The territories of the counts of Savoy lay within the southern part of the Welf kingdom of Burgundy and, later, in north-west Italy. The development of the kingdom of Burgundy, and the rise of the nobility within its territory, is discussed in the Introductions to the two documents BURGUNDY KINGS and BURGUNDY KINGDOM NOBILITY. The county of Savoy (Saboia, pagus Savogiensis) was situated in the north-east part of the diocese of Grenoble, although no specific reference has been found in primary sources to counts in this area before the 11th century. The family of the counts of Savoy first acquired power in the central part of the Burgundian kingdom during the latter part of the reign of King Rudolf III, when the Comtes de Genève and the Comtes d'Albon were also emerging as local power forces in the area.

Humbert [I] Comte de Maurienne served Emperor Konrad II, after the emperor inherited the kingdom of Burgundy following King Rudolf III´s death in 1032, and was rewarded with the grant of Chablais and Saint-Maurice en Valley. Humbert collected various dispersed territories in the area south of Lake Geneva, especially in the ecclesiastical dioceses of Belley, Aosta, Maurienne and Tarentasia. Comte Humbert's landholdings were gradually expanded by his descendants and united under a single government. The most important step in this process was the marriage of Humbert's son Odon to Adelaida, heiress of the marquisate of Susa, whose territories extended between the Alps and the River Po (including Auriate, Turin, Ivrea and Aosta) and as far as the Mediterranean coast between Ventimiglia and Albenga, and also included control of the Alpine passes of Mont-Cenis and Saint-Bernard[1]. The Savoy family's fortunes were favoured by the marriage in 1066 of Odon's daughter Berthe to Heinrich IV King of Germany. The family lost control of much of the territories of the marquisate after the death in 1091 of Marchesa Adelaida. The counts of Savoy retained only the valley of Susa itself, although they continued to title themselves "Marchesi of Italy" in primary sources during the following centuries. After the loss of these Italian possessions, Comte Humbert II turned his attention westwards by strengthening relations with the Capetian kingdom of France, his daughter eventually marrying Louis VI King of France. Humbert II´s son Comte Amédée III recovered the county of Turin, although his own son Comte Humbert III was banished and his lands confiscated after he quarelled with Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa". A settlement between the county of Savoy and the emperor was brokered by Guglielmo V Marchese di Monferrato, who acted as regent for the minor Comte Thomas I after the death of Humbert III. Comte Thomas further expanded the family's territories northwards into Vaud in present-day Switzerland and eastwards to Piemonte in northern Italy. He also bought the town of Chambéry in Savoie. He appears to have been the first member of the family to use the title "Comte de Savoie".

Emperor Friedrich II appointed Comte Amédée IV as Imperial Vicar in northern Italy, and also created him Duke of Chablais and Aosta, although this title lapsed after Amédée IV died in 1253. The family of the counts of Savoy extended their influence to England following the marriage in 1236 of Eléonore de Provence (whose mother was the daughter of Thomas I Comte de Savoie) to Henry III King of England. The English king's inability to control his wife's foreign relations was a factor which contributed to conflicts with his barons, which ultimately led to civil war. Comte Pierre II increased the Savoy family's territories by acquiring land in western Switzerland, mainly at the expense of the Comtes de Genève. Comte Amédée V, older surviving son of Comte Thomas II, was chosen to succeed his father, in place of the infant son of his deceased older brother. To pacify family ambitions, he divided the families landholdings, and installed his nephew in Turin and Pinerolo, and his younger brother Louis in Vaud, although Thomas II retained overall suzerainty over these territories. Vaud was reunited with the main line of the counts of Savoy in 1359, and Piemonte in 1418. Faucigny was transferred to Savoy in 1355 under the terms of the Treaty of Paris agreed with Jean II King of France, which also confirmed the frontier between Savoy and Dauphiné. Comte Amédée VII acquired Nice in 1388, and Comte Amédée VIII was confirmed as comte de Genève in 1410. Comte Amédée VIII was created duke of Savoy by Sigmund King of Germany in 1417.

Research into the family of the counts of Savoy is complicated by the loss of original primary source documentation in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries. The Germans burnt the archives of the castles of Susa, Avellane and Torino at different times, including an episode in 1174 when Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" burnt all the title deeds of the house of Savoy[2]. In 1536, the Bernese destroyed documentation when they invaded Vaud, Chablais and Faucigny[3]. Other material was lost in various accidental fires at the castle of Chambéry[4]. Nevertheless, some interesting new details concerning the family of have been incorporated into this document from information which is available in the on-line inventory of the State Archives of Turin[5].

Chapter 1. COMTES de SAVOIE [1060]-1417

A. COMTES de MAURIENNE, COMTES de CHABLAIS

The origins of Humbert [I] "blancis manibus" Comte de Maurienne, first known ancestor of the counts of Savoy, are unproven. Alternative theories have been proposed:

· descent from Garnier Comte de Troyes, whose son Hugues may have received part of the county of Vienne, and whose own son Humbert has been postulated (probably incorrectly, see above) as the father of comte Humbert [I][6].

· descent from the local family headed by Amédée Comte [de Belley], living in [977] (see above)[7]. A link between these two groups of families is suggested by the various donations of property in the county of Belley made by Humbert [I] and his descendants (see the document SAVOY for these donations).

· descent from the first kings of Provence. This proposition is based only on a manuscript note written by d´Hozier in 1675, in a copy of Guichenon´s Histoire généalogique de la maison de Savoie later deposited at the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, which states that "les chartes qui établissent la descendance de la Maison de Savoie des rois de Provence sont dans les Cartulaires de Saint-Maurice à Vienne"[8]. Presumably such alleged descent would be through Charles Constantin Comte de Vienne, son of Louis King of Provence, about whose two sons nothing is known apart from their names (see PROVENCE). No reference to such charters is found in the commentary on the cartulary of Vienne Saint-Maurice published by Ulysse Chevalier, or in the handful of charters themselves which he published[9]. It must be assumed that, if such documentation ever existed, it has since disappeared.

It is also possible that Humbert [I] was related to Ermengarde, second wife of Rudolf III King of Burgundy, who appointed him as her representative in administrative dealings relating to her territorial holdings after her husband died. If this is correct, the family relationship cannot be traced as Queen Ermengarde´s parentage is not known, although the fact that Humbert [I]´s possible sister was also named Ermengarde (see below) may also indicate a family connection.

HUMBERT I 1043-[1047/51], AMEDEE I [1051]

HUMBERT, son of --- ([970/75]-1 Jul [1047/51], bur Saint-Jean de Maurienne). ["Umberto comitis et uxoris suæ" signed the charter dated 4 Apr 1003 under which Eudes Bishop of Belley granted land "in pago Gratiopolitano in agro Salmojacense"[10]. It is not certain whether this charter relates to Humbert [I] "blancis manibus" Comte de Maurienne or to his supposed maternal uncle Humbert Comte [de Belley].] "Rodolfus rex" jointly with "…comitibus Rodulpho et Uberto" gave the castle of Moras to "Umberto episcopo eiusque matri domine Freburgie et nepotibus eius, Wigonis bone memorie filiis, Umberto Wigoni Willelmo" by charter dated 6 Jun 1009[11]. "Domni Umberti comes, Lambertus comes…" witnessed the charter dated 1 Apr 1018 under which "Ratcherius" confirmed a donation to "Sancti Petri Romani monasterio"[12]. Lanter Bishop of Langres granted property "in comitatu Genevensi et pago Albonensi in villa…Casei", except for that part held by "Ermengardis regina", to "nostro amico Humberto comiti et duobus heredibus filiis eius…unus…Amedeus et alter Burchardus episcopus" for life, by charter dated 8 Apr 1022[13]. "Ermengardis, domini Rodulphi regis coniux" founded the monastery of Talloires "in pago Albanense in villa…Talueris", with the advice of "…comitis Umberti", by charter dated to [1025], signed by "Umberti comitis…"[14]. "Ermengart regina" donated "duos mansos in pago Genevense" to Cluny, for the soul of her late husband Rudolf III King of Burgundy, acting "per advocatum meum comitum Humbertum", by charter dated to [1033/48][15]. It is assumed that this document refers to Comte Humbert, although this is not beyond all doubt. Saint-Genis (who assumes that the co-identity is correct) suggests that the use of the term "advocatum" in this document indicates that Humbert was administrator of royal lands only and was not a direct fiefholder himself[16]. If this is correct, the title "comes" would have been honorary, linked to his royal appointment rather than territorial holdings. At first sight the hypothesis of Saint-Genis appears attractive because, if Humbert held no county, his parentage may have been obscure, which could account for the difficulties in tracing his origin. However, there appears no reason why Humbert could not have held comital jurisdiction over a specific territory at the same time as an appointment as "advocatus" of the queen in relation to her own property. In any case, all the earlier documents quoted here confirm that Humbert held full comital status, although none of them specify his geographical jurisdiction (which is not unusual for early 11th century charters). His appointment by Queen Ermengarde as her representative may indicate a family relationship between the two, which cannot now be traced as the queen´s parentage is not known. "Amedeus filius Uberti comitis et Adaelgida uxor mea" donated "ecclesia S. Mauricii…in pago…Maltacena" to the priory of Bourget by charter dated 22 Oct 1030, signed by "Uberti comitis, Anciliæ uxoris eius, Amedei comitis, Adilæ uxoris eius…Rodulphi regis, reginæ Ermengardis, Odonis, Antelmi"[17]. Humbert recognised the suzerainty of Emperor Konrad II, to whom King Rudolf III bequeathed the kingdom of Burgundy in 1032, and fought against Eudes II Comte de Blois who challenged the emperor´s inheritance[18]. The emperor invested Humbert with Chablais and Saint-Maurice en Valley in 1034 as a reward for his services[19]. From this time, he is taken to have become HUMBERT I "blancis manibus/of the White Hands" Comte de Maurienne, Comte de Chablais. His nickname appeared for the first time in the 14th century Chronicle of Hautecombe[20]. According to Szabolcs de Vajay, the popular version is a misreading of "blancis moenibus/of the White fortresses"[21]. Saint-Genis suggests that the nickname should be considered the equivalent of "clean hands", indicating Humbert´s honesty in administrative dealings[22]. "Domnum Humbertum comitem et filium eius Amadeum" are named as present in the charter dated 1037 which records the foundation of the priory of Bugey[23]. "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[24]. "Domnus Upertus comes" is named in a charter relating to a church "in loco Scalas quod antiquitus vocatur Lavastrone" dated 21 Jan 1042, signed by "Brochardi archiepiscopi, Aimoni episcopi, Ameei, Oddoni, Orlini et filiorum eius Wigoni, Anselmi, Rostagni, Bornoni…Rostagni"[25]. "Umbertus comes et filii mei Amedeus et Oddo" donated the church "in pago qui antiquitus vocatur Lavastrone…Scalas in episcopati Gratianopolitano" to the abbey of Saint-Chaffre by charter dated 10 Jun 1042, signed by "Brochardi archiepiscopi, Amedei comitis, Oddonis, Bornonis, Aureliani, Rostagni"[26]. "Humbertus comes et Theobaldus episcopus Maurianensis" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean by charter dated 14 Jun 1046, signed by "Aimonis nepotis eius, Ioannis, Berillonis, Odonis"[27]. "Domni Huberti comitis…" subscribed the charter of "Aymo" (his presumed grandson) dated [1046][28].

m ([995/1000]) AUXILIA, daughter of ANSELM & his wife Aldiud ---. "Amedeus filius Uberti comitis et Adaelgida uxor mea" donated "ecclesia S. Mauricii…in pago…Maltacena" to the priory of Bourget by charter dated 22 Oct 1030, signed by "Uberti comitis, Anciliæ uxoris eius, Amedei comitis, Adilæ uxoris eius…Rodulphi regis, reginæ Ermengardis, Odonis, Antelmi"[29]. The parentage of Auxilia is deduced from her son Burchard being described by Rodolfus Glaber as nepos of Burchard Archbishop of Lyon[30], who was the illegitimate son of Conrad I King of Burgundy and his mistress Aldiud, wife of Anselm, who must therefore have been Auxilia´s parents. Her parentage is also suggested by the charter dated 12 Jun 1052 under which her son "Aimo, Sedun…episcopus" donated property, inherited from "avunculo meo comite Oudolrico…in villam…Ursaria", to the church of Sion "per manum advocatis mei comitis Oudalrici"[31]. Szabolcs de Vajay [32] suggests that Count Humbert had two wives: firstly "---, sister of Graf Ulrich [von Lenzburg]" and secondly "Auxilia, relative of Saint Odilon de Mercœur abbé de Cluny". Europäische Stammtafeln[33] shows only one wife "Auxilia von Lenzburg", in an amalgam of these two proposed wives. None of the sources so far consulted in the preparation of the present document suggest that Humbert had two wives. Until more information comes to light, the simpler solution has been adopted in this document. The primary source which indicates Auxilia's relationship with the Mercœur family (see AQUITAINE NOBILITY) has not yet been identified.

Comte Humbert & his wife had four children:

1. AMEDEE ([995/1000] or after-after 18 Dec 1051). Lanter Bishop of Langres granted property "in comitatu Genevensi et pago Albonensi in villa…Casei", except for that part held by "Ermengardis regina", to "nostro amico Humberto comiti et duobus heredibus filiis eius…unus…Amedeus et alter Burchardus episcopus" for life, by charter dated 8 Apr 1022[34]. "Amedeus filius Uberti comitis et Adaelgida uxor mea" donated "ecclesia S. Mauricii…in pago…Maltacena" to the priory of Bourget by charter dated 22 Oct 1030, signed by "Uberti comitis, Anciliæ uxoris eius, Amedei comitis, Adilæ uxoris eius…Rodulphi regis, reginæ Ermengardis, Odonis, Antelmi"[35]. "Domnum Humbertum comitem et filium eius Amadeum" are named as present in the charter dated 1037 which records the foundation of the priory of Bugey[36]. "Amedeus comes et uxor mea Adela" donated "hereditate nostra in comitatu Bellicensi in villa Carnitus" to Cluny by undated charter[37]. "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[38]. "Amedeus comes et uxor mea Adela" donated property "in comitatu Belicensi in villa Larnitus" to Cluny by charter dated 1036[39]. "Domni Amedei comitis…" subscribed the charter of his presumed nephew dated [1046][40]. He succeeded his father in [1047/51] as AMEDEE I "la Queue" Comte de Maurienne et de Chablais. His nickname was acquired after he refused to enter the presence of Emperor Heinrich III at Verona after his retinue ("queue") was refused entry[41]. "Amedeus comes Belicensium" donated property "mansum Cavanerii" to the church of Belley by charter dated to [1031/60][42]. m ([1030]) ADELAIS, daughter of ---. "Amedeus filius Uberti comitis et Adaelgida uxor mea" donated "ecclesia S. Mauricii…in pago…Maltacena" to the priory of Bourget by charter dated 22 Oct 1030, signed by "Uberti comitis, Anciliæ uxoris eius, Amedei comitis, Adilæ uxoris eius…Rodulphi regis, reginæ Ermengardis, Odonis, Antelmi"[43]. "Amedeus comes et uxor mea Adela" donated "hereditate nostra in comitatu Bellicensi in villa Carnitus" to Cluny by undated charter[44]. Comte Amédée I & his wife had [two] children:

a) HUMBERT (-before 1051). His parentage is confirmed by the undated charter under which "Comes Amedeus et Adela uxor eius" donated property to the monastery of Saint-Maurice, for the repose of "Uberti filii"[45].

b) [AYMON (-[1050]). "Aymo Bellicensis episcopus" refers to property "ecclesiæ S. Ioannis Baptistæ" held by "pater noster Amedeus", by undated charter[46]. Carutti suggests that Aymon Bishop of Belley was the son of Amédée Comte [de Belley], recorded in the last quarter of the 10th century (see BURGUNDY KINGDOM NOBILITY)[47]. Bishop of Belley [1032]. A manuscript note attached to an undated charter, under which "Amedeus…comes et fratres mei, unacum genitrice nostra Gisla" donated property to the church of Belley "per nostros advocatos…comitem Aimonem Genevensem et Widonem de Mirabello", for the soul of "patris nostri Humberti comitis", states that "Hic Amadeus comes erat Belicensis pater Aimonis episcopi…"[48]. This note is incorrect as the donor under this charter was Amédée III Comte de Maurienne who lived about a century after Comte Amédée I. It is not known whether this is the only authority for asserting that Aymon Bishop of Belley was the son of Amédée I. If that is the case, the "proof" is shaky at best.]

2. BURCHARD ([995/1000] or after-after 10 Jul 1068). Lanter Bishop of Langres granted property "in comitatu Genevensi et pago Albonensi in villa…Casei", except for that part held by "Ermengardis regina", to "nostro amico Humberto comiti et duobus heredibus filiis eius…unus…Amedeus et alter Burchardus episcopus" for life, by charter dated 8 Apr 1022[49]. Bishop of Aosta. "Brocardu epm" [Bishop of Aosta] approved a donation by "Katelmus" by charter dated 19 Oct 1025, signed by "domni Umbertus comes"[50]. Rodolfus Glaber names "Burcardi nepos eiusdem equivocus", referring to Burchard Archbishop of Lyon who was an illegitimate son of Conrad I King of Burgundy by his mistress Aldiud wife of Anselm, when recording that the second Burchard "deserted his own see of Aosta in order rashly to seize Lyon"[51]. Coadjutor of Aosta. Provost of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune. Archbishop of Lyon 1030, deposed. Radulfus Glaber records that “Burcardi nepos, eiusdem æquivocus” left “sede propria Augustanæ civitatis” and imposed himself as archbishop of Lyon after the death of archbishop Burchard in 1033, and that "Burchardus III Archiep. Lugd. olim August. Episc." was captured by imperial troops and sent into exile in 1034[52]. "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[53]. "Burchardus Agannensis abbatiæ abbas…" donated property by charter dated 10 Jul 1068[54].

3. AYMON (-13 Jul [1054]). "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[55]. Benedictine abbot of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune. Bishop of Sion 1040. "Aymonis episcopi" enfeoffed a vassal with property "per manum Odvolrici eiusdem ecclesie aduocati" by charter dated 23 Dec 1043[56]. "Domni Aimoni Sedunensis episcopi…" subscribed the charter of his presumed first cousin dated [1046][57]. "Aimo, Sedun…episcopus" donated property, inherited from "avunculo meo comite Oudolrico…in villam…Ursaria", to the church of Sion "per manum advocatis mei comitis Oudalrici" by charter dated 12 Jun 1052[58]. "Aymo…Sedunensis episcopus" exchanged property "in comitatu Valensi in loco…Caldro" [Chatres] with his vassal "Vuarnerio", by the hand of "advocati eiusdem ecclesie Upoldi", by charter dated 13 Mar 1054[59]. The necrology of Sion records the death "III Id Jul" of "Aymonis episcopi"[60].

4. ODDON ([1017]-1 Mar 1060, bur Torino, cathedral of San Giovanni). "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[61]. Marchese di Susa [1046], by right of his wife. Comte de Chablais.

- see below.

B. COMTES de SAVOIE et de MAURIENNE 1060-1417

ODDON [1051]-1060, PIERRE I 1060-1078, AMEDEE II 1078-1080

ODDON de Maurienne, son of HUMBERT Comte de Maurienne & his wife Auxilia --- ([1017]-1 Mar 1060, bur Turin, cathedral of San Giovanni). "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[62]. Marchese di Susa [1046], by right of his wife, her territories extending between the Alps and the River Po (including Auriate, Turino, Ivrea and Aosta) and to the Mediterranean between Ventimiglia and Albenga, and including control of the Alpine passes of Mont-Cenis and Saint-Bernard[63]. "Odo marchio" subscribed the charter of his presumed nephew dated [1046][64]. He succeeded his brother in [1051] as ODDON Comte de Maurienne et de Chablais. "Odo marchio" donated property to the church of Tarantasia, for the soul of "patris mei Humbertus comes", by charter dated 1051[65]. The importance of the family's role in contemporary European politics is demonstrated by the marriage of Comte Oddon's daughter to the future king of Germany. The necrology of San Andreo di Torino records the death "XIV Kal Feb" of "Dnis Oddonis Marchionis"[66].

m ([1046]) as her third husband, ADELAIDA di Susa, Marchesa di Susa, widow firstly of HERMANN IV Duke of Swabia and secondly of ENRICO Marchese di Monferrato, daughter of UDALRICO MANFREDO Marchese di Susa & his wife Berta degli Obertenghi (Turin 1020-Canischio in Canavese 27 Dec 1091, bur Turin, cathedral of San Giovanni). Her first marriage is confirmed by Herimannus who records that "Hermannus quoque dux Alamanniæ" was granted "marcham soceri sui Maginfredi in Italia" by the emperor in 1034[67]. Her second marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 1043 under which "Henricus marchio filius quondam Wilielmi similiter marchioni et Adalena comitissa jugales filia quondam bo. me. Oldrici…Maginfredi…marchioni" donated property to San Antonino[68]. Her third marriage is confirmed by the Annalista Saxo which names "Adelheidis que soror erat comitis qui agnominatus est de Monte Bardonis in Italia et Immule seu Irmingardis" as wife of "Ottonis marchionis de Italia"[69]. She was regent for her son in 1060 after the death of her husband, playing a significant role in support of Heinrich IV King of Germany, her son-in-law, in his disputes with the papacy. "Dominus Petrus Marchio filius quond. bonæ memoriæ Oddonis marchionis…cum domina Adheleida comitissa matre sua" signed a charter dated 31 Jul 1064[70]. "Adelegida…comitissa" donated property to Pinerolo, for the souls of "domni Manfredi marchionis genitoris mei et Adalrici episcopi Barbani mei et Bertæ genetricis meæ et…domni Odonis marchionis viri mei", by charter dated 8 Sep 1064, signed by "Petri, Amedei, Vitelmi qui Bruno vicecomes vocatur…Henrici qui vocatur Marchio…"[71]. "Adalaxia cometissa filia quondam Maginfredus marchio" donated property to Pinerolo by charter dated 23 Jul 1075[72]. Adelaida mediated with Pope Gregory VII when King Heinrich submitted to him at Canossa in 1077, and received in return the town of Bugey for the house of Savoy[73]. "Domna Adelaida comitissa filia…cum filiis suis Petro et Amedeo" donated property to Novalesa, for the soul of "mariti sui Oddonis", by charter dated 16 Jul 1078[74]. "Adalegida cometissa filia Maginfredi marchionis et relicta quond. Oddonis idemque marchionis" donated property to the monastery at Taurini, in the presence of "domne Agnetis comitissæ, filiæ Wilelmi comitis et relictæ quondam Petri marchionis", for the souls of "Maginfredi patris, Adalrici Astensis episcopi patrui, Berthæ matris et Petri marchionis filii predictæ comitissæ Adalegidæ", by charter dated 4 Jul 1079[75]. "Adalasia comitissa cum nuru sua Agneta et filia eius Agnete" donated property to "ecclesiæ S. Mariæ…Astensis episcopatus" by charter dated 18 Jun 1089[76]. The necrology of Schaffhausen records the death "XIV Kal Jan" of "Adelheida Taurinensis comitissa"[77].

Comte Oddon & his wife had five children:

1. PIERRE de Savoie ([1048/49]-killed 9 Aug 1078). "Hubertus comes" donated property to the canons of Saint-Jean and Saint-Urse by charter dated 1040, signed and consented to by "Oddo, Amedeus comes, Aymo Sedunensis episcopus, Brochardus filius Huberti comitis, Petrus marchio filius Odonis marchionis et commitissæ"[78]. He succeeded his father in 1060 as PIERRE I Comte de Savoie, Aosta, Maurienne et Chablais, Marchese di Susa, under the regency of his mother until 1064. "Dominus Petrus Marchio filius quond. bonæ memoriæ Oddonis marchionis…cum domina Adheleida comitissa matre sua" signed a charter dated 31 Jul 1064[79]. "Adelegida…comitissa" donated property to Pinerolo, for the souls of "domni Manfredi marchionis genitoris mei et Adalrici episcopi Barbani mei et Bertæ genetricis meæ et…domni Odonis marchionis viri mei", by charter dated 8 Sep 1064, signed by "Petri, Amedei, Vitelmi qui Bruno vicecomes vocatur…Henrici qui vocatur Marchio…"[80]. "Domna Adelaida comitissa filia…cum filiis suis Petro et Amedeo" donated property to Novalesa, for the soul of "mariti sui Oddonis", by charter dated 16 Jul 1078[81]. He appears to have come to a violent end[82]. m (1064) AGNES d’Aquitaine, daughter of GUILLAUME VII "Acerrimus/l'Aigret" Duke of Aquitaine, [GUILLAUME V Comte de Poitou] & his wife Ermésinde --- ([1052]-after 18 Jun 1089). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 26 Oct 1078 under which "Agnes filia quondam Guillelmi Pictaviensis comitis et relicta…marchionis Petri" donated property to Pinerolo[83]. Agnes´s father is not identified more precisely in any document which has so far been found. However, the reference to "quondam" in the 26 Oct 1078 charter excludes Guillaume VIII Duke of Aquitaine who was still alive at that date. Duke Guillaume VI is also probably excluded as her father, as Agnes would have been over 26 years old at the time of her marriage if she had been his daughter (he died in 1038, see above). This seems improbable as noble girls often married when aged 12 to 15 at the time. Duke Guillaume VII is therefore left as the most likely candidate to be Agnes´s father. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[84], Agnes was the widow of Ramiro I King of Aragon. Szabolcs de Vajay[85] states that the wife of King Ramiro was the daughter of Guillaume VI Duke of Aquitaine not of Duke Guillaume VII, although no source is cited to support this. From an onomastic point of view, it is surprising that a daughter of Duke Guillaume VI would have been named Agnes. The name appears only in the family of the Comtes de Poitou after the third marriage of Duke Guillaume V with Agnes de Mâcon [Bourgogne-Comté], whereas Duke Guillaume VI was the son of Duke Guillaume V's first marriage. "Adalegida cometissa filia Maginfredi marchionis et relicta quond. Oddonis idemque marchionis" donated property to the monastery at Taurini, in the presence of "domne Agnetis comitissæ, filiæ Wilelmi comitis et relictæ quondam Petri marchionis", for the souls of "Maginfredi patris, Adalrici Astensis episcopi patrui, Berthæ matris et Petri marchionis filii predictæ comitissæ Adalegidæ", by charter dated 4 Jul 1079[86]. "Adalasia comitissa cum nuru sua Agneta et filia eius Agnete" donated property to "ecclesiæ S. Mariæ…Astensis episcopatus" by charter dated 18 Jun 1089[87]. Comte Pierre I & his wife had [three] children:

a) AGNES de Savoie ([1066/70]-after 13 Mar 1110). "Adalasia comitissa cum nuru sua Agneta et filia eius Agnete" donated property to "ecclesiæ S. Mariæ…Astensis episcopatus" by charter dated 18 Jun 1089[88]. Her birth date is estimated from the marriage date of her parents, her mother's estimated birth date, and the fact that Agnes herself gave birth to three children before her husband died in 1091. "Agnes filia Petri marchionis et relicta olim Friderici" donated property to the monastery of Cavorre by charter dated 1091[89]. She became a nun after her husband died. She was still alive in 1100[90]. Pope Pascal II confirmed a donation to the monastery of Fruttuaria San Benedetto by "Agnete comitissa, Petri marchionis filia" by charter dated 13 Mar 1110[91]. m (Turin May 1080) FRIEDRICH Graf, Herr von Lützelburg, son of LOUIS de Mousson châtelain de Montbéliard & his wife Sophia of Upper Lotharingia heiress of Bar (-29 Jun 1091, bur [Canossa]). He was a powerful lord in Swabia who supported Rudolf von Rheinfelden as anti-king of Germany. He arrived in Italy and was installed in [1079/May 1080] as Marchese di Susa by his [future] wife's paternal grandmother[92], the installation presumably taking place after the death in Jan 1080 of his wife's uncle Amédée II Comte de Savoie who had succeeded his older brother as Marchese di Susa in 1078.

b) [ALIX de Savoie (-after 21 Dec 1099). "Bonifacius marchio filius Teutonis…marchio…cum Alice cometissa filia qd. d. Petri marchio atque Theotone, Petro, Magnifredo, Hugone et Willielmo filiis eorum" donated property to "monasterio sancti Petri…in…villa Saviliani" by charter dated 21 Dec 1099[93]. Szabolcs de Vajay dismisses this individual as an imaginary person designed to explain the claims of Marchese Bonifazio to Turin, which he in fact inherited through his mother who was the younger sister of Adelaida di Susa, mother of Comte Pierre[94]. It is unsure whether he was aware of the charter quoted above when he made this suggestion. Even if the charter in question was a forgery, it is uncertain what purpose would have been served by fabricating the ancestry of Marchese Bonifazio´s wife. It should be noted that Bonifazio´s [second] wife Agnes de Vermandois was considerably younger than her husband. An earlier marriage would not therefore be unlikely. m as his first wife, BONIFACIO di Saluzzo Marchese del Vasto, son of ODDONE Marchese di Liguria Occidentale & his wife Berta di Susa (-after 1127).]

c) [BERTHE ([1075]-before 1111). Szabolcs de Vajay[95] suggests that Berta, second wife of Pedro I King of Aragon, was the daughter of Comte Pierre, although there appears to be no direct proof that this is correct. He further suggests that, when Emperor Heinrich IV captured Tuscany in 1092, Berthe could have taken refuge at her mother's court at Poitiers from where her marriage was arranged, her future husband's first wife having been her mother's first cousin. Berta is named in charters in Aragon from 16 Aug 1097 to 1105[96]. After her husband died, she governed the "kingdom" of Los Mallos, composed of the fiefs of Agüero, Murillo, Riglos, Marcuello, Ayerbe, Sangarren and Callén, with a certain autonomy. The unit ceased to exist before 1111, assumed to be when she died[97]. m (Huesca 16 Aug 1097) as his second wife, don PEDRO I King of Aragon and Navarre, son of don SANCHO I Ramírez King of Aragon and Navarre & his first wife doña Isabel de Urgel ([Siresa] 1069-Valle de Aran 27 Sep 1104, bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña).]

2. AMEDEE de Savoie ([1050]-26 Jan 1080, bur Saint-Jean de Maurienne). "Adelegida…comitissa" donated property to Pinerolo, for the souls of "domni Manfredi marchionis genitoris mei et Adalrici episcopi Barbani mei et Bertæ genetricis meæ et…domni Odonis marchionis viri mei", by charter dated 8 Sep 1064, signed by "Petri, Amedei, Vitelmi qui Bruno vicecomes vocatur…Henrici qui vocatur Marchio…"[98]. His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Lambert which record that Heinrich IV King of Germany was in "Cinis" [Mont-Cénis] in Italy at Christmas 1077 to meet "socrum suam filiumque eius Amedeum"[99], the latter being the king's brother-in-law. "Domna Adelaida comitissa filia…cum filiis suis Petro et Amedeo" donated property to Novalesa, for the soul of "mariti sui Oddonis", by charter dated 16 Jul 1078[100]. He succeeded his brother in 1078 as AMEDEE II Comte de Savoie, Marchese di Susa. The necrology of Torino San Andreo records the death "VII Kal Feb" of "comes Amedeus de Sabaudia"[101]. m ([1065/70]) JEANNE, daughter of --- (-[1095]). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Her dowry was Valromey and the right bank of the Rhône between Culoz and Bellegarde. Her origin is not known. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[102], she was possibly Jeanne de Genève, daughter of [Gerold Comte de Genève & his first wife Gisela ---]. The basis for this speculation is not known. Comte Amédée II & his wife had [five] children:

a) ADELAIDE de Savoie ([1068/72]-before 1115). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated 1090 under which "Adelais comitissa filia quondam bonæ memoriæ comitis et marchionis Amedei" confirmed the donations by "Manasses dominus de Coloniaco quondam maritus meus" to Nantua, for the soul of "patris sui Manassis", signed by "Humbertus et Manasses filii mei"[103]. Her birth date is estimated from her sons being named in 1090, and bearing in mind her father's estimated birth date. m MANASSES [II] Sire de Coligny, son of MANASSES [I] [Sire de Coligny] & his wife --- (-after 1086).

b) [AUXILIA (-[6 Sep] after 1094). The wife of Humbert [II] Seigneur de Beaujeu is named in three charters: "Auxilia uxor domni Humberti" donated property to Notre-Dame de Beaujeu by undated charter, dated in the compilation to [1090][104]. "Umberti, Auxilie uxoris sue" subscribed the charter dated 1090 which records the donation to Notre-Dame de Beaujeu by "Stephanus"[105]. "Domnus Humbertus et uxor sua…Auxilia et infantes eorum Guicchardus et Humbertus et Guigo et Ugo" confirmed the donation to Notre-Dame de Beaujeu by Herbert de Senecé by charter dated 1094[106]. The necrology of Notre-Dame de Beaujeu records "Humberti et Auxilie uxoris domini Bellijoci" on "VII Id Sep"[107], but it is not clear which death is commemorated. She is named in Europäische Stammtafeln[108] as the daughter of Comte Amedée, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. Presumably this supposition is based on the undated charter, dated in the compilation to [1080/90], under which "Humbertus Beljocensis", who was married to "filiam Amedei comitis Savoiensis", donated property "Carruptum…[et] Capolerium" to Notre-Dame de Beaujeu[109]. Guichenon suggests that there is confusion between Auxilia and Alix de Savoie, wife of Humbert [III] Seigneur de Beaujeu (see below)[110]. The basis for dating the charter in question to [1080/90] has not been ascertained and, assuming that this does not depend on dating the church dignitaries who are named in the document ("Petri, Guiscardi et Stephani supradictæ ecclesie"), this confusion appears possible. m ([1080]) as his second wife, HUMBERT [II] Seigneur de Beaujeu, son of GUICHARD [II] Seigneur de Beaujeu & his wife Richoara de Salorany (-[1102/03]).]

c) HUMBERT de Savoie ([1072]- Moûtiers 19 Oct 1103, bur Moûtiers). "Umbertus comes, filius quondam Amedei" donated property to the monastery at Pinerolo by charter dated 29 Nov 1098[111]. He succeeded his father in 1080 as HUMBERT II "le Renforcé" Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie, under the regency of his paternal grandmother.

- see below.

d) ODDON . He is named in Europäische Stammtafeln[112] as the son of Comte Amedée but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.

e) [daughter . The wife of Ulrich [I] de Bâgé was daughter of Amédée I Comte de Maurienne according to Europäische Stammtafeln[113]. This seems difficult to support chronologically, in light of the known dates of death of two of the sons of Ulric de Bâgé (1180 and 1184 respectively) which suggests that it is unlikely that they were born much before 1100. If her father was a Count of Savoy, it is more likely that he was Amédée II. m ULRIC [I] de Bâgé et de Bresse, son of JOSSERAN [Gaulseran] Seigneur de Bâgé et de Bresse & his wife --- (before 1074-after 1125).]

3. ODDON de Savoie (-[Jul 1095/1099]). He is named in Europäische Stammtafeln[114] as the son of Comte Oddon but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. Bishop of Asti 1073/1079. His last documentary mention is 28 Mar 1095, but his bishopric is still referred to in Jul 1095[115].

4. BERTHE de Savoie (21 Sep 1051-Mainz 27 Dec 1087, bur Speyer Cathedral). The Annalista Saxo names "Bertam filiam Ottonis marchionis de Italia et Adelheidis que soror erat comitis qui agnominatus est de Monte Bardonis in Italia et Immule seu Irmingardis" as wife of King Heinrich[116]. Her husband proposed to repudiate her in 1069, but withdrew his demand[117]. The dispute was finally settled in 1077 when Empress Bertha's mother intervened to prevent any repudiation in return for mediating between the emperor and Pope Gregory VII in Canossa[118]. The Annales Sancti Diibodi record the death in 1087 of "Bertha imperatrix" and her burial "apud Moguntiam"[119]. The necrology of Regensburg St Emmeran records the death "VI Kal Jan" of "Berhta imperatrix"[120]. The necrology of Speyer records the death "VI Kal Jan" of "Bertha imperatrix"[121]. m (betrothed Zurich 25 Dec 1055, Tribur[122] 13 Jul 1066) as his first wife, HEINRICH IV King of Germany, son of Emperor HEINRICH III & his second wife Agnès de Poitou ([Goslar] 11 Nov 1050-Liège 7 Aug 1106, bur Speyer Cathedral). He was crowned Emperor at Rome 31 Mar 1084.

5. ADELAIDE ([1052/53]-[Schloß Twiel] early 1079, bur St Blasius). The Annales of Berthold, which record the death in 1079 of "uxor…regis Roudolfi…Adelheit, filia Adelheidæ marchionissæ, soror Berhtæ reginæ uxoris Heinrici", confirm that Adelaide was the daughter of Adelaida di Susa[123]. Adelaide's daughter Adelheid is named with "progenitoribus Rodolfo…rege et Adelheida…regina matertera Heinrici quarti inperatoris" in a charter dated [1079/10 Oct 1086][124]. It is assumed that she was the daughter of her mother's third marriage but this is not certain. Europäische Stammtafeln[125] shows Adelaide's birth date as "after 1052", presumably based on the likelihood that she was born after her sister Berthe, as Heinrich IV King of Germany would presumably have married the older daughter. Concerning her marriage date, it is likely that the marriage took place after the marriage of her older sister, assuming that Oddon was her father. She is named "Adalheid coniux Ruodulfi ducis" in the Annales Weissemburgenses, which records that she was accused of being unchaste, was repudiated by her husband two years later, and found asylum at the court of Pope Alexander II[126]. The Annales of Berthold record that "rex…Roudolfus…uxor" was "in partes Burgundiæ a Turego divertens", suffering "iniurias" in "quodam castello suo"[127]. The wife of "Rudolfus rex de Arle" is named "Adelheidis" in a list of founders of the monastery of St Peter in Schwarzwald[128]. The Annales Sancti Blasii record the death in 1079 of "Adelheit uxor Roudolfi regis" and her burial "apud Sanctum Blasium"[129]. The Annales of Berthold record the death in 1079 of "uxor…regis Roudolfi…Adelheit, filia Adelheidæ marchionissæ, soror Berhtæ reginæ uxoris Heinrici" and her burial "ad monasterium Sancti Blasii"[130]. [m firstly (divorced) as his first wife, GUIGUES [IV] "Pinguis" Comte d'Albon, son of GUIGUES [III] "Vetus" [d'Albon] & his wife Adelais --- ([1025/30]-[1075]). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[131], Adelaide married firstly Guigues Comte d'Albon. Another table in Europäische Stammtafeln[132] shows the first wife of Guigues Comte d'Albon as "Adelais (von Turin)" and their son Guigues II Comte d'Albon as co-heir of Adelaida Marchese di Susa in 1091. The basis for this alleged first marriage has not been found, but it is unlikely to be correct considering the estimated birth date of Adelaide.] m ([1060/61]) as his second wife, RUDOLF von Rheinfelden Duke of Swabia, son of KUNO Graf & his wife --- (before 1027-killed in battle near Hohenmölsen, Merseburg 15/16 Oct 1080, bur Merseburg Cathedral). He was elected King of Germany in 1077.

HUMBERT II 1080-1103

HUMBERT de Savoie, son of AMEDEE II Comte de Savoie & his wife Jeanne [de Genève] ([1072]-Moûtiers 19 Oct 1103, bur Moûtiers). "Umbertus comes, filius quondam Amedei" donated property to the monastery at Pinerolo by charter dated 29 Nov 1098[133]. He succeeded his father in 1080 as HUMBERT II "le Renforcé" Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie, under the regency of his paternal grandmother. On her death in 1091, he lost much of her territories, retaining only the valley of Susa[134]. He was the first of his family to strengthen relations with France, diverting his attention from Italy after the loss of most of the family's Italian possessions. "Ubertus filii qda Amedo" donated property to Santa Maria d´Ivrea by charter dated 14 Sep 1094[135]. "Nantelmus" confirmed the foundation of the priory of Bellevaux en Bauges ["Bellævalles…supra villam Boggarum"], with the support of "Humberto comite", by charter dated to the end-11th century[136]. "Humbertus comes et marchio" donated property to the abbey of Aulps ["in pago Gebennensi in valle…Alpis"], with the consent of "Girardo Alingiensi et Gilione de Rovorea quorum feudem est", by charter dated to [1094], witnessed by "Girardus Alingiensis, Rodulphus de Fulciniaco, Uldricus comes, Anselmus, Willelmus, Amedeus filius eiusdem Girardi"[137]. "Humbertus comes et Girardus de Alingio et Gislo miles a quibus est ille locus" consented to the agreement between the abbey of Molesme and the abbey of Aulps, recorded in a charter dated 1097[138]. "Umbertus comes filius quondam Amedei" donated property to Pinerolo by charter dated 29 Nov 1098[139]. The necrology of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne records the death "XIV Kal Nov" of "Humbertus comes Maur."[140].

m ([1090]) as her first husband, GISELE de Bourgogne, daughter of GUILLAUME I Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Comte de Vienne et de Mâcon & his wife Etiennette --- ([1075]-after 1133). Her parentage is deduced from Suger stating that her daughter Adelaide, wife of Louis VI "le Gros" King of France, was the niece of Pope Calixtus II[141]. This is corroborated by "Guido Viennensis archiepiscopus" (later Pope Calixtus II) addressing a letter to "nepoti suo Amedeo comiti" (Amedée III Comte de Savoie, son of Gisèle by her first marriage) dated [1115][142]. Her date of birth is estimated from her having given birth to five children by her second husband whom she married in [1105], and assuming that she was no more than 17 years old when she gave birth to her first child by her first husband. "Amedeus comes" donated property to Saint-Jean de Maurienne, for the soul of "patris sui Uberti comtis", with the consent of "Gisla matre et fratribus eius Guillelmo atque Umberto", by charter dated 21 Oct 1104[143]. She married secondly ([1105]) Ranieri Marchese di Monferrato. Her second marriage is confirmed by Orderic Vitalis who records the marriage of Guillaume de Normandie and the daughter of Raniero III Marchese di Monferrato, naming both the bride's parents and specifying that the marriage was arranged by the bride's uterine half-sister, Adélaïde de Maurienne Queen of France[144].

Comte Humbert II & his wife had seven children:

1. ADELAIDE de Maurienne ([1092]-Montmartre 18 Nov 1154, bur Montmartre, église abbatiale de Saint-Pierre). Her first marriage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her father and her four oldest sons[145]. The De Genere Comitum Flandrensium, Notæ Parisienses records "filiam Humberti comitis Morienne" as wife of "Ludovicum regem Grossum"[146]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "regina Alaydis…soror Amadei comitis Sabaudie" as wife of "Ludovici Grossi"[147]. She was consecrated queen of France at Notre-Dame de Paris in [Apr/May] 1115. She exercised considerable influence over her husband, playing an active part in the downfall of Etienne de Garlande, Chancellor of France. After the accession of her son as King Louis VII in 1137, Adelaide conspired against Suger, Abbé de Saint-Denis, triggering a quarrel with her son who exiled her and her second husband to her lands in Compiègne. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. In 1153, she retired to the church of the Abbaye de Saint-Pierre at Montmartre, which she had founded[148]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIV Kal Dec" of "Adelaidis regina"[149]. m firstly (Paris, église Notre-Dame [25/30] Mar 1115) LOUIS VI "le Gros" King of France, son of PHILIPPE I King of France & his first wife Bertha of Holland (Paris end 1081-Château Bethizy, near Paris 1 Aug 1137, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). m secondly ([1138]) as his second wife, MATHIEU [I] Sire de Montmorency, son of BOUCHARD [III] Sire de Montmorency & his first wife Agnès de Beaumont Dame de Conflans (-[2 Aug/31 Dec] 1160).

2. AMEDEE de Maurienne ([1095]-Nicosia 30 Aug 1148). "Amedeus comes" donated property to Saint-Jean de Maurienne, for the soul of "patris sui Uberti comtis", with the consent of "Gisla matre et fratribus eius Guillelmo atque Umberto", by charter dated 21 Oct 1104, witnessed by "Odo de Camera et frater eius Amedeus, Esmio de Camera et frater eius Bernardus, Aymo de Bocsosello, Guillelmus de Rossilione"[150]. He succeeded in 1109 as AMEDEE III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie.

- see below.

3. GUILLAUME de Maurienne (-[1130/31]). "Amedeus comes" donated property to Saint-Jean de Maurienne, for the soul of "patris sui Uberti comtis", with the consent of "Gisla matre et fratribus eius Guillelmo atque Umberto", by charter dated 21 Oct 1104[151]. Bishop of Liège.

4. HUMBERT de Maurienne (-1131). "Amedeus comes" donated property to Saint-Jean de Maurienne, for the soul of "patris sui Uberti comtis", with the consent of "Gisla matre et fratribus eius Guillelmo atque Umberto", by charter dated 21 Oct 1104[152].

5. GUY de Maurienne. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Abbé at Namur. Canon of Saint-Lambert, Liège.

6. RENAUD de Maurienne (-after 1150). "Dominus Amedeus comes et marchio et frater eius Raynaldus" granted rights to the archbishop of Tarantasia, with the consent of "Aymone vicecomite, fratribus suis Gunterio, Willienco, Aymerico", by charter dated to [1140][153]. Prior of the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Maurice, Aosta.

7. AGNES de Maurienne ([1103]-after 1180). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[154], the wife of Archambaud [VII] was the daughter of Comte Humbert II. The primary source which confirms this has not yet been identified and no indication has been found to indicate that it is incorrect. However, it is surprising that Archambaud VII (who was a bachelor, and probably in his mid-thirties, at the time of his marriage) should have married a spinster who would then have been in her late thirties. m (before 25 Jan 1140) ARCHAMBAUD [VII] Sire de Bourbon, son of AYMON [II] "Vaire-Vache" Sire de Bourbon & his wife Aldesinde de Nevers (-1171).

AMEDEE III 1109-1148

AMEDEE de Maurienne, son of HUMBERT II "le Renforcé" Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie & his wife Gisèle de Bourgogne [Comté] (Montmélian [1095]-Nicosia 30 Aug 1148). "Amedeus comes" donated property to Saint-Jean de Maurienne, for the soul of "patris sui Uberti comtis", with the consent of "Gisla matre et fratribus eius Guillelmo atque Umberto", by charter dated 21 Oct 1104, witnessed by "Odo de Camera et frater eius Amedeus, Esmio de Camera et frater eius Bernardus, Aymo de Bocsosello, Guillelmus de Rossilione"[155]. "Amedeus…comes et fratres mei, unacum genitrice nostra Gisla" donated property to the church of Belley, for the soul of "patris nostri Humberti comitis", by undated charter[156]. He succeeded in 1109 as AMEDEE III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie. "Amedeus…comes et fratres mei, unacum genitrice nostra Gisla" donated property to the church of Belley "per nostros advocatos…comitem Aimonem Genevensem et Widonem de Mirabello", for the soul of "patris nostri Humberti comitis", by undated charter[157]. The emperor recognised his title as Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1111. Comte Amédée arranged the marriage of his sister to Louis VI King of France, consolidating the close relations established by his father with France. Lay-abbot of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune, until 1116. "Guido Viennensis archiepiscopus" (who was his maternal uncle) addressed a letter to "nepoti suo Amedeo comiti" dated [1115][158]. "Amedeus filius quondam Humberti comitis" confirmed the possessions of the abbey of Santa Maria di Pinerolo by charter dated 1 Mar 1131, witnessed by "Humbertus de Buzosel et Aymo frater eius, Villelmus de Camera…"[159]. He recovered the county of Turin, lost by his father. "Comes Amedeus…cum uxore sua Adeleida comitissa" confirmed the rights of the monastery of "S. Justi in villa Volveria" by charter dated 27 Jul 1134, witnessed by "Umbertus de Bocsosello, Aimo de Brianzone…"[160]. "A. comes et marchio cum uxore sua M." donated property to the monastery of Ripalta, with the support of "eorum filio Umberto", by charter dated 9 Jan 1137[161]. "Amedeus comes et marchio" donated revenue from Conflens to the archbishop of Tarantasia by charter dated 28 Feb 1139[162]. "Dominus Amedeus comes et marchio et frater eius Raynaldus" granted rights to the archbishop of Tarantasia, with the consent of "Aymone vicecomite, fratribus suis Gunterio, Willienco, Aymerico", by charter dated to [1140][163]. The first known use of the white cross on a red background as the arms of the House of Savoy was in a charter dated 1143[164]. "Amedeus comes et marchio et Maies comitissa uxor eius et Umbertus eorum filius" donated property to the monastery of Saint-Maurice by charter dated 30 Mar 1143[165]. "Amedeus comes et marchio" confirmed donations to Saint-Sulpice en Bugey, for the soul of "filii mei Humberti", by charter dated to [1148], which also names "uxore mea Matildi", confirmed by "Aalasia comitissa de Bello Joco…cum filio meo Guichardo"[166]. "Amedeus comes et marchio et Majes comitissa uxor eius et Umbertus eorum filius" confirmed the rights of the monastery of Saint-Maurice d´Agaune by charter dated 30 Mar 1148[167]. He accompanied his nephew Louis VII King of France on crusade but died in Cyprus. The Continuator of Sigebert records that "Amadeus comes Maurianensis" died "in Cipro insula" in 1148[168].

m firstly ([1120/23]) ADELAIDE, daughter of --- (-after Jul 1134). "Comes Amedeus…cum uxore sua Adeleida comitissa" confirmed the rights of the monastery of "S. Justi in villa Volveria" by charter dated 27 Jul 1134, witnessed by "Umbertus de Bocsosello, Aimo de Brianzone…"[169]. Europäische Stammtafeln[170] shows the single marriage of Comte Amédée III, to Mathilde d'Albon, in 1123. Given the likely birth dates of Alix de Savoie, oldest daughter of Comte Amédée, and of Mathilde d'Albon (see below), it is unlikely that Mathilde was the mother of Alix. A first marriage of Comte Amédée is therefore highly probable. Palluel[171] shows Comte Amédée III's first wife as Gertrude de Lorraine, daughter of Simon I Duke of Lorraine. This can be dismissed as incorrect. Neither Europäische Stammtafeln[172] nor Poull[173] refer to any such daughter of Duke Simon. In addition, bearing in mind that Duke Simon himself was probably born in 1096[174], it is chronologically impossible for any daughter of his to have given birth to a child in [1123/25]. Her marriage date is estimated based on the estimated birth date of the couple's supposed elder daughter, Alix de Savoie, as shown below. The origin of Adelaide is unknown. However, according to Europäische Stammtafeln[175], her supposed daughter Alix was Dame de Châteauneuf-en-Valromey, de Virieu-le-Grand, et de Cordon-en-Bugey. Further research to trace the ownership of these fiefdoms may provide clues about the origin of Adelaide.

m secondly ([Jul 1134/1135]) MATHILDE d'Albon, daughter of GUIGUES [V] Comte d'Albon [Viennois] & his wife Regina [Matilda] --- ([1112/16]-after 30 Mar 1148). "A. comes et marchio cum uxore sua M." donated property to the monastery of Ripalta, with the support of "eorum filio Umberto", by charter dated 9 Jan 1137[176]. The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records that "Amedeo…secundo, Mauriennæ comiti" married "Guigona Crassi filia"[177]. The identity of her father is clarified as the passage also names "Humbertus minor Crassi filius" and his appointment ot "archiepiscopatum Viennensem". Europäische Stammtafeln[178] shows a single marriage of Comte Amédée III, to Mathilde d'Albon, in 1123. It is more likely that Mathilde was his second wife, as explained above, especially if her likely birth date range is correct. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[179], Mathilde's parents were married in [1106-1110]. The same table shows that Mathilde's two brothers, Guigues and Humbert, were mentioned in 1110, indicating that the marriage must have taken place during the earlier part of this date range. A third child, Gersende d'Albon, must also have born during the early years of her parents' marriage as she herself gave birth to two sons before (or shortly after) the death of her husband in Oct 1129. Assuming all these dates are correct, the timescale is tight for the birth of a fourth child, Mathilde, before 1112 at the earliest. This would make it impossible for Mathilde to have been the mother of Comte Amédée's oldest daughter Alix. "Amedeus comes et marchio et Maies comitissa uxor eius et Umbertus eorum filius" donated property to the monastery of Saint-Maurice by charter dated 30 Mar 1143[180]. "Amedeus comes et marchio" confirmed donations to Saint-Sulpice en Bugey, for the soul of "filii mei Humberti", by charter dated to [1148], which also names "uxore mea Matildi", confirmed by "Aalasia comitissa de Bello Joco…cum filio meo Guichardo"[181]. "Amedeus comes et marchio et Majes comitissa uxor eius et Umbertus eorum filius" confirmed the rights of the monastery of Saint-Maurice d´Agaune by charter dated 30 Mar 1148[182].

Comte Amédée III & his first wife had two children:

1. ALIX [Elise] de Savoie ([1123/25]-). Her origin is alluded to in the Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines which names "pater Wichardi [de Belloico] senior Humbertus" as "nepos ex sorore comitis Sabaudie", although she is not named in this source[183]. Her birth date range is estimated based on the birth of her second son in 1142, as shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[184]. Dame de Châteauneuf-en-Valromey, de Virieu-le-Grand, et de Cordon-en-Bugey[185]. "Amedeus comes et marchio" confirmed donations to Saint-Sulpice en Bugey, for the soul of "filii mei Humberti", by charter dated to [1148], which also names "uxore mea Matildi", confirmed by "Aalasia comitissa de Bello Joco…cum filio meo Guichardo"[186]. m ([1140]) HUMBERT [III] Seigneur de Beaujeu, son of GUICHARD [III] Seigneur de Beaujeu & his wife Lucienne de Rochefort ([1120]-[1192]).

2. MATHILDE de Savoie ([1125][187]-Coimbra 4 Nov 1157, bur Coimbra, Church of the Cross). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the wife of "Aldefonsus rex Portugallie" as "filia comitis Sabaudie" but does not name her[188]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes records the marriage of "Aldefonsum" and "Mafaldam filiam Comitis Maurienæ"[189]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the marriage in 1183 (1145) of “Rex Donnus Alfonsus” and “Donnam Matildam, Comitis Amadæi de Moriana filiam”, adding that they had three sons and three daughters[190]. It is likely that Mathilde was the daughter of Comte Amédée III's first marriage, although no proof has been found that this is correct. As she gave birth to her first child in 1147[191], it is improbable that she was the daughter of Comte Amédée III's marriage with Mathilde d'Albon for the same reasons of chronology as explained above. She was known as dona MAFALDA in Portugal. “Alfonsus, Portugaliæ rex, comitis Henrici et reginæ Theresiæ filius, magni quoque regis Alfonsi nepos…cum uxore mea regina donna Malfada, filia comitis Amedei de Moriana” confirmed donations to La Charité-sur-Loire by his father by charter dated Jul 1145[192]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the death “III Non Dec” in 1196 (1158) of “Regina D. Matilda…Comitis Amadæi filia, uxor D. Alfonsi Portugallensium Regis”[193]. m ([Jan/Jun] 1146) dom AFONSO I King of Portugal, son of dom HENRIQUE Count of Portugal [Bourgogne-Comté] & his wife Infanta doña Teresa de Castilla y León, Queen of Portugal (Guimaraes 25 Jul 1110-Coimbra 6 Dec 1185, bur Coimbra, Church of the Cross).

Comte Amédée III & his second wife had eight children:

3. HUMBERT de Savoie (Avigliana 4 Aug 1136-Chambéry 4 Mar 1189, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). Robert of Torigny names "Humbertus comes Moriennæ" as "filius Amati comitis"[194]. He succeeded in 1150 as HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie.

- see below.

4. JEAN de Savoie. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Monk at the monastery of Sant'Antonio di Ranverso.

5. PIERRE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Monk at the monastery of Sant'Antonio di Ranverso.

6. GUILLAUME de Savoie (-after 1173). "…Willelmus frater comitis" signed the marriage contract dated 1173 between "Johanni filio Henrici…regis Angliæ" and "Humbertus comes Mauriensis et marchio Italiæ…filia…primogenita…Aalis"[195]. Priest.

7. AGNES de Savoie (-before 1172). The death is recorded "Pridie Kal Aug" in 1194 of "dna Juliana abb.sa Sc.ti Andreæ", noting donations by "f.ris sui Humberti comiti Sabaudiæ" and "Agnetis sororis sue Gebennensis comitisse"[196]. m as his first wife, GUILLAUME de Genève, son of AMEDEE [I] Comte de Genève & his first wife Mathilde de Cuiseaux ([1131/37]-25 Jul 1196). He succeeded his father in 1178 as Comte de Genève.

8. MARGUERITE de Savoie (-after 1157). "Margarita soror comitis Sauoyæ" witnessed the charter of Guillaume Bishop of Belley dated 1157[197]. She founded the Cistercian abbey of Bond.

9. ISABELLE de Savoie . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

10. JULIANE de Savoie (-31 Dec 1194). The death is recorded "Pridie Kal Aug" in 1194 of "dna Juliana abb.sa Sc.ti Andreæ", noting donations by "f.ris sui Humberti comiti Sabaudiæ" and "Agnetis sororis sue Gebennensis comitisse"[198]. Abbess of Saint-André-le-Haut, Vienne.

HUMBERT III 1150-1189

HUMBERT de Savoie, son of AMEDEE III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie & his second wife Mathilde d'Albon [Viennois] (Avigliana 4 Aug 1136-Chambéry 4 Mar 1189, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). Robert of Torigny names "Humbertus comes Moriennæ" as "filius Amati comitis"[199]. "A. comes et marchio cum uxore sua M." donated property to the monastery of Ripalta, with the support of "eorum filio Umberto", by charter dated 9 Jan 1137[200]. "Amedeus comes et marchio et Maies comitissa uxor eius et Umbertus eorum filius" donated property to the monastery of Saint-Maurice by charter dated 30 Mar 1143[201]. "Amedeus comes et marchio et Majes comitissa uxor eius et Umbertus eorum filius" confirmed the rights of the monastery of Saint-Maurice d´Agaune by charter dated 30 Mar 1148[202]. He succeeded in 1150 as HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie. "Humbertus Mauriacensis comes et marchio" donated "locum de Tyneres" {Tinières} to the abbey of Hautcrêt by charter dated 1150[203]. He established close relations with Henry II King of England, negotiating for the marriage of one of his daughters with the king's son John[204]. He attempted to regain control over Turin and the surrounding lands, but came into conflict with Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" who was also extending his power in northern Italy. Although the emperor was obliged to withdraw in 1168, he returned in 1174, burned the town of Susa in revenge for its opposition during his first Italian expedition, and deprived Comte Humbert of supremacy over the bishoprics of Turin, Belley and Tarentaise, placing them under the direct control of the empire. Comte Humbert continued to fight and, after refusing a summons to attend an imperial tribunal, was condemned in his absence to banishment from the empire and confiscation of his lands. Heinrich VI King of Germany was attempting to enforce the sentence on behalf of his father the emperor, when Comte Humbert died. "Umbertus comes de Morienna" granted privileges to the monastery of Santa Maria di Staffarda by charter dated 28 Jun 1172, witnessed by "Rodulfus Alaman, Poncius de Confluent…"[205]. The dating clause of a charter dated 20 Oct 1188, which records an agreement between the bishop of Maurienne and the canons of his cathedral, names "Humberto comite presidente"[206]. The necrology of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne records the death "IV Non Mar" in 1189 of "dognus Humbertus…comes Maur. et marchio Italie"[207]. He was beatified in 1836.

m firstly (before 3 Jan 1151) FAYDIVE, daughter of --- (-[1154]). "Umbertus comes, Amedei comitis filius…cum uxore sua…Faidiva" donated property by charter dated 3 Jan 1151[208]. The origins of Faydive are not known. However, her unusual name suggests that she was Faydive de Toulouse, daughter of Alphonse I Jourdain Comte de Toulouse & his wife Faydive [Faydide] d'Uzès (-[1154]). However, she was not the only noble recorded with this name in south-western during the early 12th century so the co-identity is not without doubt.

m secondly ([1155], divorced before 1162) as her first husband, GERTRUDE de Flandre, daughter of THIERRY I Count of Flanders & his second wife Sibylle d'Anjou (-3 Mar after 1186). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum, Matheum, Petrum et tres filias" as the children of "Theodericus filius ducis Alsatie [et] Sibillam", not naming the daughters but specifying that "quarum primogenita nupsit Amico comiti Intermontano"[209]. The Flandria Generosa names (in order) "Gertrudem et Margaretam" as the two daughters of Count Thierry & his second wife[210]. The Flandria Generosa, in a later manuscript, names "Gertrudis primogenita" and her first husband "comiti de Moriana", from whom she was separated, and her second husband "Hugoni de Oisi", specifying that she later became a nun at "Mencinis"[211]. She married secondly (after 1158) as his first wife, Hugues [III] d'Oisy Châtelain de Cambrai, and became a nun at Messines in [1177]. Philippe Count of Flanders, on the point of leaving on crusade, declared that "sororis mee Gertrudis quondam Morianensis comitisse" had renounced her inheritance before becoming a nun, by charter dated [24 Apr/12 Jun] 1177[212].

m thirdly (1164) as her second husband, KLEMENTIA von Zähringen, divorced wife of HEINRICH “der Löwe” Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, daughter of KONRAD Herzog von Zähringen & his wife Clémence de Namur (-[1173/75]). The Chronicon Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis names "filiam ducis Zaringie, Clementiam" as wife of "Heinricus dux"[213]. The Chronicon Hanoniense refers to "filiam [uxorem]…dux Saxonum Henricus" as the daughter of "ducissam…Ciringiorum [filiam Godefridi comitis Namurcensi]"[214]. Heiress of Badenweiler, although her first husband sold these Swabian estates to Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany in 1158, receiving in exchange Herzberg, Scharzfels and Pöhlde south of the Harz[215]. Her first marriage was arranged to confirm her father's alliance with the Welf party in southern Germany[216]. The Annales Palidenses record the repudiation by "Heinricus dux" of his first wife "Bertoldi ducis Zaringe sorore"[217]. Her first husband repudiated Klementia because of the growing difficulties between her brother Duke Berthold IV and Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa", with whom Duke Heinrich was by then in close alliance[218]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified.

m fourthly ([1175]) BEATRIX de Vienne, daughter of GERARD Comte de Mâcon et de Vienne [Bourgogne-Comté] & his wife Guyonne de Salins (-8 Apr 1230). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to one of the unnamed sisters of "comitem Guilelmum Matisconensem sive Viennensem et Galterum de Salins et quemdam Gerardum et Stephanum Bisuntinensem electum" as mother of "comes Thomas de Sabaudia"[219]. "Thomas…Mauriannensis comes et marchio Italiæ" confirmed the donations made by "pater meus…[et] domini comitis Humberti…abavi mei" to the canons of Saint-Jean de Maurienne, with the advice of "B. matris mee et…tutore meo Bonifacio marchione Montisferrati", by charter dated 12 Jun 1189[220]. The necrology of Hautecombe records the death of "Beatrix comitissa" 8 Apr 1230[221].

Comte Humbert III & his third wife had two children:

1. ALIX de Maurienne (1166-1174). Her parentage is specified by Matthew of Paris when he records this betrothal. Although he does not name her, he calls her "filia primogenita"[222]. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal of "Humbertus comes de Mauriana…Aalis filiam suam majoram" and "rex…Johannis filii sui iunioris" at "Alvernium…Montem Ferratum" in 1173 before 2 Feb, and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Maurienne if Humbert had no sons by his wife[223]. The marriage contract between "Johanni filio Henrici…regis Angliæ" and "Humbertus comes Mauriensis et marchio Italiæ…filia…primogenita…Aalis" is dated 1173[224]. Betrothed (Auvergne 1173 before 2 Feb) to JOHN Prince of England, son of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Ctss d’Aquitaine (Beaumont Palace, Oxford 24 Dec 166 or 1167-Newark Castle, Lincolnshire 18/19 Oct 1216, bur Worcester Cathedral). He succeeded his brother King Richard I in 1199 as JOHN King of England.

2. SOPHIE [Eléonore] de Maurienne ([1167/72]-3 Dec 1202). An epitaph records the death of (her daughter) "Virgo Beatrix" daughter of "Estensis…Azo" and his "coniuge patre…Sabaudia cui comitatus"[225]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m (before 1192) as his second wife, AZZO VI "Azzolino" d'Este, son of AZZO V d'Este & his wife --- ([1170]-Nov 1212, bur Vangadizza monastery). Podestà of Ferrara 1196, of Padua 1199, of Verona 1206/07 and of Mantua 1207/08. Created Marchese di Ancona e Conte di Loreto in 1210.

Comte Humbert III & his fourth wife had two children:

3. THOMAS de Maurienne (Château de Carbonara 1178 after 26 Jun-Moncalieri 1 Mar 1233, bur Saint-Michel de la Cluse). An undated charter records a donation to Saint-Maurice by "felicis memorie Humbertus…Savoie comes" and the confirmation by "Thomas filius eiusdem comitis"[226]. He succeeded his father in 1189 as THOMAS I Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie.

- see below.

4. daughter (-aged 7 years). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

THOMAS I 1189-1233, AMEDEE IV 1233-1253, BONIFACE 1253-1263, PIERRE II 1263-1268, PHILIPPE 1268-1285

THOMAS de Maurienne, son of HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie & his fourth wife Béatrix de Vienne [Bourgogne-Comté] (Château de Carbonara 1178 after 26 Jun-Moncalieri 1 Mar 1233, bur Saint-Michel de la Cluse). An undated charter records a donation to Saint-Maurice by "felicis memorie Humbertus…Savoie comes" and the confirmation by "Thomas filius eiusdem comitis"[227]. He succeeded his father in 1189 as THOMAS I Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie, under the regency of Guglielmo V Marchese di Monferrato who brokered a favourable settlement to Comte Humbert III's dispute with the empire[228]. As Marchese Guglielmo was absent in Palestine at the time of the death of Comte Humbert III, the regency was presumably held and the negotiations carried out by his son Bonifazio, who succeeded as Marchese di Monferrato in 1192. This hypothesis appears confirmed by the following charter. "Thomas…Mauriannensis comes et marchio Italiæ" confirmed the donations made by "pater meus…[et] domini comitis Humberti…abavi mei" to the canons of Saint-Jean de Maurienne, with the advice of "B. matris mee et…tutore meo Bonifacio marchione Montisferrati", by charter dated 12 Jun 1189[229]. "Thomæ comitis et marchionis…et…Nichola filia comitis Gebennarum" granted privileges to the citizen of Susa by charter dated 25 Feb 1198[230]. He used the title Comte de Savoie. "Thomas comes Sabaud. et Amedeus eius filius" granted rights to the abbey of San Marco by charter dated 5 Mar 1200[231]. Comte Thomas supported the imperial party over the Guelfs, and was appointed Imperial Vicar in Italy. Philipp King of Germany granted him Moudon in Vaud, and Chieri and Testona in Piemonte in 1207. He also acquired Carignano, Pinerolo, Moncalieri, Vigone, Albenga and Savona in Piemonte. "Thomas Maurianensis comes et marchio" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Maurice, with the consent of "filiis suis Amedeo et Humberto", by charter dated 8 Nov 1217[232]. A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud" and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[233]. He bought the town of Chambéry in 1232. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1232 of "comitis Thome de Sabaudia"[234]. An indication of the precarious financial position of the counts of Savoy is provided by a third testament, dated 2 Nov 1240, made by Thomas´s son "Amadeus com Sab. et marchio in Italia" who repeated the nomination of "Thomæ, Flandriæ comiti, fratri suo" as his heir to "totius comitatus sui Sabaudiæ marchionatus Italiæ et ducatus Chablasii" if he died without male children, on condition that he satisfied all the debts of "Thomæ comitis patris et Humberti fratris ipsorum"[235].

m ([1196]) MARGUERITE [Beatrix] de Genève, daughter of GUILLAUME [I] Comte de Genève & his second wife Béatrix de Faucigny (-8 Apr 1257, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Margareta filia domni de Fusceneis de matre Guilelmi, filii Humberti comitis Gebenensis" as wife of "comitis Thome de Sabaudia"[236]. As noted below, Marguerite is also called Beatrix in later sources. No explanation has been found for these dual names. The fact that "Beatrix" appears in a seal shows that it was not a transcription error. "Thomæ comitis et marchionis…et…Nichola [presumably a transcription error] filia comitis Gebennarum" granted privileges to the citizen of Susa by charter dated 25 Feb 1198[237]. The Complete Peerage[238] refers to unspecified "later writers" having evolved an incorrect theory that Thomas I Comte de Maurienne was married firstly to Béatrix and, after her death without issue, secondly to Marguerite, daughter of Guillaume de Faucigny, who was the mother of his children. The same source confirms that the two names in fact refer to the same person. A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud" and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[239]. "M. comitissa Maurian. uxor Thomæ comitis Maurianensis et marchionis Italiæ" donated property, with the consent of "Thomas com. Maurianæ et filii mei Amedeus et Aymo", by charter dated Dec 1227[240]. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[241]. "Beatrix uxor comitis Thomæ, Amadeus primogenitus et Aymo filii eius" confirmed the purchase of Chambéry by "Thoma comite" by charter dated 1232, with the seal of "Beatricis comitisse Sabaudie"[242]. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie et in Italie marchio…cum…genetrice sua et fratribus suis B. Bellicensi Electo et Philippo Metensi Primicerio" granted "villam S. Mauritii de Chablaisio" {Saint-Maurice de Chablais} to "soror illorum Margareta comitissa de Kiborch" by charter dated 24 Feb 1240[243]. "Contessa Margarita di Savoia Marchesa in Italia" donated property to "Tomaso suo figlio Conte di Fiandra e d'Hainaut" with the consent of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia suo figlio Primogenito", by charter dated 4 Jan 1244[244]. The Pingonio Chronicon records the death "VI Id Apr" in 1257 of "Domina Beatrix de Gebennis comitissa Sabaudie et domina de Narembors, parens comitum Sabaudie"[245].

Comte Thomas I & his wife had fourteen children:

1. AMEDEE de Savoie (Montmélian, Savoie 1197-Montmélian 13 Jul 1253, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). "Thomas comes Sabaud. et Amedeus eius filius" granted rights to the abbey of San Marco by charter dated 5 Mar 1200[246]. His parentage is confirmed by, inter alia, Matthew of Paris who specifies that Beatrix de Savoie was "soror comitis Sabaldiæ adhuc viventis Amidei", when he records the marriage of her daughter to Henry III King of England[247]. In a later passage, the same source records Amédée as "primogenitus" among the "filii comitis Sabaudiæ Thomæ avunculi dominæ reginæ Angliæ Alienoræ"[248]. "Thomas Maurianensis comes et marchio" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Maurice, with the consent of "filiis suis Amedeo et Humberto", by charter dated 8 Nov 1217[249]. A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud " and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[250]. "M. comitissa Maurian. uxor Thomæ comitis Maurianensis et marchionis Italiæ" donated property, with the consent of "Thomas com. Maurianæ et filii mei Amedeus et Aymo", by charter dated Dec 1227[251]. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[252]. "Beatrix uxor comitis Thomæ, Amadeus primogenitus et Aymo filii eius" confirmed the purchase of Chambéry by "Thoma comite" by charter dated 1232, with the seal of "Beatricis comitisse Sabaudie"[253]. He succeeded his father in 1233 as AMEDEE IV Comte de Savoie, Marchese in Italia. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie et in Italia marchio" confirmed his father´s grant of privileges to Susa by charter dated 7 Mar 1233[254]. A charter dated 23 Jul 1234 records an agreement between "Amedeum comitem Sabaudie" and "Aymonem et Petrum fratres ipsius" in settlement of a dispute concerning their paternal inheritance[255]. The first testament of "Amedei comitis Sab. et marchionis Italie", dated 23 Sep 1235, appoints "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir "in comitatu et marchionatu" in default of male children[256]. This document disinherits Thomas´s older brother Aimon. The second testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie", dated 19 Jul 1238, repeats the nomination of "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir, substituting "Philippum, huic autem Petrum fratres suos" if Thomas died without male heirs[257]. He was an active supporter of Emperor Friedrich II. He acquired territories in Vaud and lower Valais. In 1238, Comte Amédée was created Duc de Chablais and Aosta, and nominated Imperial Vicar in northern Italy, by the emperor in reward for his support against the Lombards[258]. Under a third testament, dated 2 Nov 1240, "Amadeus com Sab. et marchio in Italia" repeated the nomination of "Thomæ, Flandriæ comiti, fratri suo" as his heir to "totius comitatus sui Sabaudiæ marchionatus Italiæ et ducatus Chablasii" if he died without male children, on condition that he satisfied all the debts of "Thomæ comitis patris et Humberti fratris ipsorum"[259]. A charter dated 1244 confirmed the peace agreement reached between the bishop of Lausanne and "Amadeus comes Sabaudie et in Italia marcho et…Petrus de Sabaudia…frater suus"[260]. Emperor Friedrich II recognised Amédée's rights over Turin in 1248. On the emperor's death in 1250, Comte Amédée's reconciliation with Pope Innocent IV was sealed by the marriage of the Pope's niece to Comte Amédée's brother Thomas[261]. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[262]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[263]. An epitaph in Hautecombe abbey records the death "III Id Jul" in 1253 of "Dominus Amedeus…comes Sabaudie"[264]. Betrothed (28 Apr 1213) to AGNESE di Saluzzo, daughter of BONIFAZIO Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Maria di Torres [in Sardinia] (-after 1219). The marriage contract between "Thomam comitem Maurienne…Amedeo f. dicti comitis" and "Manfredum II marchionem de Saluciis…Agnetem f. quondam Bonefacii" is dated 28 Apr 1213[265]. m firstly (before 1221) MARGUERITE de Viennois, daughter of ANDRE de Bourgogne [Capet] Comte d´Albon, Dauphin & his first wife Beatrix de Sabran (-[1242]). The Inventory of the State Archives of Turin[266] mentions a document dated 1230 which refers to the marriage of Comte Amédée with "Marguerite daughter of André dauphin, comte de Viennois", but without giving the context (marriage contract, appointment of proxy etc.). Although her mother is not named in this source, Marguerite must have been born from her father's first marriage given the estimated date of birth of her daughter Beatrix (see below). The wife of Comte Amédée IV is named Marguerite de Bourgogne, daughter of Hugues III Duke of Burgundy [Capet] & his second wife Béatrix Dauphine de Viennois in the 18th century Histoire de Dauphiné[267] but this appears to be disproved by the source referred to above. m secondly (contract 22 Nov 1244, by proxy Orange 18 Dec 1244) CECILE des Baux, daughter of BARRAL Sire des Baux & his wife Béatrice d'Anduze (-21 May 1275). The contract of marriage between "Amedeum comitem Sabaudiæ" and "Cæciliam Barralis domini Baucii filiam" is dated 18 Dec 1243, witnessed by "Humbertum de Seyssel dominum Aquarum…Raymundo de Baucio principe Aurasiæ, Guillelmo de Baucio nepote illius…"[268]. A charter dated 22 Nov 1244 records the agreement for the marriage of “dominum Amedeum comitem Sabaudie” and “dominam Ceciliam, neptem…domini R. comitis Tolosani, filiam…domini Barralli del Bauz”[269]. A charter dated 18 Dec 1244 confirms the celebration by proxy of the marriage between "Amédée IV Comte de Savoie, marquis d'Italie" (represented by "Humbert de Seyssel") and "Cécile fille de Barral de Baux" at the "chapelle Sainte-Marie d'Orange", in the presence of "Raymond de Baux I, son neveu Raymond II prince et co-prince d'Orange, Guillaume de Sabran, et B. de Baux chanoine d'Avignon"[270]. Raymond VII Comte de Toulouse, Marquis de Provence granted all his property beyond the Rhône to "sa niece Cécile de Baux, fille de Barral" by charter dated 24 Feb 1241[271], which may explain why Cécile was such a good marriage prospect for the comte de Savoie. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[272]. Her husband granted her the castles of Momigliano, La Rocchetta, e Terra della Tarantasia for life by charter dated 24 May 1253[273]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[274]. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" granted "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ conjugi suæ" for life, on condition that she allows "Bonifacium filium ex matrimonio eorum procreatum" to live with her[275]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Cæciliæ relictæ Amedei Sabaudiæ comitis…"[276]. "Cæciliæ comitissæ relictæ Amedei quondam comitis Sabaudiæ" donated property by charter dated 19 Jan 1268[277]. "Cecilia Vedova del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" granted property which she inherited after the death of "Bonifacio suo figlio" to "Filippo Conte di Savoia e di Borgonia" by charter dated Oct 1268[278]. Comte Amédée IV & his first wife had two children:

a) BEATRIX de Savoie (before 4 Mar 1223-10 May before 1259). The marriage contract between "Alaxiam comitissam Saluciarum et Manfredum marchionem Saluciarum eius nepotem" and "Thomam comitem Maurianæ…neptem suam…Beatrix" is dated 4 Mar 1223[279]. A contract dated 2 Oct 1227 between "Marchese Enrico di Savona" and "il Marchese Manfredo di Saluzzo" refers to the dowry of "Marchese di Savona…sua Consorte, figlia di Amedeo figlio del Conte di Savoia"[280]. Beatrix must have born in the early 1220s as she had three children by her first husband who died in 1244. The Istoria of Saba Malaspina records that "Manfredus" married "natam Amadei comitis Sabaudiæ…Beatricem"[281]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro records that "Manfredus" married "dominam Beatricem filiam ducis Sex Viarum, qui prius in virum…marchionem de Salluciis"[282]. Her second marriage was arranged in recognition of the alliance between her father and Emperor Friedrich II. A charter dated 8 May 1246 records the restitution of "castri Ripolarum" by Emperor Friedrich II to "fratribus de Sabaudia, Amedeo comite et Thoma", confirmed by the betrothal of "Manfredum dictum Lancea, filium naturalem imperatoris" and "Beatricem filiam Amedei comitis, relictam Manfredi marchionis Salucensis"[283]. The proxy of marriage between "Manfredo Lanza di Lui [Imperator Federico secundo] figlio" and "la Contessa di Saluzzo figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" is dated Mar 1247[284]. The contract of marriage between "Manfredi Lanceæ filii Friderici Rom. Imperatoris" and "Beatrice marchionissa Salutiensi, filia Amedei comitis Sabaudiæ et in Italia marchionis, relicta Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum" is dated 21 Apr 1247[285]. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[286]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[287]. The absence of any reference to Beatrix´s current husband King Manfred suggests a breakdown in their marriage. m firstly (betrothed 4 Mar 1223 and 2 Oct 1227, Mar 1233) MANFREDO III Marchese di Saluzzo, son of BONIFAZIO di Saluzzo & his wife Maria di Torres [in Sardinia] (-29 Oct 1244). m secondly (Betrothed 8 May 1246, by proxy Mar 1247, contract 21 Apr 1247, [Dec 1248/Jan 1249]) as his first wife, MANFRED von Hohenstaufen, illegitimate son of Emperor FRIEDRICH II King of Sicily & his mistress Bianca Lancia (Venosa 1232-killed in battle Benevento 26 Feb 1266). At the time of his marriage, his father constituted him Lord of territory from Pavia to Genoa. He succeeded as Principe di Tarento in 1250 on the death of his father. Regent of Sicily in 1254, he was crowned MANFREDO King of Sicily at Palermo 10 Aug 1258.

b) MARGUERITE de Savoie ([1224/28]-after 14 Jan 1264). "Thomas comes Maurianæ" donated property to "Bonifacio Marchioni Montisferrati" by way of dowry of "Margarethæ futuræ uxoris Bonifacii et filiæ Amedei Sabaudia primogeniti Thomæ comitis" by charter dated 18 Jan 1228[288]. It is unlikely that Marguerite was born much later than 1228 as her mother was at that date already at least 36 years old, and Marguerite herself had at least three children before she died in 1254. The date of her marriage is confirmed by a charter dated 18 Nov 1235, which confirmed a pact between her father and the bishop of Torino, approved by "domina Margarita eius filia…uxor dom. Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati"[289]. "Bonifacius marchio Montisferrati" donated property to "uxori suæ Margarethæ, Amadei comitis Sab. filiæ" by charter dated 9 Dec 1235[290]. A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[291]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[292]. The testament of "Bonefacius Montisferrati marchio", dated 12 Jun 1253, bequeathes property to "Alaxinam filiam meam inpuberem", appoints "Guilelminum filium meum inpuberem" as his heir, substituting in turn "Alaxinam…filia mea" and "Tomam de Saluciis", if his son died childless, and appoints "dominam Margaritam comitissam uxorem mea matrem ipsius Guilelmini et dominum comitem de Sabaldia et dominum Tomam de Sabaldia fratrem suum et Dalfinum de Vianesio et dominum Jacobum de Careto et dominum Georgium et dominum Manuellem de Ceva et Bastardinum de Monteferrato" as guardians of his son[293]. Her second marriage is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[294], although this is inconsistent with her dying in 1254 as shown in another table[295]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. The marriage is not given by Jules Chevalier[296]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Margarithæ matri marchionis Montisferrati nepti suæ…"[297]. m [firstly] (Betrothed 18 Jan 1228, before 18 Nov 1235) BONIFACIO II Marchese di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO VI Marchese di Monferrato & his second wife Berta di Clavesana (-[12 Jun 1253/10 Dec 1255]). [m secondly (Papal dispensation 26 Jan 1255) as his second wife, AYMAR [III] Comte de Valentinois, son of GUILLAUME II Comte de Valentinois & his wife Flotte de Royans (-[6 May/17 Jun] 1277, bur Bonlieu).]

Comte Amédée IV & his second wife had four children:

c) BONIFACE de Savoie (-Turin [7 Jun] 1263, bur Saint-Jean de Maurienne, transferred to Saint-Michel de la Cluse). A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[298]. A fifth testament of Comte Amédée IV is dated 24 May 1253, appoints "Bonifacius filius suus, sub tutela Thomæ comitis" as his heir, substitutes "filiæ Amedei comitis…marchionissæ Beatrix Salutiarum et Margaretha Montisferrati", bequeathes "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ", and chooses to be buried at Hautecombe[299]. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" granted "castrum Montis Meliani" to "Cæciliæ comitissæ conjugi suæ" for life, on condition that she allows "Bonifacium filium ex matrimonio eorum procreatum" to live with her He succeeded his father in 1253 as BONIFACE "Roland" Comte de Savoie. He led campaigns in Flanders and Piemonte which were disastrous for Savoy[300].

d) BEATRIX de Savoie (-Escalona Nov 1290 or 23 Feb 1292). A fourth testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" is dated 19 Sep 1252, appoints "Bonifacium filium meum" as his heir, under the tutelage of his brother Thomas, substituting "fratri meo Thome de Sabaudia comitis…Beatricem filiam meam uxorem quondam Manfredi marchionis Salutiarum et Margaretam filiam meam uxorem Bonifacii marchionis Montisferrati", and names "Cecilie…uxori nostre…Beatrix filia mea minor"[301]. Amédée IV Comte de Savoie granted money to "Beatrici juniori, filiæ suæ e Cecilia prognatæ", at the request of "Cæciliæ uxoris suæ", by charter dated 28 May 1253[302]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, orders "Contissona filia Amedei comitis…" to fulfil religious bequests[303]. The following reference shows that Beatrix was known as "Contesson". "Contessa Beatrice detta Contesson figlia del fu Conte Amedeo di Savoia e della Contessa Cecilia" renounced her rights of succession with the consent of her mother and "Pietro Boverio di Lei Marito" in favour of "Conte Filippo di Savoia di Lei Patruo" by contract dated 21 Oct 1268[304]. Pope Clement IV wrote 11 Aug 1266 to "Jacobo…filii…Regis Aragonum" requiring him to comply with the marriage contract with "filiam B. natam bonæ memoriæ Comitis Sabaudiæ"[305]. Although this document does not name the Comte de Savoie in question, Comte Amé dée IV was the only one who was recently deceased ("bonæ memoriæ") at the date of the letter. If this is correct, the betrothed must have been his daughter Beatrix, the only one whose name began with the letter b. Under another testament dated 7 May 1268, "Petrus comes Sabaudia" granted bequests to "…B. filiam Amedei comitis…fratris nostri quondam…"[306]. "Pietro Bovero figlio del Conte Gioanni di Borgogna e Signore di Salins" donated property to "Beatrice figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia sua future Sposa" by contract dated "la Festa di S. Luca 1269"[307]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the marriage in 1275 of “Infans Dns Emmanuel cum Comitissa” in the same month as the death of his son Alfonso[308]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the death in Nov 1290 of “Comitissa, mater Dni Joannis, in Escalona”[309]. Betrothed (contract broken before 11 Aug 1266) to Infante don JAIME de Aragón, son of don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon & his second wife Iolanda of Hungary (Barcelona [or Montpellier?] 1243-Palma de Mallorca 29 May 1311). He succeeded his father in 1276 as JAIME II King of Mallorca. m firstly (21 Oct 1268) PIERRE "le Bouvier" de Salins, Seigneur de Châtelbelin, son of JEAN I "l'Antique/le Sage" Sire de Salins [Bourgogne-Comté] & his second wife Isabelle de Courtenay (-[21 Jul 1272/29 Apr 1274]). m secondly (1275) as his second wife, Infante don MANUEL de Castilla y León, Señor de Escalona y Peñafiel, son of don FERNANDO III “el Santo” King of Castile & his first wife Elisabeth von Hohenstaufen (Carrión de los Condes 1234-Peñafiel 25 Dec 1283, bur Uclés, Santiago convent).

e) ELEONORE de Savoie. She is not mentioned in either the 19 Sep 1252 or 24 May 1253 wills of her father[310], which suggests that she may have born posthumously, in which case she must have been the twin of her sister Constance. The testament of "Beatrice Vedova del Re Berengario Conte di Provenza" dated 14 Jan 1264 makes bequests "…a Contesson…più ad Eleonora altra sua figlia…"[311]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m (1269) GUICHARD de Forez, son of RENAUD Comte de Forez [Albon] & his wife Isabelle Dame de Beaujeu.

f) CONSTANCE de Savoie (-[before 14 Jan 1264]). She is not mentioned in either the 19 Sep 1252 or 24 May 1253 wills of her father[312], which suggests that she may have born posthumously, in which case she must have been the twin of her sister Eléonore. 1263. She probably died before 14 Jan 1264, the date of the testament of "Beatrice Vedova del Re Berengario Conte di Provenza" under which her two older sisters received bequests[313]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

2. HUMBERT de Savoie ([1198]-in Hungary 1223). "Thomas Maurianensis comes et marchio" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Maurice, with the consent of "filiis suis Amedeo et Humberto", by charter dated 8 Nov 1217[314]. An indication of Humbert´s precarious financial position is provided by a third testament, dated 2 Nov 1240, made by Thomas´s son "Amadeus com Sab. et marchio in Italia" who repeated the nomination of "Thomæ, Flandriæ comiti, fratri suo" as his heir to "totius comitatus sui Sabaudiæ marchionatus Italiæ et ducatus Chablasii" if he died without male children, on condition that he satisfied all the debts of "Thomæ comitis patris et Humberti fratris ipsorum"[315]. The testament of "Conte Tommaso di Savoia" dated 26 Jun 1248 remembers the souls of "Conte Tommaso di Lui Padre, e dei di Lui fratelli Umberto ed Aimone e Guglielmo Eletto di Valenza"[316]. Europäische Stammtafeln[317] shows two sons of Comte Thomas I both named Humbert, without any dates of birth or death for the second. The 26 Jun 1248 testament of Humbert's brother Thomas de Savoie [318] includes bequests for masses for the souls of his "late brothers Humbert, Aimon, Guillaume", indicating that there was only one brother of each name.

3. AYMON de Savoie ([1200]-1242). "M. comitissa Maurian. uxor Thomæ comitis Maurianensis et marchionis Italiæ" donated property, with the consent of "Thomas com. Maurianæ et filii mei Amedeus et Aymo", by charter dated Dec 1227[319]. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[320]. "Beatrix uxor comitis Thomæ, Amadeus primogenitus et Aymo filii eius" confirmed the purchase of Chambéry by "Thoma comite" by charter dated 1232, with the seal of "Beatricis comitisse Sabaudie"[321]. "Haymo filius quondam bonæ memoriæ Thome com. Sab. et march. in Italia" donated property to Hautecombe by charter dated 1233[322]. A charter dated 23 Jul 1234 records an agreement between "Amedeum comitem Sabaudie" and "Aymonem et Petrum fratres ipsius" in settlement of a dispute concerning their paternal inheritance[323]. The disagreement must have persisted, at least in the case of Aymon, as he was disinherited under the testament of "Amedei comitis Sab. et marchionis Italie", dated 23 Sep 1235, which appointed his younger brother "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir "in comitatu et marchionatu" in default of male children[324]. Seigneur d´Agaune. "Aymo dominus Agaunensis frater comitis Sabaudie" confirmed a donation to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated Oct 1235[325]. Seigneur de Chablais. "Aymo de Sabaudia dominus de Chablasio, filius bonæ mem. Thomæ, ill. Sabaud. comitis" founded the hospital of Villeneuve, for the souls of and with the support of his mother and four brothers (all named) by charter dated 25 Jun 1236[326]. The mention of his older brother suggests that the dispute with Aymon had been resolved by this date. Nevertheless, Aymon is also passed over as heir in the second testament of his older brother "Amedeus comes Sabaudie" dated 19 Jul 1238, which repeats the nomination of "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir, substituting "Philippum, huic autem Petrum fratres suos" if Thomas died without male heirs[327]. An indication of the precarious financial position of the counts of Savoy is provided by a third testament, dated 2 Nov 1240, made by Thomas´s son "Amadeus com Sab. et marchio in Italia" who repeated the nomination of "Thomæ, Flandriæ comiti, fratri suo" as his heir to "totius comitatus sui Sabaudiæ marchionatus Italiæ et ducatus Chablasii" if he died without male children, on condition that he satisfied all the debts of "Thomæ comitis patris et Humberti fratris ipsorum"[328]. This charter suggests that financial considerations may have played their part in Aymon´s continued disinheritance in favour of his brother Thomas, the latter having made a profitable marriage with the Ctss of Flanders. The testament of "Conte Tommaso di Savoia" dated 26 Jun 1248 remembers the souls of "Conte Tommaso di Lui Padre, e dei di Lui fratelli Umberto ed Aimone e Guglielmo Eletto di Valenza"[329]. Europäische Stammtafeln[330] shows two sons of Comte Thomas I both named Aymon, without any dates of birth or death for the second. Seigneur de Chillon, de Villeneuve et de Chablais. He died of leprosy.

4. GUILLAUME de Savoie ([1201]-poisoned Viterbo 1 Nov 1239, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud " and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[331]. Elected Bishop of Valence in 1224. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "alter filiorum eius [comitis Thome de Sabaudia] Guilelmus" was elected bishop of Valence[332]. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[333]. He was named in the Feb 1233 testament of his brother Pierre[334]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “electus Valenciæ, avunculus reginæ nostræ” arrived in England in 1237 and was made the king´s principle adviser (“consiliarius regis principalis”) and granted the honor of Richmond[335]. Matthew of Paris records that he was adviser to Henry III King of England but left the country after quarrelling with the barons, but was permitted to return by the king[336], which represents the earliest reference in this source to the problems caused by relations of Queen Eléonore. The king proposed his election as Bishop of Winchester in 1238, but the church council elected Ralph Neville, whose election was quashed by the Pope after intervention by the king[337]. Elected Bishop of Liège in 1238. Matthew Paris records the death "die omnium Sanctorum…venenatus Viterbii" in 1239 of "Guillelmus de Sabaudia electus Valentinus"[338]. The Chronicle of Hautecombe records the death in 1239 of "dominus Guillermus de Sabaudia electus Valencie" and his burial "III Non Mai" (presumably in 1240)[339]. The testament of "Philippi de Sabaudia electi Lugdunensis", dated 26 May 1256, names "Petrus de Sabaudia frater et Beatrix comitissa Provinciæ" as his heirs, chooses burial at Hautecombe, and founds an anniversary at Valence for the soul of "defuncti fratris sui Willelmi, electi illius ecclesiæ"[340].

5. THOMAS de Savoie (Château de Montmélian [1202]-Chambéry 7 Feb 1259, bur Aosta Cathedral). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "tertius [filiorum comitis Thome de Sabaudia] Thomas" was "cassatus de episcopatu Laurensi et archiepiscopatu Lugdunensis"[341]. He succeeded in 1253 as THOMAS II Comte de Savoie, as regent or co-ruler with his nephew.

- see below.

6. PIERRE de Savoie (castle of Susa [1203]-Pierre Châtel [14] May 1268, bur 16 May 1268 Abbaye de Hautecombe). A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud " and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[342]. Canon at Lausanne in Nov 1226. Provost at Aosta from before 2 May 1227. Provost at Geneva Apr 1229. Coadjutor at Lausanne. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[343]. The first testament of "Petrus filius quondam Thome comitis Sabaudie" dated Feb 1234 (N.S.) appoints the children to be born from his marriage to "Annete filia nob. viri Ay. Dni Fuciniaci" and names "Dni Wi electi Valent. et Ay de Sabaudia fratrum"[344]. A charter dated 23 Jul 1234 records an agreement between "Amedeum comitem Sabaudie" and "Aymonem et Petrum fratres ipsius" in settlement of a dispute concerning their paternal inheritance[345]. He resigned his ecclesiastical appointments in 1236. He was seized and imprisoned in [1237] by the sons of Guillaume II Comte de Genève, for which Pierre was later compensated with the castle of Arlod and 20,000 marks of silver (reduced to 10,000 marks in 1250). The second testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie", dated 19 Jul 1238, repeats the nomination of "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir, substituting "Philippum, huic autem Petrum fratres suos" if Thomas died without male heirs[346], although it is unclear why the youngest brother Philippe should have been given precedence over Pierre in this document. On the death of his brother Aymon in 1238, he received the towns of Milden and Romont[347]. Henry III King of England, married to his niece Eléonore de Provence, gave him the honour of Richmond 20 Apr 1240, invited him to England towards the end of the same year and knighted him 5 Jan 1241[348]. Although known popularly as Earl of Richmond, this title was never accorded him officially. King Henry III made him numerous grants between 1241 and 1249, including creating him Constable of the castles of Lewes and Rochester and Warden of the Cinque Ports, and granting him a house in London, on the site of which the Savoy Hotel was later built[349]. A charter dated 1244 confirmed the peace agreement reached between the bishop of Lausanne and "Amadeus comes Sabaudie et in Italia marcho et…Petrus de Sabaudia…frater suus"[350]. Matthew of Paris records in 1246 that Pierre de Savoie brought foreign girls to England as brides for English nobles, which was widely criticised in England[351]. He invaded Dauphiné in 1250, forcing the Seigneur de la Tour du Pin to become his vassal. An arbitral judgment dated 16 Feb 1254 settled a dispute between "Conte Amedeo di Savoia…Tomaso suo fratello, il Conte Bonifacio suo figlio pupillo, e Pietro di Savoia Zio di questo" under which the last-named claimed the fifth part of assets which belonged to "Conte Tomaso suo Padre, Aymone, e Guglielmo suoi fratelli, della di Lui Madre, e di di due Sorelle morte ab intestato", under which Chillon, Conthey, Saillon and lands in Chablais and Valais were awarded to Pierre[352]. The testament of "Petri de Sabaudia", dated 8 Jun 1255 at London, names "Beatrix filia sua…Eleonora Angliæ regina…Philippum electrum Lugdunensem fratrem suum, Agneti…Fuciniacensi uxori suæ", and names Henry III King of England as his executor[353]. Back in England, he at first supported the barons in their dispute with King Henry, but changed sides and reconciled the king with his son in 1260, helping to induce Henry to disregard the Provisions of Oxford in 1261. He was obliged to leave England in 1262 due to the growing hostility towards foreigners, his English lands were later confiscated but restored to him by the king[354]. He succeeded his nephew in 1263 as PIERRE II "le Petit-Charlemagne" Comte de Savoie. His great-nephew, Richard Earl of Cornwall, confirmed Comte Pierre as Imperial Vicar in Italy after his installation as King of the Romans in 1263[355]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, confirms her previous testaments appointing "…fratrum suorum Bonifacii archiepiscopi Cantuar. et Petri comitis Sabaudiæ" as her heirs[356]. Comte Pierre campaigned against the Bishop of Sion in 1265/66, and against Rudolf I Graf von Habsburg in 1265/67. Comte Pierre increased the family's domains considerably through conquests in western Switzerland, mainly at the expense of the Comte de Genève. He also increased his authority over many local seigneuries by appointing local châtelains and baillis who reported directly to him[357]. The testament of "Conte Pietro di Savoia", dated Sep 1264, chose his burial "in abbatial S. Mauricii Agaunensi" if he died at sea or "in ecclesia Londinensi" if he died in England, appointed "filiam suam Beatricem uxorem Guigonis Dalphini" as his heir, named "neptem suam Alienoram Angliæ reginam…Philippo electo Lugdun. fratri suo…filius quondam Thomæ de Sabaudia alterius fratris sui…major natu aliorum filiorum dicti Thomæ…Agneti conjugi suæ", and appointed "Philippi elect. Lugdun. fratris sui, Soffredi de Amaysino" as his executors[358]. Under another testament dated 7 May 1268, "Petrus comes Sabaudia" chose burial "in Alta Comba", appointed "filiam nostrum B. Dalphinam de Vienneisio" as his heir, granted bequests to "nepotibus nostris filiis Dom. Thome de Sabaudie…fratres nostri…domine nostre Alienore Regine Anglie…comitatum Richemundensem…in comitatu…Sabaudie…fratrem nostrum Philippum de Sabaudia comitem Burgundie…uxori nostre Agneti domine Fucigniaci…domine Margarete comitisse de Quiburgo…sorori nostre…B. filiam Amedei comitis…fratris nostri quondam…" as well as numerous bequests to religious institutions[359]. Under a codicil to his testament dated 14 May 1268, "Petrus comes Sabaudia" dated 7 May 1268 appointed "fratri nostro Philippo de Sabaudia comiti Burgundie…[et] filiam nostrum B. Dalphinam de Vienneisio" as his heirs, and named "comitis Foren. et Dni de Turre et Dni de Jez" as his fief-holders[360]. m (Betrothed Feb 1234, after 25 Jun 1236) AGNES de Faucigny, daughter and heiress of AYMON [II] Sire de Faucigny & his first wife Béatrix de Bourgogne-Comté (-11 Aug 1268, bur Faucigny, Abbaye de Contamine). The testament of "Aymo dominus Fuciniaci" is dated Feb 1234, appoints "Agnetem filiam suam", betrothed to "Petro de Sabaudia filio condam Thome Comit. Sabaud.", as his heir in default of male heirs, and reserves the dowry of "alterius filiarum suarum Beatricis"[361]. She succeeded her father in 1253 as Dame de Faucigny. The testament of "Petri de Sabaudia", dated 8 Jun 1255 at London, names "Beatrix filia sua…Eleonora Angliæ regina…Philippum electrum Lugdunensem fratrem suum, Agneti…Fuciniacensi uxori suæ", and names Henry III King of England as his executor[362]. The testament of "Agnetis dominæ Fuciniaci" dated 17 Oct 1262 appoints "Petrum de Sabaudia maritum suum…et Beatricem filiam suam uxorem Guigonis Dalphini Viennensis" as her heirs[363]. A second testament of "Agnetis dominæ Fuciniaci conjugis Petri de Sabaudia" dated 16 Nov 1262 elects her burial "in ecclesia Contaminæ", and appoints "Beatricem filiam suam uxorem Guigonis Dalphini, Vienn. et Albon. comitis" as her heir in one third of her property and her husband as heir in the other two thirds[364]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Agneti comitissæ Sabaudiæ dominiæ Fuciniaci…"[365]. The testament of "Conte Pietro di Savoia", dated Sep 1264, named "…Agneti conjugi suæ"[366]. Under another testament dated 7 May 1268, "Petrus comes Sabaudia" granted bequests to "…uxori nostre Agneti domine Fucigniaci…"[367]. The testament of "Agnetis dominæ Fuciniaci", dated 9 Aug 1268, appointed "Beatricem comitissam Viennensem et Albonensem filiam suam" as her heir, chose her burial "in ecclesia Contaminæ in Fuciniaco", and made bequests to "dominæ Beatrici dominæ de Thoria et Villario sorori suæ et filiis suis…Simoni de Joinville dom. de Jaiz fratri suo"[368]. Comte Pierre & his wife had one child:

a) BEATRIX de Savoie ([1237]-21 Apr 1310, bur Faucigny, Chartreuse convent of Melans). The marriage contract of "Guigoni Dalphino comiti Viennensi et Albonensi" and "Aymo dominus Fuciniaci…Beatricem filiam Agnetis filiæ suæ ex Petro de Sabaudie" is dated 4 Dec 1241[369]. The testament of "Petri de Sabaudia", dated 8 Jun 1255 at London, names "Beatrix filia sua…Eleonora Angliæ regina…Philippum electrum Lugdunensem fratrem suum, Agneti…Fuciniacensi uxori suæ", and names Henry III King of England as his executor[370]. The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records the marriage of "Guigonem quartum" and "Beatricem, Petri comitis Sabaudiæ filiam"[371]. The contract of marriage between "Guigone Delfino di Vienna e d'Albona" and "Beatrice figlia di Pietro di Savoia" is dated 4 Dec 1241[372]. The marriage between "Vienna e Beatrice figlia di Pietro di Savoia" was confirmed as valid despite a prior verbal agreement between "detto Delfino e Cecilia di Beaux figlia del Conte Barallo di Beaux, ed indi Moglie d'Amedeo quarto Conte di Savoia", by judgment dated 10 Mar 1261[373]. The testament of "Agnetis dominæ Fuciniaci" dated 17 Oct 1262 appoints "Petrum de Sabaudia maritum suum…et Beatricem filiam suam uxorem Guigonis Dalphini Viennensis" as her heirs[374]. A second testament of "Agnetis dominæ Fuciniaci conjugis Petri de Sabaudia" dated 16 Nov 1262 elects her burial "in ecclesia Contaminæ", and appoints "Beatricem filiam suam uxorem Guigonis Dalphini, Vienn. et Albon. comitis" as her heir in one third of her property and her husband as heir in the other two thirds[375]. The testament of "Conte Pietro di Savoia", dated Sep 1264, appointed "filiam suam Beatricem uxorem Guigonis Dalphini" as his heir[376]. The testament of "Guigo Dalphinus, Vienn. et Albonis comitis", dated 27 Jun 1267, appointed "Johannem filium meum" as his heir, and made bequests to "Annam et Catharinam filias meas…Beatrix uxor mea"[377]. Under another testament dated 7 May 1268, "Petrus comes Sabaudia" appointed "filiam nostrum B. Dalphinam de Vienneisio" as his heir[378]. She succeeded her mother in 1268 as Dame de Faucigny, the territory strengthening considerably the power of the Dauphiné de Viennois. The testament of "Agnetis dominæ Fuciniaci", dated 9 Aug 1268, appointed "Beatricem comitissam Viennensem et Albonensem filiam suam" as her heir[379]. Regent in Dauphiné during the minority of her son 1269-1273. The marriage contract of "Beatrix Dalphina Viennensis domina de Fulciniaco filia quondam Dni Petri comitis Sabaudie" and "domino Gastoni vicecomiti Bearnensi" is dated 2 Apr 1273[380]. Her second marriage is confirmed by the agreement dated 15 Dec 1284 under which "Gastone Visconte di Bearn Signore di Montricher e Castelvecchio" and "Beatrice figlia del Conte Pietro di Savoia Dama di Faussign sua Consorte" reached agreement with "Umberto Signore di Thoire ed Anna Delfina sua Consorte" concering Comte Gaston's claim to the county of Vienne[381]. "Beatrice figlia di Pietro Conte di Savoia Dama di Faussign" transferred her husband's property to "Gioanni figlio d'Umberto Signore della Torre e di Cologny" by charter dated Sep 1282[382]. She transferred her lands between Seyssel and Freiburg to her cousin Amédée V Comte de Savoie 29 Apr 1294, and the barony of Faucigny 15 Sep 1296 to her son-in-law Humbert de La Tour, for the benefit of one of his sons, reserving herself the usufruct[383]. A powerful force in the region, she claimed Savoy for her grandson Hugues. Allying herself with the Sire de Gex, the Comte de Genève and the Bishops of Lausanne and Geneva, she triggered conflicts within the family which were to last many generations[384]. m firstly (Betrothed 4 Dec 1241, [before 22 Apr 1253]) GUIGUES VII Dauphin de Viennois Comte d'Albon, son of GUIGUES VI Dauphin de Viennois [Bourgogne-Capet] & his third wife Beatrice di Monferrato ([1225]-[Aug/Nov] 1269, bur Chartreuse Abbaye de Prémol). m secondly (contract 2 Apr 1273) as his second wife, GASTON VII Vicomte de Béarn, son of GUILLEN de Moncada Vicomte de Béarn & his wife Gersende de Provence [Aragon-Barcelona] (1225-26 Apr 1290).

7. BEATRIX de Savoie ([1205]-Dec 1266 or 4 Jan 1267). Matthew of Paris names her as daughter of "comitis Sabaldiæ Thomæ iam mortui, sororem comitis Sabaldiæ adhuc viventis Amidei", when he records the marriage of her daughter to Henry III King of England[385]. It is improbable that she was born much later than 1205 as she gave birth to her first child in 1221. The contract of marriage between "Thomas…comes Sabaldie et marchio in Ytalia…filia sua" and "Raimundi Berengarii…comitis Provinciæ et Forcalquerii" is dated 5 Jun 1219, and names "A. et V. filii Thomæ comitis et A. cometissa uxor eius" as guarantors[386]. She transformed the court at Aix into one of the most celebrated in Europe. After quarrelling with her son-in-law Charles Comte d'Anjou over the usufruct of the county of Provence she retired to Echelles in Savoy[387]. The marriage of her daughter Eléonore with Henry III King of England in 1236 signalled the establishment of close ties between the English court and the house of Savoy, the foreign immigrants becoming increasingly unpopular in England and contributing to the difficulties experienced by the king with his barons. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, confirms her previous testaments appointing "Reginarum filiarum suarum Margarethæ Franciæ et Alienoræ Angliæ, fratrum suorum Bonifacii archiepiscopi Cantuar. et Petri comitis Sabaudiæ" as her heirs, chooses burial "in hospitali Scalarum", and adds bequests to "Philippo electo Lugdun. fratri suo altero…Agneti comitissæ Sabaudiæ dominiæ Fuciniaci, Cæciliæ relictæ Amedei Sabaudiæ comitis, Beatrici relictæ Thomæ de Sabaudia comitis...Contissoni…Eleonoræ aliæ filiæ Thomæ comitis…Contissoni dominæ Medullionis nepti suæ…Margarithæ matri marchionis Montisferrati nepti suæ, Rodulpho archiepiscopo Tarantas, A. episcopo de Dyone consanguineo testatricis, Petro episcopo Hereford…filiabus Rodolphi et Henrici de Gebennis, et filiæ domini de Camera" as well as numerous bequests to religious institutions, orders "Contissona filia Amedei comitis…Eleonoræ filiæ Thomæ fratris sui" to fulfil religious bequests, and appoints "Johannem archiepiscopum Viennensem et Rodulphum Tarantasiensem, Philippum electum Lugdun. fratrem suum, episcopum Gratianopolitanum, Humbertum abbatem Altacumbæ et Stephanum archidiaconum Cantaruensium" as her executors[388]. A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, chooses burial "in ecclesia Hospitalis S. Joannis Hierosolymitani", adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…filie Contissone de Medullione…filie domini de Camera…Beringarie filie Dom. Benedicti de Castellione…Beatrice Andegavie comitisse"[389]. The testament of "Bonifacius archiepiscopus Cantuarensis", dated 11 Oct 1264, made bequests to "sorori suæ comitissæ Provinciæ…sorori suæ alteræ comitissæ de Quiborc…"[390]. A second necrology of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne records the death "II Non Jan" of "vidua dna comitssa Provincie"[391]. m (Betrothed 5 Jun 1219, Dec 1220) RAIMOND BERENGER IV Comte de Provence, son of ALPHONSE II Comte de Provence [Aragon-Barcelona] & his wife Gersende de Sabran Ctss de Forcalquier ([1198]-19 Aug 1245, bur Aix-en-Provence, église de Saint Jean de Jérusalem).

8. BONIFACE de Savoie (Château de Sainte-Hélène du Lac [1206]-Château de Sainte-Hélène-des-Millières 14 Jul 1270, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud " and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[392]. Europäische Stammtafeln[393] shows two sons of Comte Thomas I both named Boniface, the second being "prior at Nantua". As in the case of his other supposed brothers with duplicate names, it is likely that the references are to the same person. The absence of a second Boniface in the 26 Jun 1248 testament of his supposed brother Thomas de Savoie[394] provides a good indication that this is correct. In addition, the 1224 agreement between his supposed father and the Bishop of Sion refers to "four clerical sons", whereas the second Boniface would have been a fifth. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[395]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "unus filiorum comitis Thome de Sabaudia" was elected bishop of Belley in 1232 after the death of Bishop Bernard but does not name him[396]. Administrator of the bishopric of Belley 1234. Along with his brothers, he established himself at the English court soon after the marriage in 1236 of his niece Eléonore de Provence to Henry III King of England. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie et in Italie marchio…cum…genetrice sua et fratribus suis B. Bellicensi Electo et Philippo Metensi Primicerio" granted "villam S. Mauritii de Chablaisio" {Saint-Maurice de Chablais} to "soror illorum Margareta comitissa de Kiborch" by charter dated 24 Feb 1240[397]. He was confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of England, in 1243, consecrated in 1244 at Lyon by the Pope[398]. Bishop of Durham. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, confirms her previous testaments appointing "…fratrum suorum Bonifacii archiepiscopi Cantuar. et Petri comitis Sabaudiæ" as her heirs[399]. The testament of "Bonifacius archiepiscopus Cantuarensis", dated 11 Oct 1264, chose burial "infra ecclesiam Christi Cantuar" if he died in England and "Pontiniacum" if he died elsewhere overseas and if he died "circa Montem Cinisium…apud Altam Combam", made bequests to "sorori suæ comitissæ Provinciæ…sorori suæ alteræ comitissæ de Quiborc…fratri suo Dom. P. comiti Sabaudiæ…fratri suo Philippo elect. Lugdun…filios fratris testatoris Thomæ comitis" as well as to numerous religious foundations [400]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XV Kal Aug apud Baleys" of "Bonifacius Cantuarensis archiepiscopus"[401]. The necrology of La Cour-Dieu records the death “XV Kal Aug” of “Bonifacius Cantuarensis archiepiscopus, monachus”[402]. Beatified in 1838.

9. PHILIPPE de Savoie (Aiguebelle [1207]-Château de Roussillon, Bugey 16 Aug 1285, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). His parentage is established, inter alia, by the 1264 testament of his brother Boniface[403]. Archdeacon of Metz 1229. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[404]. The second testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie", dated 19 Jul 1238, repeats the nomination of "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir, substituting "Philippum, huic autem Petrum fratres suos" if Thomas died without male heirs[405], although it is unclear why the youngest brother Philippe should have been given precedence over Pierre in this document. Elected Bishop of Lausanne 1239. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie et in Italie marchio…cum…genetrice sua et fratribus suis B. Bellicensi Electo et Philippo Metensi Primicerio" granted "villam S. Mauritii de Chablaisio" {Saint-Maurice de Chablais} to "soror illorum Margareta comitissa de Kiborch" by charter dated 24 Feb 1240[406]. Bishop of Valence 1245. Archbishop of Lyon 1246. The testament of "Philippi de Sabaudia electi Lugdunensis", dated 26 May 1256, names "Petrus de Sabaudia frater et Beatrix comitissa Provinciæ" as his heirs, chooses burial at Hautecombe, and founds an anniversary at Valence for the soul of "defuncti fratris sui Willelmi, electi illius ecclesiæ"[407]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "Philippo electo Lugdun. fratri suo altero…", and appoints "…Philippum electum Lugdun. fratrem suum…" as her executors[408]. The testament of "Conte Pietro di Savoia", dated Sep 1264 named "…Philippo electo Lugdun. fratri suo…" and appointed "Philippi elect. Lugdun. fratris sui, Soffredi de Amaysino" as his executors[409]. He resigned his ecclesiastical appointments in 1267. Comte Palatin de Bourgogne 1267-1279, by right of his wife. He succeeded his brother in 1268 as PHILIPPE I Comte de Savoie. He faced the continual opposition of his niece Béatrice Dauphine de Viennois, daughter of his predecessor, who claimed Savoy for her grandson Hugues de la Tour. Comte Philippe was able to reaffirm his authority over Turin by defeating Guglielmo VII Marchese di Monferrato[410]. Pope Gregory X awarded him the title Gonfalionere of the Holy Church. The testament of "Filippo Vescovo de Lione" dated 26 Jul 1256 names "Pietro di Savoia e Beatrice Contessa di Provenza, di Lui fratello e Sorella…Conte Tommaso di Lui fratello" and chooses to be buried "nella Chiesa de Haute Combe"[411]. The necrology of Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey records the death "XVI Kal Sep" of "Philippus comes Sabaudiæ"[412]. The necrology of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne records the death "XVI Kal Sep" of "dni Philippi quondam comitis Sabaudie"[413]. m (11 Jun 1267) as her second husband, ALIX [Adelheid] Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne, widow of HUGUES de Chalon Seigneur de Salins [Bourgogne-Comté], daughter of OTTO I von Andechs Comte Palatin de Bourgogne Duca di Merano & his first wife Beatrix von Hohenstaufen Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne (-Evian 8 Mar 1279). "Hugo dux Burgundie" requested the abbot of Cluny to recognise the rights of “Ph Sabaudie et Burgundie comiti et A. comitisse uxori sue” in “comitatu Burgundie…cessionis nobis facte a domina B, comitissa Orlemunde, sorore dicte A. comitissa”, by charter dated Apr 1270[414]. The testament of "Alix di Savoia e di Borgogna Contessa Palatina" dated Nov 1278, made with the consent of "Filippo di Savoia Conte di Borgogna e Palatino suo Marito", appoints "Ottone di Lei Figlio Signore di Salino, sii Conte di Borgogna" as her heir in the county, makes bequests to "Renaldo alto di Lei Figliuolo" and names "Gioanni altro di Lei figliuolo"[415].

10. daughter (-before 1254). The existence of two daughters who died young is confirmed by the arbitral judgment dated 16 Feb 1254 which settled a dispute between "Conte Amedeo di Savoia…Tomaso suo fratello, il Conte Bonifacio suo figlio pupillo, e Pietro di Savoia Zio di questo" under which the last-named claimed the fifth part of assets which belonged to "Conte Tomaso suo Padre, Aymone, e Guglielmo suoi fratelli, della di Lui Madre, e di di due Sorelle morte ab intestato"[416].

11. daughter (-before 1254). The existence of two daughters who died young is confirmed by the arbitral judgment dated 16 Feb 1254 which settled a dispute between "Conte Amedeo di Savoia…Tomaso suo fratello, il Conte Bonifacio suo figlio pupillo, e Pietro di Savoia Zio di questo" under which the last-named claimed the fifth part of assets which belonged to "Conte Tomaso suo Padre, Aymone, e Guglielmo suoi fratelli, della di Lui Madre, e di di due Sorelle morte ab intestato"[417].

12. [ALIX de Savoie (-1277, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). Europäische Stammtafeln[418] names Alix as daughter of Comte Thomas. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Saint-Pierre, Lyon 1250. She is not mentioned in the 11 Oct 1264 testament of her supposed brother Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury (which refers to his "sister the Ctss of Provence" and his "other sister the Ctss of Quibourc")[419]. Although this is not conclusive to dismiss her affiliation, one possibility is that Alix was the illegitimate daughter of Comte Thomas I.]

13. [AGATHE de Savoie (-after 1279). Europäische Stammtafeln[420] names Agathe as daughter of Comte Thomas. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Benedictine abbess of Saint-Pierre, Lyon. She is not mentioned in the 11 Oct 1264 testament of her supposed brother Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury (which refers to his "sister the Ctss of Provence" and his "other sister the Ctss of Quibourc")[421]. Although this is not conclusive to dismiss her affiliation, one possibility is that Agathe was the illegitimate daughter of Comte Thomas I.]

14. MARGUERITE de Savoie ([1212]-1/2 Sep 1270 or 1273[422]). The contract of marriage between "Thomas comes Savoyæ…filiam suam Margaritham…infra nubiles annos" and "comiti Hartmanno filio comitis Ulrici de Kyburg" is dated 1 Jun 1218, stating that "Dni Bertholdi comitis de Novocastro et Dni Wilhelmi de Stavayé" acted as guarantors, and with the consent of "Ulricus comes de Kyburg et comes Garnerius frater eius et comitissa uxor comitis de Kyburg"[423]. Her marriage date is confirmed by the charter dated 1230 under which her husband "H. comes de Kiburch" confirmed donations "propter nuptias uxori sue filie comitis Sabaudie", with the consent of "fratris sui Ul. Constantiensis canonici et H. filii fratris sui beate memorie Wer. quondam comitis de Kiburch"[424]. The Chronicon Colmarense records that "comes…[Kiburc]" married "filiam comitis de Sabaudia"[425]. "Conte Amedeo di Savoia Marchese in Italia" donated "Castello di Monteuz" to "Contessa di Kibourg Margarita di Savoia sua Sorella" by charter dated "Festa di S. Gallo 1239"[426]. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie et marchio Italie" granted "castrum…Monteys" {Montheys} to "sorori mee Margarete comitisse de Kiborch" by charter dated 16 Oct 1239[427]. "Amedeus comes Sabaudie et in Italie marchio…cum…genetrice sua et fratribus suis B. Bellicensi Electo et Philippo Metensi Primicerio" granted "villam S. Mauritii de Chablaisio" {Saint-Maurice de Chablais} to "soror illorum Margareta comitissa de Kiborch" by charter dated 24 Feb 1240[428]. "H. comes de Kyburch" granted "castra Windegge, Oltingen…advocatiam et predium in Shennis, Wizennanc et Kemanatvn" to "uxori mee" by way of dower, with the consent of "fratruelis mei H", by charter dated 28 May 1241[429]. The same collection includes several other charters relating to this grant, dated between 9 Jul 1241 and 1243[430]. The testament of "Bonifacius archiepiscopus Cantuarensis", dated 11 Oct 1264, made bequests to "sorori suæ comitissæ Provinciæ…sorori suæ alteræ comitissæ de Quiborc…"[431]. Under another testament dated 7 May 1268, "Petrus comes Sabaudia" granted bequests to "…domine Margarete comitisse de Quiburgo…sorori nostre…"[432]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[433], Marguerite de Savoie married secondly Eberhard von Habsburg-Laufenburg, son of Rudolf III Graf von Habsburg-Laufenburg & his wife Gertrud von Regensberg. Apart from the unlikelihood of Graf Eberhard (who at the time must have been at least 40 years old) marrying as his first wife a lady over 50 years old, his marriage to Anna heiress of Kyburg is recorded[434] as having taken place in [30 Oct/12 Dec] 1271 when Marguerite was still alive. In addition, the Chronicle of Hautecombe refers to Marguerite as "Margarita comitissa de Quiborch in Alemania" when she died, with no mention of Habsburg-Laufenburg. m (contract Mouden 1 Jun 1218, 1230) HARTMANN von Kiburg, son of ULRICH Graf von Kyburg & his wife Anna von Zähringen [Baden] (-27 Nov 1264, bur Wettingen). He succeeded in 1227 as HARTMANN III joint Graf von Kiburg.

Comte Thomas I had [four] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

15. BEROLD . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

16. BENEDICT (-after 1263). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

17. [AMEDEE de Savoie (-19 Jan 1256). Europäische Stammtafeln[435] shows two sons of Comte Thomas I both named Amédée, the second one being a monk at Grenoble and Bishop of Maurienne in 1220. It is unlikely that this second Amédée was the legitimate son of Comte Thomas. He is not referred to in the 26 Jun 1248 testament of his supposed brother Thomas de Savoie[436], unlike all the other known brothers whether deceased or alive. In addition, the 1224 agreement between his supposed father and the Bishop of Sion refers to "four clerical sons", whereas Amédée would have been a fifth. A possible explanation is that this second Amédée was an illegitimate son of Comte Thomas I. However, this hypothesis appears disproved by the charter dated 12 Jan 1270 which records donations by Pierre Bishop of Maurienne to found anniversaries for his predecessors "…dominus Amedeus Maurianensis episcopus frater quondam domini Villelmi de Miribello"[437], assuming that the latter refers to the bishop who died in 1256. The Pingonio Chronicon records the death "XIV Kal Feb" in 1256 of "Amedeus episcopus Maurianensis"[438].]

18. [AVOIE [Marguerite] de Savoie (-shortly before 14 May 1292). Matthew of Paris reports that "Baldewinus de Ripariis, domina regina procurante, quondam alienigenam ducit in uxorem, Sabaudiensem, ipsius reginæ consanguineam"[439]. According to L'Art de vérifier les Dates[440], Avoie was the daughter of Thomas I Comte de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. It is argued in the Complete Peerage[441] that the wife of Baldwin de Reviers, 7th Earl of Devon, could not have been the daughter of Comte Thomas because she was referred to as 'Margaret' in other sources, Comte Thomas I's daughter of that name being the wife of Hartmann III Graf von Kyburg at the time of the Earl's marriage. The Complete Peerage[442] also refers to a writ on the Patent Roll of 52 Henry III "from which it appears that the king had given to the daughter [unnamed] of Thomas, sometime Count of Savoy, 500 marks on her marriage", this presumably being the widowed Countess of Devon on the occasion of her second marriage. The date of the writ matches the supposed second marriage of Avoie de Savoie. The Complete Peerage[443] assumes that the Count Thomas in question must have been Thomas II. However, the latter's second marriage (from which all his known surviving legitimate children were born) took place in 1251. This would exclude the Earl and Countess of Devon having a son "John who died an infant"[444]. The possibilities therefore seem to be (a) that the Countess of Devon was the illegitimate daughter of either Comte Thomas I or of Comte Thomas II; (b) that she was the legitimate daughter of Comte Thomas I, called either Avoie or Marguerite despite his having another legitimate daughter named Marguerite; or (c) that 'Thomas' in the Patent Roll writ was an error for another Count of Savoy (although it is unclear who this might have been as all other possibilities appear to be excluded). It is recognised that Avoie could not have been born much later than 1220 if she was the legitimate daughter of Comte Thomas I, and therefore would have been at least 17 years older than her first husband the Earl of Devon. Avoie is not mentioned in the 11 Oct 1264 will of her supposed brother Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury which made bequests to "sorori suæ comitissæ Provinciæ…sorori suæ alteræ comitissæ de Quiborc…"[445]. Although this omission is not conclusive as the testator's other presumed two sisters, abbesses Alix and Agathe, were not mentioned either, it is somewhat surprising that he would not have mentioned a legitimate sister who was then living in England, if he had one. The most likely probability is that Avoie was illegitimate. For presentation purposes in this document she is shown as the illegitimate daughter of Comte Thomas I, but it is recognised that Comte Thomas II is an alternative possible father. m firstly (1257) BALDWIN de Reviers Earl of Devon, son of BALDWIN de Reviers Earl of Devon & his wife Amice de Clare (1 Jan 1236-in France 1262 before 13 Sep, bur Breamore Priory, Hampshire). [446]m secondly (1269) as his second wife, Sir ROBERT Aguillon of Watton, Hertfordshire (-12 Feb 1286).]

THOMAS II 1253-1259

THOMAS de Savoie, son of THOMAS I Comte de Savoie & his wife Marguerite [Beatrix] de Genève (Château de Montmélian [1202]-Chambéry 7 Feb 1259, bur Aosta Cathedral). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "tertius [filiorum comitis Thome de Sabaudia] Thomas" was "cassatus de episcopatu Laurensi et archiepiscopatu Lugdunensis"[447]. A charter dated 1224 records an agreement between "Thomæ com. Sabaud " and the bishop of Sion, witnessed by "ipse Thomas comes, Amedeus primogenitus illius, Comitissa uxor Thomæ, eorum quatuor filii clerici…Willelmus, Thomas, Petrus et Bonifacius"[448]. Canon at Lausanne 1224/27. Provost of Valence 1227. Canon at Lyon cathedral. "M. comitissa Sabaudie et marchisa in Ytalia et…Amedeus, Aymo, W. electus Valentinus, Thomas, Petrus, Bonifacius et Philippus filii Thome Comitis Sab. et marchionis in Ytalia" confirmed donations to Hautecombe abbey by charter dated 26 Feb 1231[449]. He resigned his ecclesiastical appointments in 1233. The testament of "Amedei comitis Sab. et marchionis Italie", dated 23 Sep 1235, appoints "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir "in comitatu et marchionatu" in default of male children[450]. This document by-passes Thomas´s older brother Aimon. He succeeded as THOMAS Count of Flanders and Hainaut in 1237, by right of his first wife, but returned to Savoy after she died[451]. The second testament of "Amedeus comes Sabaudie", dated 19 Jul 1238, repeats the nomination of "Thomam fratrem suum" as his heir, substituting "Philippum, huic autem Petrum fratres suos" if Thomas died without male heirs[452]. An indication of the precarious financial position of the counts of Savoy is provided by a third testament, dated 2 Nov 1240, made by Thomas´s son "Amadeus com Sab. et marchio in Italia" who repeated the nomination of "Thomæ, Flandriæ comiti, fratri suo" as his heir to "totius comitatus sui Sabaudiæ marchionatus Italiæ et ducatus Chablasii" if he died without male children, on condition that he satisfied all the debts of "Thomæ comitis patris et Humberti fratris ipsorum"[453]. This charter suggests that financial considerations may have played their part in Thomas´s appointment as heir, over his older brother Aymon, in light of Thomas´s profitable marriage with the Ctss of Flanders. His brother appointed him Conte [Marchese] del Piemonte in 1247, reserving for himself the sovereignty over the territory. The testament of "Thomæ de Sabaudia comitis" is dated 26 Jun 1248 and appoints as his heirs successively, in default of having his own children, "Petrum, Philippum electem Lugdunensem, Beatricem Provinciæ comitissam sororem suam…filium masculum Amadei comitis Sabaudiæ…Bonifacium Archiepiscopum Cantuariæ…Eduardum primogenitum Henrici Angliæ regis ex Eleonora regina, ipsius Thomæ nepte genitum"[454]. Emperor Friedrich II granted Moncalieri, Castelvecchio and other properties to Thomas in Nov 1248 and also appointed him imperial vicar in Italy[455]. He succeeded his brother in 1253 as THOMAS II Comte de Savoie, as regent or co-ruler with his nephew. "Edmondo Re di Sicilia figlio d'Enrico Re d'Inghilterra" invested "Conte Tomaso di Savoia di Lui Zio" as Principe di Capua by order dated "nella fiesta di S. Dionigio 1254"[456]. This must have been a short-lived and purely honorary appointment as Edmund's appointment as king of Sicily was not confirmed. Matthew of Paris reports that Comte Thomas died by poison[457]. The testament of "Conte Tommaso di Savoia" dated 26 Jun 1248 names "Filippo Eletto di Lione et Pietro suoi fratelli…Beatrice Contessa di Provenza di Lui Sorella…figlio Maschio del Conte Amedeo di Savoia suo fratello…Bonifazio Arcivescovo di Cantorbery…Edoardo figlio di Enrico Re d'Inghilterra e di sua Nipote la Regina Eleonora" as his heirs and remembers the souls of "Conte Tommaso di Lui Padre, e dei di Lui fratelli Umberto ed Aimone e Guglielmo Eletto di Valenza", witnessed by "Cardinale Ugone di S Theuderio del Titolo di Santa Sabina, Lui fratello Filippo Eletto di Lione, Rodolfo Eletto di Tarantasia e Giacomo Abate di Susa"[458].

m firstly (2 Apr 1237, without Papal dispensation despite consanguinity within the prohibited degrees[459]) as her second husband, JEANNE Ctss of Flanders and Hainaut, widow of Infante dom FERNANDO de Portugal, daughter of BAUDOUIN IX Count of Flanders [BAUDOUIN VI Comte de Hainaut], Emperor of Constantinople & his wife Marie de Champagne (Valenciennes 1200-Marquette near Lille 5 Dec 1244, bur Marquette). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Iohannam et Margaretam" as the two daughters of "Balduinus"[460]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Thome fratri comitis Sabaudie" as husband of "Iohanna", whom she married after the death of "Ferrandus"[461]. The Annales Blandinienses record the marriage in 1237 of "Iohannam comitissam Flandrie" with "Thomas avunculus reginarum Francie et Anglie"[462]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1244 of "Iohanna comitissa" and her burial at "Market"[463]. The Necrologio Sanctæ Waldetrudis records the death "Non Dec" of "Iohanne comitisse Flandrie et Hanoie"[464].

m secondly (1251 after Jun) BEATRICE Fieschi, niece of Pope INNOCENT IV, daughter of TEODORO Fieschi Conte di Lavagna & his wife Simone --- (-8/9 Jul 1283). Matthew of Paris dates this marriage to 1251 and specifies that the bride (unnamed) was the niece of Pope Innocent IV who arranged her marriage with Thomas de Savoie, ex-Count of Flanders[465]. The marriage was arranged as part of the process of reconciliation between Thomas's brother, Amédée IV Comte de Savoie, and Pope Innocent IV following the death of Emperor Friedrich II in 1250[466]. Her dowry consisted of the castles of Rivoli and Viana with Vallesuessia[467]. A charter dated 5 Jun 1254 confirms that "Beatrix Thomæ comitis uxor" appointed "abbatiam S. Juste Secusiæ" as her universal heir[468]. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Beatrici relictæ Thomæ de Sabaudia comitis..."[469]. The testament of "Adalasiæ relictæ Alberti junioris domini de Turre Pini et de Coloniaco", dated May 1273, bequeathed property to "…domine Comitisse del Borget consanguinee mee…Thome et Amedeo de Sabaudia filiis eiusdem…"[470]. The relationship between Beatrice and the testator has not yet been traced. The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 makes bequests "alla Contessa Beatrice di Lui Madre…"[471].

Comte Thomas II & his second wife had [six] children:

1. THOMAS de Savoie ([1252]-San Ginesio 16 May 1282). His parentage is confirmed by his own testament dated 14 May 1282 in which he is named "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia"[472]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[473], Thomas was born in Aug 1248 but this is clearly incorrect considering the date of his parents' marriage. Their marriage, as noted above, was linked to the reconciliation of the Savoy family with Pope Innocent IV which followed the death of Emperor Friedrich II in 1250. Given the enmity between the Papal and imperial factions during the emperor's lifetime, it is unlikely that Thomas's parents indulged in a premarital relationship. He succeeded his father in 1259 as THOMAS III Comte de Maurienne, Conte [Marchese] del Piemonte.

- see below, Part C. PRINCES of ACHAIA, CONTI del Piemonte.

2. AMEDEE de Savoie ([1253]-Avignon 16 Oct 1323, bur Hautecombe). A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…"[474]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[475], Comte Amédée V was born at Bourget-du-Lac 4 Sep 1249 but for the same reasons as cited in relation to the birth of his older brother Thomas (see above), this date looks unlikely. He succeeded his uncle in 1285 as AMEDEE V "the Great" Comte de Savoie.

- see below.

3. LOUIS de Savoie ([1254]-[10 Jan 1302/27 Apr 1303], maybe 8 Jan 1303). A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…"[476]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[477], Comte Louis was born in Oct 1250 but, for the same reasons as cited in relation to the birth of his older brother Thomas (see above), this date looks unlikely. Baron de Vaud, Seigneur de Moudon, de Romont, de Rue, de Contrey, de Saillon, de Nyon et d'Aubon in 1286, accorded him by his brother.

- BARONS de VAUD.

4. [CONTESSON de Savoie (-after 14 Jan 1264). The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Contissoni…Eleonoræ aliæ filiæ Thomæ comitis…"[478]. A later passage in the testament orders "Contissona filia Amedei comitis…Eleonoræ filiæ Thomæ fratris sui" to fulfil religious bequests. It is not clear therefore whether there is an error in the earlier part of the transcription which omits a reference to Contesson being the daughter of Amédée IV Comte de Savoie instead of his brother Thomas. The second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…"[479], which suggests that Thomas left only a single daughter Eléonore.]

5. ELEONORE de Savoie (-24 Aug 1296). The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, adds bequests to "…Contissoni…Eleonoræ aliæ filiæ Thomæ comitis…" and orders "Contissona filia Amedei comitis…Eleonoræ filiæ Thomæ fratris sui" to fulfil religious bequests[480]. A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…"[481]. "Amadeo de Sabaudia…Helienora sorore eiusdem" renounced her rights over the county of Savoy in favour of "Thome et Amedei fratrum suorum", with the consent of "domine B. comitisse matris sue", by charter dated 25 May 1273[482]. The preceding charter was ratified by "Louis Seigneur de Beaujeu" her husband by charter dated 26 May 1273[483]. "Lodovico de la Forest Signore di Beaujeu" reached agreement with "Tomaso di Savoia" concerning the dowry payment of "Eleonora Sorella di questo e moglie del detto Ludovico" by contract dated Aug 1274[484]. A charter dated [1/28] Nov 1282 records an agreement between the monks of Cluny and "Ludovicum dominum Bellijoci", and names “domina Helienor uxor domini Bellijoci predicti”[485]. The Anniversary Book of Notre-Dame de Beaujeu records the death "IX Kal Sep" of "domina Elyenors de Sabaudia, domina Bellijoci" and her donation to the church[486]. m (1270) LOUIS de Forez, son of RENAUD Comte de Forez [Albon] & his wife Isabelle de Beaujeu (-23 Aug 1295). He succeeded in 1272 as Seigneur de Beaujeu et de Dombes.

6. ALIX de Savoie (-1 Aug 1277). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

AMEDEE V 1285-1323, EDOUARD 1323-1329

AMEDEE de Savoie, son of THOMAS II Conte [Marchese] del Piemonte & his second wife Beatrice Fieschi (Bourget du Lac [1253]-Avignon 16 Oct 1323, bur Hautecombe). A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…"[487]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[488], Comte Amédée V was born at Bourget-du-Lac 4 Sep 1249 but for the same reasons as cited in relation to the birth of his older brother Thomas (see above), this date looks unlikely. The testament of "Adalasiæ relictæ Alberti junioris domini de Turre Pini et de Coloniaco", dated May 1273, bequeathed property to "…domine Comitisse del Borget consanguinee mee…Thome et Amedeo de Sabaudia filiis eiusdem…"[489]. He succeeded his uncle in 1285 as AMEDEE V "le Grand" Comte de Savoie, designated by the States-General as principal heir of his uncle, in place of his nephew Philippe who was senior in line but an infant. To calm the ambitions of this nephew, and of his own brother Louis, he ceded Turin and Pinerolo to the former and Vaud to the latter[490]. After negotiating with the Bishop of Geneva, he declared himself protector of Geneva 1 Oct 1285, challenging the authority of the Comte de Genève. He bought the château de Chambéry from Hugues de la Rochette in 1295 and established his main residence there, decorating it sumptuously with paintings by Giorgio d'Aquila[491], Hugonin Frenier and Jean de Grandson. After defeating the Dauphin de Viennois at Bellecombe, he obliged the Dauphin and the Comte de Genève to become his vassals under the Treaty of Annemasse[492]. He settled disputes in the Valais in 1301 with the Bishop of Sion. As a counterweight against continuing friction with the Habsburgs, he strengthened his alliance with France, receiving the Vicomté de Maulévrier in Normandy. However, following the French conquest of Lyon, Comte Amédée established closer relations with Emperor Heinrich VII [de Luxembourg], who was married to the sister of Comte Amédée's second wife and who appointed him Imperial Vicar of Lombardy and Conte di Asti[493]. He established suzerainty over the territories of his brother and nephew. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 appoints "Odorado suo figlio primogenito" as sole heir, and makes bequests to "Aymone suo Secundogenito…ed Eleonora, Margarita, ed Agnes sue figlie" as well as additional bequests if he has no male children by "Maria di Brabant, sua seconda Consorte" to his two (unnamed) daughters by his second wife, also naming "suo Primogenito…Bianca sua futura Sposa"[494]. A 14th century Chronicle of Geneva records the death "XVII Kal Nov…apud Avinionem" of "D. Amedeus comes Sabaudie" and his burial "Altecombe"[495].

m firstly (5 Jul 1272) SIBYLLE [Simone] de Bâgé Dame de Bâgé et de Bresse, daughter of GUY [II] Sire de Bâgé et de Bresse & his wife Beatrice di Monferrato dame de Saint-Bonnet (posthumously [5 Apr/20 Oct] 1255-28 Feb 1294). "Filippo Conte di Savoia e di Borgonia" and "Sibilla del fu Guidone Signore di Bugey Moglie d'Amedeo figlio del Conte Tomaso di Savoia nipote del detto Filippo" settled a dispute concerning the succession of "Alessandro figlio del fu Rinaldo Signore di Bugey" by contract dated 4 Jul 1272[496]. Dame de Miribel-en-Forez 1276. The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "ad Eleonora Moglie del Conte Guglielmo d'Auxerre sua figlia…a Margarita altra di Lei figlia…da costituirsele in dote in occasione di matrimonio…ad Agnes altra sua figlia…al di Lei Ventre pregnante…ad Aymone suo figlio…Odoardo suo figlio"[497].

Betrothed (1 Jan 1295 or before, contract broken before 28 Mar 1296) to ALIX de Viennois, daughter of HUMBERT de la Tour du Pin Dauphin de Viennois & his wife Anne Dauphine de Viennois (-Saint-Saturnin-du-Port 14 Nov 1309). "Beatrice figlia del Conte Pietro di Savoia Signore di Faussign" granted property to "Conte Amedeo di Savoia suo Cugino" as dowry for "Alisia figlia d'Umberto Delfino di Vienna futura Sposa di detto Conte Amedeo", in particular an expectation to "il Castello di Versoye" subject to the rights of "Guglielmo Signore di Gex e di Leona sua Madre", by charter dated 1 Jan 1295[498].

m secondly ([23 Oct 1297/1304]) MARIE de Brabant, daughter of JEAN I Duke of Brabant & his second wife Marguerite de Flandre ([1278/85] -after 2 Nov 1338, bur Brussels, Franciscan church). The Genealogia Ducum Brabantiæ Ampliata names (in order) "Mariam comitissam Sabaudie et Montium, et Margaretam [uxor] Henricus comes de Lusseleborch" as the two daughters of "Iohannes dux Lothoringie et Brabantie" & his second wife[499]. As Marie's second daughter gave birth to her first child in 1320, it is likely that Marie herself was born in the early part of the date range [1278/85] and that she married before 1300. "Maria di Brabant sua Sorella Moglie del detto Conte Amedeo" is named in a promise by "Gioanni Duca di Brabant" relating to the former's dowry, dated "il Luned avanti la divisione degli Apostoli 1304"[500]. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 names "Maria di Brabant, sua seconda Consorte"[501].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of the mistress of Comte Amédée V is not known.

Comte Amédée V & his first wife had nine children:

1. BONNE de Savoie ([1275]-1300). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. It is possible that Bonne died before 1294 as she is not mentioned in the testament of her mother. No issue by either marriage. The contract dated "a la Festa de' Santi Filippo e Giacomo 1303" between "Ugone di Borgonia" and "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" settled a dispute concerning the marriage contract between the former and the latter's (unnamed) daughter[502]. m firstly (1280) JEAN Dauphin de Viennois Comte d'Albon, son of GUIGUES VII Dauphin de Viennois Comte d'Albon [Bourgogne-Capet] & his wife Béatrix de Savoie (after 17 Jul 1264-Bonneville, Haute Savoie 24 Sep 1282, bur Faucigny, Chartreuse Monastery of Melans). m secondly (5 Jul 1283) as his first wife, HUGUES de Bourgogne Seigneur de Maubusson, son of HUGUES de Bourgogne Sire de Salins, Comte Palatin de Bourgogne & his wife Alix von Andechs-Merano Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne (-after Jun 1312).

2. ELEONORE de Savoie ([1279]-1324). The "Act of emancipation" of "Eleonora di Savoia" aged 12 by "Conte Amedeo di Savoia suo Padre" is dated 25 Jan 1292[503]. If this is correct, it is unlikely that her first child was born in 1292, as shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[504]. "Eleonora figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia e della Contessa Sibilla Moglie di Guglielmo di Chalon Conte d'Auxerre" renounced her rights of inheritance from her parents in favour of "suoi Padre e Madre, e di Oddoardo ed Aymone suoi fratelli" as part of the arrangements concerning her dowry, by charter dated "la festa di S. Vincenzo 1292"[505]. "Guglielmo di Chalon Conte d'Auxerres" donated property to "Eleonora figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia sua Moglie" in contemplation of marriage by charter dated 7 Jan 1292[506]. The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "il Conte Giov di ---e" and "la principessa Eleonora figlia del Conte Amedeo V di Savoia" notwithstanding 4^o consanguinity is dated 7 Jan 1291[507]. The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "ad Eleonora Moglie del Conte Guglielmo d'Auxerre sua figlia…"[508]. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 names "…Eleonora, Margarita, ed Agnes sue figlie"[509]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. m firstly (Papal dispensation 4^o 7 Jan 1291[510], 12 Jan 1292) GUILLAUME Comte d'Auxerre, son of JEAN de Salins Seigneur de Rochefort [Bourgogne-Comté] & his second wife Alix de Bourgogne [Capet] Ctss d'Auxerre ([1270]-killed in battle Mons-en-Puelle 1304). m secondly (1305) as his second wife, DREUX IV de Mello, Seigneur de Sainte-Hermine, son of DREUX III de Mello, Seigneur de Saint-Bris & his second wife Eustachie de Lusignan (-before 1317). m thirdly as his second wife, JEAN [I] Comte de Forez, son of GUY [VI] Comte de Forez & his wife Jeanne de Montfort ([1275/76]-3 Jul 1334).

3. JEAN de Savoie (-1284). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

4. BEATRIX de Savoie (-[7 Jan 1291/1294]). The Papal dispensation for the marriage of "Principessa Beatrice di Sav. figliuola del Conte Amedeo V di Sav." and "Principe Guglielmo figlio del Conte Amedeo di Geneva" notwithstanding 4^o consanguinity is dated 7 Jan 1291[511]. She presumably died soon after her betrothal. She is not named in the testament of her mother dated 1294[512]. Betrothed (Papal dispensation 7 Jan 1291) to GUILLAUME de Genève, son of AMEDEE II Comte de Genève & his wife Agnès de Chalon [Bourgogne-Comté] (-25 Nov 1320). He later married Béatrix's younger sister Agnès de Savoie.

5. EDOUARD de Savoie (Baugé 8 Feb 1284-Gentilly near Paris 4 Nov 1329, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "ad Aymone suo figlio…Odoardo suo figlio"[513]. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 appoints "Odorado suo figlio primogenito" as sole heir[514]. He fought with Philippe IV "le Bel" King of France at Cassel. He succeeded his father in 1323 as EDOUARD "le Libéral" Comte de Savoie. He granted numerous franchises to the communes. He was in vigorous conflict with the Dauphin de Viennois. Taking advantage of the revolt des Arves against the Bishop of Maurienne in 1326, Comte Edouard strengthened his power over the county and took over half the Bishop's revenues[515]. A 14th century Chronicle of Geneva records the death 4 Nov 1329 "in Francia apud Gentilliez" of "D. Eduardus comes Sabaudie" and his burial "Atecombe"[516]. The necrology of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne records the death "V Id Jan", "IV Kal Jun" and "II Non Nov…apud Gentyllie" of "dnus Edwardus comes Sabaudie"[517]. Presumably the first two dates relate to specific donations which Comte Edouard had made. m (Papal dispensation 21 Jun 1298, contract Paris 27 Sep 1307, château de Montbard, Côte d'Or 18 Oct 1307) BLANCHE de Bourgogne, daughter of ROBERT II Duke of Burgundy [Capet] & his wife Agnès de France ([1288]-Dijon 27 or 28 Jul 1348, bur Dijon, église des Cordeliers). The Continuatio of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in 1308 of "filius Sabaudie comitis Eduardus" and "sororem reginæ Navarræ...filiam ducis Burgundiæ"[518]. "Ugone Duca di Borgogna" promised to pay "Edoardo di Savoia figlio Primogenito emancipato del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" the dowry of "Bianca di Borgogna sua Sorella future Sposa del detto Edoardo" dated "la festa di S. Dionigi 1307"[519]. An agreement dated 27 Sep 1307 refers to the dowry of "Bianca Primogenita del Duca di Borgogna futuro Sposa di Edoardo [figlio Primogenito…del…Conte Amedeo di Savoia"[520]. The necrology of Maubuisson records the death "VI Kal Aug" of "domina Blancha quondam comitissa de Sabaudia"[521]. Comte Edouard & his wife had one child:

a) JEANNE de Savoie ([1310]-Château du Bois de Vincennes 29 Jun 1344, bur Dijon, église des Cordeliers). She claimed the succession to the county of Savoie on the death of her father but ceded her rights to her uncle Comte Aymon at Vincennes 29 Nov 1329. Vicomtesse de Limoges, as her dower, on her marriage in 1330. She renewed her claim to Savoie after her marriage, and allied herself with the Dauphin de Viennois against her uncle. By agreement 22 Nov 1339, she renounced her rights of succession in Savoie in return for an annual income of 6,000 livres. The testament of "Gioanna di Savoia Duchessa di Bretagna, e Vicontessa di Limoges figlia unica del Conte Odoardo di Savoia" dated 21 Jun 1344 chooses burial "nella Chiesa de P. P. Minori de Dyon…ove resta sepolta sua Madre", appoints "Filippo figlio del Re di Francia di Lei Cugino" as her heir, in particular to the county of Savoy, and in default "Carlo di Francia Duca di Normandia, e di Filippo Duca di Borgogna"[522]. m (Papal dispensation 10 Aug 1329, église Notre Dame, Chartres 21 Mar 1330) as his third wife, JEAN III "le Bon" Duke of Brittany, son of ARTHUR II Duke of Brittany & his first wife Marie Vicomtesse de Limoges (château de Champtoceaux, Maine-et-Loire 8 Mar 1286-Caen 30 Apr 1341, bur Ploërmel, église Notre Dame du couvent des Carmélites). He supported his wife's claim to the county of Savoie. No issue.

6. MARGUERITE de Savoie (-1339). The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "…a Margarita altra di Lei figlia…da costituirsele in dote in occasione di matrimonio…"[523]. "Margarita di Savoia" made a donation to "Conte Amedeo suo Padre" of a sum on money bequeathed to her under the last testament of "Dama Sibilla sua Madre" dated 6 Jan 1296[524], presumably as part of the arrangements for her forthcoming marriage. The contract of marriage between "Gioanni Marchese di Monferrato" and "Margarita di Savoia figlia del Conte Amedeo V di Savoia" is dated 23 Mar 1296[525]. A contract dated 14 Mar 1305 between "Marchese Manfredo di Saluzzo" as Governor of the Marquisate of Monferrato and "Margarita di Savoia figlia del Conte Amedeo Vedova del suddetto Marchese" confirmed her possession of the castles of Lanzo, Ciriè and Caselle as part of her dowry[526]. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 names "…Eleonora, Margarita, ed Agnes sue figlie"[527]. m (contract 23 Mar 1296) GIOVANNI I Marchese di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO VI Marchese di Monferrato & his third wife Infanta doña Beatriz de Castilla (Milan 1278-[9] Mar 1305). No issue.

7. AGNES de Savoie (-4 Oct 1322). The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "…ad Agnes altra sua figlia…"[528]. The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records the marriage of "Agnetem tertiam Amedei et Sibyllæ eius primæ uxoris filiam" and "Guillermus comes Gebennensis"[529]. "Agnese figlia emancipate del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" renounced her inheritance from her mother "fu Contessa Sibilla" in favour of her father by charter dated 2 Sep 1297[530], presumably in connection with the arrangements for her dowry, the document being dated three days after her marriage contract. The contract of marriage between "Guglielmo figlio del Conte Amedeo di Geneva" and "la Principessa Agnes figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" is dated 31 Aug 1297[531]. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 names "…Eleonora, Margarita, ed Agnes sue figlie"[532]. m (contract 31 Aug 1297[533]) GUILLAUME de Genève, son of AMEDEE II Comte de Genève & his wife Agnès de Chalon [Bourgogne-Comté] (-25 Nov 1320). He succeeded his father in 1308 as Comte de Genève.

8. AYMON de Savoie (Bourg-en-Bresse 15 Dec 1291-Château de Montmélian 22 Jun 1343, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 names "Aymone suo Secundogenito…"[534]. He succeeded his brother in 1329 as AYMON "le Pacifique" Comte de Savoie.

- see below.

9. child (Feb 1294-died at birth or soon after). The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "…al di Lei Ventre pregnante…"[535].

Comte Amédée V & his second wife had four children:

10. MARIE de Savoie (-before 7 May 1334). "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" gave a guarantee to "Ugone Delfino Signore di Faussign" relating to the promise to transfer "il Castello di Beaufort" on the marriage of the latter to "la figlia primogenita di detto Conte" by charter dated 15 Nov 1308[536]. The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records the marriage of "Mariam quartam Amedei et Mariæ secundæ eius uxoris filiam" and "Hugo Delphini frater, dominus Fucigniaci"[537]. The contract of marriage between "Amedeum comitem Sabaudie…Mariæ de Brabantia…unam de filiabus…Maria vel Catherina" and "Hugonem Dalphini dominum Fucigniaci" is dated 9 Sep 1309[538]. "Conte Amedeo di Savoia suo Padre" declared the emancipation of "Maria di Savoia" by charter dated 9 Sep 1309[539], which was the date of her marriage to Hugues. "Ugone Delfino di Vienna" granted property to "Maria figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia sua future Sposa" by charter dated 9 Sep 1309[540]. "Maria figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia e di Maria di Brabant Contessa di Savoia" renounced her rights of inheritance from her father and mother in favour of "Edoardo di Lei fratello" by charter dated 9 Sep 1310[541]. m (9 Sep 1309) HUGUES de la Tour et de Coligny Baron de Faucigny, son of HUMBERT I de la Tour [du Pin] Dauphin de Viennois & his wife Anne Dauphine de Viennois [Bourgogne-Capet] (-1329). No issue.

11. CATHERINE de Savoie ([1300/03]-Rheinfelden 30 Sep 1336, bur Königsfelden). The contract of marriage between "Leopoldo Duca d'Austria" and "Cattarina figlia del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" is dated 20 Apr 1310[542]. Her birth date range is estimated from the birth of her elder daughter in early 1320. The Continuatio Claustroneoburgensis records the death "pridie Kal Oct 1336" of "Katherina, relicta ducis Austrie Leupoldi, filia comitis Sabaudie", specifying that she was buried "in Chunigsveld"[543]. The necrology of Wettingen records the death "II Kal Oct 1337" of "Katharina duceyssa Austrie uxor ducis Lupoldi"[544]. m (contract 20 Apr 1310, Basel 26 May 1315) LEOPOLD I Duke of Austria, son of ALBRECHT I Duke of Austria, King of Germany & his wife Elisabeth von Görz-Tirol (4 Aug 1290-Strasbourg 28 Feb 1326, bur Königsfelden).

12. JEANNE de Savoie (after 27 Sep 1307-Thessaloniki [1365][545]). The primary source which confirms her original name has not yet been identified. Ioannes Kantakuzenus records that "e Sabaudia…Anna imperatrix" in Feb, the marriage being celebrated in Oct when Anna was crowned[546]. Her parentage is confirmed by another passage in the same source which names "fratrem meum germanium Sabaudiæ comitem", dated to 1341[547]. She adopted the name ANNA in Byzantium. Georgius Phrantzes names "Annam" as the second wife of "Andronicus"[548]. After the death of her husband in 1341, she became regent for her son. Ioannes Kantakuzenos was obliged to leave for northern Thrace to restore order following a Serbian invasion. During his absence, Alexios Apokavkos convinced Empress Anna that Kantakuzenos was her enemy and engineered his own appointment as prefect of Constantinople[549]. Ioannes Kantakuzenos declared himself emperor at Didymoteichon 26 Oct 1341, unleashing another civil war. Empress Anna solicited support from the west, sent an emissary to Avignon in summer 1343 indicating her submission to the Pope, and in Aug 1343 pawned the Byzantine crown jewels to Venice for 30,000 ducats to raise finances[550]. A final settlement with Kantakuzenos was agreed 8 Feb 1347, under which her son was recognised as co-emperor to rule as junior to Kantakuzenos for ten years after which they would rule equally[551]. She lived in Thessaloniki from 1351, reigning as empress in her own right, issuing decrees in her own name and minting her own coins[552]. Her last known official act was a donation to the convent of the Anargyroi in Thessaloniki in [1360]. She became a nun as ANASTASIA[553]. m (betrothed Sep 1325, Constantinople Oct 1326) as his second wife, co-Emperor ANDRONIKOS, son of co-Emperor MIKHAEL IX & his wife Rita [Maria] of Armenia (1296-15 Jun 1341). He succeeded in 1328 as Emperor ANDRONIKOS III after the forced abdication of his grandfather.

13. BEATRIX de Savoie (1310-20 Dec 1331). "Enrico Re di Boemia e di Polonia" nominated proxies to conclude his marriage to "Beatrice di Savoia Sorella de' Conti Aymone ed Edoardo di Savoia" by charter dated 3 Nov 1327[554]. The necrology of Wilten records the death "XIV Kal Jan 1331" of "Beatricis comitisse"[555]. m (by proxy 3 Nov 1327, 8 Jun 1328) as his third wife, HEINRICH VI Duke of Carinthia [HEINRICH II Graf von Tirol], ex-King of Bohemia [Görz], son of MEINHARD II Graf von Tirol, Duke of Carinthia & his wife Elisabeth von Bayern (-Schloß Tirol 2 Apr 1335, bur Stams). No issue.

Comte Amédée V had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

14. ARTURO (bur St Pantaleon in Bythinia). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

AYMON 1329-1343

AYMON de Savoie, son of AMEDEE V Comte de Savoie & his first wife Sibylle de Baugé (Bourg-en-Bresse 15 Dec 1291-Château de Montmélian 22 Jun 1343, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). The testament of "Sibilla Contessa di Savoia Dama di Bauge Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1294 grants bequests "ad Aymone suo figlio…Odoardo suo figlio"[556]. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Sep 1307 names "Aymone suo Secundogenito…"[557]. Canon at Lyon and Paris cathedrals, prior of Villemoûtier. He resigned his ecclesiastical appointments on the death of his older brother in 1329, succeeding him as AYMON "le Pacifique" Comte de Savoie, confirmed by the Treaty of Chambéry and by agreement of the States General of Savoy, setting aside the rights of his niece. The latter transferred her rights to Comte Aymon at Vincennes 29 Nov 1329[558]. Comte Aymon established a permanent Supreme Court at Chambéry by decree 29 Nov 1329. He inaugurated the position of Chancelier de Savoie 30 May 1330, as his main adviser. His niece revived her claim to the county of Savoie after her marriage in 1330 and allied herself with the Dauphin de Viennois against Comte Aymon[559]. However, Comte Aymon formed an alliance with the Dauphin after Philippe VI King of France's occupied the town of Sainte-Colombe near Vienne 17 Aug 1333. The alliance was confirmed by exchanging territory under a treaty 7 Sep 1337. Comte Aymon nevertheless provided military support to King Philippe VI in his war with Edward III King of England, sending troops to Amiens in Aug 1338. He represented the king of France in negotiating the Peace of Esplechin 23 Sep 1339, receiving 2,000 livres annually and the fiefdom of Maulévrier in return[560]. The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 chooses his burial "nella Chiesa di Santa Maria d'Alta Comba", names "Conte Amedeo di Lui Padre", makes bequests "al Bastardo di Beaujeu…ad Ogerio, ed Amedeo suoi figliuoli naturali…a Gio. altro suo figlio naturale…a Donata Monaca di Bons", orders that the claim by "Gioanna sua Nipote, figlia del Conte Odoardo di Savoia, Duchessa di Bretagna" to the county of Savoy be settled with the seal of the King of France, and nominates "Bianca sua figlia…Amedeo di Lui figlio Primogenito…Gioanni suo Secundogenito" as his heirs[561].

m (Casale 1 May 1330) VIOLANTA di Monferrato, Signora di Casella Ciria e Lanzo, daughter of TEODORO I Paleologo Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Argentina Spinola (Moncalvo Jun 1318-24 Dec 1342, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). The contract of marriage between "Conte Aymone di Savoia" and "la Principessa Violant figlia del Marchese Teodoro di Monferrato" is dated 1 May 1330[562]. Her marriage was arranged to seal the newly found peace between her family and the counts of Savoy, and on the basis that the latter would succeed to Monferrato in case of extinction in the male line of the Paleologo family[563]. An Order of "Comte Amé de Savoie" dated 7 Dec 1346 which confirms a legacy granted by "la Dame Violante de Montferrat Comtesse de Savoie sa mère" to "Guigone fille de Jean Pairolier d'Hinne"[564]. She died in childbirth.

Mistresses: ---. The names of the mistresses of Comte Aymon are not known.

Comte Aymon & his wife had five children:

1. AMEDEE de Savoie (Château de Chambéry 4 Jan 1334-Santo Stefano, near Castropignano, Apulia 1 Mar 1383, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). A 14th century Chronicle of Geneva records the birth 4 Jan 1334 of "Amedeus filius…D. Aymonis comitis Sabaudie…primogenitus"[565]. He succeeded his father in 1343 as AMEDEE VI "le Comte Vert" Comte de Savoie.

- see below.

2. BLANCHE MARIE de Savoie ([1335]-Pavia 31 Dec 1387, bur Pavia Santa Chiara). The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 nominates "Bianca sua figlia…Amedeo di Lui figlio Primogenito…Gioanni suo Secundogenito" as his heirs[566]. Dame de Yenne. The Chronicon of Pietro Azario records that "Domino Galeazio" married "Blancam…sororem…principis domini comitis Sabaudiæ"[567]. Negotiations took place in 1345 for the marriage of "la Sorella del Conte Amedeo VI di Savoia" and to one of the sons (unnamed) of Edward III King of England, as recorded in three letters from King Edward III to Louis de Savoie Baron de Vaud and Amédée III Comte de Genève, as regents of Amédée VI Comte de Savoie[568]. The Annales Mediolanenses record that "Dominus Archiepiscopus" arranged the marriage of "Domino Galeazio" and "Dominam Blancam de Sabaudia sororem…Principis Sabaudiæ" after recalling him from exile[569]. Her marriage was arranged to seal the alliance between her brother and the Visconti family, with whom he had enjoyed good relations since Galeazzo's exile at the court of Savoy from 1346 to 1349[570]. The contract of marriage between "Galeazzo Visconti di Milano" and "Bianca figlia del Conte Aimone di Savoia, Sorella del Conte Amedeo" is dated 18 Sep 1350[571]. She was granted the towns of Monza, Abiate, San Colombano, Graffignana, Binasco, Conzano, Gentilino and Corte Nuova, which she ceded to her son 24 Nov 1380. The testament of "domina Blanca de Sabaudia filia quondam bone memorie…principis domini Amonis comitis Sabaudie et relicta quondam…domini Galeaz Vicecomitis Mediolani Papie…imperialis vicarii generalis…" is dated 12 Nov 1387, and chooses burial "in ecclesia sancte Marie della Nunciata ordinis sancte Clare…in civitate Papie"[572]. Giovanni di Musso´s Chronicon Placentinum records the death in Jan 1387 in Pavia of "Domina Blanca mater…Domini comitis Virtutum et quondam soror Domini comitis Sabaudiæ" and her burial "in ecclesia monasterii monialium Sanctæ Claræ"[573]. m (contract 18 Sep 1350, Rivoli 28 Sep 1350) GALEAZZO II Visconti joint Lord of Milan, son of STEFANO Visconti joint Lord of Milan & his wife Valentina Doria ([1324/27]-Pavia 6 Aug 1378).

3. JEAN de Savoie (chr Voyron Sep 1338-1345, bur Chambéry, église des Cordeliers). The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 nominates "Bianca sua figlia…Amedeo di Lui figlio Primogenito…Gioanni suo Secundogenito" as his heirs[574].

4. CATHERINE de Savoie (1342-young before 11 Jun 1343). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

5. LOUIS de Savoie (Chambéry 24 Dec 1342-24 Dec 1342 or soon after). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

Comte Amédée V had seven illegitimate children by his Mistresses:.

6. OGIER [OGGERO] bâtard de Savoie (-after 1355). The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 makes bequests "…ad Ogerio, ed Amedeo suoi figliuoli naturali…a Gio. altro suo figlio naturale…a Donata Monaca di Bons"[575]. m firstly GIOVANNA di Meyra, daughter and heiress of GIOVANNI di Meyra & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly as her second husband, BERNARDE de Cevins, widow of AMAURY de Montfaucon, daughter of ANSEAU de Cevins & his wife --- (-after 1389). The primary source which confirms her parentage and three marriages has not yet been identified. She married thirdly as his second wife, Anseau [Antelme] III Sire de Miolans. Ogier & his first wife had one child:

a) UMBERTO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He is not mentioned in Europäische Stammtafeln[576].

7. MARIA bâtarde de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (betrothed 1335) ANDREA Buoncristiani, from Pisa.

8. AMEDEO bâtard de Savoie (-1346). The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 makes bequests "…ad Ogerio, ed Amedeo suoi figliuoli naturali…a Gio. altro suo figlio naturale…a Donata Monaca di Bons"[577].

9. HUMBERT bâtard de Savoie (-after 1366). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m firstly (28 Jun 1341) HENRIETTE d'Arvillars, daughter and heiress of PERONET d'Arvillars & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly MARGUERITE de Villette-Chevron, dame d'Orme, daughter of HUMBERT de Villette-Chevron & his wife Ancelize de Pentuerre. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Humbert & his first wife had three children:

a) CATHERINE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. m firstly (1358) GUILLAUME de Luyrieux, son of ---. m secondly (1380) BERLION de Rivoire, Seigneur de Romagnion.

b) ANTOINE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

c) HUMBERT de Savoie (-after 4 Jun 1422[578]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He was installed as Seigneur d'Arvillars 7 May 1364. m firstly MARGUERITE de Mouxi, daughter of JACQUES de Mouxi & his wife Nicolette de Cervens. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m secondly (27 Oct 1401) KATHARINA von Cles, daughter of ADELPRET von Cles. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Humbert & his first wife had one child:

i) BONNE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (15 Mar 1405) RAOUL de Villette-Chevron, son of ---.

Humbert & his second wife had two children:

ii) CATHERINE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (8 Dec 1422) JEAN Aleman, Seigneur de Miage.

iii) JEAN de Savoie (-[1469/79]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Seigneur d'Arvillars, de Molette et d'Orme. m CATHERINE de Villette-Chevron, daughter of ROBERT de Villette-Chevron & his wife Louise de Salleneuve. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Jean & his wife had one child:

(a) FRANÇOISE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Heiress of Arvillars, Molette and Orme in 1479.

Humbert & his second wife had one child:

d) AMEDEE de Savoie (-after 1400). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m MARGUERITE de Villette-Chevron, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Amédée & his wife had one child:

i) FRANÇOISE de Savoie . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

10. [DONATA (-after 11 Jun 1343). Nun at Bons en Bugey. The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 makes bequests "…ad Ogerio, ed Amedeo suoi figliuoli naturali…a Gio. altro suo figlio naturale…a Donata Monaca di Bons"[579]. The document does not specify directly that she was the illegitimate daughter of Count Aymon but the context suggests that this was probably the case.]

11. JEAN bâtard de Savoie. The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 makes bequests "…ad Ogerio, ed Amedeo suoi figliuoli naturali…a Gio. altro suo figlio naturale…a Donata Monaca di Bons"[580]. Canon at Lausanne cathedral 1341. Cantor at Geneva cathedral 1342/1349.

12. ANTOINE bâtard de Savoie (-1374). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

13. daughter (-before 15 Feb 1381[581]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Her marriage is shown in one table of Europäische Stammtafeln but as doubtful in another[582]. If it is correct, Huguenin must have been many years younger than his wife. m as his first wife, HUGONIN de Lucinge Seigneur de Lucinge, son of JEAN Seigneur de Lucinge & his first wife Nicolette de Soyrier (after 12 Dec 1352[583]-[11 Jun 1418/6 Aug 1419]). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[584], Hugonin de Lucinge was the son of his father's second marriage with Catherine de Ternier. However, if the date of the contract for this second marriage was 25 Jul 1362, as shown in the same table, Hugonin would not have been old enough to have had the six children who are mentioned there as living in 1382.

AMEDEE VI 1343-1383

AMEDEE de Savoie, son of AYMON "le Pacifique" Comte de Savoie & his wife Violanta di Monferrato (Château de Chambéry 4 Jan 1334-Santo Stefano, near Castropignano, Apulia 1 Mar 1383, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe). A 14th century Chronicle of Geneva records the birth 4 Jan 1334 of "Amedeus filius…D. Aymonis comitis Sabaudie…primogenitus"[585]. The testament of "Conte Aymone di Savoia" dated 11 Jun 1343 nominates "Bianca sua figlia…Amedeo di Lui figlio Primogenito…Gioanni suo Secundogenito" as his heirs[586]. He succeeded his father in 1343 as AMEDEE VI "le Comte Vert" Comte de Savoie, under a council of regency led by Amédée III Comte de Genève and Louis II de Savoie Baron de Vaud until Jan 1348[587]. He was known as "le Comte Vert" after the tournament of May 1353 at Bourg-en-Bresse where he appeared dressed entirely in green, and after which he used the colour green for his apartments, tents and sails[588]. His first cousin Jeanne de Savoie, widow of Jean III Duke of Brittany and daughter of Edouard Comte de Savoie, bequeathed her titular rights to the county of Savoie to Philippe de France Duc d'Orléans by testament before her death in Jun 1344, but Philippe VI King of France abandoned these rights in his son's name in favour of Comte Amédée VI at Chambéry 25 Feb 1346 in return for the castles of Milly and Bicêtre[589]. After Hugues de Genève Sire de Gex attacked Savoie, Comte Amédée captured Gex 11 Nov 1352, finally defeating Hugues at La Bâtie des Abrets in Apr 1354[590]. Under the Treaty of Paris agreed 5 Jan 1355 with Jean II "le Bon" King of France, Faucigny was transferred to Savoie and the frontier fixed between Savoie and Dauphiné[591]. Following the revolt of Jacques de Savoie Prince of Achaia, Comte Amédée captured Jacques at Pinerolo and confiscated all his territories in Piemonte, although these were returned under the treaty signed 2 Jul 1362[592]. He took possession of the county of Vaud in Jul 1359 after purchasing it from Catherine, daughter of Louis de Savoie Baron de Vaud[593]. He was invested as Vicar Imperial in Italy by Emperor Karl IV at Chambéry 13 May 1365, but renounced the Vicariat at Sion in 1367[594]. He undertook a crusade to the east in 1365, capturing Gallipoli 23 Aug 1366, but then sailed for Constantinople where he devoted his energy to rescuing his cousin Ioannes V Emperor of Byzantium who had been captured by Ivan Alexander Asen Tsar of the Bulgarians[595]. In 1368, Comte Amédée supported his wife's cousin Marie de Clermont, widow of Robert di Tarento Prince of Achaia and titular Emperor of Constantinople, in the civil war in Achaia but finally his mediation resulted in a settlement of the dispute[596]. He died of the plague while on campaign in the kingdom of Naples. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Feb 1383 chooses his burial "nella Chiesa dell'Abazia di Altacomba…ove sono sepolti gli altri suoi Progenitori", appoints as administrator and usufructuario of the county of Savoy "Bonna di Bourbon", appoints "Amedeo suo figlio" as his heir, and in default "Amedeo Principe d'Accaja suo Nipote", also naming "Ludovico suo Nipote"[597].

Betrothed (contract 7 Mar 1338) to MARGARETA of Bohemia, daughter of KARL of Bohemia Markgraf of Moravia [later Emperor KARL IV] & his first wife Blanche de Valois (24 May 1335-1349 before 7 Oct). "Gio. Re di Boemia" appointed representatives to negotiate the marriage between "la figlia di Carlo suo figlio" and "Amedeo di Savoia figlio del Conte Aymone" by charter dated 7 Mar 1337[598]. The contract of marriage between "Amedeo figlio del Conte Aimone di Savoia" and "Margarita figlia di Carlo figlio di Gio. Re di Boemia" is dated 7 Mar 1338[599].

Betrothed (contract 16 Jun 1347, Montréal en Auxois 8 Jun 1348, broken before 30 Mar 1354) to JEANNE de Bourgogne, daughter of PHILIPPE "Monsieur" de Bourgogne, Comte d'Artois & his wife Jeanne I Ctss d'Auvergne et de Boulogne (1344-château de Larrey-en-Montagne, near Châtillon, Côte d'Or 11 Sep 1360, bur Fontenay, église de l'Abbaye cistercienne). The contract of marriage between "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" and "la Principessa Gioanna figlia del fu Filippo di Borgogna" is dated 16 Jun 1347[600]. This betrothal became one of the issues of dispute in the count of Savoy's complex relationship with the kings of France, who were anxious to avoid Burgundy falling under the influence of Savoy, eventually resolved by the Treaty of Paris in Jan 1355[601]. It must have been terminated before 30 Mar 1354, the date of letters from Jean II King of France in which the king claimed the return of Jeanne de Bourgogne, following an agreement with Amédée VI Comte de Savoie to terminate the betrothal[602].

m (contract Paris, Hôtel de Saint-Pol Aug 1355, in person Chambéry Sep 1355) BONNE de Bourbon, daughter of PIERRE I Duc de Bourbon [Capet] & his wife Isabelle de Valois ([1340/42]-Château de Mâcon 19 Jan 1402). Jean King of France confirmed payments to "Bonna di Bourbon Moglie del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" relating to her dowry in 1363[603]. Her marriage was agreed under the Treaty of Paris between Jean II King of France and her future husband[604]. She was appointed regent of Savoy by her husband 3 Jan 1366-end 1367 during his absence on crusade. Her husband appointed her regent for their son in 1383, and the latter appointed her regent for her grandson Amédée VIII Comte de Savoie in 1391. She renounced her role in May 1395 and retired to Mâcon.

Mistress (1): ([1351/52]) ---. The name of the first mistress of Comte Amédée VI is not known.

Mistress (2): ([1381/82]) ANTOINETTE Chalvet, daughter of ---. Before becoming the mistress of Comte Amédée VI, she was the mistress of his son the future Comte Amédée VII. The primary source which confirms her origin and her relationships with Comte Amédée VI and Comte Amédée VII has not yet been identified.

Mistress (3): ---. The name of the third mistress of Comte Amédée VI is not known.

Comte Amédée VI & his wife had three children:

1. daughter (b and d Sep 1358). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

2. AMEDEE de Savoie (Château de Chambéry 24 Feb 1360-Château de Ripaille, Thonon 1 Nov 1391, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe, Saint-Pierre-de-Curtille, Savoie). The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Feb 1383 appoints "Amedeo suo figlio" as his heir[605]. He succeeded his father in 1383 as AMEDEE VII "le Comte Roux" Comte de Savoie.

- see below.

3. LOUIS de Savoie (1362-1365). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

Comte Amédée VI had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

4. ANTOINE bâtard de Savoie (1352-1374). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

Comte Amédée VI had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

5. JEANNETTE bâtarde de Savoie ([1382/83]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Franciscan nun at Chambéry.

Comte Amédée VI had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (3):

6. ANTONIA bâtarde de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. 1391.

AMEDEE VII 1383-1391

AMEDEE de Savoie, son of AMEDEE VI "le Comte Vert" Comte de Savoie & his wife Bonne de Bourbon (Château de Chambéry 24 Feb 1360-Château de Ripaille, Thonon 1 Nov 1391, bur Abbaye de Hautecombe, Saint-Pierre-de-Curtille, Savoie). The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 27 Feb 1383 appoints "Amedeo suo figlio" as his heir[606]. Comte de Bresse, known as "Amédée Monseigneur"[607]. He succeeded his father in 1383 as AMEDEE VII "le Comte Roux" Comte de Savoie. He acquired Nice in 1388, becoming Conte di Ventimiglia, Seigneur de Nice. He died from the effects of poisonous medication used to treat his baldness[608]. In his testament, he appointed his mother as regent for his son, instead of his wife, triggering a dispute which was settled by agreement 8 May 1393. The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1 Oct 1391 chose his burial "nella Chiesa del Monisterio d'Alta Comba", appointed "Bonna di Bourbon sua Madre li Legati…con consiglio di Lodovico Signore di Cossonay", made bequests to "Luchino di Saluzzo suo Scudiere…ad Umberto Bastardo di Savoia…con obbligo di riconoscerli in feudo da Amedeo di Lui figlio…a Bonna sua figlia…a Bonna di Berry sua Consorte" and appointed "Amedeo di Lui figlio" as his heir "sotto la tutela di detta Bourbon sua Madre col consiglio di detto Signore di Cossonay"[609].

m (contract Valence, Drôme 7 May 1372, Paris Hôtel Saint-Pol 18 Jan 1377) as her first husband, BONNE de Berry, daughter of JEAN [I] de France Duc de Berry & his first wife Jeanne d'Armagnac (1362-Carlat, Cantal 30 Dec 1435, bur Rodez église des Cordeliers). The contract of marriage between "Amedeo figlio del Conte Amedeo di Savoia" and "Bonna figlia del Duca Gio. de Berry figlio del Re di Francia" is dated 7 May 1372[610]. She arrived in Savoie in 1381. Passed over by her husband as regent for their son in favour of her mother-in-law, the ensuing dispute was settled by agreement 8 May 1393. Dame de Faucigny, by cession of her mother-in-law at Chambéry 4 May 1393. She married secondly (contract Château de Mehun-sur-Yèvre, Cher 2 Dec 1393) Bernard [VII] Comte d'Armagnac. Dame de Carlat, by cession of her father at Bourges Nov 1410. She renounced Faucigny in 1427 in favour of her son Amédée VIII Duke of Savoy.

Mistress (1): ([1378/79]) FRANÇOISE Arnaud, daughter of PIERRE Arnaud & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and relationship with Comte Amédée VII has not yet been identified.

Mistress (2): ([1380/81]) ANTOINETTE Chalvet, daughter of ---. After being the mistress of Comte Amédée, she was the mistress of his father Comte Amédée VI. The primary source which confirms her origin and her relationships with Comte Amédée VI and Comte Amédée VII has not yet been identified.

Comte Amédée VII & his wife had three children:

1. AMEDEE de Savoie (Chambéry 4 Sep 1383-Geneva 7 Jan 1451, bur Ripallo). The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1 Oct 1391 names "Amedeo di Lui figlio" as his heir "sotto la tutela di detta Bourbon sua Madre col consiglio di detto Signore di Cossonay"[611]. He succeeded his father in 1391 as AMEDEE VIII Comte de Savoie.

- see below, Chapter 2. DUKES of SAVOY.

2. BONNE de Savoie (11 Oct 1388-Castello di Stupinigi 4 Mar 1432, bur Pinerolo). The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1 Oct 1391 names "…a Bonna sua figlia…"[612]. The contract of marriage between "Lodovico di Savoia Principe d'Acaja figlio di Giacomo" and "Bonna di Savoia figlia Amedeo VII Conte di Savoia" is dated 24 Jul 1403[613]. The testament of "Bonna di Savooia Principessa d'Accaja" dated 19 Oct 1429 chooses her burial "nella Chiesa de' P. P. di S. Francesco di Pinerolo", appoints "Ludovico Bastardo d'Accaja" as her heir, and makes bequests to "Gioanna di Lei Sorella Marchesa di Monferrato…a Bonna di Berry sua Madre…il Duca Amedeo di Savoia di Lei Fratello"[614]. The testament of "Amedeo octavo Duca di Savoia" dated 6 Dec 1439 makes bequests to "P. P. Minori di Pinerolo, nella di cui Chiesa restano sepolti li Principi d'Acccaja, Amedeo di Lui Primogenito, e Bonna di Lui Sorella"[615]. m (contract 24 Jul 1403) LOUIS de Savoie Signore del Piemonte, titular Prince of Achaia, son of JACQUES de Savoie Signor del Piemonte, titular Prince of Achaia & his third wife Marguerite de Beaujeu (1364-11 Dec 1418). No issue.

3. JEANNE de Savoie (posthumously 16 Jul 1392-1460). The contract of marriage between "Gioanna di Savoia figlia del Conte di Savoia Amedeo VII e Sorella di Amedeo VIII primo Duca di Savoia" and "Gio. Giacomo figlio del Marchese Teodoro di Monferrato" is dated 24 Mar 1407[616]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 24 Apr 1411 which records the marriage of "Theodori marchionis Montisferrati…Jo. Jacobum filium" and "Amedei comitis Sabaudiæ…Joannam sororem"[617]. The testament of "Bonna di Savooia Principessa d'Accaja" dated 19 Oct 1429 makes bequests to "Gioanna di Lei Sorella Marchesa di Monferrato…"[618]. m (by proxy 22 Mar 1407, contract 24 Mar 1407, 24 Apr 1411) GIANGIACOMO Paleologo di Monferrato, son of TEODORO II Marchese di Monferrato & his second wife Jeanne de Bar (23 Mar 1395-12 Mar or [13 Sep] 1445). He succeeded his father in 1418 as GIANGIACOMO Marchese di Monferrato.

Comte Amédée VII had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

4. HUMBERT bâtard de Savoie ([1379]-Estavayer 15 Oct 1443, bur Estavayer). The testament of "Conte Amedeo di Savoia" dated 1 Oct 1391 made bequests to "…ad Umberto Bastardo di Savoia…con obbligo di riconoscerli in feudo da Amedeo di Lui figlio…"[619]. Seigneur de Romont (in Vaud) under the 6 Dec 1439 testament of his brother Amédée VIII Duke of Savoy[620]. Seigneur de Cudrelin, d'Etavayer, de Montagny et de Corbières. The testament of "Amedeo octavo Duca di Savoia" dated 6 Dec 1439 names "Umberto Bastardo di Savoia…"[621]. The testament of "Umberto Bastardo di Savoia Conte di Romont, Signore di Montagny, Corbieres, Grancour, e Cudrifin, e Consignore di Estanaje" dated 10 Dec 1440 chooses his burial "nella Chiesa della B. Vergine d'Estanaje", makes bequests to "Filippo di Savoia Conte di Geneva…a Bartolomeo Rolando suo fratello uterino…ad Antonio Anglico suo Nipote…ad Umberto di Glerens altro di Lui Nipote…a Antonio di Montagny…a Steffano ed Ottonino fratelli di Lavigny…a Claudio di Montfort ed a Rodolfo di Cossonay suoi Scuderi…ad Amedeo Championis, e ad Antonio di Lavigny altri suoi Scudieri…Duca Lodovico di Savoia", and appoints "il Vescovo di Losanna, Filippo di Savoia Conte di Geneva" as his executors[622].

Comte Amédée VII had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

5. JEANNETTE bâtarde de Savoie (1381-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (1405) ANDRE de Glerens Seigneur de Lyarens.

C. PRINCES of ACHAIA, SIGNORI del Piemonte

THOMAS [III] de Savoie, son of THOMAS [II] Conte [Marchese] del Piemonte & his second wife Beatrice Fieschi ([1252]-San Ginesio 16 May 1282). His parentage is proved by his own testament dated 14 May 1282 in which he is named "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia"[623]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[624], Thomas was born in Aug 1248 but this is clearly incorrect considering the date of his parents' marriage. Their marriage, as noted above, was linked to the reconciliation of the Savoy family with Pope Innocent IV which followed the death of Emperor Friedrich II in 1250. Given the enmity between the Papal and imperial factions during the emperor's lifetime, it is unlikely that Thomas's parents indulged in a premarital relationship. He succeeded his father in 1259 as Comte de Maurienne, Conte [Marchese] del Piemonte. A second testament of "Beatrix relicta…Dom. Reymundi Berengarii comitis provinciæ", dated 22 Feb 1264, adds bequests to "Thomam Amedeum et Ludovicum filios quondam Dom. Thome fratris mei…Alienore filie predicti comitis Thome…"[625]. The testament of "Conte Pietro di Savoia", dated Sep 1264 named "…filius quondam Thomæ de Sabaudia alterius fratris sui…major natu aliorum filiorum dicti Thomæ…"[626]. The testament of "Adalasiæ relictæ Alberti junioris domini de Turre Pini et de Coloniaco", dated May 1273, bequeathed property to "…domine Comitisse del Borget consanguinee mee…Thome et Amedeo de Sabaudia filiis eiusdem…"[627]. He acquired Pinerolo in 1274, and Turin, Collegno, Grugliasco and Pianezza in 1280. The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 chooses his burial "nel Monasterio d'Alta Comba", makes bequests "alla Contessa Beatrice di Lui Madre…alla…Gina sua Consorte" confirms a donation made to "Guglielmo de la Rochette" and appoints "Filippo di Lui figlio Primogenito" as his heir provided he provides sufficient appanages "agli altri suoi figliuoli Pietro, Tommaso, Amedeo e Guglielmo", appointing their mother as tutor for his sons with the assistance of "Arcivescovo di Lione Aymaro suo Cugino, Ottone Conte di Borgogna fratello della dta sua Consorte, e col Consiglio del Vescovo di Belley, ed Abbate di Susa"[628].

m (May 1274) GUYE de Bourgogne, daughter of HUGUES de Chalon Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Seigneur de Salins-sur-Saône & his wife Alix Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne [Andechs-Merano] (-24 Jun 1316). "Ottone di Borgonia Signore di Salins" reached agreement with "Tomaso di Savoia" concerning the dowry payment of "Guidetta sua Sorella Moglie del sudetto Tommaso" by contract dated "15 di Pentecoste 1274"[629]. Her origin is also confirmed by the testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 which names "…Gina sua Consorte" and appoints her as tutor for his sons with the assistance of "…Ottone Conte di Borgogna fratello della dta sua Consorte"[630]. A charter dated 24 May 1286 records the results of a commission relating to Piemonte and declarations by "Ludovicus de Sabaudia" and by "Guia de Burgundia relicata…domini Thome de Sabaudia…filiorum nostrorum…Philippi Petri Thome Amedei et Guillelmi"[631].

Comte Thomas III & his wife had five children:

1. PHILIPPE de Savoie (Susa 1278-23 Sep 1334). The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 appoints "Filippo di Lui figlio Primogenito" as his heir[632]. He succeeded in 1294 as Signore [Sovereign Lord] del Piemonte.

- see below.

2. PIERRE de Savoie (-Nov 1332). The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 names "agli altri suoi figliuoli Pietro, Tommaso, Amedeo e Guglielmo", appointing their mother as tutor for his sons with the assistance of "Arcivescovo di Lione Aymaro suo Cugino, Ottone Conte di Borgogna fratello della dta sua Consorte, e col Consiglio del Vescovo di Belley, ed Abbate di Susa"[633]. A charter dated 24 May 1286 records the results of a commission relating to Piemonte and declarations by "Ludovicus de Sabaudia" and by "Guia de Burgundia relicata…domini Thome de Sabaudia…filiorum nostrorum…Philippi Petri Thome Amedei et Guillelmi"[634]. Deacon at Salisbury and canon at Lyon in 1304. "Pietro di Savoia Decano di Salisbury in Inghilterra" issued a quittance to "Conte Amedeo di Savlia" dated "la festa di S, Giorgio 1304"[635]. Archbishop of Lyon 1308. He was expelled from Lyon in 1312 by Philippe IV "le Bel" King of France, but re-established in 1320 by King Philippe V[636]. Seigneur de Montfaucon 1324. Seigneur de Septème 1331. Pierre had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

a) JEAN (-1348). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Seigneur de Cuynes.

b) HUGUES. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Seigneur de Lemie e Usseglio. m BEATRICE, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.

3. THOMAS de Savoie (-Amiens Dec after 1340). The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 names "agli altri suoi figliuoli Pietro, Tommaso, Amedeo e Guglielmo", appointing their mother as tutor for his sons with the assistance of "Arcivescovo di Lione Aymaro suo Cugino, Ottone Conte di Borgogna fratello della dta sua Consorte, e col Consiglio del Vescovo di Belley, ed Abbate di Susa"[637]. A charter dated 24 May 1286 records the results of a commission relating to Piemonte and declarations by "Ludovicus de Sabaudia" and by "Guia de Burgundia relicata…domini Thome de Sabaudia…filiorum nostrorum…Philippi Petri Thome Amedei et Guillelmi"[638]. Canon at Amiens.

4. AMEDEE de Savoie (-after 1340). The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 names "agli altri suoi figliuoli Pietro, Tommaso, Amedeo e Guglielmo", appointing their mother as tutor for his sons with the assistance of "Arcivescovo di Lione Aymaro suo Cugino, Ottone Conte di Borgogna fratello della dta sua Consorte, e col Consiglio del Vescovo di Belley, ed Abbate di Susa"[639]. A charter dated 24 May 1286 records the results of a commission relating to Piemonte and declarations by "Ludovicus de Sabaudia" and by "Guia de Burgundia relicata…domini Thome de Sabaudia…filiorum nostrorum…Philippi Petri Thome Amedei et Guillelmi"[640]. Archdeacon at Reims in 1320.

5. GUILLAUME de Savoie (-[1326]). The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 names "agli altri suoi figliuoli Pietro, Tommaso, Amedeo e Guglielmo", appointing their mother as tutor for his sons with the assistance of "Arcivescovo di Lione Aymaro suo Cugino, Ottone Conte di Borgogna fratello della dta sua Consorte, e col Consiglio del Vescovo di Belley, ed Abbate di Susa"[641]. A charter dated 24 May 1286 records the results of a commission relating to Piemonte and declarations by "Ludovicus de Sabaudia" and by "Guia de Burgundia relicata…domini Thome de Sabaudia…filiorum nostrorum…Philippi Petri Thome Amedei et Guillelmi"[642]. Abbot of Saint-Michel-de-la-Cluse 1310.

Comte Thomas III had three possible illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

6. [LANCELLETTO . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]

7. [FRANCESCO (-after [1362/63]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Seigneur de Bard-de-Mer 1362/63.] m ---. The name of Francesco's wife is not known. Francesco & his wife had one child:

a) PEROTTO [Peretto] (-after 1369). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

8. [NICCOLÒ (-after [1336/40]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Seigneur de Bard-de-Mer.]

PHILIPPE de Savoie, son of THOMAS [III] de Savoie Conte [Marchese] del Piemonte & his wife Guye de Chalon [Bourgogne-Comté] (Susa 1278-23 Sep 1334). The testament of "Tommaso Primogenito del Conte Tomaso di Savoia" dated 14 May 1282 appoints "Filippo di Lui figlio Primogenito" as his heir[643]. A charter dated 24 May 1286 records the results of a commission relating to Piemonte and declarations by "Ludovicus de Sabaudia" and by "Guia de Burgundia relicata…domini Thome de Sabaudia…filiorum nostrorum…Philippi Petri Thome Amedei et Guillelmi"[644]. He succeeded in 1294 as Signore [Sovereign Lord] del Piemonte. As an infant, he was passed over by the States General as Comte de Savoie in 1285 on the death of his great uncle, in favour of his uncle Amédée V, despite being the senior male representative of the family. Comte Amédée V accorded him Turin and Pinerolo in 1286 as compensation[645]. A charter dated 24 Feb 1295 records "Philippus de Sabaudia" taking possession of the lordship of Piemonte[646]. Prince of Achaia 23 Feb 1301, by right of his first wife. His rule in Achaia was marked by despotism and self-interest. Having refused to help Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] in his 1305 attempt to capture Epirus, the king finally deposed him 5 Jun 1306[647]. He left Greece and received in exchange the county of Alba on the Adriatic coast of Italy by agreement 11 May 1307. A charter dated 11 May 1307 records the agreement between "domini Karoli secundi…Jerusalem et Sicilie regis" and "dominus Philippus de Sabaudia" settling their differences[648]. Despite this agreement, Philippe continued using the title Prince of Achaia after his return to Italy. "Ser Phylippus de Sabaudia Princeps Achaye et Isabella Principissa" are included in the list of Barons "de Romania" with whom Venice maintained relations in 1313[649], demonstrating that the republic of Venice continued to recognise the titles and positions of Philippe and his wife even after they left Greece. "Mayffredus marchio Saluciarum pro se et Fredelicho filio suo" and "dominus Philippus de Sabaudia princeps Achaye" agreed the division of "marchionatus Montisferrati" by charter dated 30 Mar 1314[650]. The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 appoints as his heirs "Margarita, Alasia, Eleonora, e Gioannetta sue figlie nelle loro rispettive Doti" and "Agnesia, ed Isabella altre sue figlie…e nelle doti da costituirsi" and "Amedeo, Tomaso, ed Edoardo suoi figliuoli", and as his main heir "Giacomo di Lui figlio P.o Genito", naming "Principessa Cattarina di Vienna, Loro Madre in Tutrice, e Governatrice"[651].

m firstly (Rome 12 Feb 1301, separated 1307) as her third husband, ISABELLE de Villehardouin Pss of Achaia, widow firstly of PHILIPPE of Sicily titular King of Thessaloniki and secondly of FLORENT de Hainaut Stadhouder of Zeeland Sire de Braine-le-Comte, daughter and heiress of GUILLAUME II de Villehardouin “le Grand Dent” Prince of Achaia & his second wife Anna Angela Komnene ([1260/63]-23 Jan 1312). The Livre de la Conqueste de la Morée records the marriage of “monseignor Philippe de Savoye, fils jadis dou conte Thomas de Savoye qui fu occis par traïson d´un carel d´arbalastre…sires de Pinerol et de Thurin et de celle contrée de Piémont” and “la princesse Ysabeau”[652]. Pss of Achaia 1289-1307. She and Comte Philippe were forced to renounce the Principality of Achaia 11 May 1307 in favour of her first husband’s nephew Philippe of Sicily Principe di Tarento. Isabelle separated from her husband, but continued to protest the loss of Achaia from Hainaut where she was living in spring 1307. She was created Lady of Kalamata in 1308 by Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet]. She affirmed her rights, and those of her daughter Mathilde de Hainaut, over Achaia 29 Apr 1311 at Valenciennes.

Betrothed ([23 Jan/7 May] 1312) to KATHARINA von Habsburg, daughter of ALBRECHT I King of Germany, Duke of Austria & his wife Elisabeth von Görz-Tirol (Oct 1295-Naples 18 Jan 1323, bur Naples San Lorenzo Maggiore). Her first betrothal is referred to in the State Archives "Matrimonio tra Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Acaia e Catterina d'Hasbourg (non ebbe effetto)"[653]. It must be dated to early 1312 between the death of Philippe de Savoie's first wife and the date of his second marriage.

m secondly (7 May 1312) CATHERINE de Viennois, daughter of HUMBERT I Dauphin de Viennois [de la Tour du Pin et de Coligny] & his wife Anne Dauphine de Viennois [Bourgogne-Capet] (-9 Dec 1337). The Aymari Rivalli De Allobrogibus records the marriage of "Catharina Delphini filia" and "Philippo…Sabaudo Achaiæ principi"[654]. "Gio. Delfino di Vienna" made two declarations relating to payment of the agreed dowry to "Filippo di Savoia Principe di Acaja" relating to his marriage to (in one declaration) "Cattarina sua Sorella future Sposa di detto Filippo di Savoia" and (in the other) "Cattarina di Lui Sorella Moglie del detto Principe Filippo", both dated 7 May 1312[655], the difference in the description of the bride in the two documents suggesting that one was written before the marriage took place on that date and the other after. The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 appoints "Principessa Cattarina di Vienna, Loro Madre in Tutrice, e Governatrice"[656]. "Conte Aymone di Savoia" confirmed the appointment by "Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" of "Cattarina di Vienna sua Moglie" as tutor of "Giacomo, Amedeo, Tomaso ed Edoardo Loro figliuoli" by agreement dated 20 Oct 1334[657].

Comte Philippe III & his first wife had [three] children (Europäische Stammtafeln shows another unnamed daughter by Philippe's first marriage married to Charles of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] Prince of Achaia[658]. This presumably results from confusion with Mathilde de Hainaut, daughter of Isabelle de Villehardouin by her second husband Florent de Hainaut Sire de Braine, who was heiress of Morea and betrothed to Charles):

1. [MARIE de Savoie (1301-after 1308). Europäische Stammtafeln shows this eldest daughter[659]. However, the primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. The charter dated [24 Dec 1303/29 Feb 1304], in favour of her sister Marguerite (see below), suggests that the latter was Philippe and Isabelle´s oldest daughter. This leaves open the question of Marie´s existence.]

2. MARGUERITE de Savoie (Feb 1303-after 8 Dec 1371). "Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Achaia ed Isabella sua Consorte" renounced "Castelli, giurisdizioni e pertinenze di Cariteyne e Bossorolet" [Karytena and Bucelet] in favour of "Margarita Loro figilia" for her life by charter dated [24 Dec 1303/29 Feb 1304][660]. She was required to cede them back to Achaia after her father was deposed as prince in return for land near Alba, which yielded 200 gold ounces a year for her future dowry, granted by Charles II King of Sicily[661]. She ceded her rights in the principality of Achaia to her half-brother Jacques de Savoie[662]. Her first betrothal is suggested by the proxy dated 4 Mar 1306 issued by "Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja e Isabella di Lui Consorte" appointing "Guglielmo Provana e Chialaberto di Lusema" to negotiate the marriage between "Carlo figlio Primo Genito di Filippo Re di Sicilia" and "Margarita di Savoia Loro figlia"[663], although it is not known whether the negotiations were finalised into a marriage contract. The contract of marriage between "nobilem Raynaudum de Forisio, natum…domini Johannis comitis Forensis" and "nobilem Margaritam filiam…domini Philippi de Sabaudia principis Achaye" is dated 3 May 1324[664]. The testament of "Joannes comes Forensis", dated 16 Aug 1324, appoints "filium meum Raynaudum" as his heir in seven castles in anticipation of his marriage contracted with "Margaritam filiam domini Philipi de Sabaudia principis Achaye" and in the inheritance of "quondam Alisie de Viannesio matris sue"[665]. The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 appoints as his heirs "Margarita, Alasia, Eleonora, e Gioannetta sue figlie nelle loro rispettive Doti…"[666]. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. [Betrothed (proxy granted 4 Mar 1306) to CHARLES di Tarento, son of PHILIPPE of Sicily Principe di Tarento, Despot of Romania [Anjou-Capet] & his first wife Thamar Angelina Komnene Dukaina of Epirus ([1296]-killed in battle Montecatini, between Pistoia and Lucca 29 Aug 1315). Despot of Epirus, Vicar of Romania 1313. He was killed during fighting between rival Florentine factions[667].] m (contract 3 May 1324, 10 Jun 1324) RENAUD de Forez Seigneur de Malleval, de Rocheblaine et de Saint-Germain-Laval, son of JEAN [I] Comte de Forez [Albon] & his first wife Alix de Viennois [de la Tour du Pin] (-[1369/70]).

3. ALICE de Savoie (-1368). The "community of Novello and Sineo" ratified the marriage contract between "Manfreddo del Caretto Marchese di Savona Signore di detti luoghi" and "Alasia figlia di Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" by charter dated 14 Dec 1325[668]. The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 appoints as his heirs "Margarita, Alasia, Eleonora, e Gioannetta sue figlie nelle loro rispettive Doti…"[669]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. m firstly (contract, 7 Oct 1324, ratified 14 Dec 1325) MANFREDO del Carretto Marchese di Savona Signore di Novello e Sineo, son of --- [Monferrato-Saluzzo] & his wife ---. m secondly (26 Sep 1354) as his second wife, ANTELME d'Urtières dit de Miolans, Seigneur de Saint-Hélène-du-Lac, son of [JEAN d'Urtières Vidame de Genève & his wife Mabilie ---] (-after 1363). Seigneur d'Urtières et de Chamousset 1363.

Comte Philippe III & his second wife had ten children:

4. JACQUES de Savoie ([6/16] Jan 1315-Pinerolo 14 May 1367). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names as his main heir "Giacomo di Lui figlio P.o Genito"[670]. He succeeded his father in 1334 as titular Prince of Achaia, Signore [Sovereign Lord] del Piemonte.

- see below.

5. ELEONORE de Savoie (-Oct 1350). "Fredericus de Saluciis filius…Manfredi marchionis Saluciarum" granted a licence for the marriage of "Philippi de Sabaudia principis Achaye…unam ex filiabus ipsius" and "Manfredum filium ipsius M. marchionis" by charter dated 4 Jul 1326[671]. The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 appoints as his heirs "Margarita, Alasia, Eleonora, e Gioannetta sue figlie nelle loro rispettive Doti…"[672]. m (consent granted 4 Jul 1326, 1333) MANFREDO di Saluzzo Signore di Mulazzano, Carde e Carmagnola, son of MANFREDO IV Marchese di Saluzzo & his second wife Isabella Doria ([1310/12]-[8 Aug 1389/1392]). He deposed his nephew in 1341 and succeeded as MANFREDO V Marchese di Saluzzo. He was deposed 27 Mar 1344, restored 13 May 1344 but deposed definitively in 1346.

6. JEANNE de Savoie ([1316/18]-after 3 Nov 1355). "Amedeo di Poitiers" confirmed that "Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" had paid the dowry of "Gioanna figlia di detto Principe e Moglie del suddetto Amedeo di Poitiers" by charter dated 29 Jan 1333[673]. Her birth date range is estimated from the mention of her oldest son in 1334[674]. The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 appoints as his heirs "Margarita, Alasia, Eleonora, e Gioannetta sue figlie nelle loro rispettive Doti…"[675]. m (before 22 May 1330) AMEDEE de Poitiers Seigneur de Saint-Vallier, son of AYMAR [IV] de Poitiers Comte de Valentinois & his second wife Marguerite de Genève (-[1349/18 Aug 1350]).

7. AMEDEE de Savoie (-13 Jun 1376). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names "Amedeo, Tomaso, ed Edoardo suoi figliuoli"[676]. Canon at Orléans and Lyon. Bishop of Saint-Jean de Maurienne 2 Apr 1349. Signore di Cumiana 1367/1370. Amédée had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

a) JEANNETTE de Savoie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (1391) JEAN de Montroux, son of ---.

8. BEATRICE de Savoie (-1340). She is not named in her father's testament dated 9 Jun 1330[677]. The Papal dispensation dated 30 Apr 1331 permitted the marriage of "Umberto di Vilars" and "Beatrisina figlia di Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" despite 3^o consanguinity[678]. "Filippo di Savoia" declared that he had not paid the dowry to "Umberto di Vilars" relating to his marriage to "Beatrice figlia di detto Filippo e Moglie del detto Umberto", by charter dated 10 Sep 1334[679]. The testament of "Beatrice di Savoia Dama di Thoire e di Villars" dated 28 Oct 1339 appoints as her heirs the children to be born from her marriage, or if there are none "il de Lei Marito, ed Odoardo di Savoia fratello di essa Testatrice"[680]. m (Papal dispensation 3^o 30 Apr 1331, 10 Sep 1334) as his first wife, HUMBERT [V] de Thoire-Villars, son of HUMBERT [IV] Sire de Thoire et de Villars & his wife Eléonore de Beaujeu [Forez] (-18 Aug 1372). He succeeded his father in 1336 as Sire de Thoire et de Villars.

9. AGNES de Savoie (-28 Nov [1384]). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names "Agnesia, ed Isabella altre sue figlie…e nelle doti da costituirsi"[681]. "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" undertook to pay "Gio. Signore de La Chambre" the dowry for "Agnese sua Sorella Moglie di detto Signore de La Chambre" by charter dated 2 May 1350[682]. A second necrology of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne records the death "IV Kal Dec" of "dne Agnetis de Sabaudia olim relicte bone memorie dni Johannis dni Camere" and her donation "anno 1384" (unclear whether the year refers to the death or the donation)[683]. m (Jan 1343) as his third wife, JEAN [II] de la Chambre Sire de la Chambre, Vicomte de Maurienne, son of RICHARD [II] Sire de la Chambre, Vicomte de Maurienne & his wife Marie de Linerais (-after 22 Nov 1355).

10. ISABELLE de Savoie (-[1370]). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names "Agnesia, ed Isabella altre sue figlie…e nelle doti da costituirsi"[684]. Abbess of the convent of San Giacomo at Pinerolo. According to Europäische Stammtafeln she was her father's daughter by his first marriage[685]. However, the order in which she is named in her father's testament suggests that she was younger than her sister Agnes. The same table in Europäische Stammtafeln also shows her marriage to Jean de la Chambre Seigneur de Laville, but there is probably confusion with her sister Agnès who was the third wife of Jean de la Chambre according to another table[686]. She was unmarried 9 Jan 1330, the date of the testament of her father which names (in order) his daughters Marguerite, Alice, Eléonore, Jeannette (all of whom had received dowries), and Agnes and Isabelle his "other daughters" to whom larger bequests were made to provide for their dowries[687].

11. THOMAS de Savoie (1329-after 6 Oct 1360). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names "Amedeo, Tomaso, ed Edoardo suoi figliuoli"[688]. Signore di Pianezza 1331. Bishop of Turin 10 Nov 1348. Signore di Soliers 1355.

12. EDOUARD de Savoie (before 9 Jun 1330-1395). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names "Amedeo, Tomaso, ed Edoardo suoi figliuoli"[689]. Monk at Sion from 18 Feb 1346. Abbot of San Giusto and Prior of Borghetto 1366. Seigneur de Conteis et de Chillon 1370. Bishop of Belley 1370. Bishop of Sion 1374. Archbishop of Tarantasia 23 Mar 1386.

13. AYMON de Savoie (after 9 Jun 1330-after 13 Mar 1398). He is not named in his father's testament dated 9 Jun 1330[690]. His father bequeathed him the fief of Fiano in the 18 Sep 1334 codicil of his testament[691]. The testament of "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" dated 16 May 1366 names "…Aimone fratello del dto Principe Giacomo"[692]. Signore di Cumiana e Cavallermaggiore 19 Mar 1378. Luogotenente of the Castillo di Villafranca for the Comte de Savoie. The testament of "Aymone di Savoia Signore di Villafranca figlio di Filippo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" dated 13 Mar 1398 makes bequests to "Menzia di Lui Consorte…Giorgio d'Airasca suo Scudiere…Leonetta figlia di Gioannone de' Marchesi di Ceva"[693]. m (before 11 Nov 1385) MENCIA di Ceva, daughter of ODDONE Marchese di Ceva & his wife Eleonora del Caretto [Saluzzo] (-after 11 Jan 1434). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Amédée Comte de Savoie gave permission for the return of Mencia's dowry dated 11 Nov 1385[694], which appears to imply the breakdown of the marriage before that date.

Comte Thomas III had four llegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

14. BEATRICE bastarda di Savoia. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m GUGLIELMO Pettiti, from Villafranca.

15. FRANCESCA bastarda di Savoia. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m MARTINO di Machierat, son of ---.

16. ANTONIO bastardo di Savoia. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Priest.

17. ANTELMO [Lantelmo] bastardo di Savoia detto "il Bastardo di Acaia" (-after 1369). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Signore di Collegno e Altezzano Inferiore 7 Feb 1320.

- see below, Part F. SIGNORI di COLLEGNO e ALTEZZANO.

JACQUES de Savoie, son of PHILIPPE de Savoie Signore del Piemonte, Prince of Achaia & his second wife Catherine de Viennois ([6/16] Jan 1315-Pinerolo 14 May 1367). The testament of "Filippo di Savoia Primogenito del fu Tomaso de Savoia, Signore nelle parti del Piemonte" dated 9 Jun 1330 names as his main heir "Giacomo di Lui figlio P.o Genito"[695]. His half-sister Marguerite de Savoie ceded her rights in the principality of Achaia to him[696], although he had no hereditary right to the territory as Marguerite's title devolved from her mother. He succeeded his father in 1334 as titular Prince of Achaia, Signore [Sovereign Lord] del Piemonte. He challenged the authority of Robert of Sicily, Principe di Tarento, as Prince of Achaia during the early 1340s[697]. He challenged the authority of Amédée VI "le Comte Vert" Comte de Savoie, who captured Jacques at Pinerolo and confiscated all his territories in Piemonte. These were returned under the treaty signed 2 Jul 1362[698]. The testament of "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" dated 16 May 1366 names "Principe Filippo di Lui Padre, e Principessa Cattarina di Lui Madre", bequeaths the dowry under the contract of marriage of "Principessa Margarita de Beaujeu", names as his heirs "Filippo di Lui figlio nato dalla Principessa Sibilla di Beaux sua Seconda Consorte…Ludovico altro di Lui figlio nato dalla detta Principessa Margarita di Beaujeu…Aimone fratello del dto Principe Giacomo", and constitutes dowries for "alle figlie…alla Primogenita…", and names as his principal heir "il Principe Amedeo di Lui figlio Primogenito, nato dalla detta Principessa Margarita di Beaujeu"[699].

Betrothed (contract 5 Mar 1337) to BEATRICE di Saluzzo, daughter of TOMMASO II Marchese di Saluzzo & his wife Riccarda Visconti ([1329]-). The contract of marriage between "dominam Caterinam de Vienna principissam Achaie et Jacobum filium suum" and "dominum Thomam de Salutiis…Beatrisinam filiam ipsius domini" is dated 5 Mar 1337[700].

m firstly (by proxy 18 Dec 1338, 22 Jan 1339) BEATRICE d'Este, daughter of RINALDO II d'Este Signore di Ferrara e Modena & his wife Lucrezia di Barbiano (-Ivrea 10 Feb 1339). By charter dated 18 Dec 1338, "Conte Aymone di Savoia" appointed "Umberto di Vileta Signore di Chevron ed Aimone di Verdon" as proxies to confirm all obligations agreed by "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaia" relating to the dowry of "Beatrice figlia Rainaudo Marchese di Ferrara"[701]. An agreement dated 22 Jan 1339 between "Beatrice figlia del fu Marchese Renaldo d'Este" and "Obizione e Nicolao Marchesi d'Este" relates to the payment of dowry to "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaia"[702]. Although the wording of these documents do not confirm that this marriage ever took place (and the evident problems relating to the dowry suggest that negotiations were difficult), the 16 May 1366 testament of Prince Jacques names "…Principessa Sibilla di Beaux sua Seconda Consorte…" and therefore indicates that he was married before, presumably to Beatrice[703].

m secondly (contract 9 Jun 1339) SIBYLLE de Baux, daughter of RAYMOND I Sire de Baux Conte d'Avellino & his second wife Stephanette des Baux (-before 16 May 1361, bur Marseille, église des Franciscains). The 16 May 1366 testament of Prince Jacques names "…Principessa Sibilla di Beaux sua Seconda Consorte…"[704]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

m thirdly (contract 16 Jul 1362, Episcopal dispensation 18 Jul 1362[705]) MARGUERITE de Beaujeu dame de Berzay, daughter of EDOUARD [I] Sire de Beaujeu [Forez] & his wife Marie du Thil (20 Dec 1346-Jan 1402). The contract of marriage between "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" and "la Damigella Margarita di Beaujeu" is dated 16 Jul 1362[706]. A dispensation for the marriage between "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" and "Margarita figlia del fu Edoardo Signore di Beaujeu" was granted by "Amedeo di Savoia Vescovo di Moriena Subdelegato Apostolico" 18 Jul 1362[707]. Her marriage was agreed as a condition of the treaty of 2 Jul 1362 which settled the dispute between her future husband and Amédée VI Comte de Savoie. She conspired to exclude her step-son from the succession in Piemonte, in favour of her own sons[708]. "Margarita de Bello joco relicta…d. Jacobi de Sabaudia principis Achaye" protested against "dominus Philippus de Sabaudia" to "Amedei et Ludovici de Sabaudia" by charter dated Sep 1368[709]. After the suppression of the rebellion of her stepson, she was obliged to resign the guardianship of her infant sons in 1369 in return for an annual pension of 3,000 florins, and was interned in a Franciscan convent[710]. The testament of "Margarita di Beaujeu Vedova di Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" dated 21 Oct 1388 chooses her burial "nella Chiesa de' P. P. Minori di S. Francesco di Pinerolo…in cui resta sepolto suo Marito" and names as her heirs "Amedeo Principe d'Accaja suo figlio primogenito…Lodovico secundo Genito" and, in default of male descendants, "Gioanni Signore di Thyl di Lei Zio, e suoi Figliuoli"[711].

Signore Jacques & his second wife had two children:

1. PHILIPPE de Savoie (Aug 1340-castle of Avigliana Oct 1368). "Dominus Jacobus de Sabaudia princeps Achaye dominus civitatis Taurinensis" emancipated "Philippum eius filium…minorem septennio" by charter dated 4 Aug 1346[712]. "Domino Philippo de Sabaudia nato…domini Jacobi de Sabaudia principis Achaye" swore hommage to "domino Amedeo comite Sabaudie" by charter dated 10 Apr 1364[713]. The testament of "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" dated 16 May 1366 names "Filippo di Lui figlio nato dalla Principessa Sibilla di Beaux sua Seconda Consorte…Ludovico"[714]. His father excluded him from the succession as a result of the scheming of his third wife. "Dominus Jacobus de Sabaudia princeps Achaye" protested against "dominus Philippus de Sabaudia eius natus…ingratus et immeritus" by charter dated 25 Apr 1367[715]. Philippe allied himself with Federico Marchese di Saluzzo and ravaged Piemonte. "Margarita de Bello joco relicta…d. Jacobi de Sabaudia principis Achaye" protested against "dominus Philippus de Sabaudia" to "Amedei et Ludovici de Sabaudia" by charter dated Sep 1368[716]. "Amedeo comite Sabaudie" gave judgment against "dom. Philippo de Sabaudia" by charter dated 27 Sep 1368[717]. Philippe was imprisoned in the castle of Avigliana, where it was rumoured that he was drowned in the lake soon after[718]. Betrothed (contract 4 Aug 1346) to MARIE de Genève, daughter of AMEDEE III Comte de Genève & his wife Mathilde de Boulogne [Auvergne] (-after 28 Aug 1396). The contract of marriage between "Filippo figlio di Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" and "Maria figlia del Conte Amedeo di Geneva" is dated 4 Aug 1346[719]. "Conte Amedeo di Geneva e Metilde di Bologna sua Consorte" deposited money with "Abate di S. Michele della Chiusa" for the dowry of "Maria Loro figlia future Sposa di Filippo Principe d'Acaia", to be returned in case she died, by charter dated 17 Aoct 1347[720]. m (contract 19 Sep 1362[721]) as her first husband, ALIX de Thoire-Villars, dame de Montgiffond, daughter of HUMBERT [V] Sire de Thoire et Villars & his second wife Béatrix de Chalon [Bourgogne-Comté] (-after 12 Jun 1400). The contract of marriage between "Filippo figlio di Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" and "Louisa di Villars figlia d'Umberto de Toyre de Villars" is dated 19 Sep 1362[722]. She married secondly (1378) Hugues de Vienne Seigneur de Sellières [Neublans] (-after 1390).

2. MARIE de Savoie (-after 1348). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

Signore Jacques & his third wife had two children:

3. AMEDEE de Savoie (1363-7 May 1402). The testament of "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" dated 16 May 1366 names as his principal heir "il Principe Amedeo di Lui figlio Primogenito, nato dalla detta Principessa Margarita di Beaujeu"[723]. He succeeded his father in 1367 as titular Prince of Achaia, Signore [Sovereign Lord] del Piemonte, under the terms of the latter's testament[724]. He and his brother were taken to the court at Chambéry by Amédée VI "le Comte Vert" Comte de Savoie after their mother was forced to relinquish their guardianship and did not return to Piemonte until reaching the age of majority in 1378[725]. The testament of "Margarita di Beaujeu Vedova di Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" dated 21 Oct 1388 names as her heirs "Amedeo Principe d'Accaja suo figlio primogenito…Lodovico secundo Genito"[726]. He planned to leave for Greece in 1391 in an attempt to take control of the principality of Achaia, and added for himself the title Prince of Morea. The journey was postponed by the unexpected death of Amédée VI Comte de Savoie[727]. m (contract 7 Sep 1380 and Papal dispensation 3^o and 4^o 8 Sep 1380, 22 Sep 1380) CATHERINE de Genève, daughter of AMEDEE III Comte de Genève & his wife Mathilde de Boulogne [Auvergne] (-Vigone 17 Oct 1407). The contract of marriage between "Amedeo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" and "Cattarina di Geneva Sorella del Conte Pietro di Geneva" is dated 7 Sep 1380[728]. "Amedeo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" was granted Papal dispensation to marry anyone despite 3^o or 4^o consanguinity dated 8 Oct 1380[729]. Signore Amédée & his wife had four children:

a) MARGUERITE de Savoie ([1382/89]-23 Nov 1464). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. According to various websites, she was the twin of her sister Bonne but no corroboration for this has been found. She became a nun at the convent of Santa Caterina d'Alessandria in Alba 1420. She was beatified in 1670. m (17 Jan 1403) as his third wife, TEODORO II Marchese di Monferrato, son of GIOVANNI II Marchese di Monferrato & his second wife Infanta doña Isabel de Mallorca [Aragon-Barcelona] ([1364]-2 Dec 1418). No issue.

b) BONNE de Savoie (21 Jun 1390-after 1392). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

c) MATHILDE de Savoie ([1391/1400]-Germersheim 14 May 1438, bur Heidelberg, Heiliges Geist). The stipulations regarding the marriage between "Duca Lodovico di Baviera" and "Matilde di Savoia figlia d'Amedeo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" are dated 2 Jan 1417[730]. The marriage contract between "Lodovico Conte Palatino Eletta e Duca di Baviera" and "Matilde signora d'Amedeo Principe d'Acaja" is dated 30 Nov 1417[731]. m (Pinerolo 30 Nov 1417) as his second wife, LUDWIG III Elector Palatine, Herzog in Bayern, son of RUPRECHT III "Klemb" Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog in Bayern, King of Germany & his wife Elisabeth von Nürnberg [Hohenzollern] (23 Jan 1378-Heidelberg 30 Dec 1436, bur Heidelberg, Heiliges Geist).

d) CATHERINE de Savoie (1400-). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

4. LOUIS de Savoie (1364-Pinerolo 11 Dec 1418, bur Pinerolo). The testament of "Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Acaja" dated 16 May 1366 names "…Ludovico altro di Lui figlio nato dalla detta Principessa Margarita di Beaujeu…"[732]. The testament of "Margarita di Beaujeu Vedova di Giacomo di Savoia Principe d'Accaja" dated 21 Oct 1388 names as her heirs "Amedeo Principe d'Accaja suo figlio primogenito…Lodovico secundo Genito"[733]. He succeeded his brother in 1402 as titular Prince of Achaia, Signore [Sovereign Lord] del Piemonte. He founded the University of Turin in 1405. On his death, his appanage reverted to Amédée VIII Comte de Savoie. The testament of "Amedeo octavo Duca di Savoia" dated 6 Dec 1439 makes bequests to "P. P. Minori di Pinerolo, nella di cui Chiesa restano sepolti li Principi d'Acccaja, Amedeo di Lui Primogenito, e Bonna di Lui Sorella"[734]. m (contract 24 Jul 1403, bur Pinerolo) BONNE de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE VII Comte de Savoie & his wife Bonne de Berry [Valois-Capet] (11 Oct 1388-Castello di Stupinigi 4 Mar 1432). The contract of marriage between "Lodovico di Savoia Principe d'Acaja figlio di Giacomo" and "Bonna di Savoia figlia Amedeo VII Conte di Savoia" is dated 24 Jul 1403[735]. The testament of "Bonna di Savoia Principessa d'Accaja" dated 19 Oct 1429 chooses her burial "nella Chiesa de' P. P. di S. Francesco di Pinerolo", appoints "Ludovico Bastardo d'Accaja" as her heir, and makes bequests to "Gioanna di Lei Sorella Marchesa di Monferrato…a Bonna di Berry sua Madre…il Duca Amedeo di Savoia di Lei Fratello"[736]. Signore Louis had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress, maybe from Naples:

a) LODOVICO bastardo de Savoia ([1390]-1459). The testament of "Bonna di Savoia Principessa d'Accaja" dated 19 Oct 1429 appoints "Ludovico Bastardo d'Accaja" as her heir[737]. Signore di Pancalieri 1407. Signore di Raconiggi e Migliabruna 23 Feb 1414. Signore di Castelraniero e Cavour 1417.

- see below, Part D. SIGNORI di RACONIGGI.

b) AZANO ZACCARIA . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

Signore Jacques had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

5. ANTONIO batardo di Savoia [Morea]. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Signore di Busca 5 Mar 1418. Signore di Genola 1422.

- see below, Part E. SIGNORI di BUSCA.

Signore Jacques had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

6. BRACCHETTO. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

D. SIGNORI di RACONIGGI

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of members of this fa