wife Piroska [Eirene] of Hungary (Balabista in Macedonia Feb 1106-Attalia late summer 1142).]

10. ROSTISLAV Mstislavich (-Zaruba 14 Mar 1168 bur Kiev). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[434]. He succeeded in 1154 as ROSTISLAV Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below, Part F. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV.

11. ROGNEDA Mstislavna (-after 1168). Baumgarten names her and cites a primary source[435].

Grand Prince Mstislav II & his second wife had two children:

12. IEVFROSINA Mstislavna ([1130]-before 1186). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, which names “Ingiburgh filia Rizlavi…Ruthenorum Regis et Cristinæ Reginæ…filia…Ingonis Suevorum Regis et Helena Reginæ” as mother of “Waldemarum Regem” and refers to “prædictæ Ingeborgis soror” as mother of “Belæ Regis Hungariæ” who married “sororem Philippi Regis Francorum”[436]. Baumgarten names the wife of King Géza as the daughter of Prince Mstislav but only cites one secondary source in support[437]. m (1146) GÉZA II King of Hungary, son of BÉLA II "the Blind" King of Hungary & his wife Jelena of Serbia ([1130]-3 May 1162).

13. VLADIMIR Mstislavich (1132-30 May 1174). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[438]. Prince of Terebovl, Volynia and Dorogobuzh. m (1150) --- of Serbia, daughter of BELOŠ of Serbia Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia & his wife ---. Baumgarten refers to the wife of Vladimir Mstislavich as "--- Nemanja de Serbie, fille du Ban Bela et de Lavitza de Croatie", citing a secondary source[439]. No other reference to this person has been found, but it would be chronologically consented for her to have been the daughter of Beloš. Vladimir & his wife had four children:

a) MSTISLAV Vladimirovich (-after 1202). Baumgarten names Mstislav but cites only two secondary sources in support, without specifying which refers to Mstislav´s wife[440]. Prince of Dorogobuzh. m (1170) --- Sviatoslavna, daughter of SVIATOSLAV III Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his [first/second] wife ---. Baumgarten names Mstislav but cites only two secondary sources in support, without specifying which refers to Mstislav´s wife[441].

b) IAROSLAV Vladimirovich (-after 1207). He was installed as Prince of Novgorod in 1182, but "fetched away" in 1184 by Vsevolod "for the men of Novgorod were indignant with him because he had done them many wrongs"[442]. He was restored 20 Nov 1187, expelled again in 1196, restored again in 1197[443]. He is referred to as "Grand Prince" in 1198, but was "fetched out of" Novgorod again in 1199[444]. /99. m --- of Ossetia, daughter of --- (-25 Dec 1202). The Chronicle refers to "Iaroslav's Knyaginya" founding a monastery in 1199[445]. This would usually refer to his wife, but may be his daughter as the word was used in reference to the latter at her birth (see below). Baumgarten refers to a primary source recording the death of Iaroslav´s wife[446]. It is not known whether this source also refers to her origin. Iaroslav & his wife had three children:

i) --- Iaroslavna (Novgorod 15 Aug 1189-). Her birth is recorded in the Novgorod Chronicle, which does not give her name but refers to her as "Knyaginya"[447].

ii) IZIASLAV Iaroslavich (Novgorod 1190-Spring Lutsk 1198, bur Monastery of St Iurii). His birth and death are recorded in the Novgorod Chronicle[448]. Prince of Lutsk.

iii) ROSTISLAV Iaroslavich (Novgorod 1193-Novgorod Spring 1198, bur Monastery of St Iurii). His birth and death are recorded in the Novgorod Chronicle[449].

c) ROSTISLAV Vladimirovich. Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[450]. 1198/1202.

d) SVIATOSLAV Vladimirovich. Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[451]. 1189/1202.

IZIASLAV II 1146-1154, IAROSLAV 1172-1175, INGVAR 1202/1212

IZIASLAV Mstislavich, son of MSTISLAV I "the Great" Vladimirovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden (-13 Nov 1154). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[452]. He succeeded in 1146 as IZIASLAV II Grand Prince of Kiev, deposed 1149, restored 1150, deposed again and restored once more 1151-1154.

m firstly ---. The identity of Iziaslav´s first wife is not known. Baumgarten quotes a Polish source which records that Isiaslav´s daughter´s mother was "consanguinea Friderici imperatoris"[453].

m secondly ([1151/54]) as her first husband, RUSUDAN of Georgia, daughter of DEMETRE I King of Georgia & his wife --- (-after 1157). Baumgarten records this marriage and refers to his sources[454]. She married secondly Sanjar Shah.

Grand Prince Iziaslav II & his first wife had five children:

1. MSTISLAV Iziaslavich (-13 Aug [1172]). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[455]. He succeeded in 1168 as MSTISLAV II "Chabry" Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

2. --- Iziaslavna. Baumgarten records her marriage and cites a primary source[456]. m (1144) ROGVOLOD [Vasily] Borisovich Prince of Polotsk, son of BORIS Vseslavich (-[1162]).

3. IEVDOKIA Iziaslavna. Baumgarten names and records the parentage of the second wife of Mieszko III but cites only one secondary source in support[457]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to the second wife of Mieszko III as "filia regis Russie"[458]. m ([1151/54]) as his second wife, MIESZKO III "Stary" Prince of Greater Poland, son of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen ([1126/27]-13 Mar 1202).

4. IAROSLAV Iziaslavich (-1175). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[459]. Prince of Novgorod 1148/54. Prince of Volynia 1154. He was chosen to rule Kiev after the overthrow of Andrei Iurievich "Bogoliubskii", succeeding in 1172 as IAROSLAV Grand Prince of Kiev. He was, however, challenged by Sviatoslav Vsevolodich Prince of Chernigov who, after reaching agreement with the Rostislavichi branch, Princes of Smolensk, became sole Prince in Kiev after Iaroslav's death[460]. m [--- of Bohemia, daughter of VLADISLAV II King of Bohemia & his first wife Gertrud of Austria. Baumgarten cites a Russian source in which Prince Iziaslav is recorded as addressing the king of Bohemia as the father-in-law of one of his (unnamed) children[461]. Baumgarten suggests that some corroboration is provided by a visit by Vladislav II King of Bohemia to Kiev and the presence of Iaroslav at the Bohemian court in 1165 which suggests that he may have been the child in question[462].] Iaroslav & his wife had four children (all of whom, and whose descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[463]):

a) INGVAR Iaroslavich (-[1212/24]). Prince of Lutsk and Dorogobuzh after 1203. He was appointed as INGVAR Grand Prince of Kiev in 1199 by his first cousin Roman Mstislavich Prince of Galich after the latter expelled Grand Prince Rurik II Rostislavich from Kiev[464]. Ex-Grand Prince Rurik recaptured Kiev in 1203. Ingvar was either captured or fled back to Volynia but may have been restored in Kiev later the same year when Rurik was again expelled by Prince Roman[465]. 1212. m ---. The name of Ingvar´s wife is not known. Ingvar & his wife had four children:

i) IAROSLAV Ingvarovich (-after 1240). Prince of Peremyshl 1227/28. Prince of Lutsk 1228. m ---. The name of Iaroslav´s wife is not known. Iaroslav & his wife had three children:

(a) BORIS Iaroslavich. Prince of Medziboi and Bolochou.

(b) [IZIASLAV] Iaroslavich. Prince of Bolochou.

ii) GREMISLAVA Ingvarovna (-8 Nov 1258). Baumgarten names her, and shows her parentage, citing numerous sources in support[466]. The Annales Polonorum record the death in 1258 of "ducissa Grimislava Cracovie", specifying that she was buried "in Zawichost aput fratres Minores"[467]. m (1207) LESZKO II "Bialy/the White" Prince of Krakow and Sandomir, son of KAZIMIERZ II "Sprawiedliwy/the Just" Prince of Sandomir and Krakow & his wife Helena [of Moravia/of Smolensk] ([1186/87]-23 Nov 1227).

iii) VLADIMIR Ingvarovich. 1229.

iv) IZIASLAV Ingvarovich (-killed in battle 16 Jun 1224). Prince of Lutsk.

b) MSTISLAV Iaroslavich "Nyemiy/the Mute" (-1227). Prince of Galich, Peresopnika and Lutsk 1214.

c) VSEVOLOD Iaroslavich (-after 1210). Prince of Lutsk. m (1166) MALFRIDA Iurievna of Turov, daughter of IURII Iaroslavich Prince of Turov & his wife --- Vsevolodovna of Gorodno.

d) IZIASLAV Iaroslavich (-Feb 1196). Prince of Lutsk.

5. IAROPOLK Iziaslavich (-7 Mar 1168). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[468]. m firstly ---. This first marriage is indicated by the date of birth of Iaropolk´s son, many years before the date recorded for his second marriage. m secondly (1168) MARIA Sviatoslavna, daughter of SVIATOSLAV III Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his [first/second] wife ---. Baumgarten names her and cites a primary source[469]. Iaropolk & his first wife had one child:

a) VASILKO Iaropolkovich (before 1151-after 1178). Baumgarten names Vasilko, but cites only secondary sources in support[470]. Prince of Brest and Druck [Drohiczyn]. m --- of Poland, daughter of BOLESŁAW IV "Kedzierwy/der Krause" Prince of Masovia and & his first wife Viacheslava Vsevolodovna of Novgorod. Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the wife of Vasilko, but cites only secondary sources in support[471].

MSTISLAV II 1168/1170, ROMAN [1200/01]-1205, DANIIL 1231-1240

MSTISLAV Iziaslavich, son of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- of Lithuania (-13 Aug [1172]). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[472]. Prince of Pereyaslavl 1146-1149, 1151-1155. Prince of Lutzk 1155-1157. Prince of Volynia 1157-1170. Together with Iaroslav Vladimirkovich "Osmomysl" Prince of Galich, he installed Rostislav Mstislavich as Grand Prince of Kiev in 1158[473]. He seized power in Kiev in 1168, also with the support of Iaroslav Prince of Galich, succeeding as MSTISLAV II "Chabry" Grand Prince of Kiev. In 1168, he mounted a massive campaign against the Kuman, leading an alliance of thirteen princes from different branches of the Rurikid dynasty, and stabilised conditions along their trade routes. Mstislav II was removed from power after the sack of Kiev in 1169 and replaced as Grand Prince of Kiev by Gleb Iurievich[474].

m ([1161/62]) AGNIESKA of Poland, daughter of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen ([1137/38]-after 1181). The Translatio Manus sancti Stephani names "filiam suam [=Salome uxor [Bolezlai Bolionorum ducis] Agnetam"[475]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names "primogenitum sororis sue [=Mieszko III] nomine Romanum patrem Danielis", but does not specify which sister was his mother, when recording Mieszko's military campaign to help restore Roman in Galicia[476].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of the mistress of Grand Prince Mstislav II is not known.

Grand Prince Mstislav II & his wife had three children:

1. ROMAN Mstislavich (after 1160-murdered 19 Jun 1205). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum which names "primogenitum sororis sue [=Mieszko III] nomine Romanum patrem Danielis", when recording Mieszko's military campaign to help restore Roman in Galicia[477]. He succeeded in 1199 as ROMAN Prince of Galich, and in [1200/01] as ROMAN "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see Chapter 3. PRINCES of GALICH.

2. VSEVOLOD Mstislavich (-Apr 1195). Prince of Volynia and Bielsk 1188. He became a monk. m ---. The name of Vsevolod´s wife is not known. Vsevolod & his wife had two children (both of whom, along with their descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[478]):

a) ALEKSANDR Vsevolodich (-after 1234). Prince of Bielsk 1195. Prince of Volynia 1207/14. m --- Vladimirovna, daughter of VLADIMIR Rurikovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife ---. Aleksandr & his wife had three children:

i) VSEVOLOD Aleksandrovich. Prince of Bielsk 1244. m ---. The name of Vsevolod´s wife is not known. Vsevolod & his wife had [one possible child]:

(a) [GRIMISLAVA Vsevolodovna (-15 Apr ----). According to Baumgarten, the wife of Duke Boleslaw was named Grimislava, citing only secondary sources in support[479]. He suggests that she was the daughter of Vsevolod Aleksandrovich Prince of Belz, citing in support only secondary sources which he says refer to primary sources which can no longer be found[480]. m BOLESLAW I Duke of Oppeln, son of WLADISLAW Duke of Oppeln & his wife Euphemia of Poland [Piast] ([1254/21 Oct 1258-14 May 1313).]

ii) ANASTASIA Aleksandrovna. Baumgarten names her, shows her parentage, and both her marriages, citing Russian primary sources in support[481]. m firstly ([1245/Jul 1247]) as his second wife, BOLESŁAW I Prince of Masovia, son of KONRAD I Prince of Mazovia & his wife Agafia Sviatoslavna of Novgorod-Sieviersk ([1208]-1248 after 25 Feb). m secondly DEMETRI, magnate in Hungary.

iii) --- Aleksandrovna. m ---, a lord in Poland.

iv) [ROMAN Alexandrovich. According to Ferrand, he was the ancestor of the Princes Drutskoy-Sokolinsky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire many times between 30 Apr 1801 and 18 Jan 1866[482], and of Princes Poutiatine (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire several times between 22 Dec 1805 and 9 Nov 1850[483]. He is not named by Baumgarten[484].]

b) VSEVOLOD Vsevolodich (-[1215]). Prince of Chervenj.

3. VLADIMIR Mstislavich (-[1173]). Baumgarten names him and cites a secondary source in support[485]. Prince of Brest.

Grand Prince Mstislav II had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

4. SVIATOSLAV Mstislavich (-[1183]). Baumgarten names him and cites his sources[486]. Prince of Brest 1170.

F. GRAND PRINCES of KIEV, descendants of ROSTISLAV Grand Prince of Kiev (the "Rostislavichi" of Smolensk)

ROSTISLAV 1154/1168

ROSTISLAV Mstislavich, son of MSTISLAV I "the Great" Vladimirovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden (-Zaruba 14 Mar 1168 bur Kiev). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[487]. He was installed as Prince of Smolensk on the death of his paternal grandfather in 1125, until 1160. He succeeded in 1154 as ROSTISLAV Grand Prince of Kiev, largely due to the support of Iaroslav Vladimirkovich "Osmomysl" Prince of Galich and Mstislav Iziaslavich Prince of Volynia[488]. again 1159, again 1160-68.

m ---. The name of Rostislav´s wife is not known.

Rostislav & his wife had eight children (all of whom, along with their descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[489]):

1. ROMAN Rostislavich (-14 Jun 1180). He succeeded in 1172 as ROMAN Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

2. [IELENA Rostislavna ([1140/42]-[1202/06]). Baumgarten cites Polish chronicles which name her, from which her marriage can be dated, and which record that she died before [1206/07][490]. There is some contradiction about the identity of the wife of Kazimierz II. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[491], she was Helena of Moravia, daughter of Konrad Duke of Moravia [Přemyslid] & his wife Marija of Serbia, although the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. Baumgarten cites in particular the Ipatiewskaia Chronicle which records that Mstislav was the first cousin of Prince Leszek "Bialy", the son of Helena, to confirm this Russian parentage[492]. m (1163) KAZIMIERZ of Poland, son of BOLESŁAW III "Krzywousty/Wrymouth" Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen (1138-5 May 1194). He succeeded in 1177 as KAZIMIERZ II "Sprawiedliwy/the Just" Prince of Sandomir and Krakow, and in 1186 as Prince of Kujavia and Mazovia.]

3. SVIATOSLAV Rostislavich (-1170). Prince of Novgorod 1159-1161, 1162-1167. m ---.

4. DAVID Rostislavich (1140-23 Apr 1197). Prince of Novgorod 1154. Prince of Torzhok 1158-1161. Prince of Vitebsk 1165-1167. Prince of Vishgorod 1168. Prince of Smolensk 1180-1197.

- see below, Chapter 7. PRINCES of SMOLENSK.

5. AGAFIA Rostislavna (-after [16/18] Jan 1180). m (19 or 29 Jun 1165) as his second wife, OLEG Sviatoslavich Prince of Novgorod-Seversk, son of SVIATOSLAV NIKOLAI Olegovich Prince of Chernigov & his first wife --- of the Kumans (-[16/18] Jan 1180).

6. RURIK Rostislavich (-Chernigov [1215]). Prince of Ovruch. He succeeded in 1194 as RURIK II Grand Prince of Kiev.

- see below.

7. AGRAFENA Rostislavna (-murdered Dec 1237). m IGOR Glebovich Prince of Riazan, son of GLEB Rostislavich Prince of Riazan & his wife Iefrosina Rostislavna of Pereyaslavl (-1194).

8. MSTISLAV Rostislavich "Khrabriy/the Brave" (-Novgorod 14 Jun 1180, bur Novgorod St Sofia[493]). Prince of Belgorod 1161, 1171-1173. Prince of Smolensk 1175-1177. He was installed as Prince of Novgorod 1 Nov 1179 in succession to his brother Roman[494]. m firstly ---. m secondly (before 1176) --- Glebovna, daughter of GLEB Rostislavich Prince of Riazan & his wife Iefrosina Rostislavna of Pereyaslavl (-after 1180). Mstislav & his first wife had one child:

a) MSTISLAV Mstislavich "Udaloy/the Daring" (before 1176-1228). Prince of Toropetz, Novgorod and Galich.

- see below, Chapter 3.C. PRINCES of GALICH 1215-1234.

Mstislav & his second wife had two children:

b) VLADIMIR Mstislavich (-after 3 Feb 1226). The people of Novgorod chose him to succeed his father as Prince of Novgorod in 1180[495]. Prince of Pskov 1208-1213, 1216-. m ---. The name of Vladimir´s wife is not known. Vladimir & his wife had one child:

i) IAROSLAV Vladimirovich (-after 1245). Prince of Pskov 1214. Prince of Torzhok 1218-1245. [source? - not in ES II 137] m firstly ---. m secondly IEFPRAXIA [Vasilkovich, daughter of VASILKO Bryacheslavich Prince of Vitebsk & his wife --- Davidovna of Novgorod and Smolensk] (-killed 8 May 1243). Iaroslav & his first wife had one child:

(a) son. He murdered his stepmother in 1243[496].

c) DAVID Mstislavich (-killed in battle near Usviat 9 Feb 1226). Prince of Toropeck.

RURIK II 1194/1210, ROSTISLAV 1204-1205, VLADIMIR 1218-1235

RURIK Rostislavich, son of ROSTISLAV Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife --- (-Chernigov[497] [1215]). Prince of Ovruch. Prince of Novgorod 1169-1171. During the reign in Kiev of Grand Prince Sviatoslav III, Rurik Rostislavich became his co-ruler according to some accounts. He succeeded on the death of Sviatoslav in 1194 as RURIK II Grand Prince of Kiev, sponsored by Vsevolod Iurievich[498] who was acknowledged as the senior representative of the dynasty. In 1199 his rule was challenged by Roman Mstislavich Prince of Volynia (Rurik's ex-son-in-law) who drove Rurik to the town of Vruchiy and installed his cousin Ingvar Iaroslavich at Kiev[499]. Rurik succeeded in ousting Ingvar in 1203 with Kuman forces, but was expelled again and forced to become a monk[500]. When Roman was himself ousted in the following year, Rurik's son Rostislav became Prince in Kiev in Rurik's place. However, after Roman was killed in battle in 1205, Rurik arranged to be released from his monastic vows and retook power in Kiev from his son[501]. Rurik's rule was challenged by his former ally Vsevolod Sviatoslavich "Chermnyi" Prince of Chernigov who seized power briefly in 1206 and again in 1207, and finally evicted Rurik permanently in 1211[502].

m firstly (1162) --- Kuman princess, daughter of BYELAK Khan of the Kumans.

m secondly (before 1172) ANNA Iurievna of Turov, daughter of IURII Iaroslavich Prince of Turov & his wife --- Vsevolodovna of Gorodno (-[1205/14] maybe [19 Apr 1211]). She was forceably tonsured in 1203 when her husband was expelled from Kiev by Roman Mstislavich Prince of Galich and Volynia[503].

Rurik & his second wife had six children (all of whom, along with their descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[504]):

1. ROSTISLAV Rurikovich (13 Apr 1172-1218). Prince of Vishgorod. He was taken as a prisoner to Galich in 1203 with his brother when their father was expelled from Kiev by Roman Mstislavich Prince of Galich and Volynia, but released after the intervention of Vsevolod III Prince of Vladimir who installed him in 1204 as ROSTISLAV Grand Prince of Kiev[505]. When the latter was killed in battle 1205, Rostislav's father Rurik II arranged to be released from his monastic vows and took power in Kiev from his son. Prince of Galich 1210. m (15 Jun or 11 Aug 1187) VERCHOSLAVA Vsevolodovna, daughter of VSEVOLOD Iurievich "Balshoe Gniezdo/Big Nest" Prince of Vladimir & his first wife Maria of Ossetia ([1179/81]-). Rostislav & his wife had one child:

a) IEFROSINIA Rostislavna (1198-).

2. [ANASTASIA] Rurikovna. m (1182) GLEB Sviatoslavich Prince of Bielgorod and Chernigov, son of SVIATOSLAV III Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his [first/second] wife --- (-after 1219).

3. PREDSLAVA Rurikovna (-after 1203). According to the Lavrentevskiy Chronicle, Roman repudiated his wife because "he wished to make her take the veil", which she resisted. She was sent back to her father in Kiev[506]. She was forceably tonsured in 1203 when her father was expelled from Kiev by her ex-husband[507]. m (repudiated [1196]) as his first wife, ROMAN Mstislavich Prince of Volynia, son of MSTISLAV II Iziaslavich "Chabry" Prince of Volynia and Kiev & his wife Agniesk of Poland (after 1160- killed in battle Zawichost 19 Jun 1205). He succeeded as Prince of Galich in 1199.

4. IAROSLAVA Rurikovna. m (1187) SVIATOSLAV Igorevich, son of IGOR Sviatoslavich Prince of Novgorod-Severskiy [later Prince of Chernigov] & his wife Iefrosina Iaroslavna of Galich (1177-hanged Sep 1211). Prince of Volynia 1206.

5. VLADIMIR Rurikovich (1187-3 Mar 1239). He was taken as a prisoner to Galich in 1203 with his brother when their father was expelled from Kiev by Roman Mstislavich Prince of Galich and Volynia but released after the intervention of Vsevolod III Prince of Vladimir[508]. Prince of Smolensk 1212-1219. He succeeded in 1218 as VLADIMIR Grand Prince of Kiev. His rule was challenged by Mikhail Vsevolodich who, allied with the Kuman, attacked Kiev. Vladimir was captured, though released on payment of a ransom, and replaced by Mikhail in 1237 as Grand Prince of Kiev[509]. 1238-1239. m ---. The name of Vladimir´s wife is not known. Vladimir & his wife had [four] children:

a) ROSTISLAV Vladimirovich. 1241/43.

b) MARINA Vladimirovna (-killed in battle 7 Feb 1238). m (14 Apr 1230) VSEVOLOD Iurievich Prince Novgorod, son of IURII Vsevolodich Prince of Vladimir & his wife Agafia Vsevolodovna of Kiev (23 Oct 1212-killed in battle Sit River 4 Mar 1238).

c) --- Vladimirovna. m ALEKSANDR Vsevolodich Prince of Brest and Volynia, son of VSEVOLOD Mstislavich Prince of Volynia and Bielsk & his wife --- (-after 1234).

d) ANDREI Vladimirovich. He is not shown by Baumgarten[510]. Prince of Viazma. According to Ferrand, he is the possible ancestor of Princes Wiazemsky (extant), whose princely status was confirmed by the Senate of the Russian Empire many times between 26 May 1804 and 24 Sep 1890[511]. The genealogy of the Princes Wiazemsky from Prince Leonid Dmitrievich Wiazemsky (died 1909) until the present day is set out in full, but no outline descent from Andrei Vladimirovich to Prince Leonid is shown, nor any reference to the sources which prove this descent, although "certain inexactitudes and difficulties" relating to the descent are referred to. In the absence of further proof, this descent must be considered speculative.

6. VSESLAVA Rurikovna. m (1189) IAROSLAV Glebovich of Riazan, son of GLEB Rostislavich Prince of Riazan & his wife Iefrosina Rostislavna of Pereyaslavl.

ROMAN 1172/1177, MSTISLAV 1214-1223, SVIATOSLAV 1235, IZIASLAV IV 1235, ROSTISLAV III 1239

ROMAN Rostislavich, son of ROSTISLAV Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife --- (-14 Jun 1180). Prince of Smolensk 1159-1172, 1177-1180. He succeeded as ROMAN Grand Prince of Kiev 1172-1174, 1175-1177. Prince of Novgorod 1154, 1178-1179.

m (9 Jan 1149) as her first husband, MARIA Sviatoslavna, daughter of SVIATOSLAV NIKOLAI Olegovich Prince of Chernigov & his second wife Maria [Ekaterina] of Novgorod. She married secondly Roman Glebovich Prince of Riazan.

Grand Prince Roman & his wife had three children (all of whom, along with their descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[512]):

1. IAROPOLK Romanovich (-after 1176). Prince of Smolensk 1172-1174. m ---. The name of Iaropolk´s wife is not known. Iaroolk & his wife had one child:

a) [VISLAVA Iaropolkovna . Baumgarten quotes an early secondary source which names "Wislawa fil. Jarolphi Principis Russiæ" as the wife of Duke Bogislaw, suggesting that "Jarolphi" is a corruption of "Jaropolk", and suggests three possible contemporary Princes Iaropolk[513]. He dismisses Iaropolk Prince of Buzsk on the basis that any of his daughters would have been too old, and Iaropolk of Suzdal on the basis that his branch contracted no known western marriages as they had orientated themselves towards Byzantium, leaving only Iaropolk Romanovich Prince of Smolensk. m as his first wife, BOGISLAW II Duke of Pomerania, son of BOGISLAW I Duke of Pomerania & his second wife Anastasia of Poland (-24 Jan 1220).]

2. --- Romanovna. m VSESLAV II Vasilkovich Prince of Polotsk, son of VASILKO Sviatoslavich Prince of Polotsk & his wife --- (-1186]).

3. MSTISLAV Romanovich "Dobriy/the Good" (-killed in battle Kalka River 30 May 1223). Prince of Pskov 1178-1195. Prince of Smolensk 1197-1213. He succeeded in 1214 as MSTISLAV Grand Prince of Kiev. He was captured and killed by the Mongols during their first wave of invasions into Rus territory. m --- Vasilkovna, daughter of VASILKO Bryacheslavich Prince of Vitebsk & his wife --- Davidovna of Novgorod and Smolensk. Mstislav & his wife had seven children:

a) SVIATOSLAV Mstislavich. Prince of Novgorod 1218-1219. Prince of Polotsk 1222-1232. Prince of Smolensk 1232-1239. SVIATOSLAV Grand Prince of Kiev 1235.

b) IZIASLAV Mstislavich. IZIASLAV IV Grand Prince of Kiev 1235. Prince of Smolensk 1239.

c) VSEVOLOD Mstislavich (-[1238/39]). Prince of Pskov 1214. Prince of Novgorod 1219-1221. Prince of Smolensk 1238.

d) ROSTISLAV Mstislavich. He claimed the vacant throne of Kiev after Mikhail Vsevolodich fled to Hungary in the face of the Mongol invasion, succeeding in 1239 as ROSTISLAV III Grand Prince of Kiev. He was expelled in his turn by Daniil Romanovich Prince of Volynia[514].

e) ANDREI Mstislavich (-killed in battle 1245).

f) --- Mstislavna. m ANDREI Prince of --- (-killed in battle 1223).

g) --- Mstislavna (-24 Jan 1221 or [1222]). m (15 Oct 1195) KONSTANTIN Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Vladimir, son of VSEVOLOD Iurievich "Balshoe Gniezdo/Big Nest" Prince of Vladimir & his first wife Maria of Ossetia (-2 Feb 1218).

Chapter 2. PRINCES OF POLOTSK

The principality of Polotsk was situated to the west of Smolensk and to the north of Turov. It was independent from Kiev during the 11th and 12th centuries, having been inherited by Iziaslav, the oldest son of Vladimir I Grand Prince of Kiev, whose descendants were passed over in the succession to Kiev and never bore the title Grand Prince. After enjoying a period of strength during the 11th century under Prince Briacheslav and his son Prince Vseslav, after the death of the latter in 1101 it fragmented into different districts assigned to the his sons. The Lithuanians attacked Polotsk from [1240/45], and by the early 1250s the western part of Polotsk was recognised as Lithuanian territory under the terms of a truce concluded by Vaišvilkas, son of Mingaudas Grand Duke of Lithuania[515]. Very little information has been found about the Rurikid Princes of Polotsk. Baumgarten names the members of the family shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[516].

RAGNVALD, son of --- (-[978/80]). He arrived 'from overseas' and installed himself on the Western Dvina at Polotsk, where he was known as ROGVOLOD and enjoyed princely status[517]. He and his two sons were killed by Vladimir, later Grand Prince of Kiev, after he refused the latter's offer to marry his daughter Rogned [518].

m ---. The name of Rogvolod´s wife is not known.

Rogvolod & his wife had three children:

1. son (-[978/80]). The Primary Chronicle records that Vladimir, later Grand Prince of Kiev, killed Rogvolod and his two unnamed sons [519].

2. son (-[978/80]). The Primary Chronicle records that Vladimir, later Grand Prince of Kiev, killed Rogvolod and his two unnamed sons519.

3. ROGNED ([956]-[998/1000]). The Primary Chronicle names Rogned, daughter of Rogvolod Prince of Polotsk, recording that she at first refused to marry Vladimir, preferring his half-brother Iaropolk[520]. She became a nun in [989]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Rogned in [998/1000][521]. m firstly --- Jarl in Sweden (-before [977]). m secondly ([977], divorced 986) as his first wife, VLADIMIR Prince of Novgorod, son of SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev & his mistress Malusha [Malfred] ([960]-Berestov 15 Jul 1015). After her father refused his offer to marry Rogneda, Prince Vladimir killed him and his two sons and married Rogneda anyway518. He succeeded in [980] as VLADIMIR I "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev.

IZIASLAV [Vladimirovich], son of [522]VLADIMIR I "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Rogneda of Polotsk (-1001). Prince of Polotsk. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Izyaslav in 1001[523].

m ---. The name of Iziaslav´s wife is not known.

Iziaslav & his wife had two children:

1. VSESLAV Iziaslavich (-[1002/03]). He succeeded his father in 1001 as Prince of Polotsk. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Vseslav son of Izyaslav and grandson of Vladimir in [1002/03][524].

2. BRYACHESLAV Iziaslavich (997]-1044). The Primary Chronicle names Bryachislav son of Izyaslav[525]. He succeeded his father in 1001 as Prince of Polotsk and Vitersk. Prince of Lutsk 1015. The Primary Chronicle records that Bryacheslav captured Novgorod in 1021 but was expelled by Yaroslav and returned to Polotsk[526]. The Primary Chronicle records the death of Bryachislav son of Izyaslav in 1044[527]. m ---.

a) VSESLAV Briacheslavich "the Werewolf" (1030-14 Apr 1101). He succeeded in 1044 as Prince of Polotsk and Vitersk.

- see below.

VSESLAV Briacheslavich "the Werewolf", son of BRYACHESLAV Iziaslavich Prince of Polotsk and Vitersk & his wife --- (1030-14 Apr 1101). The Primary Chronicle names Vseslav son of Bryacheslav, recording that he was born with a caul over his head[528]. He succeeded in 1044 as Prince of Polotsk and Vitersk. He attacked Novgorod in 1066/67, but was defeated by the brothers Iziaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod at the river Nemega 3 Mar 1067[529]. A truce was concluded 10 Jun 1067, but Vseslav was arrested, and imprisoned by Iziaslav and lost Polotsk. He was released in Kiev by a mob dissatisfied with Prince Iziaslav for refusing to attack the Kuman [Cumans] and proclaimed VSESLAV Grand Prince of Kiev Sep 1068, forcing Iziaslav to flee to Poland. He was deposed in Kiev Apr 1069 when Iziaslav reclaimed the throne with the military help of Bolesław II King of Poland, and fled back to Polotsk[530]. Prince of Tmutorokan [Taman] [1069]. He expelled Sviatopolk Iziaslavich from Polotsk 1071, installing himself once more as Prince of Polotsk[531].

m ---. The name of Vseslav´s wife is not known.

Prince Vseslav & his wife had seven children:

1. DAVID Vseslavich (-after 1129). The Primary Chronicle names David, son of Vseslav, recording that he accompanied Vladimir to Pereyaslavl in 1103[532]. Prince of Polotsk [1127]. Went to Constantinople. m ---.

a) BRYACHESLAV Davidovich. Prince of Iziaslavl. 1129. m XENIA ---, maybe XENIA Mstislavna, daughter of MSTISLAV II "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden. Baumgarten names her, but citing only one secondary source[533].

2. ROMAN Vseslavich (-1116). Prince of Polotsk 1114.

3. GLEB Vseslavich (-Kiev 13 or 19 Nov 1119). Prince of Minsk 1101. Prince of Polotsk 1116. He was expelled from Minsk in 1119 by Vladimir "Monomakh" Grand Prince of Kiev, who obliged him and his family to live at Kiev[534]. m ANASTASIA Iaropolkovna, daughter of IAROPOLK PIOTR Iziaslavich Grand Prince of Volynia and Turov & his wife Kunigunde von Weimar-Orlamünde (1074-8 Jan 1159). Gleb & his wife had three children:

a) ROSTISLAV Glebovich (-1159). Prince of Minsk [1151]. Prince of Polotsk 1151-1158. m SOFIA Iaroslavna, daughter of IAROSLAV Sviatopolkovich Prince of Volynia & his second wife --- of Poland ([1111]-1158). Rostislav & his wife had one child:

i) GLEB Rostislavich. Prince of Driutezk 1151-1158.

b) VOLODAR Glebovich (-after 1186). Prince of Minsk 1151-1158, and 1165-1167. Prince of Gorodno. m ---. The name of Volodar´s wife is not known. Volodar & his wife had two children:

i) VASILKO Volodarovich (-1196). Prince of Logotzk 1186.

ii) VLADIMIR Volodarovich (-Feb 1216). Prince of Minsk 1182. Prince of Polotsk 1200.

c) VSEVOLOD Glebovich. 1158. Prince of Strezev. Prince of Iziaslavl.

4. BORIS Vseslavich (-1128). Prince of Polotsk 1101/[1127]. m ---. The name of Boris´s wife is not known. Boris & his wife had two children:

a) ROGVOLOD [Vasily] Borisovich (-[1162]). Prince of Polotsk. m ([1143/44]) --- Iziaslavna, daughter of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- of Lithuania. Rogvolod & his wife had two children:

i) VSESLAV Rogvolodich. Prince of Driutezk 1159. Prince of Polotsk 1161-1167, 1181. Prince of Vitebsk 1175, 1178.

ii) GLEB Rogvolodich (-after 1186). Prince of Driutezk 1181.

b) SVENISLAVA Borisovna. Nun as IEFPRAXIA.

5. ROGVOLOD Vseslavich. Prince of Polotsk 1127-1129. He and his family were expelled from Polotsk in 1130 by Vladimir "Monomakh" Grand Prince of Kiev and exiled to Constantinople[535]. m ---. The name of Rogvolod´s wife is not known. Rogvolod & his wife had two children:

a) VASILY Rogvolodich. 1129.

b) IVAN Rogvolodich. Prince of Polotsk 1132.

6. SVIATOSLAV Vseslavich. Prince of Polotsk. 1140.

- see below.

7. ROSTISLAV Vseslavich. Prince of Polotsk 1128. m ---. The name of Rostislav´s wife is not known. Rostislav & his wife had four children:

a) VASILKO Rostislavich. 1168. m ---. The name of Vasilko´s wife is not known. Vasilko & his wife had two children:

i) KORINIA Vasilkovna. Nun.

ii) OLGA Vasilkovna. Nun.

b) PREDSLAVA Rostislavna (-23 May 1173). She was canonised as St EUPHROSINE.

c) GODISLAVA (-after 1173). A nun as EUDOXIA.

d) DAVID Rostislavich . m ---. The name of David´s wife is not known. David & his wife had two children:

i) BORIS Davidovich (-1226). [Prince of Droutsk]. Prince of Polotsk 1221. m firstly ---. m secondly SWIETOSLAWA [Swiatochna] von Pommern, daughter of KASIMIR von Pommern Castellan of Kołobrzeg & his wife --- (-after Aug 1217). Baumgarten names "Swiatochna de Poméranie, fille de Casimir" as second wife of Boris but cites no sources in support[536]. Boris & his first wife had two children:

(a) VIATSKO (-killed 1224). Prince of Kukeinos.

(b) VASILKO . 1218. m ---. The name of Vasilko´s wife is not known. Vasilko & his wife had one child:

(1) IEFPRAXIA Vasilkovna (-killed 8 May 1243). m as his second wife, IAROSLAV Vladimirovich Prince of Pskov and Torzhok, son of VLADIMIR Prince of Pskov & his wife --- van Buxhoeden (-after 1245).

Boris & his second wife had one child:

ii) GLEB Davidovich . Prince of Polottsk 1221.

SVIATOSLAV Vseslavich, son of VSESLAV Briacheslavich "the Werewolf" Prince of Polotsk & his wife ---. Prince of Polotsk. 1140.

m ---. The name of Sviatoslav´s wife is not known.

Sviatoslav & his wife had one child:

1. VASILKO Sviatoslavich (-[1143]). Prince of Polotsk 1132. m ---. The name of Vasilko´s wife is not known. Vasilko & his wife had six children:

a) VSEVOLOD Vasilkovich.

b) VSESLAV Vasilkovich (-[1186]). Prince of Vitebsk. Prince of Polotsk 1162. m --- Romanovna, daughter of ROMAN Rostislavich Grand Prince of Kiev Prince of Smolensk Prince of Novgorod & his wife Maria Sviatoslavna of Chernigov. Vseslav & his wife had one child:

i) --- Vseslavna. m (3 Feb 1174) IAROPOLK Rostislavich Prince of Torzok, son of ROSTISLAV Iurievich Prince of Pereyaslavl & his wife --- of Riazan (-after 1196). Prince of Chernigov 1174, Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir 1175. No issue.

c) BRIACHESLAV Vasilkovich. Prince of Iziaslav 1158-1159. Prince of Vitebsk 1159-1181. m ---. The name of Briacheslav´s wife is not known. Briacheslav & his wife had one child:

i) VASILKO II Bryacheslavich (-after 1216). Prince of Vitebsk 1192. m --- Davidovna, daughter of DAVID Rostislavich Prince of Novgorod and Smolensk & his wife ---.

(a) BRYACHESLAV II Vasilkovich. Prince of Polotsk and Vitebsk. m ---.

(1) PARASKEVIYA [Aleksandra] Bryacheslavna (-[1261/62]). m (Smolensk 1239) as his first wife, ALEKSANDR Iaroslavich Prince of Novgorod, Dmitrov and Pereyaslavl, son of IAROSLAV Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Vladimir & his third wife Fedosia Igorevich of Riazan ([30 May 1220]-Gorodetzk 14 Nov 1263, bur Vladimir). He succeeded his brother in 1252 as ALEKSANDR "Nievskiy" Grand Prince of Vladimir.

(b) --- Vasilkovna. m MSTISLAV Romanovich "Dobriy/the Good" Prince of Pskov, son of ROMAN Rostislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife MARIA Sviatoslavna of Chernigov (-killed in battle Kalka River 30 May 1223). Prince of Smolensk 1197-1213. He succeeded in 1214 as MSTISLAV Grand Prince of Kiev.

(c) LIUBOV Vasilkovna. m (1209) as his second wife, VSEVOLOD Iurievich "Balshoe Gniezdo/Big Nest" Prince of Vladimir and Riazan, son of IURII Vladimirovich "Dolgorukiy/Longarm" Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife Helena Komnene (1154-14/15 Apr 1212).

d) IZIASLAV Vasilkovich (-before 1185). Prince of Gorodno.

e) VOLODAR Vasilkovich. 1159

f) MARIA Vasilkovna . m (1143) as his first wife, SVIATOSLAV Vsevolodich of Kiev, son of VSEVOLOD II Olegovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Maria Mstislavna of Kiev (-24 Jul 1194). He was installed as Prince of Volynia [1144], Prince of Chernigov 1164-1176. He succeeded in 1176 as SVIATOSLAV III Grand Prince of Kiev.

Chapter 3. PRINCES of GALICH

The principality of Galich looked to the west rather than to the other Russian principalities to its east. It was situated to the west of Kiev, bounded on its west by the kingdom of Poland and on the south-west by the Carpathian mountains which separated it from Hungary. Its western boundary was fluid, for example ownership of the areas around Peremyshl were exchanged with Poland many times. Galich had direct river access to the Baltic in the north and the Black Sea to the south, providing therefore a tempting prize to its western neighbours.

The area of Galich was inherited by the descendants of Vladimir Iaroslavich, eldest son of Iaroslav I Grand Prince of Kiev, who predeceased his father. This branch of the dynasty was excluded from succession to the title of Grand Prince of Kiev, in accordance with the family tradition described in the Introduction, because Prince Vladimir himself had never been Grand Prince. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the area which would become known as Galich was divided into the principalities of Peremyshl (in the western part of the territory) and Terebovl (in the eastern part), confirmed as belonging to the family under the family accord reached at Liubech in 1097. Vladimirko Volodarevich was the first to be described as Prince of Galich in 1144.

A. PRINCES of PEREMYSHL and TEREBOVL

ROSTISLAV Vladimirovich, son of VLADIMIR Iaroslavich Prince of Novgorod & his wife [Oda von Stade] ([1045]-3 Feb 1067). Prince of Rostov, Novgorod and Volynia 1056-1064. Prince of Tmutorokan 1064-1065.

m (before 1064) LANKA of Hungary, daughter of BÉLA I King of Hungary & his wife [Ryksa] of Poland ([1045]-after 1095). Baumgarten names Lanka as the wife of Prince Rostislav and daughter of King Béla but only cites secondary sources in support[537]. She is not shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[538]. Her birth date is estimated from her having given birth to three known children before her husband died in early 1067.

Rostislav & his wife had three children:

1. RURIK Rostislavich (-1092). The Primary Chronicle records the death in 1092 of Rurik son of Rostislav[539]. Prince of Peremyshl.

2. VOLODAR Rostislavich (-19 Mar 1124). The Primary Chronicle names David son of Igor and Volodar son of Rostislav, recording that they captured Ratibor, agent of Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev, and established themselves as princes at Tmutorakan[540]. Prince of Peremyshl.

- see below.

3. VASILKO Rostislavich (-[28 Feb] 1124/25). The Primary Chronicle names Vasilko, son of Rostislav, recording that he attacked the Poles with the Polovtsians in 1092[541]. Prince of Terebovl. He helped to defend Byzantium against the Pechenegs in 1091 and also led successful campaigns against Poland and Hungary[542]. He was confirmed as Prince of Terebovl under the terms of the family accord reached at Liubech in 1097[543]. He was arrested and blinded in 1098 by the agents of his cousins Sviatopolk Iziaslavich Grand Prince of Kiev and David Igorevich Prince of Volynia[544]. m ---. The name of Vasilko´s wife is not known. Vasilko & his wife had three children:

a) IVAN Vasilkovich (-1141). Baumgarten names him and cites a primary source[545]. Prince of Terebovl. m ANNA Vsevolodovna, daughter of VSEVOLOD II Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Maria Mstislavna of Kiev. Baumgarten names her and records her marriage, citing one secondary source in support[546].

b) GRIGORII Vasilkovich (-1144). Baumgarten names him, citing one secondary source in support[547]. Prince of Terebovl.

c) --- Vasilkovna. The Canonici Wissegradensis Continuatio Cosmæ records the marriage of "Wratislaus dux de parte Moraviæ quæ vocatur Bruinzco, filius Dedalrici" with a wife from Russia in 1132[548]. Baumgarten refers to the wife of Duke Vratislav as the (unnamed) daughter of Vasilko, citing only an early secondary source in support[549]. m VRATISLAV Markgraf of Moravia, son of UDALRICH Markgraf of Moravia at Brno & his wife --- (-16 Aug 1156).

VOLODAR Rostislavich, son of ROSTISLAV Vladimirovich Prince of Rostov, Novgorod and Volynia, later Prince of Tmutorokan, & [Lanka] of Hungary (-19 Mar 1124). The Primary Chronicle names David son of Igor and Volodar son of Rostislav, recording that they captured Ratibor, agent of Vsevolod Grand Prince of Kiev, and established themselves as princes at Tmutorakan[550]. He was expelled in turn by Oleg Sviatoslavich who returned from Constantinople in 1083[551]. Prince of Peremyshl. He was confirmed as Prince of Peremyshl under the terms of the family accord reached at Liubech in 1097[552].

m [ANNA] von Pommern, daughter of ---. Baumgarten names her and records her marriage, citing a secondary source in support[553].

Volodar & his wife had four children (all of whom, along with their descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[554]):

1. ROSTISLAV Volodarovich (-1126). Prince of Peremyshl. m ---. The name of Rostislav´s wife is not known. Rostislav & his wife had one child:

a) IVAN Rostislavich "Berladnik" (-in Greece 1161). He was installed as Prince of Galich after the defeat of his uncle Prince Vladimirko by a coalition of reigning princes led by the Grand Prince of Kiev, but was expelled by his uncle soon after and escaped to Kiev from where he launched raids on Galich[555]. m ---. The name of Ivan´s wife is not known. Ivan & his wife had one child:

i) ROSTISLAV Ivanovich (-murdered 1189).

2. [IRINA] Volodarovna. The Primary Chronicle records that the daughter of Volodar was taken to Tsargrad 20 Jul 1104 to become the wife of the son of Emperor Alexios[556]. The primary source which names her and confirms that her husband was Andronikos has not yet been identified. There appears to be no basis for supposing that her husband was Andronikos Komnenos rather than his younger brother Isaakios. m (betrothed 20 Aug 1104) [ANDRONIKOS] Komnenos, son of Emperor ALEXIOS I & his second wife Eirene Dukaina ([15 Apr 1091]-[1130/31]). Sébastokrator.

3. VLADIMIRKO Volodarovich (-1153). He became the first Prince of Galich in 1144.

- see below.

4. --- Volodarovna. m (11 Sep 1114) ROMAN Vladimirovich, son of VLADIMIR Vsevolodich "Monomakh" Grand Prince of Kiev & his third wife --- Kuman princess (-6 Jan 1119). Prince of Volynia 1118.

B. PRINCES of GALICH 1144-1199

VLADIMIRKO Volodarovich, son of VOLODAR Rostislavich Prince of Peremyshl & his wife [Anna] von Pommern (-1153). He became the first Prince of Galich in 1144. After his objection to Vsevolod Olegovich appointing his son as Prince of Volynia, Prince Vladimirko was defeated by a coalition of reigning princes led by the Grand Prince of Kiev. He was deposed as Prince by the people of Galich in favour of his nephew Ivan Rostislavich Prince of Zvenigorod, but forced his way back into Galich and expelled Prince Ivan. He presided over the expansion of Galich, allying himself with Iurii Prince of Suzdal and Manuel I Emperor of Byzantium, and invading Kiev in 1149. Galich also became the seat of a bishop[557].

m ([1117]) --- of Hungary, daughter of KÁLMÁN "Könyves/the Bookman" King of Hungary & his first wife --- of Sicily. Baumgarten refers to the wife of Prince Vladimirko as the daughter of King Kálmán but only cites one secondary source in support[558].

Prince Vladimirko & his wife had one son (who, along with his descendants shown below, are named by Baumgarten with primary sources[559]):

1. IAROSLAV Vladimirkovich "Osmomysl" (-1 Oct 1187). He succeeded his father in 1153 as Prince of Galich. A strong leader, he unified the principality which experienced an upsurge of commercial activity during his reign. Together with Mstislav Iziaslavich Prince of Volynia, he had installed Rostislav Mstislavich as Grand Prince of Kiev in 1158. He also supported the accession of Mstislav in 1167[560]. On his death, Galich fell into political disarray and was seized by Hungary[561]. m firstly ([1150], repudiated [1185]) OLGA Iurievna, daughter of of IURII Vladimirovich "Dolgorukiy/Longarm" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife --- of the Kumans (-1189). She became a nun at Volynia. m secondly ---. Mistress (1): ANASTASIA, daughter of --- (-1171). Prince Iaroslav & his first wife had four children:

a) --- Iaroslavna. Baumgarten mentions the betrothal of King István and the daughter of Prince Iaroslav, citing secondary sources in support, but comments that the marriage was not finalised and that she was sent back from Hungary in 1169[562]. Europäische Stammtafeln refers to this as King István's first marriage, stating that she was repudiated in 1168, but it is not known whether this is based on other sources[563]</