Brittany has a long tradition of separate development from the rest of France. It successfully opposed integration into Roman Gaul, as vividly characterised by Goscinny and Uderzo[1]. Even after 1213, when the ducal title passed to a younger branch of the Capet-Dreux family, the duchy remained autonomous from the Capetian crown, although increased contact with other parts of France from this time onwards is reflected in the greater number of marriages between the ducal family and other French nobility. It was not until 1514, with the death of Anne Duchess of Brittany who had retained government of the duchy under the terms of the contract for her third marriage with Louis XII King of France, that the territory was finally integrated under the French crown, the last of the French provinces to do so.

Semi-legendary “histories” of early Brittany were woven from sparse facts and elements of Arthurian legend. An example can be found in the “Grandes Chroniques de Bretaigne”, written in 1514 by Alain Bouchart[2], an entertaining read which is virtually worthless from a historical point of view. These histories are as extensive as the similar early quasi-histories fabricated in the late 12th/early 13th centuries in the Icelandic Sagas in respect of the Scandinavian countries. Nevertheless, some fact can be distinguished from the legend, as primary sources do refer to rulers in Brittany by name as early as the 7th century. For example, the Chronicle of Fredegar (written somewhat later) records that “Iudicaile rex Brittanorum” submitted to Dagobert I King of the Franks in [635] and undertook to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Frankish kings[3]. The line between truth and fiction is therefore impossible to draw, as is the case with the early history of ruling dynasties in many other medieval European states. More reliable information relating to Brittany is found in primary sources from the early 9th century. From this time, an outline reconstruction of the families of the dukes of Brittany is possible, starting with Wihomarc whose rebellion against the Carolingian Franks is recorded by Einhard in 825[4].

The rulers of Brittany in the 9th and 10th centuries were members of eight separate families. These different families intermarried, but no common ancestry can be traced from the available primary sources. It is assumed that each family enjoyed local control in different parts of the duchy, and that each in turn assumed central authority depending on which leader could best manipulate the political situation at the time. The sources reveal local counts in Poher (Chapter 8) and Rennes (Chapter 10) from the late 9th century, but it has not been possible to link the other families with defined geographical areas based on the sources which have so far been consulted. The dukes of Brittany from the early 9th century until 1213, all descended from Breton families, are shown in Chapter 1. It appears that, after the death of Alain I Duke of Brittany in 907, power in Brittany was shared between the counts of Poher (Alain´s son-in-law), Vannes (Alain´s possible eldest son) and Cornouaïlle, and that none of these was acknowledged as overall ruler. It is likely that this situation persisted until the Viking invasion in 919 as no reference has been found to any overall Breton duke during that time in any of the primary sources so far consulted in the preparation of this document. Between 919 and 937, the Vikings expelled the local Breton rulers and installed themselves as rulers of Brittany at Nantes. Brittany was liberated from Viking rule in 938 with help from Æthelstan King of England who enabled Alain II “Barbetorte”, from the family of the comtes de Poher, to establish himself as duke of Brittany.

In 1213, the duchy was inherited by Pierre de Dreux, a younger son of Robert [II] Comte de Dreux [Capet], who had married Alix de Thouars, heiress of Brittany and daughter of Constance, the last native ruler of Brittany. His descendants ruled Brittany until the death of duchess Anne in 1514 (see Chapter 2).

The early 9th century pagi in Brittany which are named in the cartulary of Redon are pagus Redonicus or Redoniæ (Rennes), pagus Namneticus (Nantes), pagus Venediæ, also called pagus Broweroc, (Vannes), and possibly also pagus Trans Silvam (Poutrecoët) and pagus Retensis (pays de Retz)[5]. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction was divided (from west to east) into the bishoprics of Saint-Pol, Quimper, Léon (separated in the 9th century into Tréguier, Dol and Saint-Brieuc), Vannes, Saint-Malo, Dol, Rennes and Nantes, all within the archbishopric of Tours[6]. The counties which later emerged in Brittany were not co-extensive either with the pagi or the bishoprics. Apart from Poher and Rennes, other Breton counties only emerge in the primary sources from the early 11th century: Cornouaille (Chapter 3), and Penthièvre (Chapter 7). The county of Nantes (Chapter 6) was a special case, ruled from the early 9th century by Frankish nominees who were appointed by the Carolingian king-emperors and tasked with protecting the “march” of Brittany. The county of Nantes was granted to an illegitimate son of Alain II “Barbetorte” Duke of Brittany in the mid-10th century.

Chapter 1. DUKES of BRITTANY 831-1213

A. DUKES of BRITTANY 831-907

WIHOMARC 825, MURMANUS -831

1. WIHOMARC, son of --- (-825). Einhard's Annales record that "Brittaniæ…Wihomarcus" rebelled in 825[7]. The Gesta Francorum records that "Wihomarcus, Brito" treacherously made peace with the Vikings in 825 and was surrounded in his own home and killed by the men of Comte Lambert[8].

1. MURMANUS, son of --- (-837). Regino records the death in 837 of "Murmanus rex Brittonum"[9].

NOMINOË 831-851, ERISPOË 851-857

1. NOMINOË, son of --- (-[8 Jun/22 Aug] 851, bur Redon). Emperor Louis I "le Pieux" installed him as missus imperatoris in Brittania (sole ruler) in [831]. Duke of Brittany. Emperor Louis I confirmed the donation of "fideli nostri Nominoë" to the monastery "Rotonensi S. Salvatoris…in pago Broweroch" by charter dated 834[10]. His forces defeated the Frankish army of Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks at Redon 22 Nov 845, following their attack in retaliation for the murder of Renaud Comte de Nantes by Erispoë, Nominoë's son. The two sides made peace in 846[11]. The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Nomenoius dux" captured and destroyed "Redonas civitatem et Nannetis" before returning to Brittany, the event being dated from the context to the early 850s[12]. "Nominoio tyranno Britonum" fought "Lambertus comes et Warnarius frater eius" in 850, and died "851 indictione 14"[13]. The Annales Bertiniani record the death in 851 of "Nomenogius Britto"[14]. The Annals of St Salvator Redon record that "Nominoius princeps…cum Erispoe filio" were buried at the abbey of Redon[15]. m ---. The name of Nominoë's wife is not known. Nominoë & his wife had three children:

a) ERISPOË (-murdered [2/12] Nov 857, bur Redon). Regino names "filius Nomenoi Herispoius" when recording that he succeeded his father in Brittany[16]. The Chronica Fontanellensis names "Respogio filio Nomenoi, tyranno Brittonum"[17]. The Chronica Rainaldi records that "Rainaldo…comite Nannetensium" was killed in 843 while fighting "Herispoium, Noremoi filium at alios Britannos apud Metiacum"[18]. "Erispoius…provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps" names "genitoris mei Nominoe…consobrini mei Salomonis filiique mei Conan episcoporumque" in a charter dated 19 May [851/57][19]. He succeeded his father in 851 as Duke of Brittany. Although "Respogius filius Nomenogii" swore allegiance to Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks, he defeated the king's army at Jengland, on the river Vilaine, and was ceded Rennes, Nantes and the pays de Retz[20], although peace was agreed and confirmed by the betrothal of Erispoë's daughter to the king's son. The Annales Bertiniani record that "Respogius dux Brittonum" was killed in 857 by "Salamone et Almaro Brittonibus"[21]. The Chronica Rainaldi records that "Herispoius rex tyrannicus Britonum" was killed in 857 by "Salomone" [his cousin][22]. m MARMOHEC, daughter of --- (-[856/57]). The Chronicle of Nantes records a donation by "Herispogii" for the soul of "Marmohec coniugis nostræ" dated 857[23], which suggests that she was then deceased. No proof has been found that Marmohec was the mother of Erispoë's children shown below. Erispoë & [his wife] had three children:

i) daughter . The Annales Bertiniani record the betrothal of "Respogio Brittone…filiam eius" and "Karlus rex…filio suo Ludoico" in early 856[24]. It is likely that the oldest daughter of Erispoë was betrothed to the Carolingian prince. It is not known whether this was the same person as his unnamed daughter who later married Gurwent (see below). Betrothed (Feb 856, contract broken end 857) to LOUIS, son of CHARLES II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks & his first wife Ermentrude [d'Orléans] (1 Nov 846-Compiègne 10 Apr 879, bur Compiègne, église collégiale Saint-Corneille). His father awarded him the duchy of Mans and part of Neustria and arranged his betrothal in Feb 856, from which time he seems to have received the title king. He was expelled from Brittany after the rebellion which followed the murder of King Erispoë, and sought refuge with his father[25]. He succeeded his father in 877 as LOUIS II "le Bègue" King of the West Franks.

ii) daughter . Her parentage is deduced from the Annales Mettenses which names "Judicheil ex filia Heriospoii regis natus" when recording that he ruled jointly with "Alanus frater Pasquitani"[26]. Her marriage date is suggested on the assumption that she was the same daughter of Erispoe who was earlier betrothed to Louis, son of Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks (see above), but this is not certain. m ([after 857]) GURWENT [Gurvand], son of --- (-877). Regino records that "Pasquitano et Vurfando" killed "Salomon rex Brittonum" in 874, specifying that they divided the kingdom between them although Pascwethen received the larger share[27]. They were deposed in 876 and succeeded by Judicaël, Gurwent's son, and Alain Comte de Vannes who was Pascwethen's brother[28].

iii) CONAN (-after 857). "Erispoius…provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps" names "genitoris mei Nominoe…consobrini mei Salomonis filiique mei Conan episcoporumque" in a charter dated 19 May [851/57][29]. The Chronicle of Nantes records a donation by "Herispogii" for the soul of "Marmohec coniugis nostræ" dated 857 subscribed by "Konani…", signing first in the list of subscriptions but without any indication of his relationship to the donor[30].

b) PASTHENETEN . The Annals of St Salvator Redon name "Pastheneten Leonensis et Gurvant Goelensis comites, Nominoe principis filii" as the murderers of Salomon[31].

c) GURWENT . The Annals of St Salvator Redon name "Pastheneten Leonensis et Gurvant Goelensis comites, Nominoe principis filii" as the murderers of Salomon[32].

2. [daughter . The charter dated 19 May [851/57], in which "Erispoius…provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps" names "genitoris mei Nominoe…consobrini mei Salomonis filiique mei Conan episcoporumque"[33], suggests that the mother of Duke Salomon was the sister of Nominoë Duke of Brittany, assuming that "consobrinus" should be interpreted in its strict sense. m ---, son of ---.]

SALOMON 857-874

1. --- . The name and origin of Salomon´s father is not known. m ---. The name and origin of Salomon´s mother is not known. The charter dated 19 May [851/57], in which "Erispoius…provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps" names "genitoris mei Nominoe…consobrini mei Salomonis filiique mei Conan episcoporumque"[34], suggests that she may have been --- of Brittany, sister of Nominoë Duke of Brittany, daughter of ---, assuming that "consobrinus" should be interpreted in its strict sense. One child:

a) SALOMON (-murdered 28 Jun 874). "Erispoius…provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps" names "genitoris mei Nominoe…consobrini mei Salomonis filiique mei Conan episcoporumque" in a charter dated 19 May [851/57][35]. The Chronicle of Nantes names "Salomon nepos Nomenoii" when recording that he murdered "Herispogium regem cognatum suum"[36]. The Historia Brittania Armorica names "Salomon nepos Nomenoii"[37]. The Annales Bertiniani record that "Salomon Britto" submitted to Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks and was granted a third of Brittany in 852[38]. Regino records the accession of "Salomon dux" on the death of "Herispoius rex Brittonum"[39]. He murdered [his cousin] Duke Erispoe and succeeded in Nov 857 as Duke of Brittany. "Salomon Brittania princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 6 Mar 863[40]. Another charter dated [874] names "Salomoni Brittanie duci"[41]. An opponent of Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks, in 863 Salomon eventually swore allegiance to the king who granted him the land between the Mayenne and Sarthe rivers. However, he rebelled and defeated King Charles at Brissarthe in 866 helped by Viking allies, but was granted the county of Coutan ces (Cotentin and Avranchin) under the peace agreed subsequently. He styled himself king in charters[42]. The Annales Bertiniani record the death in 874 of "Salomon dux Brittonum"[43]. Regino records that "Salomon rex Brittonum" was killed by "Pasquitano et Vurfando", specifying that they thereupon divided the kingdom between them although Pascwethen received the larger share[44]. The Chronica Rainaldi records that "Salomon rex Britonum" was killed "874 IV Kal Jul" by his followers[45]. The Chronicle of Nantes records that "Salomon rex Britanniæ" was killed "a Britannis suis"[46]. m GUENEBRET, daughter of ---. Pope Nicholas I addressed a letter to "Salomone Britannorum rege eiusque conjuge Gyenebret" dated "7 Kal Jun Indictione XIII"[47]. No proof has been found that Gynebret was the mother of Salomon's children shown below. Duke Salomon & [his wife] had four children:

i) PROSTLON de Bretagne (-before 8 Jan 876). Her parentage and marriage is confirmed by the Annales Bertiniani which name "Paswithen gener Salamonis" when recording that he negotiated peace with Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks at Compiègne in early Aug 867[48]. "Pacuueten princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon "post mortem uxoris sue Prostlon" by charter dated 8 Jan 876[49]. m PASCWETHEN [Pasquitan] Comte de Vannes, son of ---.

ii) RIVALLON (-after 17 Apr 869, maybe before 10 Feb 872). The Annals of St Salvator Redon name "Rivallone filio Salamonis, Wincone fratre eius" citing a donation of 868[50]. "Salomon…totius Britanniæ magneque parties Galliarum princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 17 Apr 869, naming "antecessores nostri Nominoe videlicet Erispoe", witnessed by "Riuuallon et Guegon filii supradicti Salamonis"[51]. "…Riuuelen comes, Pascuethen comes, Bran comes…Jedecael princeps Poucher…Moruuethen comes…Riuallon et Guigon filii Salomonis…" witnessed the charter dated 9 Jul 871 relating to a dispute involving the abbey of Redon[52]. If it is correct (as suggested below) that "Vuicon filius Riuuilin", who subscribed the charter dated 10 Feb 872 was the son of Duke Salamon's son Rivallon, the absence of Rivallon's name from the list of subscribers suggests that he may have died before that date. m ---. The name of Rivallon's wife is not known. Rivallon & his wife had [one possible child]:

(a) [GUEGON [Wincon] (-after 10 Feb 872). "Salomon rex Britannie" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 10 Feb 872, witnessed by "Salamon rex…Vuicon filius eius, Bran, Vuruuant, Vuicon filius Riuuilin…"[53]. It is not certain the the Rivallon who was the father of the second named "Vuicon" was the son of Duke Salamon but this is a possibility.]

iii) GUEGON [Wincon] (-after 10 Feb 872). The Annals of St Salvator Redon name "Rivallone filio Salamonis, Wincone fratre eius" citing a donation of 868[54]. "Salomon…totius Britanniæ magneque parties Galliarum princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 17 Apr 869, naming "antecessores nostri Nominoe videlicet Erispoe", witnessed by "Riuuallon et Guegon filii supradicti Salamonis"[55]. "…Riuuelen comes, Pascuethen comes, Bran comes…Jedecael princeps Poucher…Moruuethen comes…Riuallon et Guigon filii Salomonis…" witnessed the charter dated 9 Jul 871 relating to a dispute involving the abbey of Redon[56]. "Salomon rex Britannie" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 10 Feb 872, witnessed by "Salamon rex…Vuicon filius eius, Bran, Vuruuant, Vuicon filius Riuuilin…"[57].

iv) ALBIGEON (-bur Redon). The Annals of St Salvator Redon record that "Albigeon, Salamonis Britonum regis filius" was buried at the abbey of Redon[58].

GURWENT 874-876, JUDICAËL 876-888

1. GURWENT [Gurvand], son of --- (-877). Regino records that "Pasquitano et Vurfando" killed "Salomon rex Brittonum" in 874, specifying that they divided the kingdom between them although Pascwethen received the larger share[59]. Duke of Brittany. They were deposed in 876 and succeeded by Judicaël, Gurwent's son, and Alain Comte de Vannes who was Pascwethen's brother[60]. m ([after 857]) --- of Brittany, daughter of ERISPOË Duke of Brittany & his wife Marmohec ---. Her parentage is deduced from the Annales Mettenses which names "Judicheil ex filia Heriospoii regis natus" when recording that he ruled jointly with "Alanus frater Pasquitani"[61]. Her marriage date is suggested on the assumption that she was the same daughter of Erispoe who was earlier betrothed to Louis, son of Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks (see above), but this is not certain. Gurwent & his wife had [two] children:

a) JUDICAËL (-killed in battle [1 Aug/8 Nov] 888). Comte de Rennes. Regino records that "Iudicheil, ex filia Herispoii regis natus" ruled Brittany jointly with "Alanus frater Pasquitani" after the death of Pascwethen in 876, and his death in battle against the Vikings[62]. He succeeded his father in 876 as joint Duke of Brittany, ruling jointly with Alain Comte de Vannes. Regino records disputes between "Alanum et Iudicheil duces Brittonium" in 890[63], which indicates that the date of his death recorded in the previous passage in the same source may not be accurate.

b) [daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Borderie suggests that Judicael Comte de Rennes was the grandson of Duke Gurwent, but he does not cite any primary source which supports his reasoning[64]. m BERENGAR Comte [de Bayeux], son of ---. 889/before 931.]

PASCWETHEN 874-876, ALAIN I 876-907

Two brothers, parents not known:

1. PASCWETHEN [Pasquitan] (-[876]). Comte de Vannes. "Pascuueten" donated property "de sua hereditate in Bene, quæ dicitur Rancaruuan" to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 17 Jun 862[65]. "Pascuueten comes provintie Brouueroch" witnessed a charter dated 22 May 865[66]. The Annales Bertiniani name "Paswithen gener Salamonis" when recording that he negotiated peace with Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks at Compiègne in early Aug 867[67]. "…Riuuelen comes, Pascuethen comes, Bran comes…Jedecael princeps Poucher…Moruuethen comes…Riuallon et Guigon filii Salomonis…" witnessed the charter dated 9 Jul 871 relating to a dispute involving the abbey of Redon[68]. Regino records that "Pasquitano et Vurfando" killed "Salomon rex Brittonum" in 874, specifying that they divided the kingdom between them although Pascwethen received the larger share[69]. He succeeded his father-in-law in 874 as joint Duke of Brittany, ruling jointly with Gurwent, son-in-law of Erispoë. He sought Viking help against his co-ruler, but they were both deposed in 876 and succeeded by Pascwethen's brother Alain Comte de Vannes and Judicaël, Gurwent's son[70]. m PROSTLON de Bretagne, daughter of SALOMON Duke of Brittany & his wife [Gynebret] --- (-before 8 Jan 876). "Pacuueten princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon "post mortem uxoris sue Prostlon" by charter dated 8 Jan 876[71]. Her parentage and marriage is confirmed by the Annales Bertiniani which name "Paswithen gener Salamonis" when recording that he negotiated peace with Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks at Compiègne in early Aug 867[72].

2. ALAIN (-907). Regino records that "Alanus frater Pasquitani" succeeded his brother, jointly with "Iudicheil, ex filia Herispoii regis natus"[73]. The Annales Mettenses names "Judicheil ex filia Heriospoii regis natus" when recording that he ruled jointly with "Alanus frater Pasquitani"[74]. He succeeded his brother in [876] as ALAIN I "le Grand" joint Duke of Brittany, ruling jointly with Judicaël son of Duke Gurwent. Regino records disputes between "Alanum et Iudicheil duces Brittonium" in 890[75] and, in an earlier passage, that Duke Alain ruled solely after Judicaël died fighting the Vikings[76]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the Bretons defeated the Vikings at St Lo in 890 and "drove them into a river and drowned many"[77]. It appears that, after the death of Alain, power in Brittany was shared between the counts of Poher (Alain´s son-in-law), Vannes (Alain´s possible eldest son) and Cornouaïlle, and that none of these was acknowledged as overall ruler. It is likely that this situation persisted until the Viking invasion in 919 as no reference has been found to any overall Breton duke during that time in any of the primary sources so far consulted in the preparation of this document. m [firstly] OREGUEN, daughter of ---. "Alanus…rex Brittaniæ" donated property "abbatial sancti Sergii in pago Andecavensi" to "Raino Andacavensis episcopus" to "episcopo Adalaldo archiepiscopo simulque Rainoni episcopo, fratri eiusdem" by charter dated [5 Feb 897/26 Nov 903], subscribed by "Orgaim uxoris suæ…Vuereche filii Alani, Pascuiten fratris sui"[78]. [m secondly as her first husband, ---. "Tanchi comes…cum…filiolum suum Derian, filium Alani" shared property which they donated to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 27 Nov 910, "Gurmahilon regnante Britanniam"[79]. This charter indicates that Tanguy was closely related to the family of Duke Alain. The use of the word "filiolus" suggests that Derien may have been Tanguy´s stepson. As Duke Alain´s other known children were adult by the late 9th century as shown by the various documents in which they are named, it is unlikely that their mother would have remarried after her husband´s death. The most likely explanation therefore is that Alain remarried after the death of his wife Oreguen, had a son by this second marriage, and that his widow married secondly Tanguy after her first husband died. This would explain the joint holding of property in which the other sons of Duke Alain are not stated to have held any interest.] Duke Alain I & his [first] wife had [six] children:

a) [RODALD (-after 30 Nov 909). The Chronicle of Nantes quotes a charter, dated to after 5 Feb 897, under which "Alanus rex, summus Britonnum dux…conjugis nostræ Ohurguen ac…communis prolis" donated property, signed by "Rodaldi, Guerech, Pascultani, Budici"[80]. The charter does not specify the relationship between the donor and the four witnesses. However, other documents quoted below show that Guerec and Pascweten were Alain´s sons. It therefore appears likely that Rodald and Budic were also his children. If this is correct, Rodald was presumably the oldest child as he is named first. The dating clause of a charter dated 30 Nov 909 refers to "Rudalt comite post mortem patri sui", referring to the county of Vannes[81]. Comte de Vannes. It appears that, after the death of Alain, power in Brittany was shared between the counts of Poher (Alain´s son-in-law), Vannes (Alain´s possible eldest son) and Cornouaïlle and that none of these was acknowledged as overall ruler.

b) GUEREC [Werec/Vuerech] (-after [5 Feb 897/26 Nov 903]). "Alanus…rex Brittaniæ" donated property "abbatial sancti Sergii in pago Andecavensi" to "Raino Andacavensis episcopus" to "episcopo Adalaldo archiepiscopo simulque Rainoni episcopo, fratri eiusdem" by charter dated [5 Feb 897/26 Nov 903], subscribed by "Orgaim uxoris suæ…Vuereche filii Alani, Pascuiten fratris sui"[82]. The Chronicle of Nantes quotes a charter, dated to after 5 Feb 897, under which "Alanus rex, summus Britonnum dux…conjugis nostræ Ohurguen ac…communis prolis" donated property, signed by "Rodaldi, Guerech, Pascultani, Budici"[83].

c) PASCWETEN (-after [5 Feb 897/26 Nov 903]). "Alanus…rex Brittaniæ" donated property "abbatial sancti Sergii in pago Andecavensi" to "Raino Andacavensis episcopus" to "episcopo Adalaldo archiepiscopo simulque Rainoni episcopo, fratri eiusdem" by charter dated [5 Feb 897/26 Nov 903], subscribed by "Orgaim uxoris suæ…Vuereche filii Alani, Pascuiten fratris sui"82. The Chronicle of Nantes quotes a charter, dated to after 5 Feb 897, under which "Alanus rex, summus Britonnum dux…conjugis nostræ Ohurguen ac…communis prolis" donated property, signed by "Rodaldi, Guerech, Pascultani, Budici"[84].

d) [BUDIC (-after 5 Feb 897). "Alan dux, filius eius Uueroc, Paxuueten, Budic…" witnessed a charter dated 15 Jan 895 which records that "Keuric…filiam" joined the monks at Redon[85]. The Chronicle of Nantes quotes a charter, dated to after 5 Feb 897, under which "Alanus rex, summus Britonnum dux…conjugis nostræ Ohurguen ac…communis prolis" donated property, signed by "Rodaldi, Guerech, Pascultani, Budici"[86]. The charter does not specify the relationship between the donor and the four witnesses. However, other documents quoted below show that Guerec and Pascweten were Alain´s sons. It therefore appears likely that Rodald and Burdic were also his children. If this is correct, Budic was presumably the youngest of the named children as he is named last.

e) daughter. The Chronicle of Nantes records that the mother of "filium suum [Mathuedoi]…Alanum" was "filia Alani Magni Britonum ducis"[87]. m MATHEDOI [Matuedo] Comte de Poher, son of --- (-936).

Alain & his [second] wife had one child:

f) [DERIEN (-after 27 Nov 910). "Tanchi comes…cum…filiolum suum Derian, filium Alani" shared property which they donated to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 27 Nov 910, "Gurmahilon regnante Britanniam"[88]. It is not certain from this text that Derien was the son of Alain I Duke of Brittany, but it is a possibility.]

3. [--- . m ---.]

a) EUEN . "Matuedoi comes" confirmed a donation of property "quod rex Alanus antea atque Euuen nepos eius Sancte Mariæ Bilique episcopo in monacho sempiterno dederat" to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 25 Oct 913[89]. same person as…? EUEN . "Comes Euuenus" donated property to Landevenec by undated charter, dated to the mid-10th century[90]. "Euuenus comes qui dictus est Magnus" donated property to Landevenec by charter dated 10 Apr 955[91]. An undated charter, dated to [945/52], records the death and burial of "Budic…comes", witnessed by "Alan dux Britanniæ…Benedictus episcopus filius istius Budic…Euhuarn vicecomes…"[92].

B. DUKES of BRITTANY 938-952 (FAMILY of COMTES de POHER)

ALAIN II 938-952, DREUX 952

ALAIN de Poher, son of MATHEDOI [Matuedo] Comte de Poher & his wife --- de Bretagne (in Brittany [before 919]-952, bur Church of St Donatian and St Rogatian). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of Nantes which records that "Mathuedoi comes de Poher" fled "ad regem Anglorum Adelstanum" with "filium suum…Alanum"[93]. Taken to England by his father, he was baptised there with Æthelstan King of Wessex acting as his godfather. As King Æthelstan succeeded to the throne in 924, it is likely that this baptism took place when Alain was already past infancy. It is probable that Alain was not younger than 15 years old, at the youngest, when he took part in the 931 uprising against the Danes in Brittany. If this is correct, he must have been born several years before his father's escape to England. He took part in a disastrous uprising against the Danes in Brittany in 931, and fled to England again. With the help of King Athelstan, he re-established himself as Comte de Vannes et de Nantes in 936[94], in effect succeeding as ALAIN II "Barbetorte" Duke of Brittany. Borderie dates the start of Duke Alain´s reign to 938[95]. The Chronicon Floriacensi records the death in 952 of "Ugo Dux Burgundionum et Alanus Brittonum"[96]. The Chronicle of Nantes records the death of "Alanus dux" and his burial "apud ecclesiam Sanctorum Donatiani et Rogatiani"[97].

m firstly (943) ROSCILLE d'Anjou, daughter of FOULQUES I "le Roux" Comte d'Anjou & his wife Roscille [de Loches] (-[943/49]). A document, allegedly from a "Registre conservé à la Tour de Londres, composé par ordre de Foulque IV", records that "Comes Fulco et Tescendis comitissa" [presumably referring to Comte Foulques I and his wife Roscille] had "tres filios…et Roscillam Alani comitis dicti de Barbatorta uxorem", although this text does not form part of the surviving fragmentary history of the counts of Anjou which is attributed to Foulque IV "Réchin" Comte d´Anjou[98].

m [secondly] (before [949/51]) as her first husband, --- de Blois, daughter of THIBAUT [I] "l'Ancien" Comte de Blois & his [second wife Richilde ---]. The Chronicle of Nantes records the marriage of "Alanus dux" and "Theobaldum comitem Blesensem…sorore sua"[99]. Although no date is known for this second marriage of Duke Alain, it is likely that his first wife died in 949 at the latest given the birth of his son by his second marriage and his own death in 952. Duke Alain's [second] wife married secondly, as his second wife, Foulques II Comte d'Anjou. The Chronicle of Nantes records the marriage of "Theobaldus comes Blesensis…sororem suam relictam Alani Barbætortæ ducis" and "Fulconi comiti Andegavensi"[100].

Mistress (1): JUDITH, daughter of --- (-after 952). The Chronicle of Nantes names "Alani Barbætortæ filios…Hoel et Guerech…progeniti ex nobili matre…Judith" when recording that they were installed as counts of Nantes[101]. It is assumed that Judith married after the death of Duke Alain, as the Chronicle of Nantes names "le Vicomte Hamon", stating that he mourned the loss of "ses frères Hoel et Guerech" and sought the support of Foulques "Nerra" Comte d'Anjou to avenge their deaths, then being "jouvenceau de l'aage de vingt ans"[102]. As he was so much younger than his brothers, it is assumed that Duke Alain could not have been his father. Hamon was killed 27 Jun 992 at the battle of Conquereuil[103], dated "992 V Kal Jul" in the Chronicon britannicum[104].

Duke Alain II & his [second] wife had one child:

1. DREUX [Drogo] ([949/52]-Angers [958]). The Chronicle of Nantes names "filio suo parvulo Drogoni ex muliere sua" when recording that his father on his deathbed required oaths of loyalty from his vassals in the presence of "suoque sororio Theubaldo, filii sui prædicti avunculo"[105]. He succeeded his father in 952 as DREUX Duke of Brittany, under the guardianship of his maternal uncle Thibaut "le Tricheur" Comte de Blois, Vicomte de Tours who came to dominate Brittany[106]. The Chronicle of Nantes records that "Drogo infans" was killed in his bath through the machinations of his stepfather[107].

Duke Alain II had two illegitimate sons by Mistress (1):

2. HOËL (-killed [981]). The Chronicle of Nantes names "Alani Barbætortæ filios…Hoel et Guerech…progeniti ex nobili matre…Judith" when recording that they were installed as counts of Nantes[108]. "…Houuel comes, Vuerec…" subscribed an undated charter of "Alanus dux Britonum"[109]. Comte de Nantes. The Chronicle of Nantes records that Hoël was killed by "Conano filio Judicael Berengarii Redonensi comite"[110]. The Annals of St Salvator Redon record that "Hoel, Namnetensis comes, Conani dolo interemptus" was buried at the abbey of Redon[111]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Hoël's mistress is not known. Comte Hoël had two illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

a) JUDICAËL ([978/80]-1005). The Chronicle of Nantes names "Judicael et Hoel" as the sons of Hoël "d'une concubine" stating that they were brought up by their paternal grandmother[112]. Comte de Nantes.

- COMTES de NANTES.

b) HOËL . The Chronicle of Nantes names "Judicael et Hoel" as the sons of Hoel "d'une concubine" stating that they were brought up by their paternal grandmother[113].

3. GUEREC [Vuerech] (-[990], bur Redon). The Chronicle of Nantes names "Alani Barbætortæ filios…Hoel et Guerech…progeniti ex nobili matre…Judith" when recording that they were installed as counts of Nantes[114]. "…Houuel comes, Vuerec…" subscribed an undated charter of "Alanus dux Britonum"[115]. He refused to be consecrated Bishop of Nantes in 981. The Chronicle of Nantes records that Guerech was captured by Conan comte de Rennes and poisoned[116]. m (after 981) AREMBURGIS, daughter of ---. The Chronicle of Nantes names "Aremburgis" as wife of Guerech and "Alanum filium suum", stating that she built "castrum Anvenisii"[117]. Guerech & his wife had one child:

a) ALAIN (-[990]). The Chronicle of Nantes names "Aremburgis" as wife of Guerech and "Alanum filium suum"[118]. The Chronicle of Nantes records that Alain died soon after his father from illness[119].

C. DUKES of BRITTANY 970-1066 (FAMILY of COMTES de RENNES)

CONAN I 970-992

CONAN de Rennes, son of JUDICAËL [Juhael] Comte de Rennes & his wife Gerberge --- (-killed in battle Conquereil 27 Jun 992). The Chronicle of Nantes names "Conano filio Judicael Berengarii Redonensi comite" when recording that he held a large part of Brittany from Thibaut [II] Comte de Blois and fought with Hoël Comte de Nantes[120]. His parentage is confirmed by the Chronico Sancti Michaelis which records the death of his grandson "Gaufridus Dux Britanniæ filius Conani filii Juhelli Berengarii" in 1008[121]. Comte de Rennes. He succeeded in [970] as CONAN I "le Tort" Duke of Brittany. Rodulfus Glaber records that Conan "crowned himself with a royal diadem", was defeated by his brother-in-law Foulques Comte d'Anjou, and surrendered after his right hand had been cut off[122]. The Chronico Sancti Michaelis records that "Conanus Brito…filius Juhelli Berengarii" was killed in battle "V Kal Jul 992" against Foulques Comte d'Anjou[123]. The Chronicle of Nantes reports that he was killed at the battle of Conquereuil[124], dated "992 V Kal Jul" in the Chronicon britannicum[125]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the death "in bello Conçurruç…V Kal Jul" of "Conanus comes, filius Iudicaëlis Berengarii Comitis Redonensis"[126].

m (973) ERMENGARDE d'Anjou, daughter of GEOFFROY I "Grisegonelle" Comte d'Anjou & his first wife Adela de Meaux [Vermandois-Carolingian] (before 965-after 982). Rodulfus Glaber records that Conan married the sister of Foulques of Anjou but does not name her[127]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.

Mistresses (1) - (x): ---. The names of Duke Conan's mistresses are not known.

Duke Conan I & his wife had five children:

1. GEOFFROY de Bretagne ([980]-20 Nov 1008). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronico Sancti Michaelis which records that "Gaufridus Dux Britanniæ filius Conani filii Juhelli Berengarii" died in 1008 "dum pergeret Romam causa orationis"[128]. He succeeded his father in 992 as GEOFFROY I Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

2. JUDITH de Bretagne (982-16 Jun 1017). Guillaume de Jumièges records the marriage at Mont Saint-Michel of Duke Richard and Judith sister of "Geoffroi comte des Bretons"[129]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Judith founded the abbey of Bernay, Eure in 1025[130], but this date is inconsistent with her date of death and her husband's second marriage. An agreement between the abbots of Jumièges and Bougeuil concerning an exchange of land in Poitou, by charter dated [13 Apr/4 Apr] 1012, is subscribed by "Richardus…filius Ricardi principi magni…Judith…"[131]. The Chronicle of Caen Saint-Etienne records the death in 1017 of "Judita comitissa"[132]. m (Mont Saint-Michel [1000]) as his first wife, RICHARD II "le Bon/l'Irascible" Comte de Normandie, son of RICHARD I "Sans-Peur" Comte [de Normandie] & his second wife Gunnora (-28 Aug 1027).

3. JUDICAËL (-1037). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 1026 which recalls that "Gaufridus, Conani Curvi filius" was killed "apud Concuruz prelium", witnessed by "Judicael et Hurwodius duo fratres ipsius"[133]. Comte de Porhoët.

4. CATUALLON (-15 Jan, 1050 or after). Tresvaux records that Catuallon, brother of Geoffroy I Duke of Brittany, was abbot of Redon, but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[134].

5. HURNOD [Urvod] de Bretagne (-after 1026). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 1026 which recalls that "Gaufridus, Conani Curvi filius" was killed "apud Concuruz prelium", witnessed by "Judicael et Hurwodius duo fratres ipsius"[135].

Duke Conan I had four illegitimate children by Mistresses (1) - (x):

6. ALAIN . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

7. JUDICAËL dit Glanderius . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

8. son . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

9. son . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

GEOFFREY I 992-1008, ALAIN III 1008-1040, EUDES I 1040-1057, CONAN II 1057-1066

GEOFFROY de Bretagne, son of CONAN I "le Tort" Duke of Brittany & his wife Ermengarde d'Anjou ([980]-20 Nov 1008). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronico Sancti Michaelis which records that "Gaufridus Dux Britanniæ filius Conani filii Juhelli Berengarii" died in 1008 "dum pergeret Romam causa orationis"[136]. He succeeded his father 992 as GEOFFROY I Duke of Brittany. Guillaume de Jumièges records that comte Geoffroy died on the return journey from a pilgrimage to Rome, having left his two sons under the protection of Richard II Duke of Normandy[137]. A charter dated 1026 recalls that "Gaufridus, Conani Curvi filius" was killed "apud Concuruz prelium"[138]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the death "dum pergeret Romam" in 1008 of "Gauffridus Dux Britanniæ filius Conani filii Iuhaëlis Berengarii"[139].

m (996) HAVISE de Normandie, daughter of RICHARD I "Sans-Peur" Comte [de Normandie] & his second wife Gunnora --- (-21 Feb 1034). Guillaume de Jumièges names Hadvise, wife of "Geoffroi comte des Bretons", as the second of the three daughters of Duke Richard and Gunnora, and in a later passage records her marriage after the death of her father[140]. A charter dated 1008 records that, after the death of "Gaufrido comite Britanniæ", "filii eius Alanus et Eudo cum matre eorum Hadeguisia" restored the abbey of Saint-Méen[141]. "…Aduise matre eorum comitum…" signed the charter dated to [1013/22] under which "Alanus et Egio Britannorum monarchi" founded the priory of Livré "in pago Redonensi"[142]. The Chronico Kemperlegiensi records the death "1034 IX Kal Mar" of "Haduisa comitissa Britanniæ, vidua Gauffridi"[143].

Duke Geoffroy I & his wife had four children:

1. ALAIN de Bretagne ([997]-poisoned Montgommery 1 Oct 1040). A charter dated 1026 recalls that "Gaufridus, Conani Curvi filius" was killed "apud Concuruz prelium", stating that "quo defuncto, Alanus filius eius…renum patris suscipiens", witnessed by "Alanus comes…Heudo frater eius"[144]. Guillaume de Jumièges names "Alain et Eudes" as the two sons of Geoffroy and Havise[145]. He succeeded his father in 1008 as ALAIN III Duke of Brittany. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records that "Alanus filius eius" succeeded "Gauffridus Dux Britanniæ filius Conani filii Iuhaëlis Berengarii" in 1008[146]. A charter dated 1008 records that, after the death of "Gaufrido comite Britanniæ", "filii eius Alanus et Eudo cum matre eorum Hadeguisia" restored the abbey of Saint-Méen[147]. "Alanus et Egio Britannorum monarchi" founded the priory of Livré "in pago Redonensi" by charter dated to [1013/22], signed by "…Aduise matre eorum comitum, Rivalloni vicarii, Triscanni…"[148]. "Alanus Britannice gentis dux atque princeps" founded the abbey of Saint-Georges de Rennes by charter dated to [1028/30], witnessed by "Eudo meus germanus, Gozolinus vicecomes, Rivallonis vicarius, Alanus Cornugallie comes…"[149]. Orderic Vitalis states that Duke Alain was "poisoned in Normandy by the Normans"[150]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1040 of "Alanus Comes Redonensis", another manuscript specifying that "Alanus Dux Britanniæ" died "Kal Apr"[151]. m (1018) as her first husband, BERTHE de Blois, daughter of EUDES II Comte de Blois et de Chartres & his second wife Ermengarde d'Auvergne (-[11/13] Apr 1085). Her parentage and both her marriages are recorded to by Orderic Vitalis[152]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records that "Alanus filius eius" succeeded "Gauffridus Dux Britanniæ filius Conani filii Iuhaëlis Berengarii" and married "Bertham filiam Odonis Comitis Carnotensis"[153]. The Flandria Generosa names "Berta comitissa" daughter of "altera Ermengardis comitissa", when outlining the basis for the consanguinity between Baudouin VII Count of Flanders and his wife [Hawise] de Bretagne which constituted grounds for the couple's separation[154]. She married secondly (after 14 May 1046) Hugues IV Comte de Maine (-26 Mar 1051). The Actus pontificum Cenomannis records that Bishop Gervais arranged the marriage of "Hugonem…Herberti filium" and "Bertam…Alani Britannorum comitis olim coniugem"[155]. Her second marriage is confirmed by the Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii which records the death in 1062 of "Herbertus Cenomannensium Comes et frater uterinus Conani ducis"[156]. "Berta comitissa Alani Redonensis ducis uxor" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, for the souls of "filie nostre Hadeuis comitisse Hoelis ducis Britannie conjugis et…filiorum suorum, meorum…nepotum Alani et Mathie", by charter dated 1075, signed by "Alanus nothus filius Conani comitis…familiars comitisse Haduis neptis mee…"[157]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1084 of "Bertha Comitissa mater Conani"[158]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1085 of "Bertha religiosa Comitissa", stating that she restored "Monasterium S. Melanii"[159]. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "II Id Apr" of "Berta comitissa"[160]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1085 of "Berthæ comitissæ"[161]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the death "Kal Jun" in 1085 of "Bertha Comitissa Britanniæ, mater Conani Ducis, soror Fulconis"[162], although no other record has been found which confirms that Berthe had a brother named Foulques. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke Alain's mistress is not known. Duke Alain III & his wife had two children:

a) CONAN de Bretagne (-[Anjou] 11 Dec 1066). His parentage is confirmed by the necrology entry which names his mother (see below), read together with the sources which confirm his mother's marriage. He succeeded his father in 1040 as CONAN II Duke of Brittany, but was deprived by his uncle Eudes. He retaliated, captured Eudes and imprisoned him in chains, confirming himself as duke in 1057 [163]. "Abbatissa…Addela…soror…Alani Britannie ducis" issued a charter dated 1050, before "Conanum comitem…eius nepotem", relating to the rights of the abbey of Saint-Georges de Rennes[164]. The Breton/Norman war of 1064/65 was triggered by the rebellion of Rivallon [I] de Dol, who was supported by Guillaume II Duke of Normandy. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1066 of "Conanus dux Britanniæ"[165]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1066 of "Conanus dux Britanniæ filius Alani"[166]. Another manuscript of the Chronicon Britannico names "Comes Britannorum Conanus iuvenis et maliciosus" when recording that he attacked Anjou and died there in 1066[167]. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "III Id Dec" of "Conanus Britannorum comes", stating that "Berta comitissa mater eius" donated property for his soul[168]. Conan had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

i) ALAIN (-after 1075). "Alanus nothus filius Conani comitis" witnessed the charter dated 1075 under which "Berta comitissa Alani Redonensis ducis uxor" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, for the souls of "filie nostre Hadeuis comitisse Hoelis ducis Britannie conjugis et…filiorum suorum, meorum…nepotum Alani et Mathie"[169].

b) HAVISE de Bretagne (-19 Aug 1072). The Flandria Generosa names "Havisis Namnetensis comitissa" as daughter of "Berta comitissa", when outlining the basis for the consanguinity between Baudouin VII Count of Flanders and his wife [Hawise] de Bretagne which constituted grounds for the couple's separation[170]. The Chronicon Briocensi records the marriage of "Hasevisiam sororem…Conani Ducis" and "Hoellus Dux"[171]. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to before 1072 under which "Constancius" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "Jedear uxore mea" and affirmed by "Hoel comes et Haduis comitissa, Alanus et Mathias et Eudo filii eorum"[172], read together with another passage in the Flandria Generosa which names "comes Alanus" as son of "Havisis Namnetensis comitissa"[173]. She was heiress of her brother Conan II Duke of Brittany in 1066. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "XIV Kal Sep" of "Haduisis filia Berta comitisse"[174]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1072 of "Hadeuguis comitissa"[175]. m (1066) HOËL V Comte de Nantes, de Cornouaïlle, et de Léon, son of ALAIN "Caignart" Comte de Cornouaïlle & his wife Judith de Nantes (-13 Apr 1084).

Duke Alain III had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

c) GEOFFROY (-St Courentin 25 Oct 1084). The Historia sancti Florentii Salmurensis records the donation by "comes Brittaniæ Goffredus cognomento Bastardus cum…uxoris suæ Bertæ", undated[176]. His parentage is suggested by the charter dated 1050 relating to the abbey of Saint-Georges de Rennes witnessed by "Comes Eudo et nepos eius Gaufridus, Robertus vicecomes et frater eius Eudo…Guichomarus filius Alani vicecomitis…"[177]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records that "Gaufredus Comes bastardus" was captured in 1084 "apud Redonensem urbem"[178]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records that "Gaufridus Comes Redonensis nothus" died in captivity in 1084 "apud Sanctum Courentinum…XXV Oct"[179]. m BERTHE, daughter of ---. The Historia sancti Florentii Salmurensis records the donation by "comes Brittaniæ Goffredus cognomento Bastardus cum…uxoris suæ Bertæ", undated[180].

2. EVENUS [Linzoël] de Bretagne ([997/98]-after 1037). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

3. EUDES de Bretagne (-Cesson 1079, bur Saint-Brieuc). Guillaume de Jumièges names "Alain et Eudes" as the two sons of Geoffroy and Havise[181]. A charter dated 1008 records that, after the death of "Gaufrido comite Britanniæ", "filii eius Alanus et Eudo cum matre eorum Hadeguisia" restored the abbey of Saint-Méen[182]. "Alanus et Egio Britannorum monarchi" founded the priory of Livré "in pago Redonensi" by charter dated to [1013/22], signed by "…Aduise matre eorum comitum, Rivalloni vicarii, Triscanni…"[183]. A charter dated 1026 recalls that "Gaufridus, Conani Curvi filius" was killed "apud Concuruz prelium", recalling that "quo defuncto, Alanus filius eius…renum patris suscipiens", witnessed by "Alanus comes…Heudo frater eius"[184]. "Alanus Britannice gentis dux atque princeps" founded the abbey of Saint-Georges de Rennes by charter dated to [1028/30], witnessed by "Eudo meus germanus, Gozolinus vicecomes, Rivallonis vicarius, Alanus Cornugallie comes…"[185]. Eudes appears to have ruled Brittany jointly with his brother until the death of their mother in 1034. Following disputes with his brother, a division of territories was agreed, Eudes taking the dioceses of Dol, Saint Malo, Saint Brieuc and Tréguier, at which time he can be said to have become Comte de Penthièvre. "Manigenius…miles" founded the priory of Saint-Cyr-lès-Rennes and donated it to Tours Saint-Julien by charter dated 23 May 1037, subscribed by "Alanus dux…Eudonis fratris Alani ducis Britannorum, Gotzelini vicecomitis, Rualentis domini Doli…"[186]. After the death of his brother in 1040, Eudes seized Brittany and excluded his nephew, succeeding as EUDES I Duke of Brittany. According to Orderic Vitalis, Eudes ruled the country "freely without acknowledging any lord for 15 years"[187]. However, his nephew retaliated, captured Eudes and imprisoned him in chains[188].

- COMTES de PENTHIEVRE.

4. ADELA de Bretagne (-1067). "Abbatissa…Addela…soror…Alani Britannie ducis" issued a charter dated 1050, before "Conanum comitem…eius nepotem", relating to the rights of the abbey of Saint-Georges de Rennes[189]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1067 of "Adela Abbatissa Conani Ducis amita"[190]. Abbess of Saint-Georges at Rennes.

D. DUKES of BRITTANY 1084-1156 (FAMILY of COMTES de CORNOUAÏLLE)

ALAIN IV 1084-[1114], CONAN III [1114]-1148, EUDES 1148-1156

ALAIN de Cornouaïlle, son of HOËL Comte de Cornouaïlle & his wife Havise de Bretagne (-13 Oct 1119). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Alanum, Mathiam et Benedictum" as the three children of "Hoellus…ex Hadevisa uxore sua"[191]. The Flandria Generosa names "comes Alanus" son of "Havisis Namnetensis comitissa", when outlining the basis for the consanguinity between his daughter [Hawise] and her husband Baudouin VII Count of Flanders which constituted grounds for the couple's separation[192]. "Constancius" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "Jedear uxore mea" and affirmed by "Hoel comes et Haduis comitissa, Alanus et Mathias et Eudo filii eorum" by charter dated before 1072[193]. "Berta comitissa Alani Redonensis ducis uxor" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, for the souls of "filie nostre Hadeuis comitisse Hoelis ducis Britannie conjugis et…filiorum suorum, meorum…nepotum Alani et Mathie", by charter dated 1075, signed by "Alanus nothus filius Conani comitis, Vitalis et Gualterius Carnotenses, familiares comitisse Haduis neptis mee…"[194]. He succeeded in 1084 as ALAIN IV "Fergant" Duke of Brittany. "Alanus comes filius Hoeli comitis" confirmed the rights of the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by charter dated 1084[195]. "Alano qui et Fergant, Hoeli filio, totius Britannie consule" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 1092[196]. He accompanied Robert III Duke of Normandy on the First Crusade[197]. He abdicated in [1114/16] in favour of his son, becoming a monk at the abbey of Redon. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1119 of "Alanus Fergent pater Conani"[198]. The Annals of St Salvator Redon record that "Alanus Fergent, ex Britonum duce rotonensis monachus, anno 1119 fato functus" was buried at the abbey of Redon[199]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the death "III Id Oct" in 1119 of "Alanus Fergant junior filius Hoëlis Comitis"[200].

m firstly ([1086/88]) CONSTANCE of England, daughter of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre (Normandy [1057/1061]-13 Aug 1090, bur Church of St Melans near Rhedon). Guillaume de Jumièges names Constance as second daughter of King William, naming her husband "Alain Fergant comte de la petite Bretagne et fils d'Hoel, qui avait succédé à Conan" and specifying that she died childless[201]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the marriage in 1086 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filiam Regis Anglorum Guillelmi"[202]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the marriage in 1087 of "Alanus Hoëli Consulis filius" and "Constantiam Guillelmi Regis Anglorum filiam"[203]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the marriage in 1088 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filam Regis Guillelmi Anglorum"[204]. Orderic Vitalis records that she was married in Bayeux[205]. "Alanus dux Britannorum et Constantia uxor eius" donated property to the priory of Livré by charter dated 31 Jul 1089[206]. According to William of Malmesbury, "she excited the inhabitants [of Brittany] by the severity of her justice to administer a poisonous potion to her"[207]. Orderic Vitalis, on the other hand, says that she "did everything in her power to further the welfare of her subjects" and "was deeply grieved when she died"[208]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1090 of "Constantia Alani coniux…sine liberis"[209]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1090 of "Constantia comitissa filia regis Anglorum"[210].

m secondly ([1093]) as her second husband, ERMENGARDE d'Anjou, divorced wife of GUILLAUME IX Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VII Comte de Poitou], daughter of FOULQUES IV "le Rechin" Comte d'Anjou & his first wife Hildegarde de Baugency ([1068]-Jerusalem 1 Jun 1146, bur Redon). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the daughter of "Fulco" as "comitissam Redonensem" but does not name her[211]. "Fulco Andegavensis comes" donated property to Angers with the consent of "filiis meis Gaufrido et Fulconello et filia mea Ermengarde" by charter dated 23 Jun 1096[212]. William of Tyre names her "Hermingerda", gives her father's name implying that she was born from his fifth marriage, and names her first husband "Pictaviensium comitis Willelmi", records her divorce and names her second husband "comes Brittaniæ"[213]. The Gesta Consulum Andegavorum records that "comitissa Brittaniæ" was the daughter of Foulques & his first wife "filiam Lancelini de Baugenciaco", adding that she became a nun at "Jerusalem in ecclesia Sanctæ Annæ" after her husband died[214]. The Chronicon Briocensi records the marriage of "Alanus filius primogenitus [Hoelli]" and "Ermengardem filiam Comitis Andegavensis"[215]. Her marriage with Duke Alain is referred to by Orderic Vitalis[216]. "Fulco Andecavorum comes nepos Goffridi Martelli…consulis" donated property to Angers with the consent of "Ermenjarde filia sua comitissa Brittaniæ" by charter dated 12 Apr 1109[217]. "Conanus…Britaniaæ dux cum sorore mea Hidevis et matre mea Ermeniart" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by charter dated 1118, which names "pater meus Alanus et avus Hoel et attavus Alanus"[218]. The necrology of Angers Cathedral records the death "Kal Jun" of "Ermengardis comitissa Britanniæ mater Conan ducis et soror Fulconis regis Hierosolymitani"[219]. The Annals of St Salvator Redon record that "Ermengardeque Alani conjugem, vere piam ac religiosam" was buried at the abbey of Redon[220].

Mistresses (1) - (2): ---. The names of Duke Alain's mistresses are not known.

Duke Alain IV & his second wife had three children:

1. CONAN de Bretagne (-17 Sep 1148). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Conanum et Hazevisiam" as the two children of "Alanus filius primogenitus [Hoelli]" and his wife "Ermengardem filiam Comitis Andegavensis"[221]. William of Tyre records his parentage[222]. He succeeded on the abdication of his father in [1114/16] as CONAN III "Grossus/le Gros" Duke of Brittany. "Conanus Britannorum dux" donated property to Saint-Nicolas d´Angers by charter dated to [1129/36], which names "mater mea Ermengardis comitissa"[223]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1148 of "Conanus Dux Britanniæ"[224]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1148 of "Conanus Dux Britanniæ filius Alani et Ermengardæ"[225]. The necrology of Angers Cathedral records the death "XV Kal Oct" of "Conanus dux et comes Britanniæ" and his donation of "ecclesiam de Pinello" to the church of St Maurice[226]. m (1112 or before) MAUD, illegitimate daughter of HENRY I King of England & his mistress --- (-after 1128). Her marriage is referred to by Orderic Vitalis[227], in a later passage recording that the betrothal occurred before the alliance was agreed between Henry I King of England and Louis VI King of France, which is dated to 1113[228]. Guillaume de Jumièges names Mathilde as illegitimate daughter of King Henry I and her husband "Conan comte de la Petite-Bretagne"[229]. "Alanus, Hoelli filius, comes totius Britannie et princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "suorum filiorum Conani et Gaufridi, necnon et uxoris suæ Hermengardis et uxoris filii sui Conani, Mahalt" by charter dated 1112[230]. "Mathilda comitissa et Haduisa soror comitis Conani" signed the undated charter Duke Conan III donated a fishery to the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel[231]. "Ermengardis mater mea et uxor mea Matildis…" signed the charter dated 1128 under which Duke Conan III confirmed the possessions of the monks of Saint-Melaine de Rennes[232]. Duke Conan III & his wife had three children:

a) HOËL de Bretagne (-1156). The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1148 of "Conanus Dux Britanniæ" and records that he had disinherited "Hoellus…suum…filium"[233]. "Hoelli filii comitis…" signed the undated charter which records the judgment of the court of Duke Conan III relating to the rights of the monastery of Saint-Martin de Vertou[234]. Comte de Nantes 1148. "Hoellus…Britanniæ dux, Conani comitis filius" donated "terram…Villa Nova" to the abbey of Buzai, with the consent of "sorore mea Berta comitissa", by charter dated 1153[235]. The Chronicon Briocensi records the death in 1156 of "Hoelli Ducis", although it does not specify that he was the son of Duke Conan III[236].

b) BERTHE de Bretagne (-[1158/64]). The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1148 of "Conanus Dux Britanniæ" and records that he had disinherited "Hoellus…suum…filium" and that he appointed as his successor "Eudone Vicecomite Porhoëtensi" who had married "sororem eius Bertam"[237]. Her first marriage is suggested by the Chronicon Kemperlegiensis which records the death in 1146 of "Alanus Niger, Conani Ducis gener"[238]. The primary source which confirms that it was Conan's daughter Berthe who married Alain has not yet been identified. m firstly ([1137]) ALAIN "le Noir" de Penthièvre, Lord of Richmond, son of ETIENNE de Bretagne Lord of Richmond & his wife Havise de Guingamp (before 1100-in Brittany 15 Sep 1146, bur Bégard). m secondly (1148 or before) as his first wife, EUDES Vicomte de Porhoët, son of GEOFFROY Vicomte de Porhoët & his wife Hawise --- (-1170). He succeeded in 1148 as EUDES Duke of Brittany, by right of his wife. Deposed by his stepson in 1156, he was taken prisoner by Raoul de Fougères.

c) CONSTANCE de Bretagne (-1148). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m as his first wife, GEOFFROY de Mayenne, son of JUHEL Sire de Mayenne & his wife Clémence de Ponthieu (-18 Feb or 25 Jul 1169).

Duke Conan III had two [probably illegitimate] children [by unknown mistresses]:

d) [AIMERIC (-after [1137]). "…Hamericus filius comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1137] under which Conan III Duke of Brittany donated property to Tiron abbey "mater mea Ermengardis comitissa"[239].]

e) [GUYOMAR (-after 1154). "Guihummaro fratri Hohelli ducis Britannie, monacho Sancti Florentii" was granted the privilege of being associated with the spiritual benefits of the abbey by the abbot of Saint-Aubin d´Angers, by charter dated 1154/57[240]. The date suggests that "Hohelli ducis Britannie" must have been the disinherited son of Duke Conan III. If this is correct, it is probable that his brother Guyomar was illegitimate as there is no record in the primary sources of Duke Conan having a second legitimate son. Monk at Saumur Saint-Florent.]

2. HAVISE de Bretagne. The Chronicon Briocensi names "Conanum et Hazevisiam" as the two children of "Alanus filius primogenitus [Hoelli]" and his wife "Ermengardem filiam Comitis Andegavensis"[241]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana refers to the wife of "Balduinum comitem" as "filiam Alani Fregani comitis Brittaniæ", but does not name her[242]. The Flandria Generosa names "filiam Alani comitis Brittaniæ" as the wife of "Balduinus Inclitus", specifying that they were separated by Pope Pascal II on grounds of consanguinity[243]. "Conanus…Britaniaæ dux cum sorore mea Hidevis et matre mea Ermeniart" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by charter dated 1118, which names "pater meus Alanus et avus Hoel et attavus Alanus"[244]. "Mathilda comitissa et Haduisa soror comitis Conani" signed the undated charter Duke Conan III donated a fishery to the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel[245]. m (1110, divorced) BAUDOUIN de Flandre, son of ROBERT II Count of Flanders & his wife Clémence de Bourgogne [Comté] (1093-Boulers 17 Jun 1119, bur Saint Bertin). He succeeded his father in 1111 as BAUDOUIN VII Count of Flanders.

3. GEOFFROY "le Roux" de Bretagne (-Jerusalem 1116). "Alanus, Hoelli filius, comes totius Britannie et princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "suorum filiorum Conani et Gaufridi, necnon et uxoris suæ Hermengardis et uxoris filii sui Conani, Mahalt" by charter dated 1112[246]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1116 of "puer filius Alani Comitis…Gaufridus" at "apud Jerosolymam"[247], "puer" suggesting that he was much younger than his brother and sister.

Duke Alain IV had two illegitimate sons by Mistresses (1) - (2):

4. GUY [Guimar] . Orderic Vitalis records that "Guiumar Brito filius Alanni comitis" was captured with Joscelin de Courtenay at the siege of Manbij and "held in fetters for a year"[248]. He and other captives were subsequently given to the Caliph of Baghdad, who freed them but with whom he stayed for "three and a half years and were greatly honoured" before returning to Antioch[249].

5. BRIEN [FitzAlan] [FitzCount] ([1090/1100]-after [1141/42]). The primary source which confirms that he was the son of Alain IV Duke of Brittany has not yet been identified. According to the Complete Peerage, Brien FitzCount was the son of Alain "le Noir" de Penthièvre Lord of Richmond (who died in 1146) and his wife Berthe daughter of Conan III Duke of Brittany[250], but this is impossible from a chronological point of view. He was raised by Henry I King of England[251]. "…Brientio filio comitis…" witnessed the charter dated 1114 under which Henry I King of England granted the land of Roger de Worcester to Walter de Beauchamp[252]. "…Brientio filio Comitis…" witnessed the charter dated 1126 under which Henry I King of England confirmed a donation to Worksop priory[253]. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Brientio fil Com" in Oxfordshire (three entries), Wiltshire (three entries), Hampshire, and Surrey (twice)[254]. Lord of Wallingford, Berkshire de iure uxoris. The Gesta Stephani Regis records that "Brianus filius Comitis" who had "Walengefordiam" rebelled against King Stephen, dated to [1140/42][255]. The sources which relate Brien´s holding of the lordship of Abergavenny raise a difficult problem relating to his parentage. The Historia fundationis cum fundatoris genealogia of the priory of Abergavenny which records that “Brientio filio comitis de Insula, nepoti suo de sorore sua…Lucia” inherited the castle of Abergavenny after the death of “Hamelinus, frater Luciæ comitissæ de Insula” without heirs[256]. This is partially confirmed by the undated charter under which “H. de Bellocampo” confirmed donations to Abergavenny priory by “antecessores mei Hamelinus de Balon et Brientius filius comitis”[257]. If this is correct, he was Brien, son of --- Comte de l´Isle & his wife Lucia. No trace has so far been found of the family of this alleged "Comte de l´Isle". The Complete Peerage takes the problem a stage further by suggesting that Brien was Lord of Abergavenny (from before 1119) maybe by right of his wife[258]. No other source has been identified which corroborates any family relationship between Hamon de Ballon Lord of Abergavenny and either Brien or his wife. The account in the Historia (which is dated to the early 14th century) should presumably be dismissed as spurious. However, the problem remains of deciding whether Brien was in fact granted the lordship of Abergavenny by right of succession. Empress Matilda permitted "Milon com Heref" to hold the castle and honour of Abergavenny, from "Bri fil com et Matild de Walengeford uxor sue" by charter dated [Jul 1141/Dec 1142][259]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Briennius et…Mathillis uxor eius" retired to monasteries ("reddiderunt se religioni") during the reign of King Stephen and that Henri Duke of Normandy, son of Empress Matilda, acquired the honour of Wallingford[260]. According to the Complete Peerage, he was ancestor of the lords of Bedale and Stapelton, and the Stapilton family, who became extinct in the male line in 1307[261]. According to Domesday Descendants, he left no issue[262], presumably based on the report in the Testa de Nevill that Brien left no heirs by his wife Matilda[263]. m MATILDA Lady of Wallingford, Berkshire, daughter of --- (-after [1150]). Empress Matilda permitted "Milon com Heref" to hold the castle and honour of Abergavenny, from "Bri fil com et Matild de Walengeford uxor sue" by charter dated [Jul 1141/Dec 1142][264]. Two possible origins are proposed for Matilda. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Roberto Doilli…filiam Mathillidem" inherited the honour of Wallingford in Berkshire and married "Milo Crispinus", and after his death "Briennio filio comitis", adding that the latter had no heirs by her[265]. If this is correct, she was MATILDA de Oilly, widow of MILES Crespin, daughter and heiress of ROBERT d'Oilly of Wallingford & his wife ---. According to the Complete Peerage, this inquisition in the Testa de Nevill, which appears to be the only surviving authority which supposedly confirms this second marriage, is "of too late a date to be implicitly relied on"[266]. In any case, from a chronological point of view, its version of events is extremely improbable: Matilda de Oilly´s marriage to Milo Crispin is estimated to before Easter 1084 (based on the Chronicle of Abingdon names "Milone de Walingaford cognomento Crispin" among those who accompanied Henry, son of William I King of England, to Abingdon monastery to celebrate Easter 1084[267]), while her supposed second husband Brien FitzCount was raised by Henry I King of England[268], presumably indicating his date of birth in the late 11th/early 12th century. A second possible origin is proposed by Domesday Descendants, according to which Brien´s wife was the daughter of the older Matilda of Wallingford[269], therefore MATILDA Crespin, daughter of MILES Crispin Lord of Wallingford & his wife Matilda de Oilly Lady of Wallingford. This proposed solution appears to answer all the possible difficulties. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Briennius et…Mathillis uxor eius" retired to monasteries ("reddiderunt se religioni") during the reign of King Stephen and that Henri Duke of Normandy, son of Empress Matilda, acquired the honour of Wallingford[270]. Brien had [two possible children, maybe not by his known wife]:

a) [two sons . The Historia fundationis cum fundatoris genealogia of the priory of Abergavenny records that the two sons of Brien Lord of Abergavenny were lepers[271]. If correct, this would explain why the lordship of Abergavenny was transferred away from Brien´s family. However, as discussed further above, the account in the Historia is dubious. As also noted above, the inquisition dated 1212 stated that Brien died without heirs by his wife Matilda de Wallingford, although if their sons were lepers they could have been disinherited.]

E. DUKES of BRITTANY 1156-1206 (FAMILY of COMTES de PENTHIEVRE)

CONAN IV 1156-1171, CONSTANCE 1171-1201, GEOFFROY 1169-1186, ARTHUR I 1187-1203, ALIX 1203-1221

CONAN de Penthièvre, son of ALAIN Earl of Richmond & his wife Berthe heiress of Brittany ([1138]-20 Feb 1171, bur Bégard Monastery). The Chronicæ Sancti Albini names "Conanus junior, comes Britanniæ, Alani comitis filius et Berta mater eius comitissa" when recording his death[272]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Conanus filius Alani" succeeded his father "in honorem Richemundiæ" and built "turrim magnam infra Castellum Richemundiæ"[273]. He invaded Brittany in 1156, captured Rennes, expelled his stepfather who was taken prisoner by Raoul de Fougères, and succeeded as CONAN IV "le Petit" Duke of Brittany. He seized the county of Nantes on the death in 1158 of Geoffroy Comte de Nantes, son of Henry II King of England. King Henry II deprived Duke Conan of the lordship of Richmond, but it was returned to him under the agreement reached in Sep 1158. "Conan dux Britannie comes Richmundie" confirmed the donation of Plubihan and Plougasnou to Saint-Georges de Rennes by charter to [1156/69], witnessed by "Margarita comitissa, Willelmo filio Hamon, Alano de Rohan, Constancia sorore comitis…"[274]. Duke Conan confiscated Tréguier and Guingamp from his uncle Comte Henri. He was forced to surrender Brittany to King Henry II in 1166, on the betrothal of his daughter to Henry's son, who was proclaimed Duke of Brittany in 1169. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini record that "Conanus junior, comes Britanniæ, Alani comitis filius et Berta mater eius comitissa" was dying in 1169 and that Henry II King of England subjugated Brittany and placed his son Geoffroy to rule there through "Guillelmi filii Hamonis"[275]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1171 of "Conanus dux Britanniæ"[276]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1171 of "Conanus junior Dux Britanniæ"[277]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the death "XX Feb" in 1171 of "Conanus Dux Britanniæ et Comes Richemundiæ"[278]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1171 of "Conani Ducis Britanniæ, Alani et Berthæ filii"[279]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records the death in Brittany in 1170 of "Conanus filius Alani" and his burial "Begare"[280].

m (1160) as her first husband, MARGARET of Scotland, daughter of HENRY of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland & his wife Ada de Warenne ([1144/45]-1201, bur Sawtrey Abbey, Hunts). Her origin and first marriage are deduced from Benedict of Peterborough recording that "filia sororis regis Scotiæ Willelmi comitissa Brittaniæ" gave birth in 1186 to "filium…Arturum"[281]. Her birth date is estimated from the Rotuli de Dominabus of 1185 which records property “villam de Wissinton” held by “Margareta comitissa…xl annorum”, adding that “comes Britannie habet filiam suam” and that she has “i filium de Humfrido de Buun qui est infra etatem”[282]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Conanus filius Alani" married "Margaretam sororem Willielmi Regis Scotie"[283]. "Conan dux Britannie comes Richmundie" confirmed the donation of Plubihan and Plougasnou to Saint-Georges de Rennes by charter to [1156/69], witnessed by "Margarita comitissa, Willelmo filio Hamon, Alano de Rohan, Constancia sorore comitis…"[284]. She married secondly (before Easter 1175) Humphrey de Bohun Constable of England. A manuscript which narrates the descents of the founders of Lanthony Abbey records that “dominus Humfridus quartus de Bohun, comes Herefordiæ et constabularius Angliæ” married “Margaretam comitissam Britanniæ”[285]. The Annals of Burton record the death in 1201 of “Margareta mater…Constantiæ, soror Willelmi regis Scotiæ, mater Henrici de Boum comitis Herefordiæ”[286].

Duke Conan & his wife had one child:

1. CONSTANCE de Bretagne ([1161]-[Nantes] [3/5] Sep 1201, bur Bégard Monastery, transferred 24 Nov 1225 to Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Constantiam comitis Conani filia" as wife of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius", specifying that she married [thirdly] "Guido frater vicecomitem de Tuart"[287]. She is named by Matthew of Paris, who also gives her parentage, when he records her betrothal[288]. She succeeded her father in 1171 as CONSTANCE Dss de Bretagne. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1182 of "Gaufredus dux Britanniæ filius regis Henrici" and "filiam Conani comitis Britanniæ"[289]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Constantia filia Conani" married secondly "Ranulphus Comes Cestriæ", stating that he divorced her because of her adultery and that the marriage was childless[290]. Living apart from her second husband, he captured her at Pontorson in 1196 and imprisoned her at his castle at Beuvron. She was liberated in Summer 1198, and repudiated her marriage. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Constantia filia Conani" married thirdly "Guidoni de Thoarcio"[291]. The Annals of Burton record the death in 1201 of “Constantia mater Arthuri comitis Britanniæ”[292]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records the death in 1201 of "Constantia filia Conani" and her burial "apud Begar"[293]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the death "III Non Sep" in 1201 of "Constantia Ducissa Britanniæ"[294]. Another Chronicon Britannicum records the death "pridie non Sep" in 1201 of "Constantia comitissa, Conani filia, mater Arturi"[295]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1201 of "Constantia Comitissa apud Nannetum"[296]. She died in childbirth. m firstly (betrothed 1166, Jul 1181) GEOFFREY of England, son of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Dss d'Aquitaine (23 Sep 1158-Paris 19 Aug 1186, bur Notre dame Cathedral, Paris). Proclaimed GEOFFROY Duke of Brittany 1169 by his father Henry II King of England. He was trodden to death by a horse during a tournament in Paris. m secondly (3 Feb 1188, repudiated 1198) as his first wife, RANULF "de Blundeville" Earl of Chester, son of HUGH Earl of Chester & his wife Bertrade de Montfort (Oswestry, Powys [1172]-Wallingford 28 Oct 1232, bur 3 Nov 1232 Chester, Abbey of St Werburgh). m thirdly (Oct 1199) as his first wife, GUY de Thouars, son of GEOFFROY [V] Vicomte de Thouars & his wife --- (-château de Chemillé 23 Apr 1213, bur 24 Nov 1225 Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that Philippe II King of France besieged "Albam Marnam castrum" in 1196 and captured "Guido frater Reymundi vicecomitis Thoarcensis", who later married "matrem Arturi iunioris Constantiam relicta…Gaufridi" and became "comes Britannie"[297]. After the death of Arthur Duke of Brittany in 1203, he was chosen by the nobles of Brittany as GUY Duke of Brittany during the minority of his daughter. His English lands were confiscated in 1203. Philippe II "Auguste" King of France conquered Brittany in 1206, deposed Guy as Duke but left him as Regent, a post which he continued to hold until 1213. The Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis records that "Guy de Thouars" died of leprosy[298]. Duchess Constance & her first husband had three children:

a) ELEONORE de Bretagne "la Brette" (1184-Corfe Castle, Dorset or Bristol 10 Aug 1241, bur Bristol, St James, transferred to Amesbury convent). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Arturum iuvenum et filiam unam Alienordem" as children of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius" & his wife[299]. She is named as daughter of "Galfridi comitis Britanniæ" by Matthew of Paris[300]. The Chronicon Briocensi names "Arturum et…Alienor" as the two children of "Goffridus Henrici Regis filius" and his wife "Constantiam de Brittania"[301]. Her betrothal was agreed as part of the terms for the release of Richard I King of England from the custody of Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany in Feb 1194, together with the betrothal of her fiancé's younger brother to the daughter of Isaakios Dukas Komnenos ex-Emperor in Cyprus[302]. The two brides left for Vienna from Normandy in Dec 1194 in the charge of Baudouin de Béthune, but turned back when they learnt of the death of Leopold V Duke of Austria[303]. Eléonore was imprisoned in England by King John, who feared her marriage as she was the rightful heir to the throne of England. She was therefore unable to succeed her brother as Dss of Brittany. She was styled Countess of Richmond from 27 May 1208. The Annales Londonienses record the death "apud Bristowe" in 1241 of "Alienora quondam comitis Britanniæ filia, in custodia diuturni carceris strictissime reservata", commenting that she was the true heir to England[304]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “IV Id Aug” in 1241 of “Alienora de Britannia consanguinea domini regis Henrici Angliæ”, her burial “in ecclesia Sancti Jacobi Bristollis” and her transfer “circa festum sancti Nicholai VI regia apud Ambresburiam”[305]. Betrothed (Feb 1194) to FRIEDRICH of Austria, son of LEOPOLD V Duke of Austria & his wife Ilona of Hungary (-Palestine on crusade 16 Apr 1198, bur Heiligenkreuz). He succeeded his father in 1195 as FRIEDRICH I "der Katolische" Duke of Austria.

b) MATHILDE de Bretagne ([1184/85]-young). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

c) ARTHUR de Bretagne (posthumously Nantes 29 Mar 1187-murdered Rouen or Cherbourg 3 Apr 1203, bur Notre dame des Prés, Rouen or Abbaye de Bec, Normandy). Benedict of Peterborough records that "filia sororis regis Scotiæ Willelmi comitissa Brittaniæ" gave birth "in nocte Dominicæ Resurrectionis apud Namnetisis in Britanniam" to "filium…Arturum"[306]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that he was born posthumously but does not give the precise date[307]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Arturum iuvenum et filiam unam Alienordem" as children of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius" & his wife[308]. The Chronicon Briocensi names "Arturum et…Alienor" as the two children of "Goffridus Henrici Regis filius" and his wife "Constantiam de Brittania"[309]. He succeeded from birth as ARTHUR I Duke of Brittany. His uncle Richard I King of England recognised him as his heir in England and in his territories in France. On Richard's death 6 Apr 1199, Arthur, who was in Brittany, led a force into Anjou and Maine, where he was recognised by the barons as the rightful heir. He styled himself Duke of Brittany, Comte d'Anjou and Earl of Richmond from 18 Apr 1199. He did homage to Philippe II "Auguste" King of France but, offended by the latter, fled to his uncle John who received him kindly. Warned of John's intentions, he escaped to Angers but was captured by the king at Mirebeau and sent to Falaise. He was murdered on the orders of King John. The Chronicon Britannicum records that "Arturus Dux Britanniæ" was held captive in 1203 "apud Mirabellum" by his uncle John King of England and murdered[310]. Betrothed (11 Nov 1190) to --- of Sicily, daughter of TANCRED di Lecce King of Sicily & his wife Sibilla di Medania. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1190 of "Arturum ducem Britanniæ" and "unam de filiabus regis Tancredi"[311]. This betrothal was arranged as part of the treaty signed between Richard I King of England and Tancred King of Sicily, concerning the inheritance of Tancred's predecessor Guillaume II King of Sicily whose widow was King Richard's sister[312]. Betrothed (Apr 1202) to MARIE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE II "Auguste" King of France & his third wife Agnes von Andechs-Merano (after 1197-15 Aug 1238, bur Louvain, église Saint Pierre). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "filium unum Philippum…et filiam unam Mariam" as children of "Philippus [rex]" and "Mariam filiam ducis Meranie et marchionis Histrie", and in a later passage records their legitimation[313]. The primary source which confirms this betrothal has not yet been identified.

Duchess Constance & her third husband had two children:

d) ALIX de Thouars ([1201]-21 Oct 1221, bur 24 Nov 1225 Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame). The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ names "Adelicia" as the daughter of "Constantia filia Conani" and her third husband "Guidoni de Thoarcio", stating that she married "domno Petro Mauclerc"[314]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "unam filiam Mabiliam" as the child of "Constantiam comitis Conani filia" and her [third] husband "Guido frater vicecomitem de Tuart"[315]. A Chronicon Comitum Pictaviæ et Aquitaniæ Ducum names "Alipsam et Catherinam" as the two daughters of "Wido…comes de Thoarcio" and "Constantiam Gaufridi Ducis Britanniæ relictam", stating that Alix married "Petro Comiti Drocarum"[316]. Her first betrothal is confirmed by the charter dated 1209 under which "Alanus comes, Henrici comitis filius" granted letters of assurance to "domino Andreæ de Vitreio", with the consent of "Henrico filio meo et Alici uxori eius"[317]. She succeeded her half-brother in 1203 as ALIX Dss of Brittany, Ctss of Richmond. The Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis records that daughter of Guy de Thouars and Constance de Bretagne married "Pierre Mauclerc, fils de Robert comte de Dreux"[318]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the death "XII Kal Nov" in 1221 of "Aalis Ducissa Britanniæ"[319]. Betrothed (contract Paris 7 Dec 1209, broken) to HENRI d'Avaugour, son of ALAIN de Bretagne Comte de Penthièvre & his second wife Adélaïde --- ([1205]-6 Oct 1281, bur Dinan). He succeeded his father in 1212 as Comte de Penthièvre. m ([Mar 1213/Oct 1214]) as his first wife, PIERRE de Dreux, son of ROBERT II Comte de Dreux et de Braine & his second wife Yolande de Coucy ([1187]-at sea off Damietta end-May 1250, bur Braine, église abbatiale de Saint-Ived). He swore allegiance at Paris 27 Jan 1213 to Philippe II "Auguste" King of France as PIERRE I "Mauclerc" Duke of Brittany. Comte de Penthièvre by annexation 1214. Created Earl of Richmond by Henry III King of England 16 Jan 1218/19 (confiscated Nov 1224, restored Oct 1229, confiscated again Jan 1235). He surrendered the Duchy of Brittany to his son in 1237, after which he called himself PIERRE de Braine. He accompanied King Louis IX on crusade in 1249 and was captured at Faraskur 6 Apr 1250, after being wounded at the battle of Mansourah. He died at sea on his way back to western Europe.

- see Chapter 4. DUKES of BRITTANY - House of DREUX[-CAPET].

e) CATHERINE de Thouars ([1] Sep 1201-[1237/40]). A Chronicon Comitum Pictaviæ et Aquitaniæ Ducum names "Alipsam et Catherinam" as the two daughters of "Wido…comes de Thoarcio" and "Constantiam Gaufridi Ducis Britanniæ relictam", stating that Catherine married "Andreæ de Vitreio"[320]. A charter dated 1212 records the dowry agreed between "Alix filia comitis Britanniæ" and "Andreæ de Vitreio juveni" for the latter´s marriage to "Catherina sorore mea"[321]. m (1212) as his first wife, ANDRE [III] Seigneur de Vitré, son of ANDRE [II] Seigneur de Vitré & his second wife Eustache de Rays (-Mansurah 8 Feb 1250).

Chapter 2. DUKES of BRITTANY 1213-1514 (DREUX-CAPET)

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

PIERRE I 1213-1237

PIERRE de Dreux, son of ROBERT [II] Comte de Dreux et de Braine & his second wife Yolande de Coucy ([1187]-at sea off Damietta end-May 1250, bur Braine, église abbatiale de Saint-Ived). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names (in order) "Henricum archiepiscopum Remensem et tres comites, Robertum de Brana, Petrum de Britannia, Iohannem Masticonesem et eorum sorores numero septem" as children of "comiti de Brana Roberto" and his wife Yolande[322]. He swore allegiance at Paris 27 Jan 1213 to Philippe II "Auguste" King of France as PIERRE I "Mauclerc" Duke of Brittany. Comte de Penthièvre by annexation 1214. He was created Earl of Richmond by Henry III King of England 16 Jan 1219 (confiscated Nov 1224, restored Oct 1229, confiscated again Jan 1235). “Johannes comes Matisconensis” names “frater meus P. comes Britannie” in a charter dated Aug 1234[323]. He surrendered the duchy of Brittany to his son in 1237, after which he called himself PIERRE de Braine. William of Tyre (Continuator) names "Pierre de Drues cuens de Bretaigne" among those who took part in the crusade from France which landed at Acre in 1239[324]. He accompanied King Louis IX on crusade in 1249 and was captured at Faraskur 6 Apr 1250, after being wounded at the battle of Mansurah. He died at sea on his return to western Europe.

m firstly ([Mar 1213/Oct 1214]) ALIX de Thouars Dss of Brittany, daughter of GUY de Thouars & his second wife Constance Dss of Brittany ([1201]-21 Oct 1221, bur 24 Nov 1225 Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame). The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ names "Adelicia" as the daughter of "Constantia filia Conani" and her third husband "Guidoni de Thoarcio", stating that she married "domno Petro Mauclerc"[325]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "unam filiam Mabiliam" as the child of "Constantiam comitis Conani filia" and her [third] husband "Guido frater vicecomitem de Tuart"[326]. The Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis records that daughter of Guy de Thouars and Constance de Bretagne married "Pierre Mauclerc, fils de Robert comte de Dreux"[327]. A Chronicon Comitum Pictaviæ et Aquitaniæ Ducum names "Alipsam et Catherinam" as the two daughters of "Wido…comes de Thoarcio" and "Constantiam Gaufridi Ducis Britanniæ relictam", stating that Alix married "Petro Comiti Drocarum"[328]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the death "XII Kal Nov" in 1221 of "Aalis Ducissa Britanniæ"[329].

Betrothed (before 21 Jul 1229) to [MARIE] de Lusignan, daughter of HUGUES I King of Cyprus & his wife Alix of Jerusalem Ctss of Jaffa ([before 1215]-[1251/53]). A Papal prohibition on the marriage between "comes Britannie" and "filiam reginam Cypri", by reason of 4^o consanguinity, is dated at Pérouse 21 Jul 1229[330]. It is not known which daughter was betrothed to the Duke of Brittany, but it is a reasonable assumption that it was Marie who was the older of the two.

m secondly ([1230]) NICOLE, daughter of --- (-Feb 1232, bur Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame).

m thirdly (before Jan 1236) as her second husband, MARGUERITE de Commequiers Dame de Montaigu et de La Garnache[-en-Poitou], widow of HUGUES de Thouars Seigneur de Montaigu, daughter of MAURICE [II] Seigneur de Commequiers et de Montaigu & his wife Elvis Dame de La Garnache ([1188/90]-after 27 Nov 1241). "Margarita Montis Acuti et Guasnapiæ domina et hæres" donated property to the abbey of Geneston, with the consent of "viro nostro Petro de Brana", by charter dated 27 Nov 1241[331]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified.

Duke Pierre I & his first wife had three children:

1. JEAN de Bretagne ([1217/18]-Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan 8 Oct 1286, bur Prières, église abbatiale de Notre Dame). The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the birth in 1217 of "Johannes filius Petri Comitis et Aelidis Comitissæ Britanniæ"[332]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the birth in 1218 of "Johannes, filius Petri Ducis Britanniæ"[333]. He succeeded on the abdication of his father in 1237 as JEAN I "le Roux" Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

2. YOLANDE de Bretagne (in Brittany end 1218-château de Bouteville 10 Oct 1272, bur Villeneuve-les-Nantes, église abbatiale de Notre Dame). A letter of King Henry III dated 19 Oct 1226 confirms his betrothal to "Jolentam filiam Petri ducis Brittanniæ et comitis Richemundiæ"[334]. The Chronicon Turonense records the betrothal of "Rex Franciæ Joannem fratrem suum, puerum octennem" and "filiæ Petri Comitis Britanniæ", and the grant of the county of Anjou to him[335]. The marriage contract between “P. dux Britannie, comes Richemondie…Yolendi filie mee” and “Ludovicus, rex Francorum…Johannem fratrem suum” is dated 27 Mar [1226/27][336]. The Annals of Dunstable record the betrothal of “filiam comitis Britanniæ” and “rex Franciæ…fratri suo minori”, who received the county of Anjou, in 1227[337]. Dame de la Fère-en-Tardenois, de Chailly et de Longjumeau, Ctss de Porhoët. Ctss de Penthièvre 1236, as her dowry. Ctss de Porhoët, by grant of her brother. "Hugo Lebrun, filius comitis Marchie primogenitus, et dominus Lambalie et Hyolandis uxor sua" noted the end of the excommunication of "Guidonem de Argenteio dominum de Plancoit" in a charter dated 1246[338]. Regent of La Marche and Angoulême 1250-1256. Betrothed (before 19 Oct 1226) to HENRY III King of England, son of JOHN King of England & his second wife Isabelle Ctss d'Angoulême (Winchester Castle 1 Oct 1207-Palace of Westminster 16 Nov 1272, bur Westminster Abbey). Betrothed (Mar 1227) to JEAN de France Comte d'Anjou et du Maine, son of LOUIS VIII King of France & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Castilla (Sep 1219-1232, bur Notre-Dame de Poissy). [339]Betrothed (1231) to THIBAUT IV Comte de Champagne, son of THIBAUT III Comte de Champagne & Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra (Pamplona 3 May 1201-Pamplona 8 Jul 1253, bur Pamplona). m (Jan 1236) HUGUES de Lusignan, son of HUGUES X de Lusignan Comte de la Marche et d'Angoulême & his wife Isabelle Ctss d'Angoulême ([1221]-Damietta Apr 1250, bur Abbaye de la Couronne, Charente). He succeeded his father in 1250 as HUGUES XI "le Brun" Sire de Lusignan, Comte de la Marche et d'Angoulême.

3. ARTHUR de Bretagne (1220-shortly after 1223). The Chronicon Turonense records the betrothal in 1223 of "Arturo puero, filio Comitis Britanniæ" and "Amorricus de Credone, senescallus Andegaviæ, filiam unicam"[340]. Betrothed to JEANNE de Craon, daughter of AMAURY [I] Sire de Craon & his wife Jeanne des Roches.

Duke Pierre & his second wife had one child:

4. OLIVIER de Braine dit de Machecoul (1231-1279, bur Villeneuve-lez-Nantes). Seigneur de Machecoul. m firstly ([1250]) MARQUISE [Amicie] dame de Coche, daughter of OLIVIER de Coche & his wife --- (-1268, bur Villeneuve-lez-Nantes). m secondly (1269) EUSTACHE dame de Huguetières, daughter of Baron ANDRE de Vitré & his wife --- (-1288, bur Villeneuve-lez-Nantes).

- SEIGNEURS de MACHECOUL.

JEAN I 1237-1286

JEAN de Bretagne, son of PIERRE I Duke of Brittany & his first wife Alix de Thouars Dss of Brittany ([1217/18]-Château de l'Isle, Férel, Morbihan 8 Oct 1286, bur Prières, église abbatiale de Notre Dame). The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the birth in 1217 of "Johannes filius Petri Comitis et Aelidis Comitissæ Britanniæ"[341]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the birth in 1218 of "Johannes, filius Petri Ducis Britanniæ"[342]. On his marriage his father-in-law declared Jean as his heir in Navarre, even if he subsequently had a male heir. After his majority, his father resigned the duchy and Jean swore allegiance to Louis IX King of France in Paris 16 Nov 1237 as JEAN I "le Roux" Duke of Brittany, Seigneur de Pontarcy, de Brie-Comte-Robert et de la Fère-en-Tardenois. Seigneur de Muzillac [1250]. He renounced his rights to Navarre for an annuity of 3,000 livres, by agreement 1254. Châtellain de Dinan 1264-1265. Seigneur de Hédé, de Hennedon-le-Viel, de Léon et de la Roche-Derrien 1265. Vicomte de Gourin [1265]. Henry III King of England restored him as Earl of Richmond at Woodstock 15 Jul 1268, but he immediately surrendered the earldom to his son. He accompanied Louis IX King of France on the Second Crusade 1270. Comte de Penthièvre, Seigneur de Lavaux 1272. Comte de Léon 1276.

m (contract Château-Thierry, Aisne 16 Jan 1236) Infanta doña BLANCA de Navarra, daughter of TEOBALDO I King of Navarre [THIBAUT IV Comte de Champagne] & his second wife Agnès de Beaujeu (1226-château de Hédé, Ille-et-Vilaine 11/12 Aug 1283, bur Hennebont, Morbihan, Abbaye cistercienne de Notre dame de la Joie). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "Agnes comitissa Campanie" left an only daughter but does not name her[343]. The marriage contract between “P. dux Britannie comes Richerimontis…Johanni de Britannia filio nostro” and “Theobaldus…rex Navarre, Campanie et Brie comes palatinus…filiam suam domiscellam Blancham” is dated 16 Jan 1236[344]. She founded the Abbaye de la Joie near Hennebont [1270], where she was later buried. The necrology of the Abbaye des Clairets records the death "IV Id Sep" of "Blancha comitissa Britannie"[345].

Duke Jean I & his wife had eight children:

1. JEAN de Bretagne (3/4 Jan 1239-Lyon 16 Nov 1305, bur Ploërmel, Morbihan, église Notre dame du couvent des Carmes). The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the birth "die martis infra octabas Sanctorum Innocentium" in 1239 of "Johannes primogenitus Johannis comitis Britannie"[346]. He succeeded his father in 1286 as JEAN II Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

2. PIERRE de Bretagne (Châteaulin, Finistère 2 Apr 1241-Paris 19 Oct 1268, bur Paris, église des Cordeliers). The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the birth "die Martis post Resurrectionem Domini…apud castrum Lini" in 1241 of "Petrus secundus filius Iohannis Comitis Britanniæ"[347]. Seigneur de Dinan, de Léon, de Hédé, de Hennebont et de la Roche-Derrien. He bought from Alain d'Avaugour Seigneur de Mayenne in 1264 all the latter's possessions in Brittany. Betrothed (Papal dispensation 6 Aug 1266) to MARGUERITE de Flandre, daughter of GUY Count of Flanders & his first wife Mathilde de Béthune ([1251]-3 Jul 1285).

3. ALIX de Bretagne (Château de Sucinio, Sarzeau, Morbihan 6 Jun 1243-2 Aug 1288, bur Abbaye de Laguiche, Coulanges, Loir-et-Cher). Dame de Pontarcy et de Brie-Comte-Robert, as her dowry. She founded the abbey of Laguiche near Blois in 1277, where she was later buried. She visited Palestine in 1287, erecting a monument to Ptolemy in Syria. m (contract 11 Dec 1254) JEAN [I] de Châtillon Comte de Blois, de Chartres et de Dunois, son of HUGUES Seigneur de Châtillon-sur-Marne Comte de Saint-Pol et de Blois & his second wife Marie d'Avesnes Ctss de Blois (-28 Jun 1279, bur Abbaye de Laguiche, Coulanges, Loir-et-Cher).

4. THIBAUT de Bretagne (23 Jul 1245-23 Oct 1246, bur Rhuys, Morbihan, église abbatiale de Saint Gildas).

5. THIBAUT de Bretagne (9 Nov 1247-young, bur Rhuys, Morbihan, église abbatiale de Saint Gildas).

6. ALIENOR de Bretagne (end 1248-young, bur Rhuys, Morbihan, église abbatiale de Saint Gildas).

7. NICOLAS de Bretagne (8 Dec 1249-14 Aug 1251, bur Rhuys, Morbihan, église abbatiale de Saint Gildas).

8. ROBERT de Bretagne (6 Mar 1251-4 Feb 1259, bur Nantes, église du couvent des Cordeliers).

JEAN II 1286-1305

JEAN de Bretagne, son of JEAN I Duke of Brittany & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra [Champagne] (3/4 Jan 1239-Lyon 16 Nov 1305, bur Ploërmel, Morbihan, église Notre dame du couvent des Carmes). The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the birth "die martis infra octabas Sanctorum Innocentium" in 1239 of "Johannes primogenitus Johannis comitis Britannie"[348]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the birth in 1240 of "Iohannes primogenitus Iohannis Comitis Britanniæ"[349]. Earl of Richmond 1268, when his father resigned the earldom. He accompanied his father and Louis IX King of France on the Crusade in 1270. William of Tyre (Continuation) records the arrival in Palestine of "Johan filz le conte de Bretaigne" 14 Sep 1272[350]. He succeeded his father in 1286 as JEAN II Duke of Brittany, Papal recognition 1 Sep 1288. Philippe IV King of France confirmed his title of duke of Brittany at Courtrai Sep 1297. Pair de France. King Edward I of England confiscated his English possessions in 1296, for supporting the French, but these were restored to him 1 May 1304. He was killed by a falling wall, while leading the Pope's horse during the consecration of Pope Clement V.

m (contract 13 Oct 1260, église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint Denis Nov 1260, Westminster Abbey [25 Dec] 1260) BEATRIX of England, daughter of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (Bordeaux 25 Jun 1242-London 24 Mar 1275, maybe bur Reading Abbey, transferred to Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The Annales Londonienses record the marriage in 1260 of "Johannes filius comitis Britanniæ" and "Beatricem filiam regis Angliæ"[351]. The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the marriage “apud Westmonasterium” in 1259 of “Johannem filium et hæredum comitis Britanniæ” and “Beatriciam filiam regis”[352]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in 1275 of "Margareta regina Scotie et Beatrix comitissa Britanniæ, filiæ Henrici"[353].

Duke Jean II & his wife had six children:

1. ARTHUR de Bretagne (25 Jul 1262-Château de l'Isle 1312, bur Vannes). The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the birth "VIII Kal Aug" in 1262 of "Arturus primogenitus Iohannis Ducis Britanniæ ex Beatrice filia Regis Angliæ"[354]. He succeeded his father 1305 as ARTHUR II Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

2. JEAN de Bretagne (1266-in Scotland 17 Jan 1334, bur Nantes, église des Franciscains). Appointed Lieutenant of Aquitaine 1294, and Captain of the English forces there, removed Oct 1295. Summoned to the English parliament 24 May 1305 as "Lord Brittany". Appointed Guardian of Scotland 15 Oct 1305. Earl of Richmond by grant of Edward I King of England 15 Oct 1306. Served the King of England until his death. m ---. The name of Jean's wife is not known. Jean & his wife had one child:

a) ISABELLE . m Sir --- Stapleton, son of ---.

3. MARIE de Bretagne (1268-5 May 1339, bur Abbaye de Cercamp). Heiress of Clermont. Dame d'Elincourt et d'Arleux 1317. m (22 Jul 1292) GUY [III] de Châtillon Comte de Saint-Pol, son of GUY [II] de Châtillon Comte de Saint-Pol & his wife Beatrix de Brabant (-6 Apr 1317).

4. PIERRE de Bretagne (1269-Jul 1312, bur Paris, église des Cordeliers). Vicomte de Léon until 1293.

5. BLANCHE de Bretagne (1270-Château du Bois-de-Vincennes 19 Mar 1327, bur Paris église des Jacobins). The Gesta Philippi Tertia Francorum Regis of Guillaume de Nangis records that "comes Attrebati Robertus...[filium] Philippum" married "filiam Johannis comitis Britanniæ Blancham, neptem Edoardi regis Angliæ"[355]. Dame de Brie-Comte-Robert. Dame de Neuvy et de Pandy 1304. m (after Nov 1281) PHILIPPE d'Artois Seigneur de Conches, son of ROBERT II "le Bon/le Noble" Comte d'Artois [Capet] & his first wife Amicie de Courtenay (1269-near Furnes 11 Sep 1298, bur Paris, église des Jacobins).

6. ALIENOR de Bretagne (in England 1275-Fontevrault 16 May 1342, bur Fontevrault). A manuscript Memorandum records the donation of “Manerio de Chadelworth” in Berkshire by “domina Alianora regina Angliæ, mater regis”, and names “Alianora de Britan. filia domini Johannis ducis Britan.” as a nun at Amesbury[356]. Nun at Fontevrault [1291], Abbess of Fontevrault 1304.

ARTHUR II 1305-1312, JEAN III 1312-1341, CHARLES 1341-1364

ARTHUR de Bretagne, son of JEAN II Duke of Brittany & his wife Beatrix of England (25 Jul 1262-Château de l'Isle 1312, bur Vannes). The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the birth "VIII Kal Aug" in 1262 of "Arturus primogenitus Iohannis Ducis Britanniæ ex Beatrice filia Regis Angliæ"[357]. Vicomte de Limoges 1275-1301, in right of his first wife. Earl of Richmond 1286. Vicomte de Léon 1293. He succeeded his father in 1305 as ARTHUR II Duke of Brittany, pair de France, Comte de Penthièvre. Comte de Montfort-l'Amaury 1311, in right of his second wife.

m firstly (Betrothed 17 Jun 1273, Papal dispensation 24 Nov 1275, Tours 1277) MARIE Vicomtesse de Limoges, daughter and heiress of GUY IV Vicomte de Limoges & his wife Marguerite de Bourgogne (1260-1292). A charter dated 17 Jun 1273 records the obligation of "Jahan duc de Bretangne" to pay "la vicontaisse de Limoges" for the marriage of "Artur nostre nevou" and "Marie la fille à ladite vicontesse"[358]. An anonymous Chronicon of Saint-Marcial records the marriage in 1275 of "Arturus filius comitis Britannie" and "Mariam filiam vicecomitisse Lemovicensis" at Tours[359]. The Majus Chronicon Lemovicense records the marriage "in crastinum beatæ Mariæ Magdalenæ" in 1275 of "Maria heres vicecomitatus Lemovicensis, neptis ducis Burgundiæ" and "Arturo herede Britanniæ, nepote regis Angliæ"[360].

m secondly ([May 1292]) as her second husband, YOLANDE de Dreux, widow of ALEXANDER III “the Glorious” King of Scotland, daughter of ROBERT IV Comte de Dreux et de Braine ([1269]-24 Aug 1322). Ctss de Montfort-l'Amaury 1311. The necrology of Port-Royal records the death "IV Non Aug" of "dame Yoland, royne d'Escosse, duchesse de Bretaigne et contesse de Montfort"[361].

Duke Arthur II & his first wife had three children:

1. JEAN de Bretagne (château de Champtoceaux, Maine-et-Loire 8 Mar 1286-Caen 30 Apr 1341, bur Ploërmel, église Notre dame du couvent des Carmélites). He succeeded his mother in 1291 as Vicomte de Limoges, until 1314, and again 1328-1341. He succeeded his father in 1312 as JEAN III "le Bon" Duke of Brittany, pair de France. Comte de Penthièvre 1312-1317. Earl of Richmond 1334, by grant of Edward III King of England, following his uncle's death. He supported his third wife's claim to the county of Savoie. m firstly (18 Feb 1298) ISABELLE de Valois, daughter of CHARLES de France Comte de Valois & his first wife Marguerite of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] (1292-1309). m secondly (dispensation 21 Jun 1310, Burgos 1310) as her second husband, Infanta doña ISABEL de Castilla y León, separated wife of don JAIME II King of Aragon, daughter of SANCHO IV King of Castile and León & his wife doña María de Molina (1283-24 Jul 1328, bur Abbaye de Notre-Dame de Prière). Vicomtesse de Limoges 1312-1314, and again 1317-1328. m thirdly (Papal dispensation 10 Aug 1329, église Notre Dame, Chartres 21 Mar 1330) JEANNE de Savoie, daughter of EDOUARD Comte de Savoie & his wife Blanche de Bourgogne [Capet] ([1310]-Château du Bois de Vincennes 29 Jun 1344, bur Dijon, église des Cordeliers). She claimed the succession to the county of Savoie on the death of her father but ceded her rights to her uncle Comte Aimon at Vincennes 29 Nov 1329. Vicomtesse de Limoges, as her dower, on her marriage in 1330. She renewed her claim to Savoie after her marriage, and allied herself with the Dauphin de Viennois against her uncle. By agreement 22 Nov 1339, she renounced her rights of succession in Savoie in return for an annual income of 6,000 livres. The testament of "Gioanna di Savoia Duchessa di Bretagna, e Vicontessa di Limoges figlia unica del Conte Odoardo di Savoia" dated 21 Jun 1344 chooses burial "nella Chiesa de P. P. Minori de Dyon…ove resta sepolta sua Madre", appoints "Filippo figlio del Re di Francia di Lei Cugino" as her heir, in particular to the county of Savoy, and in default "Carlo di Francia Duca di Normandia, e di Filippo Duca di Borgogna"[362]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke Jean's mistress is not known. Duke Jean III had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

a) JEAN bâtard de Bretagne . Seigneur de Rosporden, by grant of his father 1334.

2. GUY de Bretagne (1287-Nigeon near Paris 27 Mar 1331, bur Guingamp église des Cordeliers). Vicomte de Limoges 1314-1317. Comte de Penthièvre 1317. Comte de Goelo, Seigneur d'Avaugour, de Chatel-Audrey et de l'Aigle 1318. m firstly (1318) JEANNE d'Avaugour Ctss de Goello dame d'Avaugour, daughter and heiress of HENRI IV Seigneur d'Avaugour & his wife Jeanne d'Harcourt dame de l'Aigle (-28 Jul or 30 Aug 1327, bur Guingamp église des Cordeliers). The necrology of Notre-Dame-de-Beauport records the death "III Kal Sep" of "domine Johanne d´Avalgor, uxoris domini Guidonis de Britannia"[363]. m secondly (Papal annulment 10 Feb 1330) JEANNE de Belleville. Comte Guy & his first wife had one child:

a) JEANNE de Bretagne (1319-Guingamp 10 Sep 1384, bur Guingamp église des Cordeliers). dame d'Avaugour, de Mayenne, de Chatel-Audrey et de l'Aigle 1327, confirmed 1331. Ctss de Goello et de Penthièvre 1331. She succeeded in 1341 as JEANNE "la Boiteuse" Dss of Brittany, until 1364. Vicomtesse de Limoges 1341-1369. She renounced her rights by the Treaty of Guérande 1365, ending the Breton wars. The necrology of Notre-Dame-de-Beauport records the death "IV Id Sep" in 1384 of "domine Johanne ducisse Britannie, uxoris bone memorie Caroli domini du Plexeix"[364]. m (Paris 4 Jun 1337) CHARLES de Châtillon-sur-Marne, (-killed in battle near Auray 29 Sep 1364, bur Guingamp église des Cordeliers). He succeeded in 1341 as CHARLES Duke of Brittany, Comte de Penthièvre, Seigneur de Guise, by right of his wife.

3. PIERRE de Bretagne (1289-1312). Seigneur d'Avesnes.

Duke Arthur II & his second wife had six children:

4. JEAN de Bretagne (1293-Château d'Hennebont 26 Sep 1345, bur Quimperlé, église de la Sainte-Croix, later transferred to the couvent des Jacobins). He succeeded in 1341 as JEAN IV Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

5. BEATRIX de Bretagne (7 Dec 1295-9 Dec 1384, bur Abbaye de Clermont near Laval). Dame de Hédé. m (2 Mar 1315) GUY de Laval, (-killed in battle la Roche-Derrien 18 Jun 1347). He succeeded in 1333 as GUY X Seigneur de Laval et de Vitré.

6. JEANNE de Bretagne (1296-Ypern 24 Mar 1364). "Domina Johanna de Britannia domina de Casleto, dicti domini…relicta" founded an anniversary for "dominus Robertus de Flandria dominus quondam de Casleto" at Warneton abbey by charter dated 1333[365]. m (St Germain-des-Prés 21 Sep 1323) ROBERT de Flandre Seigneur de Cassel, Comte de Marle, son of ROBERT III "de Béthune" Count of Flanders & his second wife Yolande de Bourgogne [Capet] Ctss de Nevers (-Warneton 26 May 1331).

7. ALIX de Bretagne (1298-Montoire-en-Vendômois May 1377, bur Mans église des Jacobins). m (Rondechanier-sous-Montfort Aug 1320) BOUCHARD VI Comte de Vendôme, son of JEAN V Comte de Vendôme & his wife Eléonore de Montfort-l'Amaury (-26 Feb 1353, bur Vendôme église St Georges).

8. BLANCHE de Bretagne (18 Jul 1300-young).

9. MARIE de Bretagne (1302-[Poissy] 24 May 1371, bur Poissy). Nun at Poissy 1323.

JEAN IV 1341-1345

JEAN de Bretagne, son of ARTHUR II Duke of Brittany & his second wife Yolande de Dreux Ctss de Montfort l'Amaury (1293-Château d'Hennebont 26 Sep 1345, bur Quimperlé, église de la Sainte-Croix, later transferred to the couvent des Jacobins). He succeeded his mother in 1322 as Comte de Montfort-l'Amaury, Seigneur de Guérande. He claimed Brittany on the death of his half-brother, and was proclaimed JEAN IV Duke of Brittany at Nantes in May 1341. He secured the support for his claim from Edward III King of England, but the Court of Peers of France found in favour of Charles de Blois, husband of his niece 7 Sep 1341. The king of France confiscated Montfort. Earl of Richmond, by grant of Edward III 24 Sep 1341, to hold until he recovered Montfort. The French besieged him at Nantes, he surrendered in Nov 1341 and was taken to Paris where he was imprisoned at the Louvre until 1 Sep 1343. He escaped to England at Easter 1345, did homage to Edward III, and sailed with an English army to Brittany.

m (Chartres Mar 1329) JEANNE de Flandre, daughter of LOUIS of Flanders Comte de Nevers & his wife Jeanne de Rethel ([1295]-Sep 1374). She was famed for her gallant defence of Hennebont during her husband's captivity. She accompanied Edward III to England in Feb 1343, and lived in exile at Tickhill Castle, Yorkshire, maybe insane.

Duke Jean IV & his wife had two children:

1. JEAN de Bretagne ([Nov/Dec] 1339 or [30 Sep/8 Dec] 1340-Nantes 1 or 2 Nov 1399, bur Nantes Cathedral). He was recognised as JEAN V "le Vaillant" Duke of Brittany in 1365.

- see below.

2. JEANNE de Bretagne (1341-8 Nov 1402). She was granted Richmond, jointly with Anthony de Rise and Nicholas de Alderwych, 23 Apr 1398, but this grant was ignored or resumed by Henry IV. m (before 21 Oct 1385) as his second wife, RALPH Basset 3^rd Lord Basset of Drayton, (-1390).

JEAN V 1364-1399, ARTHUR III 1457-1458

JEAN de Bretagne, son of JEAN IV Duke of Brittany & his wife Jeanne de Flandre ([Nov/Dec] 1339 or [30 Sep/8 Dec] 1340-Nantes 1/2 Nov 1399, bur Nantes Cathedral). He was brought up at the court of Edward III King of England. He was restored to Montfort in 1361, under the Treaty of Brétigny. He met his rival, Charles de Blois at the conference of Poitiers 24 Feb 1363. He defeated and killed Charles de Blois at Auray 29 Sep 1364, and was recognised as JEAN V "le Vaillant" Duke of Brittany, pair de France, by the treaty of Guérande 12 Apr 1365. He was restored as Earl of Richmond 20 Jul 1372 after entering an alliance with Edward III. The French drove him out of Brittany, the Duc de Bourbon having discovered a copy of the treaty with England in the baggage of the duchess when he captured her on the road from Rennes to Vannes. Brittany was formally confiscated in Dec 1378, but in 1379 the Bretons recalled Duke Jean. He was deprived of Richmond in 1393, restored in May 1398.

m firstly (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire Summer 1361) MARY of England, daughter of EDWARD III King of England & his wife Philippa de Hainaut (Waltham, near Winchester, Hampshire 10 Oct 1344-1362 after 25 Dec, bur Abingdon Abbey, Oxfordshire).

m secondly (London May 1366) JOAN Holand of Kent, daughter of Sir THOMAS Holand Earl of Kent & his wife Joan Ctss of Kent (1350-Nantes Nov 1384, bur Nantes, Abbaye de Notre dame de Prières).

m thirdly (Saillé-près-Guérande 11 Sep 1386) as her first husband, Infanta doña JUANA de Navarra, daughter of CARLOS II King of Navarre & his wife Jeanne de France (Pamplona 1370-Dower House, Royal Manor of Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 9 Jul 1437, bur Canterbury Cathedral). Regent of Brittany 1399-1402. She married secondly as his second wife, Henry IV King of England.

Duke Jean V & his third wife had nine children:

1. JEANNE de Bretagne (Nantes 12 Aug 1387-7 Dec 1388, bur Rhuys église de St Gildas).

2. daughter (Oct 1388-end 1388).

3. PIERRE de Bretagne (Château de l'Hermine, near Vannes, Morbihan 24 Dec 1389-manoir de La Touche, near Nantes 29 Aug 1442, bur Tréguier, Cathédrale Saint-Tugdual). He was renamed JEAN 2 Dec 1396 on the wish of his father[366]. He succeeded his father in 1399 as JEAN VI Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

4. MARIE de Bretagne ([Nantes] 18 Feb 1391-18 Dec 1446). dame de La Guerche. m (contract Château de l’Hermine, Vannes 26 Jun 1396) JEAN d'Alençon, son of son of PIERRE II “le Bon/le Noble” Comte d’Alençon & his wife Marie Chamaillart, Vicomtesse de Beaumont-au-Maine (Château d'Essay 3 May 1385-killed in battle Agincourt 25 Oct 1415, bur Sées, Abbaye de Saint-Martin). He succeeded his father in 1404 as JEAN I "le Sage" Comte d'Alençon . Created Duc d’Alençon 1 Jan 1415.

5. MARGUERITE de Bretagne (1392-13 Apr 1428). dame de Guillac. m (26 Jun 1407) ALAIN [IX] Vicomte de Rohan et de Léon Comte de Porhoët Baron du Pont-Château (-20 Mar 1462, bur Abbey de Bonrepos).

6. ARTHUR de Bretagne (Château de Sucinio, near Vannes 24 Aug 1393-Nantes 26 Dec 1458, bur Nantes Cathedral). Earl of Richmond 1393. Comte de Dreux, de Montfort-l'Amaury et Seigneur de Neaufle-le-Châtel 1393. Seigneur de Parthenay 1415. Comte de Goelo, Seigneur d'isle de Bréhat 1422. Regent of France 1423. Duc de Touraine, Comte de Montfort et d'Ivry. Seigneur de Viré 1450. Governor of Ile de France and Normandy 1450. He succeeded his nephew in 1457 as ARTHUR III "le Justicier" Duke of Brittany, pair de France. The necrology of Vauvert records the death "VII Kal Jan" of "dominus Arturus dux Britannie connestabularius Francie"[367]. m firstly (Dijon 10 Oct 1423) as her second husband, MARGUERITE de Bourgogne, widow of LOUIS de France Dauphin de Viennois, daughter of JEAN "Sans-Peur" Duke of Burgundy & his wife Margareta of Holland (1390-Paris 2 Feb 1441, bur Paris église des Carmélites). Created Dss de Guyenne at Paris 9 Mar 1424. Ctss de Gien, de Montargis, de Dun-le-Roy et de Fontenay-le-Comte 1424. m secondly (Nerac 29 Aug 1442) JEANNE d'Albret, daughter of CHARLES [II] d'Albret Comte de Dreux & his wife Anne d'Armagnac (-Parthenay [20] Sep 1444). Ctss de Dreux. m thirdly (2 Jul 1445) CATHERINE de Luxembourg, daughter of PIERRE de Luxembourg Comte de Saint Pol & his wife Margherita del Balzo (-1492, bur Chartreuse de Nantes). Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke Arthur's mistress is not known. Duke Arthur III had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

a) JACQUETTE bâtarde de Richemont . Legitimated 1443. m (1438) ARTHUR Brecart.

7. GILLES de Bretagne ([Autumn] 1394-Cosne-sur-Loire 19 Jul 1412, bur Nantes Cathedral). Seigneur de Chantocé et d'Ingrande.

8. RICHARD de Bretagne (end 1395-Château de Clisson, Loire-Atlantique 2 Jun 1438, bur Nantes Cathedral Saint-Pierre). Comte d'Etampes at Sablé 8 May 1421, confirmed at Poitiers Oct 1425 with the county of Mantes.

- see below.

9. BLANCHE de Bretagne (1397-before 1419). The marriage contract between "Bernard comte d´Armagnac et Jean d´Armagnac vicomte en Lomagne son fils ainé" and "Monseigneur Jean duc de Bretagne pour Madame Blanche sa sœur puinée" is dated 30 Jul 1406[368]. m (contract 30 Jul 1406, Nantes 26 Jun 1407) as his first wife, JEAN [IV] d'Armagnac, son of BERNARD [VII] Comte d´Armagnac & his wife Bonne de Berry (Convent des Cordeliers Rodez 15 Oct 1396-L´Isle-Jourdain [14 Oct 1450/12 May 1451]). He succeeded in 1418 as Comte d'Armagnac. Comte de Bigorre et Vicomte de Lomagne 1425.

JEAN VI 1399-1442, FRANÇOIS I 1442-1450, PIERRE II 1450-1457

PIERRE de Bretagne, son of JEAN V "le Vaillant" Duke of Brittany & his third wife Infanta doña Juana de Navarra (Château de l'Hermine, near Vannes, Morbihan 24 Dec 1389-manoir de La Touche, near Nantes 29 Aug 1442, bur Tréguier, Cathédrale Saint-Tugdual). He was renamed JEAN 2 Dec 1396 on the wish of his father[369]. Earl of Richmond 1396. He succeeded his father in 1399 as JEAN VI Duke of Brittany, pair de France, Comte de Montfort-l'Amaury, under the regency of Philippe de France Duke of Burgundy until 1404. He entered Rennes 22 Mar 1401, and was crowned the next day in the Cathedral. "Duc d'Orléans" 1406. Seigneur de Courtenay 1417-1420. He was arrested by --- Comte de Penthièvre at Loroux in 1420, taken to Châteauceaux, but released after his wife successfully besieged the castle. Comte de Penthièvre 1420. Baron de Fougères 1427. Baron de Retz 1435.

m (contract Tours 26 Jan 1392, Hôtel de Saint-Pol, Paris 19 Sep 1396, Palais du Louvre 30 Jul 1397) JEANNE de France, daughter of CHARLES VI King of France & his wife Isabelle von Bayern-Ingolstadt (Château de Melun, Seine-et-Marne 24 Jan 1391-Vannes, Morbihan 27 Sep 1433, bur Vannes, Cathédrale de Saint-Pierre). Her marriage was celebrated twice, due to an "irregularity" in the first ceremony, Kerrebrouck stating that in his first dispensation the Pope had omitted to mention that the parties were both minors. The second ceremony followed the receipt of a second Papal dispensation[370]. She besieged Châteauceaux in 1420 and released her husband who had been imprisoned by --- Comte de Penthièvre.

Betrothed (contract 19 Jul 1441, ratified 29 Sep 1441, no religious ceremony) to ISABEL of Scotland, daughter of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Joan Beaufort (Autumn 1426-[13 Oct 1494/5 Mar 1499]). She later married Duke Jean VI's son after the former's death before the religious ceremony for this marriage.

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke Jean's mistress is not known.

Duke Jean VI & his wife had seven children:

1. ANNE de Bretagne ([1409]-before 2 Apr 1415).

2. ISABELLE de Bretagne ([1411]-Auray 13 Jan 1442, bur Nantes église des Jacobins). m (Redon 1 Oct 1430) GUY [XIV] de Montfort-la-Cane Comte de Laval Seigneur de Laval, de Vitré et de Gavre (-Châteaubriand 2 Sep 1486, bur Laval église de St Tugdal).

3. MARGUERITE de Bretagne (Apr 1412-Jun 1421, bur Vitré église de La Madeleine).

4. FRANÇOIS de Bretagne (Vannes 11 May 1414-Château de l'Hermine, Vannes 17 Jul 1450, bur Redon Abbaye de St Sauveur, Ille-et-Vilaine). Comte de Montfort, Baron de Fougères. He succeeded his father in 1442 as FRANÇOIS I Duke of Brittany, pair de France, Earl of Richmond, Comte de Montfort-l'Amaury, Seigneur de Neaufle-le-Châtel, crowned at Rennes 9 Dec 1442. m firstly (contract Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine 14 Mar 1431, contract Fougères 21 Mar 1431, Amboise 20 Aug 1431) YOLANDE d'Anjou, daughter of LOUIS II Duc d'Anjou Titular King of Sicily and Jerusalem & his wife Infanta doña Violante de Aragón (Arles 13 Aug 1412-Manoir de Plaisance, near Vannes, Morbihan 17 Jul 1440, bur Vannes église des Cordeliers). m secondly (Château d'Auray 30 Oct 1442) ISABEL of Scotland, daughter of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Joan Beaufort (Autumn 1426-[13 Oct 1494/5 Mar 1499]). Isabel had been contracted to marry Duc François's father, who died before the religious ceremony. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke François's mistress is not known. Duke François I & his first wife had one child:

a) ROYAN [Renaud] de Bretagne (-before 1440). Comte de Montfort l'Amaury.

Duke François I & his second wife had two children:

b) MARGUERITE de Bretagne ([1443]-[Nantes] 25 Sep 1469, bur Nantes église des Carmélites). m (Vannes 13 or 16 Nov 1455) as his first wife, FRANÇOIS de Bretagne, son of RICHARD de Bretagne Comte d'Etampes & his wife Marguerite d'Orléans Ctss de Vertus (23 Jun 1433-Coiron 9 Sep 1488, bur Nantes église des Carmélites). He succeeded in 1458 as FRANÇOIS II Duke of Brittany.

c) MARIE de Bretagne ([1444]-[2 Nov 1506/17 Nov 1511]). m (8 Mar 1461) JEAN [II] Vicomte de Rohan et de Léon Comte de Porhoët et de La Garnache (-1516). Lieutenant-General in the French army.

Duke François I had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

d) JEANNE bâtarde de Bretagne . m (1458) JEAN Morhier Seigneur de Villers le Morhier.

5. CATHERINE de Bretagne (1416-after 1 Apr 1421).

6. PIERRE de Bretagne (7 Jul 1418-Nantes 22 Sep 1459, bur Nantes Notre-Dame). Comte de Guingamp 1421. He was adopted in 1428 by his uncle Arthur de Bretagne. He succeeded his brother in 1450 as PIERRE II "le Simple" Duke of Brittany, pair de France. m (1442) FRANÇOISE d'Amboise dame de Bénon, daughter of LOUIS d'Amboise Vicomte de Thouars Prince de Talmond & his wife Marie de Rieux (Château de Thouars 9 May 1427-Coets near Nantes 4 Nov 1485, bur Nantes). Mistress (1): ---. The name of Duke Pierre's mistress is not known. Duke Pierre II had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

a) JEANNE bâtarde de Bretagne de Guingamp .

7. GILLES de Bretagne (1420-murdered Château de la Hardouinais 24 Apr 1450, bur Bosquien Abbaye Notre Dame). Seigneur de Princé et de la Motte-Achard 1436-1438. Châtelain de Lamballe 1438. Seigneur de Chantocé et d'Ingrande 1439-1443. He was strangled. m (1444) FRANÇOISE de Dinan-Montafilant dame de Châteaubriant, de Vioreau, de Hugutières-en-Retz, de Beaumanoir, du Bodister-en-Pleurin, du Guildo, de Montafilant et de la Hardouinais, daughter of JACQUES de Dinant Seigneur du Bodister-en-Pleurin & his wife Catherine de Rohan (20 Dec 1436-3 Jan 1499, bur Nantes église Dominicain). She married secondly (1450) Guy XIV de Montfort-La Cane Comte de Laval (-Châteaubriand 2 Sep 1486), and thirdly (soon after 1486) Jean de Proisy. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Gilles's mistress is not known. Seigneur Gilles had two illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

a) EDOUARD .

b) GUILLAUME .

Duke Jean VI had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

8. TANGUY bâtard de Bretagne . Seigneur de Hédé. m JEANNE Turpin, daughter of ANTOINE Turpin Seigneur de Crissé et de Villers (-after 1431).

RICHARD de Bretagne, son of JEAN V "le Vaillant" Duke of Brittany & his third wife Infanta doña Juana de Navarra (end 1395-Château de Clisson, Loire-Atlantique 2 Jun 1438, bur Nantes Cathedral Saint-Pierre). Captain-General of Guyenne and Poitou 1419. Comte d'Etampes at Sablé 8 May 1421, confirmed at Poitiers Oct 1425 with the county of Mantes. Seigneur de Palluau et de Châteaumur de Thouarcé, de Bourgomeaux-l'Evêque et de Ligron 8 May 1421. Comte de Vertus-en-Champagne et de Bénon 1423. Baron de Clisson, Seigneur de Courtenay, de Piffonds, de Houdan et de l'Epine-Gaudin 1423. Châtelain de Renac et de Bois-Raoul near Redon 1424.

m (Château de Blois, Loir-et-Cher 29 Aug 1423) MARGUERITE d'Orléans Ctss de Vertus, daughter of LOUIS de France Duc d'Orléans (1406-Abbaye de Laguiche, near Blois 24 Apr 1466, bur Abbaye de Laguiche). She was given the county of Vertus as her dowry. After her husband died, she retired to the Abbaye de Laguiche.

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Richard's mistress is not known.

Comte Richard & his wife had seven children:

1. MARIE de Bretagne (1424-19 Oct 1477, bur La Madeleine). Nun at Longchamps. Abbess of Fontevrault 1457/58. Nun at La Madeleine near Orléans.

2. ISABEAU de Bretagne (1426-1438).

3. CATHERINE de Bretagne (1428-before 22 Apr 1476). dame de l'Epine-Gaudin, de la Ferté-Milon, de Nogent d'Artaud, de Gandelu, de Luzarche et de Courtenay. m (19 Aug 1438) GUILLAUME VIII Prince d'Orange, son of LOUIS II "le Bon" Prince d'Orange [Chalon-Bourgogne-Comté] & his first wife Jeanne de Montbéliard dame de Montfaucon (-Château d'Orange 27 Sep 1475, bur Orange église des Cordeliers).

4. FRANÇOIS de Bretagne (23 Jun 1433-Coiron 9 Sep 1488, bur Nantes église des Carmélites). Comte d'Etampes et de Dreux 1442-1477. He succeeded his uncle in 1458 as FRANÇOIS II Duke of Brittany.

- see below.

5. son (-[1436], bur Bodon église des Carmélites).

6. MARGUERITE de Bretagne ([1437]-before 1466).

7. MADELEINE de Bretagne (-Longchamps 29 Mar 1461, bur Longchamps). A list of nuns at Longchamp in the abbey's necrology includes "mademoiselle seur Magdalene de Bretaigne, fille…prince monseigneur Richard de Bretaigne conte d'Estampes et de Vertus et seigneur de Clisson et de…madame Marguerite d'Orleans…seur de…prince Francoys duc de Bretagne" and records that she died 29 Mar 1461[371]. Nun at Longchamps before 29 Sep 1459.

Comte Richard had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

8. JEANNE bâtarde d'Etampes .

FRANÇOIS II 1458-1488, ANNE 1488-1514

FRANÇOIS de Bretagne, son of RICHARD de Bretagne Comte d'Etampes & his wife Marguerite d'Orléans Ctss de Vertus (23 Jun 1433-Coiron 9 Sep 1488, bur Nantes église des Carmélites). Comte d'Etampes et de Dreux 1442-1477. He succeeded his uncle in 1458 as FRANÇOIS II Duke of Brittany, Duc de Montbazon. Earl of Richmond 1458. Comte de Montfort-l'Amaury 1458. He founded the University of Nantes 1459. Seigneur de Courtenay 1466. General-Lieutenant in the French army 1475. He died from a fall from his horse.

m firstly (Vannes 13 or 16 Nov 1455) MARGUERITE de Bretagne, daughter of FRANÇOIS I Duke of Brittany & his second wife Isabella of Scotland ([1443]-[Nantes] 25 Sep 1469, bur Nantes église des Carmélites).

m secondly (Clisson 27 Jun 1471) MARGUERITE de Foix, daughter of GASTON IV Comte de Foix Prince of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Navarra (after 1458-Nantes 15 May 1486, bur Nantes église des Carmélites).

Mistress (1): ANTOINETTE de Maignelais, daughter of JEAN Seigneur de Maignelais & his wife Marie de Jouy.

Duke François II & his first wife had one child:

1. FRANÇOIS de Bretagne (29 Jun 1463-25 Aug 1463, bur Nantes Cathedral). Comte de Montfort-l'Amaury.

Duke François II & his second wife had two children:

2. ANNE de Bretagne (Château de Nantes 25 Jan 1477-Château de Blois 9 Jan 1514, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). Created Duchess by her father before his death. She succeeded her father in 1488 as ANNE Dss of Brittany, crowned 10 Feb 1489 at Rennes, Cathédrale Saint-Pierre. Anne styled herself "Reine des Romains" after her first marriage. Brittany was incorporated into the royal domains under the contract for her second marriage, and Anne was deprived of her title of duchess. Another condition of the contract was that, should her husband die without heirs, she could only marry the heir to the French throne as her next husband. She was crowned queen of France at Saint-Denis 8 Feb 1492. Anne regained her independence and her title of duchess of Brittany after the death of her first husband. She was crowned queen of France, for the second time, 18 Nov 1504 at l'Abbaye de Saint-Denis. Under the terms of her third marriage, she retained the government of the duchy. Her third husband gave her Etampes in Mar 1513. m firstly (by proxy Cathédrale de Rennes 19 Dec 1490, annulled by the Pope) as his second wife, MAXIMILIAN King of the Romans Archduke of Austria, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH III King of the Romans, Duke of Austria & his wife Infanta dona Leonor de Portugal (Burg zu Neustadt 22 Mar 1459-Wels 12 Jan 1519. m secondly (Château de Langeais, Indre-et-Loire 6 Dec 1491, contract Langeais 13 Dec 1491) CHARLES VIII "l'Affable" King of France, son of LOUIS XI King of France & his second wife Charlotte de Savoie (Château d'Amboise, Indre-et-Loire 30 Jun 1470-Château d'Amboise 7 Apr 1498, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). He incorporated Brittany into the royal domains, entering Nantes 4 Apr 1491. m thirdly (contract Etampes 18 Aug 1498[372], Papal dispensation 13 Sep 1498, Château de Nantes 7 Jan 1499) as his second wife, LOUIS XII King of France, son of CHARLES Duc d'Orléans & his third wife Maria von Kleve (Château de Blois 27 Jun 1462-Hôtel royal des Tournelles, Paris 1 Jan 1515, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint-Denis).

3. ISABELLE de Bretagne (1481 before 10 May-Rennes 24 Aug 1490, bur Rennes Cathedral).

Duke François II had five illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

4. FRANÇOIS d'Avaugour dit de Bretagne (1462-after 1494). Comte de Vertus et de Goello. m ([1492]) MADELEINE de Brosse, daughter of JEAN de Brosse dit de Bretagne, Comte de Penthievre.

- d'AVAUGOUR dit de BRETAGNE.

5. ANTOINE Baron d'Avaugour (1463-young).

6. son (1466-young).

7. daughter (1465-young).

8. FRANÇOISE d'Avaugour (1473-[1498]).

Chapter 3. COMTES de CORNOUAÏLLE

The county of Cornouaïlle was in western Brittany.

A. COMTES de CORNOUAÏLLE

1. RIVALLON (-after 9 Jul 871). Comte de Cornouaïlle. "…Riuuelen comes, Pascuethen comes, Bran comes…Jedecael princeps Poucher…Moruuethen comes…Riuallon et Guigon filii Salomonis…" witnessed the charter dated 9 Jul 871 relating to a dispute involving the abbey of Redon[373]. A hymn to Saint Gwennolé records that "Cornubiæ rector…Riuelen" in the time of Salomon Duke of Brittany[374].

2. GURMHAILON (-after 25 Oct 913). Comte de Cornouaïlle. It appears that, after the death of Alain I Duke of Brittany in 907, power in Brittany was shared between the counts of Poher (Alain´s son-in-law), Vannes (Alain´s possible eldest son) and Cornouaïlle and that none of these was acknowledged as overall ruler. Gurmhailon must have had some pretensions to the duchy as the dating clause of the charter dated 27 Nov 910, quoted below, states that he was "regnante Britanniam". However, his success must have been short-lived as, in the charter dated 25 Oct 913 also quoted below, he signs as witness with the simple title "comes". "Tanchi comes…cum…filiolum suum Derian, filium Alani" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 27 Nov 910, "Gurmahilon regnante Britanniam"[375]. "Matuedoi comes" confirmed a donation of property "quod rex Alanus antea atque Euuen nepos eius Sancte Mariæ Bilique episcopo in monacho sempiterno dederat" to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 25 Oct 913, witnessed by "Gurmhailon comes, Deniel filius eius"[376]. Under a charter dated outside Brittany in [920/26], "clericus…stemate regalium ortus…Hepuuou filius Riuelen atque Ruantrec" recorded transactions made earlier "coram multis testibus Cornubiensibus nobilissimus: Uurmaelon comes Cornubiæ…", and made further donations dated 10 Apr and 13 Aug 954 witnessed by "Haelchodus comes, eiusque filius Herleuuinus…"[377]. m ---. The name of Gurmhailon's wife is not known. Gurmhailon & his wife had one child:

a) DENIEL (-after 25 Oct 913). "Matuedoi comes" confirmed a donation of property "quod rex Alanus antea atque Euuen nepos eius Sancte Mariæ Bilique episcopo in monacho sempiterno dederat" to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 25 Oct 913, witnessed by "Gurmhailon comes, Deniel filius eius"[378].

Two brothers:

1. BUDIC, son of --- (-before 952). Comte de Cornouaïlle. "Budic comes Cornubiensis" confirmed the possessions of Landevenec by undated charter[379]. "Budic comitis…Alfrett fratris comitis…" signed a donation to Landevenec by "mulier…stemate regalium orta…Iunargant" by undated charter dated to the mid-10th century[380]. "Budic comes" donated property to Landevenec by undated charter dated to the mid-10th century[381]. An undated charter, dated to [945/52], records the death and burial of "Budic…comes", witnessed by "Alan dux Britanniæ…Benedictus episcopus filius istius Budic…Euhuarn vicecomes…"[382]. m ---. The name of Budic's wife is not known. Budic & his wife had one child:

a) BENEDICT (-1026). An undated charter, dated to [945/52], records the death and burial of "Budic…comes", witnessed by "Alan dux Britanniæ…Benedictus episcopus filius istius Budic…Euhuarn vicecomes…"[383]. Comte de Cornouaïlle. "Budic nobilis comes" donated property to Landévennec by an undated charter, witnessed by "Benedictus episcopus filius istius Budic"[384]. Tresvaux records that he was elected as Bishop of Quimper after the death of his wife, but does not date the event or cite the primary source on which it is based[385]. "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, with the consent of "Guiguoedon cum domino suo et filiis et militibus", later confirmed by "Alanus comes filius Benedicti supradicti" (witnessed by "…femina ipsius comitis Iudeth…"), by charter dated to [1022/38] which also records a later donation by "Alanus comes et uxor illius Iudeth…et filiæ suæ Hodiernæ abbatissæ", witnessed by "Hoel…filius eiusdem comitis…Moruan vicecomes…"[386]. "Benedictus comes et episcopus parcium Cornubiensium" donated property on his deathbed to Landévennec by an undated charter, witnessed by "Alanus comes"[387], presumably his son. m GUINODEON, daughter of ---. "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, with the consent of "Guiguoedon cum domino suo et filiis et militibus", by charter dated to [1022/38][388]. Benedict & his wife had six children:

i) ALLARUM . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m GUETHENOC Vicomte de Châteautro-en-Porhoët, son of --- (-1046).

ii) ALAIN "Caignart" (-1058, bur Church of Notre-Dame, next to Saint-Corentin). "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, later confirmed by "Alanus comes filius Benedicti supradicti" (witnessed by "…femina ipsius comitis Iudeth…"), by charter dated to [1022/38] which also records a later donation by "Alanus comes et uxor illius Iudeth…et filiæ suæ Hodiernæ abbatissæ", witnessed by "Hoel…filius eiusdem comitis…Moruan vicecomes…"[389]. Comte de Cornouaïlle.

- see below.

iii) ORSCAND (-13 Oct 1064). Tresvaux records that he was elected as Bishop of Quimper in 1022, after his father resigned the bishopric, but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[390]. A charter dated 1029 records the property of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé with the consent of "Alano comite…et conjugem eius Judith, Orscando episcopo fratre comitis…Guethenoc et Guerec fratribus comitis…"[391]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1064 of "Orscandus episcopus Cornugallie"[392].

iv) GUETHENOC (-after 1029). A charter dated 1029 records the property of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé with the consent of "Alano comite…et conjugem eius Judith, Orscando episcopo fratre comitis…Guethenoc et Guerec fratribus comitis…"[393].

v) GUEREC (-after 1029). A charter dated 1029 records the property of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé with the consent of "Alano comite…et conjugem eius Judith, Orscando episcopo fratre comitis…Guethenoc et Guerec fratribus comitis…"[394].

vi) AVAN (-after 1037). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 1037 which records a donation to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by "Huelin Berengarii filius", in the presence of "Alani Cornubie consulis", for the soul of "…uxoris mee Auan", with the consent of "filio meo Guegon et uxore mea", signed by "Alanus consul Cainard, Budic Venetensis episcopus…Huelin…Guegon filius eius, Auan uxoris eiusdem Huelini et predicti consulis soror…"[395]. m HUELIN Seigneur d´Hennebont, son of BERENGER & his wife --- (-after 1037).

2. ALFRED . "Budic comitis…Alfrett fratris comitis…" signed a donation to Landevenec by "mulier…stemate regalium orta…Iunargant" by undated charter dated to the mid-10th century[396].

ALAIN "Caignart" de Cornouaïlle, son of BENEDICT Comte de Cornouaïlle & his wife Guinodeon --- (-1058, bur Church of Notre-Dame, next to Saint-Corentin). "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, later confirmed by "Alanus comes filius Benedicti supradicti" (witnessed by "…femina ipsius comitis Iudeth…"), by charter dated to [1022/38] which also records a later donation by "Alanus comes et uxor illius Iudeth…et filiæ suæ Hodiernæ abbatissæ", witnessed by "Hoel…filius eiusdem comitis…Moruan vicecomes…"[397]. Comte de Cornouaïlle. A charter dated 1029 records the property of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé with the consent of "Alano comite…et conjugem eius Judith, Orscando episcopo fratre comitis…Guethenoc et Guerec fratribus comitis…"[398]. "Alano comite Chanarth…Cornubiam regente" founded the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by charter dated 1029[399]. "Alanus Britannice gentis dux atque princeps" founded the abbey of Saint-Georges de Rennes by charter dated to [1028/30], witnessed by "Eudo meus germanus, Gozolinus vicecomes, Rivallonis vicarius, Alanus Cornugallie comes…"[400]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the death in 1058 of "Alanus Comes Cornugalliæ, Kemperlegiensis monasterii fundator et pater"[401]. A fragmentary chronicle in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records that "consul Alanus cognomento Cainard" died 30 years after building the abbey of Sainte-Croix at Quimperlé and was buried "in ecclesia Beate Virginis Marie que adjacent ecclesie Sancti Courentini"[402].

m ([1026]) JUDITH de Nantes, daughter of JUDICAËL Comte de Nantes & his wife Mélisende (-1063, bur Sainte-Guénolé de Landevenec). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Judith…filia Juhelli quondam comitis Nannetensis" as wife of "Alani Cagnart" and mother of "Hoellus Dux"[403]. "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, later confirmed by "Alanus comes filius Benedicti supradicti" (witnessed by "…femina ipsius comitis Iudeth…"), by charter dated to [1022/38] which also records a later donation by "Alanus comes et uxor illius Iudeth…et filiæ suæ Hodiernæ abbatissæ", witnessed by "Hoel…filius eiusdem comitis…Moruan vicecomes…"[404]. A charter dated 1029 records the property of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé with the consent of "Alano comite…et conjugem eius Judith, Orscando episcopo fratre comitis…Guethenoc et Guerec fratribus comitis…"[405]. "Alanus comes nobilis Cornubensium partium" donated property to Landévennec by an undated charter, affirmed by "conjugis Iudett"[406]. An undated charter dated to [1031/55] records a donation to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by "Alano principe…uxor eiusdem consulis, religiosa domina et mater nostra Judith comitissa, filia…Judicaelis Nannetensium comitis", in the presence of "domini sui"[407]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the death in 1063 of "Iudith Comitissa Cornugalliæ"[408]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1063 of "Judith comitissa Cornugallie"[409]. A fragmentary chronicle in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records that "comitissa Judith" lived for six years as a nun after her husband died and was buried "in ecclesia Sancti Guingualoei"[410].

Alain & his wife had seven children:

1. HOËL (-13 Apr 1084). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Hoellus Dux filiusque Alani Cagnart et Judith Comitissæ" when recording his marriage[411]. Comte de Cornouaïlle, de Nantes et de Léon 1054.

- see below.

2. ORGUEN [Agnès] de Cornouaïlle . "Comes Eudo, uxor eius Orguen et filii eorum Gausfridus, Alanus, Willelmus, Rotbertus, Ricardus…" witnessed the charter dated to [1056/60] records the history of the acquisition by Angers Saint-Aubin of property "in pago Belvacensi", finally donated by "comiti Britannie Eudoni"[412]. m EUDES [I] Comte de Penthièvre, son of GEOFFROY I Duke of Brittany & his wife Havise de Normandie (-1062).

3. BUDIC (-1091). "Alani comitis comitisseque Constantie" donated property to the abbey of Redon by charter dated 1089, witnessed by "Mathias comes Namnetis…Eudo vicecomes, Radulfus anglicus comes, Radulfus de Fulgeres…Budicus frater Hoelli comitis"[413]. "Budic frater Hoeli comitis" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, in the presence of "fratris mei Benedicti abbatis…Benedicto Corisopitensi episcopo", by undated charter, witnessed by "Benedictus episcopus, Guigonus decanus frater episcopi…"[414]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the death in 1091 of "Budic, frater Hoëlis Comitis"[415]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1091 of "Budic frater Hoeli comitis"[416].

4. QUIRIAC (-[1076/78]). Tresvaux records that he was elected as Bishop of Nantes in 1052 but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[417].

5. BENEDICT (-2 Jan [1115]). "Budic frater Hoeli comitis" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, in the presence of "fratris mei Benedicti abbatis…Benedicto Corisopitensi episcopo", by undated charter, witnessed by "Benedictus episcopus, Guigonus decanus frater episcopi…"[418]. Bishop of Quimper. Tresvaux records that he was elected as Bishop of Quimper in 1064, in succession to his paternal uncle, but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[419]. Bishop of Nantes. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records that "Benedicti Episcopi…Alani Cornugalliæ Comitis filii" was ordained in 1081[420]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records that "Benedictus, Alani Cornugalliæ Consulis filius" was dismissed from "Nanneticæ Ecclesiæ sedem et Abbatiæ Kemperlegiensis regimen" in 1113[421]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the death in 1115 of "Benedictus Episcopus Nannetensis et Abbas Sanctæ Crucis"[422]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records that "Benedictus Alani Cornugallie consulis filius" resigned "Nannetice ecclesie sedem et abbatie Kemperelegiensis regimen" in 1114 and died in 1115[423].

6. daughter . The Historia sancti Florentii Salmurensis records that "Normannus, Montis Rebelli dominus Minoris" invaded Anjou and after peace was agreed that he married "sororem Hoelli Nannetensium comitis viduam"[424], the event being recorded in the text under the rule of abbot Sigo[425]. It is not known to which sister of Comte Hoël this refers. Chronologically it is possible that this anonymous sister was Orguen, whose husband died in 1062, but no other reference to any second marriage of hers has been found. m firstly ---. m secondly ([1055/70]) NORMAN Seigneur de Montrebel .

7. HODIERNA . "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, later confirmed by "Alanus comes filius Benedicti supradicti" (witnessed by "…femina ipsius comitis Iudeth…"), by charter dated to [1022/38] which also records a later donation by "Alanus comes et uxor illius Iudeth…et filiæ suæ Hodiernæ abbatissæ", witnessed by "Hoel…filius eiusdem comitis…Moruan vicecomes…"[426]. Abbess.

HOËL de Cornouaïlle, son of ALAIN "Caignart" Comte de Cornouaïlle & his wife Judith de Nantes (-13 Apr 1084). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Hoellus Dux filiusque Alani Cagnart et Judith Comitissæ" when recording his marriage[427]. "Benedictus episcopus atque comes" founded the monastery of Locmaria de Quimper, later confirmed by "Alanus comes filius Benedicti supradicti" (witnessed by "…femina ipsius comitis Iudeth…"), by charter dated to [1022/38] which also records a later donation by "Alanus comes et uxor illius Iudeth…et filiæ suæ Hodiernæ abbatissæ", witnessed by "Hoel…filius eiusdem comitis…Moruan vicecomes…"[428]. He succeeded as Comte de Cornouaille, de Nantes, et de Léon. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini records the death in 1084 of "Hoel Brito comes Nannetensis" and his donation to Saint-Nicholas of "insulam…Deneralem"[429]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1084 of "Hoëlus Comes"[430]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death "Id Apr" in 1084 of "Hoellus filius Alani Chainnardi, qui fuit Dux Nannetensis et Britanniæ"[431]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1084 of "Hoel comes"[432]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiense records the death "Id Apr" in 1084 of "Hoël Comes"[433].

m (1066) HAVISE de Bretagne, daughter of ALAIN III Duke of Brittany & his wife Berthe de Blois (-19 Aug 1072). The Flandria Generosa names "Havisis Namnetensis comitissa" daughter of "Berta comitissa", when outlining the basis for the consanguinity between Baudouin VII Count of Flanders and [Hawise] de Bretagne, which constituted grounds for their separation[434]. The Chronicon Briocensi records the marriage of "Hasevisiam sororem…Conani Ducis" and "Hoellus Dux"[435]. Her marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to before 1072 under which "Constancius" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "Jedear uxore mea" and affirmed by "Hoel comes et Haduis comitissa, Alanus et Mathias et Eudo filii eorum"[436], read together with another passage in the Flandria Generosa which names "comes Alanus" as son of "Havisis Namnetensis comitissa"[437]. She was heiress of her brother Conan II Duke of Brittany in 1066. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "XIV Kal Sep" of "Haduisis filia Berta comitisse"[438]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1072 of "Hadeuguis comitissa"[439].

Comte Hoël & his wife had seven children:

1. ALAIN de Cornouaïlle (-13 Oct 1119). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Alanum, Mathiam et Benedictum" as the three children of "Hoellus…ex Hadevisa uxore sua"[440]. He succeeded in 1084 as ALAIN IV "Fergant" Duke of Brittany.

- DUKES of BRITTANY.

2. HAVISE (-after 1075). "Berta comitissa Alani Redonensis ducis uxor" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, for the souls of "filie nostre Hadeuis comitisse Hoelis ducis Britannie conjugis et…filiorum suorum, meorum…nepotum Alani et Mathie", by charter dated 1075, signed by "Alanus nothus filius Conani comitis, Vitalis et Gualterius Carnotenses, familiares comitisse Haduis neptis mee…"[441]. Presumably the subscribers should be read "…Vitalis et Gualterius Carnotenses familiars comitisse, Haduis neptis mee…" as otherwise it is difficult to explain how the donor´s granddaughter could have borne the title "comitisse".

3. MATHIEU (-[1103/04]). The Chronicon Briocensi names "Alanum, Mathiam et Benedictum" as the three children of "Hoellus…ex Hadevisa uxore sua", stating that Mathieu was "Comes Nannetensis ex donatione Hoelli patris sui et consensus Alani primogeniti sui" but died childless in 1101[442]. "Constancius" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "Jedear uxore mea" and affirmed by "Hoel comes et Haduis comitissa, Alanus et Mathias et Eudo filii eorum" by charter dated before 1072[443]. "Berta comitissa Alani Redonensis ducis uxor" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, for the souls of "filie nostre Hadeuis comitisse Hoelis ducis Britannie conjugis et…filiorum suorum, meorum…nepotum Alani et Mathie", by charter dated 1075, signed by "Alanus nothus filius Conani comitis, Vitalis et Gualterius Carnotenses, familiares comitisse Haduis neptis mee…"[444]. Comte de Nantes. "Mathias…Nannetensium consul" donated l´île Corber en Loire to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé "in manu Benedicti episcopi sedis Nannetice patrui mei", for the souls of "Hoeli…comitis patris mei et matris mee Hadeuis", by charter dated 1091[445]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records the death in 1104 of "Matthias Nannetensis, Hoeli Comitis filius", stating that he had violated "cimiterium beatorum Petri et Pauli" in the same year[446]. The Chronicon Kemperlegiensis records the death in 1103 of "Matthias Nannetensis Consul, Hoëlis Consulis filius"[447]. The Chronicon Universum in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1103 of "Mathias Nannetensis consul, Hoeli consulis filius"[448]. The Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii records the death in 1103 of "Mathias Comes Nannetensis"[449]. m ERMENGARDE, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.

4. EUDES de Cornouaïlle (-[1072/75]). "Constancius" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "Jedear uxore mea" and affirmed by "Hoel comes et Haduis comitissa, Alanus et Mathias et Eudo filii eorum" by charter dated before 1072[450]. He presumably died before the 1075 charter in which his maternal grandmother names his two brothers and sister.

5. HILDEBERGE de Cornouaïlle . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m as his second wife, GEOFFROY [III] de Mayenne, son of HAYMON de Mayenne & his wife --- (-[May/Dec] 1098).

6. BENEDICT . The Chronicon Briocensi names "Alanum, Mathiam et Benedictum" as the three children of "Hoellus…ex Hadevisa uxore sua"[451].

7. ADELA de Cornouaïlle . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Saint-Georges at Rennes.

B. VICOMTES de GOURIN

1. TANGUY (-[before 1 Aug 1088]). Vicomte [de Gourin]. "Tangui vicecomes" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "uxoris sue Hodierne et filii sui Bernardi", by charter dated to [after 1088][452]. "…Tanki vicecomes…" witnessed the charter dated to end-11th century which records the claims by Alain "Fergant" Duke of Brittany to half the rights of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé[453]. m HODIERNE, daughter of ---. "Tangui vicecomes" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "uxoris sue Hodierne et filii sui Bernardi", by charter dated to [after 1088][454]. Tanguy & his wife had one child:

a) BERNARD (-after 1088). "Tangui vicecomes" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "uxoris sue Hodierne et filii sui Bernardi", by charter dated to [after 1088][455]. "Bernardus vicecomes" witnessed the charter dated 1 Aug 1088 under which "Constantia Britannie comitissa et regis Anglorum Guilhelmi filia" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé[456]. m ---. The name of Bernard´s wife is not known. Bernard & his wife had two children:

i) RIVALLON (-after 1163). "Riuallonus vicecomes, Bernardi predicti filius" [this charter follows the charter dated to [after 1088], see above, in the Quimperlé cartulary] "et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua" donated "terram, a fine Latdrun" to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Guenlodoe filia Haelgorett filii Perenes que erat heres terre illius et filii eius Herueus et Riuuallonus…maritus eius et filie eius", by charter dated to [1163/86][457]. "Riuallonus vicecomes" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Guielder uxor sua et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua", by charter dated to [1163/86][458]. m GUIELDER, daughter of ---. "Riuallonus vicecomes" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Guielder uxor sua et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua", by charter dated to [1163/86][459]. Rivallon & his wife had two children:

(a) RIVALLON . "Riuallonus vicecomes, Bernardi predicti filius" [this charter follows the charter dated to [after 1088], see above, in the Quimperlé cartulary] "et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua" donated "terram, a fine Latdrun" to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé[460]. "Riuallonus vicecomes" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Guielder uxor sua et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua", by charter dated to [1163/86][461].

(b) ADELICIA . "Riuallonus vicecomes, Bernardi predicti filius" [this charter follows the charter dated to [after 1088], see above, in the Quimperlé cartulary] "et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua" donated "terram, a fine Latdrun" to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé[462]. "Riuallonus vicecomes" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Guielder uxor sua et Riuallonus filius suus et Azelice filia sua", by charter dated to [1163/86][463].

ii) TANGUY . "Tangui vicecomes, Bernardi filius et Azenor uxor sua" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Bernardo et Henrico filiis suis", by charter dated to [1163/86], witnessed by "Riuuallonus frater ipsius Tangui"[464]. m AZENOR, daughter of ---. "Tangui vicecomes, Bernardi filius et Azenor uxor sua" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Bernardo et Henrico filiis suis", by charter dated to [1163/86], witnessed by "Riuuallonus frater ipsius Tangui"[465]. Tanguy & his wife had two children:

(a) BERNARD . "Tangui vicecomes, Bernardi filius et Azenor uxor sua" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Bernardo et Henrico filiis suis", by charter dated to [1163/86], witnessed by "Riuuallonus frater ipsius Tangui"[466].

(b) HENRI . "Tangui vicecomes, Bernardi filius et Azenor uxor sua" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, with the consent of "Bernardo et Henrico filiis suis", by charter dated to [1163/86], witnessed by "Riuuallonus frater ipsius Tangui"[467].

C. VICOMTES de LEON

1. BRAN (-after 9 Jul 871). "…Riuuelen comes, Pascuethen comes, Bran comes…Jedecael princeps Poucher…Moruuethen comes…Riuallon et Guigon filii Salomonis…" witnessed the charter dated 9 Jul 871 relating to a dispute involving the abbey of Redon[468]. La Borderie suggests that Bran was comte de Léon, but this appears to be by process of elimination of the other known Breton counts and counties in the 9th century[469].

1. GUYOMAR [I] (-[1030/31]). Vicomte de Léon. A charter dated to [1030/31] records a donation to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by "consul Alanus" during the war with "Guihomarch…vicecomitis" and records a later confirmation during the war with "vicecomite Moruano"[470].

2. MORVAN . Vicomte de Léon. A charter dated to [1030/31] records a donation to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé by "consul Alanus" during the war with "Guihomarch…vicecomitis" and records a later confirmation during the war with "vicecomite Moruano"[471]. m ---. The name of Morvan´s wife is not known. Morvan & his wife had one child:

a) EHUARN (-after 1066). "Ehuarn filius Moruani vicecomitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1066/84] under which "Guihumarch filius Numenoe" donated property to Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé[472].

3. GUYOMAR [II] (-killed 1103). Vicomte de Léon. The Chronicon Britannico records that "Guichomarus vicecomes Leonensium" was killed in 1103[473].

4. HERVE [II] (-1168). Vicomte de Léon. He was a supporter of King Stephen after his accession. Created Earl of Wiltshire early 1140 or before. The Gesta Stephani Regis records that "comes…Herveus gener regis" was driven from Devizes, dated to [1140/41][474]. He left England whereupon his earldom reverted to the crown[475]. The Guillelmi Armorici Historia records that "Herveus Comes Leoniæ…cum Guidomaro filio suo" were captured in 1163 and imprisoned "apud castellum Nini"[476]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1168 of "Herveus de Lehun" and the succession of "Guihomar filius eius"[477]. m --- de Blois, [illegitimate] daughter of STEPHEN King of England & his [mistress ---]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed only by the Gesta Stephani Regis which records that "comes…Herveus gener regis" was driven from Devizes, dated to [1140/41][478]. It is possible that this daughter of King Stephen was Marie de Blois, the king´s legitimate daughter, to whom Hervé was betrothed as a child before she became a nun. It is evident from the early betrothal of her older sister Mathilde that the king was eager to arrange marriages for his daughters with his supporters soon after his accession. If this is correct, this daughter would not of course have been the mother of Hervé´s children. Hervé & his wife had --- children:

a) GUYOMAR [III] (-1179). The Guillelmi Armorici Historia records that "Herveus Comes Leoniæ…cum Guidomaro filio suo" were captured in 1163 and imprisoned "apud castellum Nini"[479]. "Eudo Britannie comes" donated property to Saint-Martin de Josselin, with the consent of "fratrum meorum…Joscii vicecomitis et Alani Ceoche", witnessed by "Roaldo Dongie vicecomitis, Henrico de Arundelle, ---dio de Leon, Gaufredo de Monteforti", with the consent of "Alano de Rohan cognato meo", by charter dated 1164, witnessed by "…Stephanus frater meus…Guihomarus alterius filius de Leon…"[480]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1168 of "Herveus de Lehun" and the succession of "Guihomar filius eius"[481]. Vicomte de Léon. Robert of Torigny records that the castle of "Guihomarum vicecomitem Leonensem" was captured by "Gaufridus regis Henrici" in 1179[482]. m NOBILIS, daughter of ---. "Guidomarus…Leonensis dominus et uxor suo Nobilis filiique sui Guidomarus et Herveus" donated property to the abbey of Daoulas by undated charter[483]. Guyomar & his wife had three children:

i) GUYOMAR [IV] . "Guidomarus…Leonensis dominus et uxor suo Nobilis filiique sui Guidomarus et Herveus" donated property to the abbey of Daoulas by undated charter[484]. Robert of Torigny records that "Hamo episcopus Leonensis" was killed in 1171 "per consilium ut dicunt Guihomari fratris sui vicecomitis Leonensis et junioris Guihomaris nepotis sui"[485]. Robert of Torigny records that "Guihummaro iuniori" was granted eleven parishes out of his father's territories after the castle of Léon was captured in 1179[486]. m MARGILIA, daughter of ---. Her marriage is confirmed by the Chronicon Britannicum which records the death in 1218 of "Herveus de Leonia, filius Margiliæ, de transmarinis partibus redeundo"[487]. Guyomar [IV] & his wife had one child:

(a) HERVE (-1218). The Chronicon Britannicum records the death in 1218 of "Herveus de Leonia, filius Margiliæ, de transmarinis partibus redeundo"[488]. m --- de Rohan, daughter of ALAIN [III] Vicomte de Rohan & his wife Constance de Penthièvre. The Chronicon Gaufredi Vosiensis records that a daughter of "Helenus de Roem" and his wife married "Arveus de Leon filius Guimar"[489].

ii) HERVE (-after 1179). "Guidomarus…Leonensis dominus et uxor suo Nobilis filiique sui Guidomarus et Herveus" donated property to the abbey of Daoulas by undated charter[490]. Robert of Torigny records that "Gaufridus regis Henrici" kept "Herveo fratre eius" after "Guihummaro juniori" was allowed to inherit part of his father's property after their castle was captured in 1179[491].

iii) JEANNE [Eléonore] de Léon . Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1167 of "comes Eudes" and "Guihunmanus filius Hervei vicecomes Leonensis…filiam" but does not name her[492]. m (Aug 1167) as his second wife, EUDES Vicomte de Porhoët, son of GEOFFROY Vicomte de Porhoët & his wife Hadvise --- (-1170). He succeeded in 1148 as EUDES Duke of Brittany, by right of his wife, but was deposed by his stepson in 1156 and taken prisoner by Raoul de Fougères.

b) HAMON (-murdered 25 Jan 1171). Tresvaux records that he was elected as Bishop of Léon, quarrelled with his brother Guyomar, sought refuge with Conan Duke of Brittany who restored him to his bishopric, but was murdered 25 Jan 1171, but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[493]. Robert of Torigny records that "Hamo episcopus Leonensis" was killed in 1171 "per consilium ut dicunt Guihomari fratris sui vicecomitis Leonensis et junioris Guihomaris nepotis sui"[494].

1. GUYOMAR de Léon (-after May 1231). “Guidomarcus de Leone” confirmed his homage to Louis IX King of France for “toto feodo meo in Britannia” by charter dated May 1231[495].

2. HERVE [III] de Léon (-[1264/65]). A charter dated 7 Jun 1254 records a loan by "Herveo vicecomite Leonie" to "Johannes dux Britannie comes Richemondie"[496]. m MARGUERITE, daughter of ---. Hervé [III] & his wife had one child:

a) HERVE [IV] de Léon (-after 7 Jun 1298). A charter dated Sep 1273 records the sale by "Herveus vicecomes Leonie" of various properties to pay a debt to a citizen of Guingamp[497]. m ---. Hervé [IV] & his wife had one child:

i) AME de Léon (-after 7 Jun 1298). "Prigient de Quoitmain viconte de Tronquedoc et Ame fille…Hervé jadis visconte de Léon, fame audit Prigient" ratified the sale of the county of Léon to "Jahan jadis duc de Bretaigne" by charter dated 7 Jun 1298, which records her father as still living at the time[498]. m PRIGENT de Coëtmen Vicomte de Tonquedec, son of ROLAND Vicomte de Tronquedec & his wife --- (-after 7 Jun 1298).

b) AME de Léon (-after Oct 1276). "Rollant de Dinam chevalier et Ames a famme" ratified the sale of the county of Léon by the duke of Brittany by charter dated Oct 1276[499]. m ROLAND de Dinan, son of --- (-after 1 May 1303).

Chapter 4. DINAN and DOL

A. VICOMTES de DINAN

1. HAMON [I] . Vicomte de Dinan. m ROIANTELINA, daughter of RIVALLON & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Hamon [I] & his wife had five children:

a) HAMO [II] . "Junkeneus archiepiscopus" donated property to the abbey of Redon, with the advice of "fratrum meorum Haimoni…vicecomitis et Goszelini atque Riuualloni", by charter dated to [1029/37][500]. same person as…? HAMON . "…Hamonis vicecomitis, Maini filii sui…" signed the charter dated to [1015/32] under which "Alanus comes et…dux Britannorum et frater meus Heudo atque mater mea Haduisa et noster vicecomes Haimon et filii eius" donated property to the abbey of Marmoutier[501]. "…Mainonis de Filgeriis, Haimonis, Richardi filii eius…" signed the charter dated to [1015/32] under which "Alanus dux Britanniæ" donated property to the abbey of Marmoutier[502]. m ---. The name of Hamon´s wife is not known. Hamon & his wife had two children:

i) MEEN . "…Hamonis vicecomitis, Maini filii sui…" signed the charter dated to [1015/32] under which "Alanus comes et…dux Britannorum et frater meus Heudo atque mater mea Haduisa et noster vicecomes Haimon et filii eius" donated property to the abbey of Marmoutier[503].

ii) RICHARD . "…Mainonis de Filgeriis, Haimonis, Richardi filii eius…" signed the charter dated to [1015/32] under which "Alanus dux Britanniæ" donated property to the abbey of Marmoutier[504].

b) JUNGUENE . Abbot of Dol. Tresvaux records that he was elected as Bishop of Dol [dated to before 1030], stating that the enquiry made at Dol in 1181 records "Ruellen surnommé Capra canuta, Josselin de Dinan et Salomon le Bâtard" as his brothers, but does not cite the primary source on which this is based[505]. Archbishop of Tours. "Junkeneus archiepiscopus" donated property to the abbey of Redon, with the advice of "fratrum meorum Haimoni…vicecomitis et Goszelini atque Riuualloni", by charter dated to [1029/37][506].

c) JOSCELIN [I] de Dinan . "Junkeneus archiepiscopus" donated property to the abbey of Redon, with the advice of "fratrum meorum Haimoni…vicecomitis et Goszelini atque Riuualloni", by charter dated to [1029/37][507].

- SEIGNEURS de DINAN.

d) RIVALLON [II] (-after [1064/65]). "Junkeneus archiepiscopus" donated property to the abbey of Redon, with the advice of "fratrum meorum Haimoni…vicecomitis et Goszelini atque Riuualloni", by charter dated to [1029/37][508]. "Manigenius…miles" founded the priory of Saint-Cyr-lès-Rennes and donated it to Tours Saint-Julien by charter dated 23 May 1037, subscribed by "Alanus dux…Eudonis fratris Alani ducis Britannorum, Gotzelini vicecomitis, Rualentis domini Doli…"[509]. Seigneur de Dol et de Combour.

- SEIGNEURS de DOL.

e) IMOGEN . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m TEUHARIUS Châteaubriant .

B. SEIGNEURS de DINAN

1. JOSCELIN [I] de Dinan, son of HAMON [I] Vicomte de Dinan & his wife Roiantelina --- . "Junkeneus archiepiscopus" donated property to the abbey of Redon, with the advice of "fratrum meorum Haimoni…vicecomitis et Goszelini atque Riuualloni", by charter dated to [1029/37][510].

2. GEOFFROY [I] de Dinan (-1123 or after). A charter dated 1108 records the foundation of the priory of Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Gaufredus Dinanensis dominus…[et] filius eius Oliverius", with the consent of "uxore eius Radegunde…cognominata…Oriel et filiis suis Willelmo, Rollando atque Goscelin"[511]. "Gaufredus Dinannensis dominus…primogenitus filius meus Oliverius" donated property to Saint-Malo de Dinan, with the consent of "uxor mea Orieldis", by charter dated 1122[512]. "…Gaufredus de Dinanno, Rainaldus de Castrogunterii…" witnessed the charter dated 1123 which records donations to Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Johannes Gulterii cujusdam filii"[513]. m RADEGONDE [Oriel], daughter of --- (-after 1122). A charter dated 1108 records the foundation of the priory of Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Gaufredus Dinanensis dominus…[et] filius eius Oliverius", with the consent of "uxore eius Radegunde…cognominata…Oriel et filiis suis Willelmo, Rollando atque Goscelin"[514]. "Gaufredus Dinannensis dominus…primogenitus filius meus Oliverius" donated property to Saint-Malo de Dinan, with the consent of "uxor mea Orieldis", by charter dated 1122[515]. Geoffroy [I] & his wife had five children:

a) OLIVIER [II] de Dinan (-1150). "Oliverius prior filius Gaufredi domini Dinanensis" founded the priory of Jugon, with the consent of "patre suo et Guillelmo cognomento Abbate fratre suo" dated to [1108], made later donations with the consent of "uxor eius…Gonnor et filii eius Gaufridus…et Guillelmus", recorded in an undated charter which also records subsequent donations by "Gauffredum Oliverii filium et fratres suos" signed by "Goffredus, Alanus, Oliverius fratres et dominus hujus castri"[516]. A charter dated 1108 records the foundation of the priory of Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Gaufredus Dinanensis dominus…[et] filius eius Oliverius", with the consent of "uxore eius Radegunde…cognominata…Oriel et filiis suis Willelmo, Rollando atque Goscelin"[517]. "Gaufredus Dinannensis dominus…primogenitus filius meus Oliverius" donated property to Saint-Malo de Dinan, with the consent of "uxor mea Orieldis", by charter dated 1122[518]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1150 of "Oliverius de Dinan"[519]. He held land at Hartland, Devon, and founded the priory of Jugon[520]. m (1135) GONNOR de Penthièvre, daughter of ETIENNE [I] Comte de Penthièvre & his wife Havise de Guingamp. "Oliverius prior filius Gaufredi domini Dinanensis" founded the priory of Jugon, with the consent of "patre suo et Guillelmo cognomento Abbate fratre suo" dated to [1108], made later donations with the consent of "uxor eius…Gonnor et filii eius Gaufridus…et Guillelmus"[521]. Olivier & his wife had four children:

i) GEOFFROY . "Oliverius prior filius Gaufredi domini Dinanensis" founded the priory of Jugon, with the consent of "patre suo et Guillelmo cognomento Abbate fratre suo" dated to [1108], made later donations with the consent of "uxor eius…Gonnor et filii eius Gaufridus…et Guillelmus", recorded in an undated charter which also records subsequent donations by "Gauffredum Oliverii filium et fratres suos" signed by "Goffredus, Alanus, Oliverius fratres et dominus hujus castri"[522]. "Gaufridus dominus Dinnani" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Jacut, with the consent of "fratrum meorum", by charter dated 1179[523]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1167 of "Gaufridus Oliverii filius"[524]. A charter of Henry II King of England confirms the donation by “Gaufridus filius Oliveri de Dynam” to Hertland Abbey[525]. A charter of Richard I King of England confirms the foundation of Hertland Abbey by “Gaufridi de Dinam senioris et Oliveri fratris sui, et Gaufridi filii Oliveri” to Hertland Abbey[526]. m ---. The name of Geoffroy's wife is not known. Geoffroy & his wife had one child:

(a) OLIVIER . "Alanus de Dinanno" confirmed the donation to the abbey of Sainte-Marie-de-Boquen by "Hingaudus Judicaeli quondam filius" with the consent of "fratrum suorum Gauterii…et Rollandi", with the consent of "Oliverius filius Gaufredi de Dinanno qui tunc erat in mea custodia", by undated charter dated to the mid-12th century[527].

ii) GUILLAUME . "Oliverius prior filius Gaufredi domini Dinanensis" founded the priory of Jugon, with the consent of "patre suo et Guillelmo cognomento Abbate fratre suo" dated to [1108], made later donations with the consent of "uxor eius…Gonnor et filii eius Gaufridus…et Guillelmus"[528].

iii) ALAIN de Dinan . "Gauffredum Oliverii filium et fratres suos" donated property to the priory of Jugon by undated charter, signed by "Goffredus, Alanus, Oliverius fratres et dominus hujus castri"[529].

iv) OLIVIER (-1209). "Gauffredum Oliverii filium et fratres suos" donated property to the priory of Jugon by undated charter, signed by "Goffredus, Alanus, Oliverius fratres et dominus hujus castri"[530]. "Oliverius de Dinanno, Oliverii filius" donated "terras in Anglia" to Saint-Malo de Dinan by charter dated 18 Jun 1182, witnessed by "Alano filio Brient…"[531]. A charter of Richard I King of England confirms the foundation of Hertland Abbey by “Gaufridi de Dinam senioris et Oliveri fratris sui, et Gaufridi filii Oliveri” to Hertland Abbey[532]. The Chronicon Britannicum records the death in 1209 of "Oliverius de Dinano, filius Gaufredi"[533]. m ---. The name of Olivier´s wife is not known. Olivier & his wife had one child:

(a) GEOFFROY [III] de Dinan . A charter of Richard I King of England confirms the foundation of Hertland Abbey by “Gaufridi de Dinam senioris et Oliveri fratris sui, et Gaufridi filii Oliveri” to Hertland Abbey[534].

b) ALAIN (-1157, bur St Jacutus). Geslin de Bourgogne states that he was the second son of Geoffroy, held the fief of Bécherel, founded a priory at his castle (whose archives are now lost), and later inherited the castle of Léhon[535]. The 1130 Pipe Roll records "Alano de Dina" in Dorsetshire, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire (twice)[536]. "Alanus de Dinanno" confirmed the donation to the abbey of Sainte-Marie-de-Boquen by "Hingaudus Judicaeli quondam filius" with the consent of "fratrum suorum Gauterii…et Rollandi", with the consent of "Oliverius filius Gaufredi de Dinanno qui tunc erat in mea custodia", by undated charter dated to the mid-12th century[537]. "Alanus de Dinan" donated property to Lehon by charter dated 1149, witnessed by "Roberto fratre meo…"[538]. The 1156 Pipe Roll records "Alano de Dinan" in Berkshire, "in Gainz" yielding ₤15[539]. The Chronicon Britannico records the death in 1157 of "Alanus Oliverii filius" and his burial "apud S. Jacutum"[540]. The Chronicon Britannico Alter records that "Alanus Dinanensis" was killed in 1157[541]. m ---. Alain & his wife had one child:

i) ROLAND de Dinan (-[1186/87]). "Rollandus filius Alani de Dinan" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Marie-de-Boquen by charter dated 1148[542]. Sire de Bécherel. "Rollandus, Dinanni dominus" founded the priory of Bécherel by undated charter, dated to the mid-12th century, which names "Gaufridus Dinannensis avus meus…et filius eius Alanus pater meus"[543]. "Rollandus de Dinanno" granted property to Savigny with the consent of "Alano de Vitreio nepote meo", stating that the latter was his heir, by undated charter[544]. "…Rollando de Dinan…" witnessed the charter dated to 1155 or before under which "Conanus dux Britannie et comes Richemundie" donated "ecclesiam de Gaituna" to Kirkstead Abbey[545]. The 1157 Pipe Roll records "Roll de Dinan" in Berkshire, "in Gainz" yielding ₤15[546]. Seigneur de Dinan. "Rollandus, Dinanni dominus" confirmed Marmoutier´s possession of the priory of Bécherel by charter dated 1164, which names "pater meus Alanus"[547]. "Rollando de Dinan, Raginaldo Boterel…" witnessed the charter dated to [1173/80] which records the agreement between the abbey of Saint-Melaine and the abbey of Notre-Dame du Pont-Pilard brokered by "Gaufridi ducis Britannie et comitis Richemundie et Rollandi de Dinan predicte abbacie fundatoris et Andree de Vitreio"[548]. "Radulfo de Filgeriis, Allano de Rohan, Rollando de Dinanno…" witnessed the charter dated to [1185/86] under which "Gaufridus Henrici regis filius, dux Britannie, comes Richemont" confirmed the donations to the abbey of Pont-Pillard by its founders "Rollando et Allano de Dinanno"[549].

ii) EMMA de Dinan . Robert of Torigny records the death in 1173 of "Robertus de Vitreio" and the succession of "filius suus Andreas natus ex sorore Rolandi de Dinan"[550]. Her name is confirmed by the charter dated 1 Apr 1161 under which "Robertus dominus Vitreii" granted property to Savigny with the consent of "Andrea filio meo et emma matre mea et Emma uxore mea"[551]. Her first marriage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1155/73] under which "Emma de Vitreio" confirmed a donation of property to the priory of Sainte-Croix de Vitré by "Hugonis de Aleia…tunc maritus meus", with the consent of "filio meo Johanni", by charter dated to [1155/73][552]. m firstly HUGUES d´Alluie, son of ---. m secondly ROBERT [III] Seigneur de Vitré, son of ROBERT [II] Seigneur de Vitré & his wife Constance de Mayenne (-11 Nov 1173).]

c) GUILLAUME . "Oliverius prior filius Gaufredi domini Dinanensis" founded the priory of Jugon, with the consent of "patre suo et Guillelmo cognomento Abbate fratre suo" dated to [1108], made later donations with the consent of "uxor eius…Gonnor et filii eius Gaufridus…et Guillelmus"[553]. A charter dated 1108 records the foundation of the priory of Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Gaufredus Dinanensis dominus…[et] filius eius Oliverius", with the consent of "uxore eius Radegunde…cognominata…Oriel et filiis suis Willelmo, Rollando atque Goscelin"[554].

d) ROLAND . A charter dated 1108 records the foundation of the priory of Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Gaufredus Dinanensis dominus…[et] filius eius Oliverius", with the consent of "uxore eius Radegunde…cognominata…Oriel et filiis suis Willelmo, Rollando atque Goscelin"[555]. Geslin de Bourgogne suggests that he was ancestor of the branch of Montafilant, although highlights that there is no proof that this is correct[556].

e) JOSCELIN . A charter dated 1108 records the foundation of the priory of Saint-Malo de Dinan by "Gaufredus Dinanensis dominus…[et] filius eius Oliverius", with the consent of "uxore eius Radegunde…cognominata…Oriel et filiis suis Willelmo, Rollando atque Goscelin"[557]. The 1156 and 1157 Pipe Rolls records "Josce de Dinan" in Berkshire, "in Lamburna" yielding ₤66 (1156) and ₤76 (1157)[558]. m ---. Joscelin & his wife had one child:

i) HAWISE de Dinan (-1226 or after). Her family origin and marriage are confirmed by two lawsuits recorded in 1194 in which, in the first, "Hawisia de Dinat…Fulkon fil Warin" and "--- Sibill de Dinat uxore" are named, and in the second "Fulko fil Warin…Hawiss uxor sue" and "Sibill uxor Hug de Plugenai"[559]. m FULK FitzWarin [II], son of FULK FitzWarin [I] & his wife --- (-[1195/98]).

ii) SIBYLLE de Dinan (-1212). Her family origin and marriage are confirmed by two lawsuits recorded in 1194 in which, in the first, "Hawisia de Dinat…Fulkon fil Warin" and "--- Sibill de Dinat uxore" are named, and in the second "Fulko fil Warin…Hawiss uxor sue" and "Sibill uxor Hug de Plugenai"[560]. m HUGH de Plugenai, son of ---.

f) [ROBERT (-after 1149). "Alanus de Dinan" donated property to Lehon by charter dated 1149, witnessed by "Roberto fratre meo…"[561]. It is uncertain whether Robert was another brother of Alain as no other reference has been found to him. It is possible that "Roberto" in this charter was a transcription error for "Rolando".]

3. ROLAND de Dinan (-before 1242). m ---. The name of Roland´s wife is not known. Roland & his wife had one child:

a) JEAN de Dinan (-after Aug 1242). "Johannes de Dinanno miles, filius Rolandi de Dinanno militis" abandoned rights of "forcagium" (harvest related?) in favour of the abbey of Notre-Dame-de-Beauport, with the consent of "Marie uxoris nostre filie Prigencii de Trunkedo", by charter dated Aug 1242[562]. m MARIE, daughter of PRIGENT de Tonquedec & his wife --- (-after 1242). "Johannes de Dinanno miles, filius Rolandi de Dinanno militis" abandoned rights of "forcagium" (harvest related?) in favour of the abbey of Notre-Dame-de-Beauport, with the consent of "Marie uxoris nostre filie Prigencii de Trunkedo", by charter dated Aug 1242[563].

4. ROLAND de Dinan (-after 1 May 1303). The testament of "Rollandus de Dynanno miles" is dated 1 May 1303 and appoints as executors "Gaufridum filium meum et heredem, dominum Radulphum de Quoiquen consanguineum meum…"[564]. m AME de Léon, daughter of HERVE [III] Vicomte de Léon & his wife Marguerite ---. "Rollant de Dinam chevalier et Ames a famme" ratified the sale of the county of Léon by the duke of Brittany by charter dated Oct 1276[565]. Roland & his wife had one child:

a) GEOFFROY de Dinan . The testament of "Rollandus de Dynanno miles" is dated 1 May 1303 and appoints as executors "Gaufridum filium meum et heredem, dominum Radulphum de Quoiquen consanguineum meum…"[566].

C. SEIGNEURS de DINAN (SEIGNEURS de VITRE)

1. ALAIN de Vitré, son of ROBERT Seigneur de Vitré & his wife Emma de Dinan (-before Oct 1200). "Rollandus de Dinanno" granted property to Savigny with the consent of "Alano de Vitreio nepote meo", stating that the latter was his heir, by undated charter[567]. He adopted the name "de Dinan" as heir to his maternal uncle. Seigneur de Dinan. "Andreas de Vitreio" donated property to Savigny, for the souls of "patris mei Roberti et matris mee Emme et uxoris mee Mathildis", with the consent of "Mathildis uxor mea et fratres mei Alanus et Robertus", by charter dated to [1173/84][568]. "Andreas dominus Vitrei" donated property to Savigny, with the consent of "fratribus meis Alano, Roberto, Joscelino", by charter dated to [1175/84][569]. m firstly as her first husband, CLEMENCE de Fougères, daughter of GUILLAUME de Fougères & his wife Agatha du Hommet (-1252). The Annals of Burton record the death “post Natale Domini” in 1252 of “Clementia comitissa de Rependun relicta…Ranulfi quondam comitis Cestriæ”[570]. m secondly ---. Alain & his first wife had one child:

a) GERVAISE de Vitré (-[1235/41]). Vicomtesse de Dinan. "Juhellus dominus Meduanæ et Dinani…Gervasia uxor mea filia Alani de Dinan…Isabella mater mea" founded the abbey of Fontaine-Daniel by charter dated 19 May 1205[571]. "Juhel seigneur de Mayenne" donated property to the priory of Fontaine-Daniel, for the soul of "Gervaise sa femme", by charter dated 12 Feb 1207, witnessed by "…Isabelle de Mayenne…"[572]. "Richardus Maresschallus dominus Dinanni et Gervasia eius uxor" confirmed donations to the abbey of Beaulieu by charter dated 1224[573]. "Henricus de Avalgor, filius Alani comitis…et Margarita uxor mea" renewed a donation of property to the abbey of Bon-Repos by "Gervasia domina Dinani", for the soul of "bone memorie Gaufridi vicecomitis de Rohan quondam mariti sui", by charter dated 1229[574]. "Gervasia domina de Dynan" confirmed donations by "bone memorie Juhelli de Meduana quondam mariti nostri" to the abbey of Saint-Aubin-des-Bois by charter dated 1235[575]. "Gervasia domina Dynanni" donated property to Saint-Aubin-des-Bois after the death of "bone memorie Richardi Marischallis, quondam mariti mei" by charter dated 1236[576]. Her date of death is confirmed by the charter dated 1241 under which "Droco de Melloto, Locharam et Meduane dominus" [her son-in-law] wrote to "fratri suo domino Henrico de Avalgor", naming "bone memorie domine Gervasie"[577]. m firstly (before 1189) JUHEL Seigneur de Mayenne, son of GEOFFROY Seigneur de Mayenne & his second wife Isabelle de Meulan (-killed in battle 2 or 4 May 1220, bur Fontaine-Daniel). m secondly (after 4 May 1220) as his second wife, GEOFFROY [I] Vicomte de Rohan, son of ALAIN [IV] Vicomte de Rohan & his wife Mabile de Fougères (-15 Sep 1221). m thirdly (before Jan 1224) RICHARD Marshal, son of WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke & his wife Isabel Ctss of Pembroke (-Kilkenny Castle 16 Apr 1234, bur Kilkenny, Church of the Franciscans). He succeeded as Seigneur de Dinan in 1224, de iure uxoris[578]. He succeeded his brother in 1231 as Earl of Pembroke, hereditary Master Marshal.

D. SEIGNEURS de DOL

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise shown below.

1. RIVALLON [I] . m ---. The name of Rivallon's wife is not known. Rivallon [I] & his wife had one child:

a) ROIANTELINA . m HAMO [I] Vicomte de Dinan, son of ---.

RIVALLON de Dinan, son of HAMON [I] Vicomte de Dinan & his wife Roiantelina de Dol (-after [1064/65]). "Junkeneus archiepiscopus" donated property to the abbey of Redon, with the advice of "fratrum meorum Haimoni…vicecomitis et Goszelini atque Riuualloni", by charter dated to [1029/37][579]. "Manigenius…miles" founded the priory of Saint-Cyr-lès-Rennes and donated it to Tours Saint-Julien by charter dated 23 May 1037, subscribed by "Alanus dux…Eudonis fratris Alani ducis Britannorum, Gotzelini vicecomitis, Rualentis domini Doli…"[580]. Seigneur de Dol et de Combour. "…Rivallonus de Dol…" witnessed the charter dated 1064 under which Guillaume II Duke of Normandy settled a claim in favour of the monks of Marmoutier relating to property donated by "Guido de Valle"[581]. The Breton/Norman war of 1064/65 was triggered by the rebellion of Rivallon [I] de Dol, who was supported by Guillaume II Duke of Normandy.

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