v1.1 Updated 04 May 2010

 

 

BADEN

 

 

RETURN TO CONTENTS

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

INTRODUCTION. 1

Chapter 1.            MARKGRAFEN von BADEN 1089-1476. 2

HERMANN II 1089-1122, HERMANN III 1130-1153, HERMANN IV 1189-1190. 3

HERMANN V 1197-1243, HERMANN VI 1243-1250. 5

RUDOLF I 1250-1288, HESSO I 1273-1297, RUDOLF III 1318-1332, RUDOLF HESSO -1335. 8

HERMANN VII 1277-1291, FRIEDRICH II 1291-1333, HERMANN VIII 1333-1353. 11

RUDOLF IV 1291-1348, FRIEDRICH III 1348-1353, RUDOLF V 1348-1361. 13

RUDOLF VI 1353-1372, BERNHARD I 1372-1431, JAKOB 1431-1453, BERNHARD II 1453-1458. 14

JAKOB 1431-1453, BERNHARD II 1453-1458. 16

KARL I 1453-1475, ALBRECHT 1475-1476. 17

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

An obscure minor noble family in Swabia, the Zähringen dynasty owed its rise to power to their support for the nobility in its long running dispute with Emperor Heinrich IV King of Germany in the last decades of the 11^th century.  They sided with the anti-king of Germany, Rudolf von Rheinfelden Duke of Swabia, after his election in 1077.  The Zähringer were courted by both sides, the emperor appointing different members of the dynasty as duke of Carinthia and duke of Swabia at different times.  The dynasty concentrated its attention on building its territorial influence around Freiburg im Breisgau.  Like the less powerful family of the Grafen von Hohenburg, centred on Wiesneck[1], the Zähringer held property in the Black Forest on both banks of the upper reaches of the river Rhine.  It held countships in the Thurgau, Albgau, Ortenau and Breisgau[2].  The ducal branch acquired the family's Swabian possessions, maintained the title duke after it ceased to be Duke of Swabia and eventually applied it to the imperial fief of Zähringen which it held directly from the crown. 

 

The title "Markgraf" was never officially awarded to the Markgrafen von Baden in a way which associated it with Baden as a territory.  The first "Markgraf" of the family was the father of Markgraf Hermann [II] who is shown below.  Hermann [I] was installed as "Markgraf" in the March of Verona in northern Italy by Heinrich IV King of Germany in 1072.  He resigned the appointment to become a monk at Cluny in the following year.  His son subsequently used the title, which gradually came to be applied it to his home-base of Baden in Swabia.  No record of any objection to this process by the German king has survived.  It is assumed that no difficulty was raised in view of the numerous other examples of such transformations in 11^th and 12^th century Germany, for example those relating to the titles of Duke of Dachau and Markgraf der Bayerischen Nordgau.  The son of Markgraf Hermann [II] was also briefly installed in the march of Verona by Konrad III King of Germany in 1148, but this had no further effect on his title. 

 

The Markgrafen von Baden took over the countships in the Breisgau and the Ortenau. 

 

The Genealogia Zaringorum[3] was written at the monastery of St Peter in the Black Forest, early in the 13^th century judging by its recording the death of the youngest son of Konrad Duke of Zähringen.  It is accompanied by a Continuatio, probably written just over a century later as it ends with a marriage dated elsewhere to before 1318. 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 1.    MARKGRAFEN von BADEN 1089-1476

HERMANN II 1089-1122, HERMANN III 1130-1153, HERMANN IV 1189-1190

 

HERMANN, son of HERMANN Marchese of Verona & his wife Judith von Calw (-[7 Oct] ----, after 28 Dec 1122, bur Backnang Stiftskirche).  The Annales of Berthold record that "Herimannus marchio, filius ducis Bertholdi, adolescens adhuc" left all his possessions, his wife and only son in 1073 to become a monk at Cluny[4].  The primary source which confirms his name has not yet been identified.  Graf im Breisgau 1087.  HERMANN II Markgraf 1089.  Markgraf von Limburg 1100.  Graf im Ufgau 1102.  Markgraf von Baden 27 Apr 1112.  He founded Stift Backnang 1116-1120.  The Notitia Fundationis Monasterii Backnang records the foundation in 1116 by "Hermanno Marchione Badensi" and by "filio suo juniore Hermanno" in 1134[5].  Bruno Bishop of Speyer confirmed the foundation of Backnang by "Hermanni marchionis…et uxor eius Juditha" by charter dated 1122[6].  The necrology of St Peter im Schwarzwald records the death "7 Non Oct" of "Hermannus marchio in marchione"[7].  It is not certain that this refers to Markgraf Hermann II.  The necrology includes no other names from the Baden branch of the Zähringer family, although the branch of the Dukes of Zähringen is well represented.   

m JUDITH, daughter of --- (-23 Jul 1122, bur Backnang Stiftskirche).  Bruno Bishop of Speyer confirmed the foundation of Backnang by "Hermanni marchionis…et uxor eius Juditha" by charter dated 1122[8]. 

Hermann II & his wife had two children: 

1.         HERMANN (-after 12 Jul 1153, bur Backnang Stiftskirche).  He succeeded in 1130 as HERMANN III "der Grosse" Markgraf von Baden.  The Notitia Fundationis Monasterii Backnang records the foundation in 1116 by "Hermanno Marchione Badensi" and by "filio suo juniore Hermanno" in 1134[9].  "Marchio Hermannus" donated "prædium suum in pago Huningen…in comitatu Adelberti" to Backnang, with the consent of "Berthæ contectalis", by charter dated 1134[10].  Marchese di Verona 1148-1151.  Vogt of Selz 1139-1151.  William of Tyre records the presence of "dominus Hermannus provinciæ Veronensis marchio" with Konrad III King of Germany in Palestine in 1148[11].  An agreement dated 23 Mar 1153 between Pope Eugene III and Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany is witnessed by "…marchio Hermannus de Baden…"[12].  m firstly (before 1134) BERTHA, daughter of --- (-after 1134, bur Backnang).  "Marchio Hermannus" donated "prædium suum in pago Huningen…in comitatu Adelberti" to Backnang, with the consent of "Berthæ contectalis", by charter dated 1134[13].  m secondly (after 1141) as her second husband, MARIA of Bohemia, widow of LEOPOLD IV Markgraf of Austria, daughter of SOBĚSLAV I UDALRICH Duke of the Bohemians & his wife Adelaida of Hungary.  The Canonici Wissegradensis Continuatio Cosmæ records the marriage in 1138 of "dux Sobezlaus filiam suam Mariam" with "filio Leupoldi orientalis marchionis" specifying that it was celebrated in "Moravia in Olomucensi parte"[14].  The primary source which names her husband has not yet been identified.  However, it appears that Leopold is the only son to whom the text can refer.  The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified.  Hermann III & his first wife had one child:

a)         HERMANN (-Antioch Jun 1190).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.   Marchese di Verona 1155-1184.  Vogt von Backnang 1160.  An inscription in the church of Santa Maria di Verona dated 26 Jul 1177 names "Arman Teutonicus Marchio et D. totius Marchie Veronensis"[15].  He succeeded in 1189 as HERMANN IV Markgraf von Baden.  Crusader 1189.  m UDALHILDIS [von Tübingen, daughter of HUGO II Pfalzgraf von Tübingen].  The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.   Hermann IV & his wife had six children: 

i)          HERMANN (-15/16 Jan 1243).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.   He succeeded in 1197 as HERMANN V Markgraf von Baden, Marchese di Verona. 

-         see below. 

ii)         HEINRICH (-13 Jan 1231, bur Kloster Tennenbach).  "Hermannus et Henricus fratres…Marchiones de Baden" donated property inherited from "neptem nostram Gertrudim comitissam bonæ memoriæ filiam comitis Alberti de Tagisburc" to Strasbourg church by charter dated 1226[16].  Markgraf von Hachberg. 

-         MARKGRAFEN von HACHBERG. 

iii)        FRIEDRICH (-on crusade [1217]).  "Hermannus et Fridericus fratres et marchiones de Baden" confirmed a sale of property in Owingen to Kloster Salem by charter dated 11 Jun 1207[17].  "…Marchio Fridericus de Badin…" witnessed the charter dated 29 Aug 1210 under which Emperor Otto IV confirmed the donation made by "Cunradus comes de Zolre qui et Burggravius de Nurenberg" to the church of Speyer[18].  "Hermanus…marchio de Baden" donated property to the Teutonic Knights, for "germanus frater noster Fredericus" who died while on crusade, by charter dated to [1216/31][19]. 

iv)       RUDOLF (bur Backnang). 

v)        JUTTA (bur Backnang).

vi)       BERTHA (bur Backnang).

Hermann III & his second wife had one child:

b)         GERTRUD (-before 30 Mar 1225).  The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.   It is, however, indicated by the charter dated 1226 under which "Hermannus et Henricus fratres…Marchiones de Baden" donated property inherited from "neptem nostram Gertrudim comitissam bonæ memoriæ filiam comitis Alberti de Tagisburc" to Strasbourg church[20].  m ([1180]) ALBERT [II] Graf von Dagsburg, son of HUGO [XII] Graf von Dagsburg & his wife Lutgardis von Sulzbach (-1212).

2.         JUDITH (-1162, bur Backnang Stiftskirche).  Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated May 1149 under which Konrad III King of Germany confirmed the church of Seckau, witnessed by "Hainricus dux de Karinthia et avunculus eius Herimannus marchio de Baden…"[21].  The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.  m ULRICH I Duke of Carinthia, son of ENGELBERT Duke of Carinthia, Marchese of Istria [Sponheim] & his wife Uta von Passau [Ratpotonen] (-7 Apr 1144).

 

 

HERMANN V 1197-1243, HERMANN VI 1243-1250

 

HERMANN von Baden, son of HERMANN IV Markgraf von Baden & his wife Udalhildis [von Tübingen] (-15/16 Jan 1243, bur Backnang, transferred 1248 to Kloster Lichtental).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.   He succeeded in 1197 as HERMANN V Markgraf von Baden, Marchese di Verona.  "Hermannus et Fridericus fratres et marchiones de Baden" confirmed a sale of property in Owingen to Kloster Salem by charter dated 11 Jun 1207[22].  "Hermannus et Henricus fratres…Marchiones de Baden" donated property inherited from "neptem nostram Gertrudim comitissam bonæ memoriæ filiam comitis Alberti de Tagisburc" to Strasbourg church by charter dated 1226[23].  Pfandherr zu Laufen, Sinsheim und Eppingen, Herr zu Ettlingen und Durlach 1234.  He founded the towns of Pforzheim and Stuttgart.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the donation of land "in Sunnesheim" made for the anniversary of "marchionis antiqui Hermanni et piæ memoriæ domnæ marchionissæ uxoris eius Irmingardis, fundatricis claustri hujus, et filii eius…ducis Austriæ Hermanni"[24]. 

m ([1217]) IRMGARD von Braunschweig, daughter of HEINRICH Herzog von Braunschweig ex-Pfalzgraf bei Rhein & his first wife Agnes von Staufen ([1200]-Lichtenthal 24 Feb 1260, bur Kloster Lichtenthal).  The Altahenses Annales name "Iringarde sorore domine Agnetis ducisse Bawarie" as mother of "Hermannus marchio de Baden"[25].  "Irmengardis relicta Hermanni Marchioni de Baden, soror ducissæ Bavaricæ" founded Kloster Lichtenthal in 1245, confirmed in 1246 by "Irmengardis marchionissa cum duobus filiis suis marchionibus…Hermanno et Rudolpho"[26].  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the donation of land "in Sunnesheim" made for the anniversary of "marchionis antiqui Hermanni et piæ memoriæ domnæ marchionissæ uxoris eius Irmingardis, fundatricis claustri hujus, et filii eius…ducis Austriæ Hermanni"[27]. 

Hermann V & his wife had four children: 

1.         HERMANN (-4 Oct 1250, bur Klosterneuburg).  The Genealogia Ottonis II Ducis Bavariæ names "Hermannum et Rudolfum fratres" as sons of "Hermannus marchio de Baden" & his wife Irmgard[28].  The Altahenses Annales name "Iringarde sorore domine Agnetis ducisse Bawarie" as mother of "Hermannus marchio de Baden"[29].  He succeeded in 1243 as HERMANN VI Markgraf von Baden.  "Irmengardis relicta Hermanni Marchioni de Baden, soror ducissæ Bavaricæ" founded Kloster Lichtenthal in 1245, confirmed in 1246 by "Irmengardis marchionissa cum duobus filiis suis marchionibus…Hermanno et Rudolpho"[30].  Duke of Austria and Styria 1248.  The Annales Mellicenses record the death in 1250 of "Hermannus marchio de Badem"[31].  The Altahenses Annales record the death "4 Non Oct 1250" of "Hermannus marchio de Baden"[32].  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the donation of land "in Sunnesheim" made for the anniversary of "marchionis antiqui Hermanni et piæ memoriæ domnæ marchionissæ uxoris eius Irmingardis, fundatricis claustri hujus, et filii eius…ducis Austriæ Hermanni"[33].  m (mid 1248) as her second husband, GERTRUD of Austria Herzogin von Mödling, widow of VLADISLAV Markgraf of Moravia, daughter of HEINRICH "dem Grausamen" Duke of Austria & his wife Agnes of Thuringia ([1228]-24 Apr 1288).  The Annales Mellicenses in 1246 record the marriage of "Gerdrudem, filiam ducis Heinrici" and "filius regis Boemorum" and in 1248 her marriage to "Hermannus marchio de Badem"[34].  The Continuatio Garstensis records her third marriage in 1252 with "rex Ruscie", specifying that it was arranged by Béla King of Hungary[35].  She married thirdly (27 Mar 1252, divorced 1253) Roman Daniilovich Prince of Slonim and Novgrodek (-after 1260).  Hermann VI & his wife had two children: 

a)         FRIEDRICH (1249-beheaded Naples 29 Oct 1268).  The Continuatio Prædictorum Vindobonensium names "filium Fridericum et filiam Mariam" as the children of "Hermannus marchyo de Paden" & Gertrud[36].  Titular Duke of Austria and Styria.  Titular Marchese di Verona 1265.  The Continuatio Claustroneoburgensis record that "Friderico de Baden" was beheaded with "Cuonradus nepos Friderici imperatoris"[37]. 

b)         AGNES (1250-Vienna 2 Jan 1295).  The Continuatio Prædictorum Vindobonensium names "filium Fridericum et filiam Mariam" as the children of "Hermannus marchyo de Paden" & Gertrud[38], their daughter being named Agnes in the Continuatio Florianensis which specifies that Maria was Gertrud's daughter by her third husband[39].  The Canonici Sambiensis Annales record the marriage in 1263 of "dux Carintie" and "Agnetem filiam Hermanni marcravii de Paden"[40].  The Altahenses Annales record that "Ulrico duci Karinthie" married "Agnetem [filiam Hermanni marchio de Baden]"[41].  She renounced her rights to Baden and Austria in 1279.  m firstly (1265) as his second wife, ULRICH III Duke of Carinthia, son of BERNHARD Duke of Carinthia [Sponheim] & his wife Jutta of Bohemia (-27 Oct 1269).  m secondly ([1270/71]) ULRICH III Graf von Heunburg (-1308).

2.         RUDOLF ([1230]-19 Nov 1288, bur Lichtenthal).  The Genealogia Ottonis II Ducis Bavariæ names "Hermannum et Rudolfum fratres" as sons of "Hermannus marchio de Baden" & his wife Irmgard[42].  He succeeded in 1249 as RUDOLF I Markgraf von Baden. 

-        see below. 

3.         MECHTILD (-1259, bur Beutelsbach, transferred to Stuttgart Stiftskirche).  Heiress of Stuttgart.  "Mahthildis…comitissa de Wirtenbc" donated property in Waiblingen to Kloster Adelberg, with the consent of "mariti mei Ulrici comitis de Wirtenbc", by charter dated Sep 1253[43].  "Ulricus comes de Wirthenberc et Mechtildis coniux sua" donated property to Kloster Pfullingen in Suttgart by charter dated 1259, with the approval of "R. marchio de Baden"[44].  m (before 4 Apr 1251) as his first wife, ULRICH I "mit dem Daumen" Graf von Württemberg, son of [HERMANN Graf von Württemberg & his wife --- ([1226]-25 Feb 1265, bur Stuttgart Stiftskirche).

4.         ELISABETH .  The Annales Colmarienses name "dominus Iohannes de Liechtinberg, filius fratris…episcopi Argentinensis, advocatus regis Romanorum, filius sororis Ruodolphi de Habispurc Romanorum regis de stripe ducis Zeringie"[45], although the reference to "de Habispurc Romanorum regis" is in error.  According to Neuenstein, the wife of Eberhard [V] von Eberstein was "die Schwester der Markgrafen Hermann und Rudolf von Baden, deren Namen wir nicht kennen", referring to (but not citing) a charter dated 1243 under which "Eberhard V der jüngere…mit seinem Schwager Markgraf Rudolf I im Namen seiner Gemahlin" renounced rights to certain property of Kloster Maulbronn[46].  According to Europäische Stammtafeln, this sister was Elisabeth, whose marriage to Ludwig [II] von Lichtenberg is dated to "before Dec 1253" but the primary source on which this information is based is not known.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the donation made by "domnæ Elizabet de Lichtenberch, sorori domni marchionis nostri fundatoris Rudolfi" for the anniversary of "mariti sui Ludewici in die S. Elizabet"[47].  [m firstly (before 9 Mar 1243) EBERHARD [V] von Eberstein gt von Sayn, son of EBERHARD [IV] [Graf] von Eberstein & his wife Adelheid von Sayn (-[Oct 1248/20 Sep 1253]).]  m [secondly] (before Dec 1253) LUDWIG II von Lichtenberg (-before 1271). 

 

 

RUDOLF I 1250-1288, HESSO I 1273-1297, RUDOLF III 1318-1332, RUDOLF HESSO -1335

 

RUDOLF von Baden, son of HERMANN V Markgraf von Baden & his wife Irmgard von Braunschweig ([1230]-19 Nov 1288, bur Lichtenthal).  The Genealogia Ottonis II Ducis Bavariæ names "Hermannum et Rudolfum fratres" as sons of "Hermannus marchio de Baden" & his wife Irmgard[48].  "Irmengardis relicta Hermanni Marchioni de Baden, soror ducissæ Bavaricæ" founded Kloster Lichtenthal in 1245, confirmed in 1246 by "Irmengardis marchionissa cum duobus filiis suis marchionibus…Hermanno et Rudolpho"[49].  He succeeded in 1249 as RUDOLF I Markgraf von Baden.  He was one of the few Swabian noblemen who remained loyal to Konrad IV King of Germany against the papal party and the anti-king Willem II Count of Holland in 1251[50].  in Pforzheim 1257.  "Rudolphus…Marchio Veronensis dominus de Baden" donated revenue from "oppido Ettlingen" to Kloster Lichtenthal, with the consent of "Hermanni Rudolphi Hessonis et Rudolphi filiorum et heredum nostrorum", by charter dated 13 Apr 1278[51].  "Otte von Eberstein" sold part of "der Burge des alten Ebersteins" to "unserm Schwester Mann Rudolphe dem Marggraven von Baden und unser Schwester Cunigunde" by charter dated 1283[52].  "Otthe von Eberstein" sold half "der Burge des alten Ebersteins" to "unser swester man Rudolfe dem Marchgrauen von Baden" by charter dated 1283[53].  The necrology of Salzburg St Rudpert records the death "XIII Kal Dec" of "Rudolfus marchio de Baden fundator mon Lucidenallis"[54]. 

m (before 20 May 1257) KUNIGUNDE von Eberstein, daughter of OTTO [I] von Eberstein & his wife --- ([1230]-Lichtenthal 21 Apr 1290, bur Lichtenthal).  "Otte von Eberstein" sold part of "der Burge des alten Ebersteins" to "unserm Schwester Mann Rudolphe dem Marggraven von Baden und unser Schwester Cunigunde" by charter dated 1283[55].  "Otthe von Eberstein" sold half "der Burge des alten Ebersteins" to "unser swester man Rudolfe dem Marchgrauen von Baden" by charter dated 1283[56].  The Annales Sindelfingenses record the death "1284 11 Kal Mai in castro Libincelle" of "comitissa de Baden"[57]. 

Rudolf I & his wife had eight children: 

1.         ADELHEID (-18 Aug 1295).  Abbess in Lichtenthal 1263-1295. 

2.         HERMANN ([1266]-15 Jul 1291, bur Lichtenthal).  "Rudolphus…Marchio Veronensis dominus de Baden" donated revenue from "oppido Ettlingen" to Kloster Lichtenthal, with the consent of "Hermanni Rudolphi Hessonis et Rudolphi filiorum et heredum nostrorum", by charter dated 13 Apr 1278[58].  He succeeded in 1277 as HERMANN VII "Wecker" Markgraf von Baden. 

-        see below.

3.         RUDOLF (-15 Jul 1291, bur Lichtenthal).  "Rudolphus…Marchio Veronensis dominus de Baden" donated revenue from "oppido Ettlingen" to Kloster Lichtenthal, with the consent of "Hermanni Rudolphi Hessonis et Rudolphi filiorum et heredum nostrorum", by charter dated 13 Apr 1278[59].  Rudolf I King of Germany granted "castrum Mulenberg" to "Rudolfus Marchio de Baden junior, nobili femine Adelheydi sue uxori…sororis nostre de Ohsenstein filie" by charter dated 1287, witnessed by "Hesso Marchio de Baden, Eberh. de Catzenellenboge comes"[60].  He succeeded his brother 1291 as RUDOLF II "der Ältere" Markgraf von Baden.  m (2 May 1285) as her second husband, ADELHEID von Ochsenstein, widow of BERTHOLD Comte de Strasbourg, daughter of OTTO [III] von Ochsenstein & his wife Kunigunde von Habsburg (-17 May 1314).  The Chronicle of Matthias Nueweburgensis records that "relictam comitis de Strasberg, sororem Ottonis de Ohsenstein, consobrinam regis [Alberti]" married "Rudolfo marchioni…de Baden"[61].  Rudolf I King of Germany granted "castrum Mulenberg" to "Rudolfus Marchio de Baden junior, nobili femine Adelheydi sue uxori…sororis nostre de Ohsenstein filie" by charter dated 1287, witnessed by "Hesso Marchio de Baden, Eberh. de Catzenellenboge comes"[62].  "Rudolf…der alte Marggrave von Baden" donated property to Kloster Lichtenthal, naming "Guten unser…frowen und unser swiger frowen Adelheit von Ohsenstein…Frideriches und Rudolfes unsers bruders sünen der Marggrave von Baden", by charter dated 1306[63]. 

4.         HESSO (-13 Feb [1296/97]).  "Rudolphus…Marchio Veronensis dominus de Baden" donated revenue from "oppido Ettlingen" to Kloster Lichtenthal, with the consent of "Hermanni Rudolphi Hessonis et Rudolphi filiorum et heredum nostrorum", by charter dated 13 Apr 1278[64].  His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated Sep 1297, under the seal of "matrone relicte quondam…Hessonis de Baden marchionis", which records a settlement between "Eberhardus comes de Wirtenberc et…Irmengardis eiusdem comitis collectanea, quondam…Rudolfi marchionis de Baden filia" and the heirs of "quondam Hessoni marchioni de Baden…fraterculi nostri" concerning the inheritance of "Rudolfo quondam Marchione de Baden"[65].  He succeeded in 1273 as HESSO I Markgraf von Baden.  m firstly (before 5 Jan 1278) KLARA von Klingen, daughter of WALTER von Klingen (-before 10 Jun 1291, bur Kloster Klingental).  m secondly IRMENGARD von Württemberg, daughter of ULRICH I "mit dem Daumen" Graf von Württemberg & his second wife Agnes von Liegnitz [Piast] ([1261/64]-before 1295).  m thirdly ADELHEID von Rieneck, daughter of GERHARD IV Graf von Rieneck (-1299, bur Lichtenthal).  Hesso & his first wife had one child:

a)         HERMANN VIII (-1338).  Markgraf von Baden. 

Hesso & his third wife had one child:  

b)         RUDOLF HESSO (-17 Aug 1335).  He succeeded as RUDOLF HESSO Markgraf von Baden.  Herr von Baden 1331.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death 17 Aug 1333 of "Rudolfus marchio de Baden dictus Hesse"[66].  m (before 23 Feb 1326) as her second husband, JEANNE de Bourgogne Dame d'Héricourt, de Belfort et de Châtelot, widow of ULRICH III Comte de Ferrette, daughter of RENAUD de Bourgogne [Comté] Comte de Montbéliard & his wife Guillemette de Neuchâtel Ctss de Montbéliard (-[26 Aug 1347/11 Sep 1349]).  She married thirdly (before 22 Aug 1339) Wilhelm Graf von Katzenelnbogen (-1385 before 25 Oct). 

i)          MARGARETE (-after 15 Sep 1366[67], bur Wittichen).  Dame d'Héricourt et de Florimont 1347.  m (dispensation 3^o and 4^o Avignon 26 Jan 1345) FRIEDRICH von Baden, son of RUDOLF IV Markgraf von Baden & his second wife Marie von Oettingen ([1327]-3 Sep 1353, bur Lichtenthal).  He succeeded in 1348 as FRIEDRICH III Markgraf von Baden.

ii)         ADELHEID [Alix] (-[19 Jul 1370/31 Dec 1373], bur Basel Barfüsserkirche).  Dame de Belfort 1358.  m firstly (before 26 Aug 1347) RUDOLF von Baden, son of RUDOLF IV Markgraf von Baden & his second wife Marie von Oettingen (-28 Aug 1361).  He succeeded in 1348 as RUDOLF V "Wecker" Markgraf von Baden.  m secondly (before 4 Apr 1369) WALRAM IV  Graf von Tierstein (-killed in battle near Sempach 9 Jul 1386).

5.         RUDOLF (-2 Feb 1332, bur Lichtenthal).  "Rudolphus…Marchio Veronensis dominus de Baden" donated revenue from "oppido Ettlingen" to Kloster Lichtenthal, with the consent of "Hermanni Rudolphi Hessonis et Rudolphi filiorum et heredum nostrorum", by charter dated 13 Apr 1278[68].  He succeeded as RUDOLF III Markgraf von Baden.  "Rudolf…der alte Marggrave von Baden" donated property to Kloster Lichtenthal, naming "Guten unser…frowen und unser swiger frowen Adelheit von Ohsenstein…Frideriches und Rudolfes unsers bruders sünen der Marggrave von Baden", by charter dated 1306[69].  Herr von Baden 1318.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death 2 Feb 1331 (O.S. presumably) of "Rudolfus marchio de Baden"[70].  m (before Mar 1306) JUTTA, daughter of BERCHTOLD II Graf von Strasbourg & his wife --- (-27 Mar 1327, bur Lichtenthal).  "Rudolf…der alte Marggrave von Baden" donated property to Kloster Lichtenthal, naming "Guten unser…frowen und unser swiger frowen Adelheit von Ohsenstein…Frideriches und Rudolfes unsers bruders sünen der Marggrave von Baden", by charter dated 1306[71]. 

6.         KUNIGUNDE ([1265]-22 Jul 1310, bur Stetten im Gnadental).  Her parentage is indicated by the charter dated 24 Feb 1327 under which Pope John XXII agreed with "Rudolfo marchioni de Baden" to sponsor "Fridericum comitem de Zolre nepotem tuum"[72].  The necrology of Stetten records the death "XI Kal Aug" of "sor Cunegund com de Zolr"[73].  m (before 20 Dec 1281) FRIEDRICH von Zollern, son of FRIEDRICH V Graf von Zollern & his wife Udilhild von Dillingen (-4 Apr [1297/98]).  He succeeded his father in 1289 as FRIEDRICH VI Graf von Zollern. 

7.         KUNIGUNDE (-2 Jul after 1315).  m (before 27 Mar 1293) RUDOLF [II] Graf von Wertheim (-[4 May 1303/13 Nov 1306]).  

8.         IRMGARD ([1270]-8 Feb after 1320, bur Stuttgart Stiftskirche).  Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Sep 1297, under the seal of "matrone relicte quondam…Hessonis de Baden marchionis", which records a settlement between "Eberhardus comes de Wirtenberc et…Irmengardis eiusdem comitis collectanea, quondam…Rudolfi marchionis de Baden filia" and the heirs of "quondam Hessoni marchioni de Baden…fraterculi nostri" concerning the inheritance of "Rudolfo quondam Marchione de Baden"[74].  m (before 1291) EBERHARD I "der Erlauchte" Graf von Württemberg, son of ULRICH I "mit dem Daumen" Graf von Württemberg & his second wife Agnes von Liegnitz [Piast] (13 Mar 1265-Stuttgart 5 Jun 1325, bur Stuttgart Stiftskirche).

 

 

HERMANN VII 1277-1291, FRIEDRICH II 1291-1333, HERMANN VIII 1333-1353

 

HERMANN von Baden, son of RUDOLF I Markgraf von Baden & his wife Kunigunde von Eberstein ([1266]-15 Jul 1291, bur Lichtenthal).  "Rudolphus…Marchio Veronensis dominus de Baden" donated revenue from "oppido Ettlingen" to Kloster Lichtenthal, with the consent of "Hermanni Rudolphi Hessonis et Rudolphi filiorum et heredum nostrorum", by charter dated 13 Apr 1278[75].  He succeeded in 1277 as HERMANN VII "Wecker" Markgraf von Baden.  "Herman der Junge Marggraue von Baden" sold property to "dem Herren Peter von der Sconenegge von Strasburg" by charter dated 1283[76]. 

m (before 6 Oct 1278) AGNES von Truhendingen, daughter of FRIEDRICH Graf von Truhendingen & his second wife Margareta von Andechs-Merano (-15 Mar after 1309).  "Agnes…marchionissa senior de Baden" consented to the sale of property "villam Langensteinbach" to Kloster Lichtenthal made by "filius noster Fridericus", naming "fratres sui Rudolfus et Hermannus nondum annos discretionis attigerant", by charter dated May 1296[77]. 

Hermann VII & his wife had five children: 

1.         daughter.  1281. 

2.         FRIEDRICH (-21 Jun 1333, bur Lichtenthal).  "Agnes…marchionissa senior de Baden" consented to the sale of property "villam Langensteinbach" to Kloster Lichtenthal made by "filius noster Fridericus", naming "fratres sui Rudolfus et Hermannus nondum annos discretionis attigerant", by charter dated May 1296[78].  He succeeded his father in 1291 as FRIEDRICH II Markgraf von Baden.  in Burg Iberg, Steinbach, Burg Eberstein, Stadt Kuppenheim, den Burgen Elchesheim, Wildenfels und Remchingen 1309.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death in 1332 of "Fridericus marchio de Baden"[79].  m firstly (before 16 Oct 1312) AGNES von Weinsberg, daughter of KONRAD [III] von Weinsberg & his wife --- (-3 May 1320).  m secondly (dispensation 3^o and 4^o Avignon 26 Oct 1324) MARGARETE von Vaihingen, daughter of KONRAD [IV] Graf von Vaihingen & his wife --- (-15 Mar 1348).  Abbess of Lichtenthal 1336/38.  Friedrich II & his first wife had two children:

a)         HERMANN (-14 Apr 1353).  He succeeded in 1333 as HERMANN VIII Markgraf von Baden.  in Pforzheim 1336.  in Eberstein 1338.  Vogt von Herrenalb 1350.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death "præcedenti die Tiburcii et Valeriani" 1353 of "Hermannus marchio de Baden"[80].  m (before 23 Jun 1341) as her first husband, MATHILDE von Vaihingen, daughter of KONRAD [VI] Graf von Vaihingen & his wife --- (-[5 May 1368/24 Apr 1381]).  She married secondly (before 26 Feb 1356) Friedrich IV Graf von Zollern Herr zu Eselsberg und Schalksburg.  Hermann VIII & his wife had one child: 

i)          FRIEDRICH IV (-before 1353). 

b)         FRIEDRICH .  1332. 

Friedrich II & his second wife had three children:

c)         AGNES (-8 Mar 1361).  Abbess in Lichtenthal 1338/61. 

d)         IRMGARD .  Nun at Lichtenthal. 

e)         MARIE .  Nun at Lichtenthal. 

3.         RUDOLF (-25 Jun 1348, bur Lichtenthal).  "Agnes…marchionissa senior de Baden" consented to the sale of property "villam Langensteinbach" to Kloster Lichtenthal made by "filius noster Fridericus", naming "fratres sui Rudolfus et Hermannus nondum annos discretionis attigerant", by charter dated May 1296[81].  He succeeded his father in 1291 as RUDOLF IV Markgraf von Baden. 

-        see below. 

4.         HERMANN (-before 1300).  "Agnes…marchionissa senior de Baden" consented to the sale of property "villam Langensteinbach" to Kloster Lichtenthal made by "filius noster Fridericus", naming "fratres sui Rudolfus et Hermannus nondum annos discretionis attigerant", by charter dated May 1296[82]. 

5.         JUDITH (-27 Mar 1327). 

 

 

RUDOLF IV 1291-1348, FRIEDRICH III 1348-1353, RUDOLF V 1348-1361

 

RUDOLF von Baden, son of HERMANN VII "Wecker" Markgraf von Baden & his wife Agnes von Truhendingen (-25 Jun 1348, bur Lichtenthal).  "Agnes…marchionissa senior de Baden" consented to the sale of property "villam Langensteinbach" to Kloster Lichtenthal made by "filius noster Fridericus", naming "fratres sui Rudolfus et Hermannus nondum annos discretionis attigerant", by charter dated May 1296[83].  He succeeded his father in 1291 as RUDOLF IV Markgraf von Baden.  in Pforzheim, Weissenstein und Stein 1309.  Canon at Speyer Cathedral 1311.  Landvogt der Mortenau 1335.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death "VII Kal Jul" 1348 of "Rudolfus marchio de Baden"[84]. 

m firstly (before 28 Feb 1318) as her second husband, LIUTGARD von Bolanden, widow of ALBRECHT I von Schenkenburg Graf von Löwenstein, daughter of PHILIPP [V] von Bolanden zu Ennheim & his wife Lukardis --- (-18 Mar [1324/25]). 

m secondly (Papal dispensation 3^o and 4^o Avignon 13 Sep 1325, before 18 Feb 1326) as her third husband, MARIA von Oettingen, widow firstly of RUDOLF III Graf von Habsburg-Laufenburg and secondly of WERNER II Graf von Homberg [Froburg], daughter of FRIEDRICH [I] Graf von Oettingen & his wife Elisabeth von Dornberg (-10 May 1369, bur Lichtenthal).   

Rudolf IV & his second wife had two children:

1.         FRIEDRICH ([1327]-3 Sep 1353, bur Lichtenthal).  He succeeded his father in 1348 as FRIEDRICH III Markgraf von Baden.  Herr von Baden 1349.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death "IV Non Sep" 1353 of "marchio Fridericus"[85].  m (dispensation 3^o and 4^o Avignon 26 Jan 1345) MARGARETA von Baden, daughter of RUDOLF HESSO Markgraf von Baden Herr von Baden & his wife Jeanne de Bourgogne [Comté] (-after 15 Sep 1366, bur Wittichen).  Dame d'Héricourt et de Florimont 1347.  Friedrich III & his wife had two children: 

a)         RUDOLF (-20 Mar 1372, bur Lichtenthal).  He succeeded his father in 1353 as RUDOLF VI Markgraf von Baden. 

-        see below. 

b)         MARGARETE (-23 Mar ----).  Dame d'Héricourt 1367.  m firstly (contract Winzingen 27 Aug 1361, before 10 Nov 1363) JOFFRIED [II] Graf von Leiningen zu Rixingen (-before 1380).  m secondly HEINRICH Graf von Lützelstein Herr von Geroldseck am Wasichen (-1394).

2.         RUDOLF (-28 Aug 1361).  He succeeded his father in 1348 as RUDOLF V "Wecker" Markgraf von Baden.  Herr von Pforzheim 1349.  Herr von Baden 1354.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death "V Kal Sep" 1353 of "domnus Rudolfus dictus Wecker marchio de Baden"[86].  m (before 26 Aug 1347) as her first husband, ADELHEID von Baden, daughter of RUDOLF HESSO Markgraf von Baden Herr von Baden & his wife Jeanne de Bourgogne [Comté] (-[19 Jul 1370/31 Dec 1373], bur Basel Barfüsserkirche).  Dame de Belfort 1358.  She married secondly (before 4 Apr 1369) Walram IV Graf von Tierstein (-killed in battle near Sempach 9 Jul 1386).

 

 

RUDOLF VI 1353-1372, BERNHARD I 1372-1431, JAKOB 1431-1453, BERNHARD II 1453-1458

 

RUDOLF von Baden, son of FRIEDRICH III Markgraf von Baden & his wife Margareta von Baden (-20 Mar 1372, bur Lichtenthal).  He succeeded his father in 1353 as RUDOLF VI Markgraf von Baden.  Herr von Pforzheim 1358.  in Grafschaft Löwenstein 1365.  Landvogt im Breisgau 1370.  The Chronicle of Lichtenthal records the death "XIII Kal Apr" 1372 of "Rudolfus marchio de Baden"[87]. 

m (contract 13 Jul 1346[88]) MECHTILD von Sponheim, daughter of JOHANN [III] Graf von Sponheim (-[10 Mar 1407/3 Oct 1410]). 

Rudolf VI & his wife had three children: 

1.         BERNHARD (1364-Baden 5 Apr 1431, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  He succeeded his father in 1372 as BERNHARD I Markgraf von Baden, minor until 1379.  in Pforzheim 1384.  Landvogt im Breisgau 1385.  in Durlach, und Kuppenheim 1388.  He acquired part of the county of Eberstein, near Baden-Baden, 1389.  He bought Hachberg[89], Höhingen, Ober-Usenberg and the town of Sulzburg from Otto II Markgraf von [Baden-]Hachberg 25 Jul 1415.  m firstly (contract 22 Jun 1368, [1 Sep 1384], divorced before 1391) as her first husband, MARGARETE von Hohenberg, daughter of RUDOLF [III] Graf von Hohenberg [Zollern] & his wife Ita von Toggenburg (-26 Feb 1419).  She married secondly (before 20 Apr 1391) Hermann Graf von Sulz (-1431 before 24 Mar).  m secondly (dispensation 4^o 15 Sep 1397 and 27 Aug 1398, before 27 Mar 1398) ANNA von Oettingen, daughter of LUDWIG [XI] Graf von Oettingen ([1380]-22 Jul 1442, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  Bernhard I & his second wife had ten children:

a)         ANNA (15 Mar 1399-after 6 Dec 1421).  m (contract Baden 11 May 1409) LUDWIG [IV] von Lichtenberg (-28 Aug 1434).

b)         BEATRIX (24 Jun 1400-1452).  zu Gräfenstein.  m (contract 2 Jul 1409, before 11 Jul 1411) EMICHO [VII] Graf von Leiningen-Hartenburg (-1452 after 3 Mar).

c)         MECHTILD (11 Dec 1401-18 Apr 1402, bur Lichtenthal). 

d)         MARGARETE (25 Jan 1404-7 Nov 1442, bur Idstein).  m (contract Worms 17 Mar 1412, Mar 1418) ADOLF II Graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, son of WALRAM [II] Graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein & his wife Berta von Westerburg (1386-26 Jul 1426, bur Idstein).

e)         JAKOB (15 Mar 1407-Mühlburg 13 Oct 1453, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  in Eberstein und Gernsbach 1425.  He succeeded in 1431 as JAKOB I Markgraf von Baden. 

-        see below. 

f)          AGNES (1408-Ebersteinburg 1473).  She was imprisoned from 1437 at Ebersteinburg, and died there blind.  m firstly (contract Ettlingen 23 Feb 1432, Baden before 2 Jun 1432, divorced 1433) GERHARD von Schleswig und Holstein, son of GERHARD VI Herzog von Schleswig, Graf von Holstein & his wife Katharina [Elisabeth] von Braunschweig (posthumously 1404-Emmerich 24 Jul 1433, bur Emmerich St Martin).  m secondly (secretly betrothed 2 Jun 1437) HANS von Hewen (-after 1467).

g)         URSULA (25 Oct 1409-24 Mar 1429, bur Mindelheim Stiftskirche).  m firstly (contract 20 Dec 1422) GOTTFRIED IX Graf von Ziegenhain und Nidda (-9 Mar 1425).  m secondly (before 16 Apr 1426) ULRICH II Herzog von Teck, son of FRIEDRICH III Herzog von Teck & his wife Anna von Helfenstein (-7 Aug 1432, bur Mindelheim St Stefan).

h)         BERNHARD (31 Oct 1412-27 Jul 1424, bur Lichtenthal). 

i)          BRIGITTE (1 Jan 1416-after 24 Jul 1441).  A nun. 

j)          RUDOLF (13 Jul 1417-Aug 1424, bur Lichtenthal). 

Bernhard I had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses: 

k)          BERNHARD .  Priest at Besigheim 1422/39.  Canon at Basel Cathedral 1439.  

l)           ANNA (-before 12 May 1449).  m (before 1439) PAUL Lutran von Ertrin (-after 30 Apr 1464).  Vogt zu Pforzheim 1453. 

2.         MECHTILD (before 22 Jun 1368-Schleusingen 3 Aug 1425).  m (before 4 Jul 1376) HEINRICH [VII] Graf von Henneberg in Schleusingen, son of JOHANN [II] Graf von Henneberg in Schleusingen & his wife Elisabeth von Leuchtenberg (1350-Henneberg 2/3 Aug 1405). 

3.         RUDOLF (-14 Jan 1391, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  He succeeded as RUDOLF VII Markgraf von Baden.  1388 Herr zu Baden, Iburg, Rastatt und Ettlingen. 

 

 

JAKOB 1431-1453, BERNHARD II 1453-1458

 

JAKOB von Baden, son of BERNHARD I Markgraf von Baden & his second wife Anna von Oettingen (15 Mar 1407-Mühlburg 13 Oct 1453, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  in Eberstein und Gernsbach 1425.  He succeeded in 1431 as JAKOB I Markgraf von Baden.  in Hochberg.  From 1437, he was joint ruler of Sponheim-Starkenburg (Hintere Grafschaft) and ⁴/₅ of Sponheim-Kreuznach (Vordere Grafschaft), jointly with Friedrich Pfalzgraf von Veldenz, on the death of Johann Graf von Sponheim-Starkenburg in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Beinheim agreed by the latter in 1425.  zu Lahr und Mahlberg 1442.  He founded the Kollegiatkirche at Baden-Baden 1453. 

m (before 25 Jul 1422) CATHERINE de Lorraine, daughter of CHARLES II Duke of Lorraine & his wife Pfalzgräfin Margareta (1407-Baden-Baden 1 Mar 1439, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche). 

Jakob I & his wife had seven children: 

1.         KARL (-Pforzheim 24 Feb 1475, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  He succeeded his father in 1453 as KARL I Markgraf von Baden. 

-        see below. 

2.         BERNHARD ([1428/29]-Moncalieri 15 Jul 1458, bur Moncalieri Santa Maria della Scala).  He succeeded his father in 1453 as BERNHARD II Markgraf von Baden in Pforzheim.  He died of the plague.  Beatified 1769. 

3.         JOHANN (9 Feb 1430-Ehrenbreitstein 9 Feb 1503, bur Trier Cathedral).  Canon at Trier Cathedral 1448.  Canon at Mainz Cathedral 1450/52.  Provost of St Mariengraden at Köln 1450.  Canon at Strasbourg Cathedral 1452.  Cantor at Speyer Cathedral 1454.  Canon at Bamberg Cathedral 1454/55.  Administrator of Trier 1456.  Archbishop and Elector of Trier 1465-1503.  He founded the University of Trier 1473. 

4.         MARGARETE (1431-Ansbach 24 Oct 1457, bur Kloster Heilsbronn).  m (contract 4 May 1444, Papal dispensation 4^o 24 Jan 1446, Ansbach 14 Nov 1446) as his first wife, ALBRECHT ACHILLES Markgraf von Brandenburg in Ansbach, son of FRIEDRICH I Elector of Brandenburg [Hohenzollern] & his wife Elisabeth von Bayern-Landshut (Tangermünde 29 Nov 1414-Frankfurt am Main 11 Mar 1486, bur Heilsbronn).  He succeeded on the abdication of his brother in 1470 as ALBRECHT ACHILLES Elector of Brandenburg. 

5.         GEORG (1433-Moyen 11 Oct 1484, bur Metz Cathedral).  Canon at Mainz Cathedral 1456.  Provost of St Mariengraden at Köln 1456-1459.  Coadjutor of Metz 1457, administrator 1459.  Bishop of Metz 1461-1484. 

6.         MARKUS (1434-1 Sep 1478).  Canon and archdeacon at Würzburg Cathedral 1455-1478.  Canon and Scholasticus at Speyer Cathedral 1456, resigned 1458.  Canon at Strasbourg Cathedral 1456.  Canon at Mainz Cathedral 1459-1478.  Provost of St Florin at Koblenz 1460-1478.  Protector of the Bishopric of Liège 1465-1468.  Chor Bishop of Köln 1473-1478.  Canon at Trier Cathedral 1477. 

7.         MATHILDE (-18 Apr 1485).  Abbess of St Klara at Trier.  

Jakob I had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress: 

8.          RUDOLF von Baden .  Comtur of the Order of the Knights of St John at Freiburg, Neuenburg, Heitersheim und Kenzingen 1456-1470.  Comtur at Überlingen 1473-1500. 

 

 

KARL I 1453-1475, ALBRECHT 1475-1476

 

KARL von Baden, son of JAKOB I Markgraf von Baden & his wife Catherine de Lorraine (-Pforzheim 24 Feb 1475, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  He succeeded his father in 1453 as KARL I Markgraf von Baden.  zu ½ Lahr und Mahlberg.  He died of the plague. 

m (contract Konstanz 3 Jan 1446, Papal dispensation 4^o 24 Jan 1446, Pforzheim 15 Jul 1447) KATHARINA of Austria, daughter of ERNST "Dem Eisernen" Duke of Inner Austria & his second wife Cimburka of Masovia (Vienna Neustadt 1424-Schloß Hohenbaden 11 Sep 1493, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche). 

Karl I & his wife had six children: 

1.         KATHARINA (15 Jan 1449-before 8 May 1484).  m (contract Pforzheim 15 Feb 1464, before 19 May 1464) GEORG [III] Graf von Werdenberg in Heiligenberg und Sigmaringen (-12 Mar 1500).

2.         ZIMBURG (15 May 1450-Breda 15 Jul 1501, bur Breda).  m (Koblenz 30 Jan 1469) ENGELBERT [II] Graf von Nassau-Dillenburg (1451-Brussels 31 May 1504, bur Breda).

3.         MARGARETA ([30 May] 1452-Lichtenthal 20 May 1495, bur Lichtenthal).  Abbess of Lichtenthal 1476-1495. 

4.         CHRISTOPH (13 Nov 1453-Schloß Hohenbaden 19 Apr 1527, bur Baden-Baden Stiftskirche).  He succeeded his father in 1475 as CHRISTOPH I Joint-Markgraf von Baden, jointly with his brother Albrecht. 

-        MARKGRAFEN von BADEN. 

5.         ALBRECHT (25 Jan 1456-killed in battle near Damme 23 Jul 1488).  He succeeded his father in 1475 as ALBRECHT Joint-Markgraf von Baden, resigned in favour of his brother Christoph 1476.  Under a partition of territories agreed 1482 with his brother Christoph, Albrecht received Hochberg.  

6.         FRIEDRICH (9 Jul 1458-Lier 24 Sep 1517).  Canon at Speyer Cathedral 1480-1497, resigned.  Canon at Köln Cathedral 1480-1499, resigned.  Provost of St Florin at Koblenz 1487-1490.  Canon at Trier Cathedral 1492-1517.  Thesaurarius at Strasbourg and Trier Cathedrals 1495.  Canon at Mainz Cathedral 1495-1499, resigned.  Bishop of Utrecht 1496-1510, resigned. 

Karl I had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress: 

7.          ANNA .  m ([11 Jan 1471]) JOHANNES Henne, from Durlach.