The early history of Scotland is characterised by the absence of contemporary Scottish sources before the 10th century. This contrasts markedly with the situation in nearly all other European countries during the same period. No Scottish chronicles survive for this period and references to Scottish affairs in English chronicles are infrequent. In addition, the earliest confirmed Scottish royal charter dates from the reign of King Duncan II at the end of the 11th century, in contrast to the comparative wealth of charter evidence which has survived for Anglo-Saxon England. Reliable information now available about the early Scottish kingdom and its kings is therefore limited.

The present document attempts to reconstruct the genealogy of the Scottish kings from the mid-9th century. The earlier period, about which the information contained in the sources appears semi-mythical, has not been attempted. The reconstruction is based mainly on information extracted from Irish annals, in particular the Annals of Tigernath and Ulster (discussed in more detail in the Introduction to the document IRELAND), and in the 10th to 14th century Scottish chronicles which were collected by Skene in 1867[1]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun[2], which dates from the 1370s, and the later Liber Pluscardensis[3] are two other important sources which have been consulted, although the former is unreliable on many points of detail. As will be observed when studying this document, these different primary sources are mutually contradictory in many areas. The major point of difference concerns the regnal years, which means that dating of the early Scottish kings is reliable only when it can be checked against outside sources such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A complete analysis of the differences in regnal years between the 16 different surviving manuscripts is set out in Duncan[4].

The nub of the problem with the available Scottish sources is that each succeeding manuscript contains more detailed information than the previous ones. The suspicion is therefore that later chroniclers supplemented the limited information available with bogus additions, for reasons which will be discussed further below. The earliest available source, the late 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum which records events up to 995[5], contains a bare outline of the names of the kings with some information about their affiliations, although this is incomplete. In particular, this Chronicle includes no information about how King Aedh and King Indulf were related to the main family line. However, when we read the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach[6] and the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum[7], we see that the information has been expanded so that the narrative shows all the kings as related to each other. In the case of Kings Aedh and Indulf, they are stated to have been, respectively, the brother of King Constantine I and the son of King Constantine II. This process of expanded information continues with the Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177[8] and the two Chronicles of the Picts and Scots dated 1251[9] and 1317[10], all of which include additional details about where the kings died and were buried, as well as some more family relationships. For example Greg (also referred to as Giric or Grime), son of King Kenneth II, whose date of death is dated to [1005], is named for the first time in the 1251 chronicle. It is of course not known which earlier sources, since disappeared, may have been used in the compilation of the later manuscripts. Nevertheless, this phenomenon of expanded information over time does not inspire confidence in the overall reliability of the data.

If our hypothesis is correct, what then would have inspired the later chroniclers to add bogus information? It is not easy to place oneself in the mind of the later medieval chronicler. However, in the late 11th century Scotland was emerging from a couple of centuries of political anarchy, which had been exacerbated by continual rivalries with England and Ireland, as well as frequent Viking attacks. For the first time, the kingdom benefited from a series of strong kings (for example Malcolm III, David I and William I) who were powerful enough to forge a sense of national identity. In this climate of renewed vigour, the contemporary chroniclers may have been keen to emphasise continuity in the early royal succession in order to reinforce the legitimacy of the present incumbents and increase a sense of national identity. The idea of continuity was probably best served by a lengthy male-line royal ancestry. In this context, one is reminded of the lengthy genealogies included in the later Anglo-Saxon chronicles which, as discussed in the Introduction to the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS, were probably designed to reinforce the legitimacy of usurping monarchs and are of dubious factual accuracy. An interesting case from the Scottish documentation appears to support this hypothesis: that of King Eochlaid, whose reign is dated to the 880s. He is named in the 10th century Cronica as successor to his maternal uncle King Aedh. However, he is omitted from later documents. If our hypothesis is correct, this omission may have been intentional as his relationship to his predecessor through the female line was considered incompatible with the idea of male-line royal continuity. Another point relates to the alleged burial of the early kings on the island of Iona. These burials are not mentioned in the 10th century Cronica but are first referred to in the Chronicle dated 1177. This could be another example of information which was introduced into later documentation to reinforce the sense of continuity in early Scottish history.

Other details about the early kings which are contained in the later Scottish chronicle are also dubious. For example, the more than 40 year reign attributed to King Constantine III in the first half of the 10th century, compared with the relatively short reigns of his predecessors and successors. The king is also named in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle so there is little doubt that he did exist. But is it possible that there were in fact two kings of the same name during this period?

Assuming that the information is correct, the Scottish chronicles reveal a remarkably regular alternation of royal succession between two collateral lines of descent from the earliest kings, with no case of a son succeeding his father. The obvious explanation is that the succession was claimed by the most powerful individual at the time, and that there was no particular pattern or custom which governed the right to the throne. However, no evidence has been found to support any hypothesis regarding any succession pattern of these early kings. The only reference to succession practice which has been found is the report in the Chronicle of John of Fordun which states that King Kenneth II decreed a change to enable "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed"[11]. The move would obviously have been unpopular in the wider royal family, and King Kenneth was not powerful enough to carry it through, as shown by his murder in 995, alleged in the same source to have been committed by his collateral relatives.

Another feature of the outline genealogy is the almost total lack of information about female members of the family, in particular the royal consorts. It would be inappropriate to draw too many conclusions from this about the insignificance of the role of early Scottish queens, assuming that consorts bore such a title (of which there is no evidence), as the absence of information may reflect the lack of interest of the chroniclers rather than more generally prevailing practices or attitudes. However, the information about Scottish queens and princesses which is found in primary sources from other countries is also sparse. This suggests that there was minimal inter-marriage with neighbouring royal or noble families, in contrast once again with the Anglo-Saxon case, where information from Frankish, German and Scandinavian sources supplements the data in English primary sources concerning royal marriages.

Scottish kings were neither crowned nor anointed, but inaugurated in a ceremony which took place outdoors near the cross in the cemetery at the east end of the church of Scone. It is not known when this practice started as the first detailed account of such a ceremony is the 1249 inauguration of King Alexander III which is contained in the chronicle of John of Fordun. There appears to have been no equivalent ceremony for the queen. The normal recorded form of title of the Scottish kings found in primary sources "rex Scottorum", frequently translated into English as "King of the Scots" rather than "King of Scotland", is of little practical significance as it mirrors the practice in chronicles which describe the king of England as "rex Anglorum" and the duke of Normandy as "dux Normannorum". The form "King of Scotland" is therefore used throughout this document rather than "King of the Scots".

Chapter 1. ORIGINS, KINGS of SCOTLAND 834-1034

ALPIN 831-834, DONALD I 859-863

1. EOCHAID . m ---. The primary source which names the wife of Eochaid has not yet been identified. Eochaid & his wife had one child:

a) ALPIN (-killed in battle against the Picts in Galloway [20 Jul/Aug] 834). The Chronicle of John of Fordun records the accession of "Alpin the son of Achay" in 831, that he ruled for three years, was defeated by the Picts "20 July" and beheaded[12]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi…" as kings, dated to the 9th century[13]. m ---. The name of Alpin's wife is not known. Alpin & his wife had two children:

i) KENNETH [Cinaed] MacAlpin (-Forteviot, Perthshire 13 Feb [858], bur [Isle of Iona]). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death in 858 of "Cinaed son of Ailpín king of the Picts"[14]. He succeeded as KENNETH I King of Scotland.

- see below.

ii) DONALD [Domnall] (-Kinn Belachoir palace or killed in battle Scone 13 Apr [863], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Kinadius…filius Alpini, primus Scottorum…Dunevaldus frater eius" ruled for four years[15]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi, Dolfnal filius Alpini iiii…" as kings, dated to the 9th century[16]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Donald also a son of Alpin" succeeded his brother in 854, reigned for four years, died "at Scone" and was buried "in Iona beside his brother"[17]. He succeeded his brother as DONALD I King of Scotland. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[18]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 862 of "Domnall son of Ailpín king of the Picts"[19]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Douenald mac Alpin" reigned for 4 years, died "in Rathinueramon" and was buried "in Iona insula"[20].

GREG [877]-[892]

1. [LICET] or [DONGAL] . m ---. The name of his wife is not known. [Licet/Dongal] had one child:

a) GREG [Grig/Ciricius] (-Donedoure [892], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that, when "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh, "others say" that "Licet Ciricium filium" reigned[21]. It fixes the chronology by adding that "Aed filius Neil" died in the second year of his reign, and that there was a solar eclipse in the ninth year, adding that "Eochodius" was expelled from the kingdom. The Annals of Inisfallen and Annals of Ulster record the death of Aedh son of Niall King of Ireland (see IRELAND) in 879 of "Aed son of Niall king of Temuir”[22], which would place the accession of GREG King of Scotland to [877]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Hed filius Kinet i anno, Grig filius Dunegal xii…" as king, dated to the 9th century[23]. No information has yet been found to identify his alleged father "Licet". However, a different indication of Greg´s parentage is provided by the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach, which name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[24] The Chronicle of John of Fordun, presumably echoing the Synchronisms, records that "his brother Heth the Wing-footed…also a son of Kenneth the Great" succeeded King Constantine and reigned one year, although "according to the rule of the kingship Gregory son of Dungallus should have come before him", adding in a later passage that Gregory succeeded as king in 875 after Aedh died, and reigned eighteen years[25]. The chronology suggests that "Ciricius" and "Gregory" refer to the same person. If these sources are being read correctly, Greg and Eochlaid ruled at the same time, presumably as rival kings probably over different parts of the country. If the mid-14th century John of Fordun can be believed, Greg had a better claim to the throne than King Aedh. This would suggest that he was a member of the same family, maybe in the previous generation. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Edh mac Kynnath" reigned for one year, was killed "in bello de in Strathalun a Girg filio Dungal" and that "Girg mac Dungal" reigned for 12 years, died "in Dundurn" and was buried "in Iona insula"[26]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[27]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "King Gregory died after a vigorous reign of eighteen years, all but a few months…at Donedoure" and was buried "in the island of Iona"[28].]

The precise relationship between the following family group and the main family of Scottish kings has not been determined, but the names suggest a close relationship.

1. ALPIN . m ---. Alpin & his wife had one child:

a) EOCHAID (-[937/40]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Dubucan filius Indrechtaig mormair Oengusa, Adalstan filius Advar rig Saxan, et Eochaid filius Alpini"[29], dated to [937/40] if the second person named can be identified as Æthelstan King of Wessex.

KENNETH I 844-859, CONSTANTINE I 863-877, EOCHAID 878-889, DONALD II 889-900

KENNETH MacAlpin, son of ALPIN & his wife --- (-Forteviot, Perthshire 13 Feb [858], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Kinadius…filius Alpini, primus Scottorum" ruled "Pictaviam" for 16 years[30]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi…" as kings, dated to the 9th century[31]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Kenneth son of Alpin" succeeded his father in 834, and became king of the Picts in 839 "when they had been overcome", and reigned "nearly sixteen years as sole monarch of these kingdoms"[32]. Thereafter he is considered to have succeeded as KENNETH I King of Scotland. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries, adding that "Kenneth son of Alpin…was the first king who possessed the kingdom of Scone, of the Gael"[33]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 858 of "Cinaed son of Ailpín king of the Picts"[34]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Kynat mac Alpin" reigned for 16 years, died "in Fethertauethn" and was buried "in Yona insula"[35]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information but records his place of death as "Forteviet", and adds that "tres filii…Fergus, Loern, Tenegus" were also buried at Iona[36].

m ---. The name of Kenneth's wife is not known.

Kenneth I & his wife had [four] children:

1. CONSTANTINE [Causantin] (-killed in battle Inverdorat, the Black Cove, Angus [876], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Constantinus filius Cinadi" ruled for 16 years[37]. He succeeded his uncle as CONSTANTINE I King of Scotland. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[38]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Constantinus filius Kinet xx…" as king, dated to the 9th century[39]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "his nephew Constantine, son of his brother Kenneth the Great" succeeded in 858 on the death of Donald, and reigned for sixteen years[40]. The Annals of Ulster record that in 872 "Artgal king of the Britons of Strathclyde was killed at the instigation of Constantine son of Cinaed"[41]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 876 of "Constantine son of Cinaed king of the Picts"[42]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Constantinus mac Kynat" reigned for 15 years, was killed "a Noruagiensibus in bello de Merdo fatha" and was buried "in Iona insula"[43]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Constantinus mac Kinet" reigned for 16 years, was killed "a Norvagensibus in bello Inuerdofacta" and was buried at Iona[44]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Constantine was killed in battle "at a spot named the Black Den" by the Danes[45]. m ---. The name of Constantine's wife is not known. Constantine & his wife had one child:

a) DONALD (-killed Dun-fother [900], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Donivaldus filius Constantini" reigned for eleven years, after the expulsion of Eochlaid[46]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[47]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Duneval filius Constantini xi…" as king[48]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Donald…the son of…Constantine, son of Kenneth the Great" succeeded in 892 after the death of Gregory and reigned for eleven years[49]. He succeeded his cousin as DONALD II "Dasachtach" King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that the Scots defeated the Danes during Donald´s reign, and that he was killed "opidum Fother"[50]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 900 of "Domnall son of Constantine king of Scotland"[51]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Donald mac Constantine" reigned for 11 years, died "in Fores" and was buried "in Iona insula"[52]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[53]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. Donald & his wife had [two] children:

i) [EUGENE . The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine son of Heth the Wing-footed" granted "the lordship of the region of Cumbria" to "Eugenius the son of Donald his expected next heir" in "the sixteenth year of his reign" ([916/20][54]. No reference to hime as been found in any other primary source. His name is not typical of the period.]

ii) MALCOLM [Maelcoluim] (-killed Vlurn [954], bur [Isle of Iona]). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death in 954 of "Mael Coluim son of Domnall king of Scotland…killed"[55]. He succeeded in 942 as MALCOLM I King of Scotland.

- see below.

2. [AEDH (-killed in battle Strathallan [878], bur [Isle of Iona] or [Maiden Stone, Aberdeenshire]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Edus" succeeded King Constantine I and for 1 year and was killed "in civitate Nrurim", but does not state the family relationship between the two kings[56]. As noted in the Introduction to this document, the relationship between Aedh and his predecessors is only mentioned from the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach which name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[57]. The suspicion is that his family relationship may have been fabricated by later chroniclers who were concerned with reinforcing the continuity in the male line of the Scottish succession. He succeeded as AEDH King of Scotland.

- see below.

3. daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum which records that "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh and ruled for 11 years[58]. m RUN Macarthagail King of Strathclyde. Run & his wife had one child:

a) EOCHAID (-[889]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Eochodius…filius Run regis Britannorum, nepos Cinadei ex filia" succeeded King Aedh and ruled for 11 years before being expelled[59]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum does not name Eochlaid in its king-list[60]. He succeeded his uncle as EOCHAID King of Scotland. His succession appears to have been challenged by Greg (see above). Deposed [889].

4. MAEL MUIRE (-913). The Annals of Ulster record the death in 913 of "Mael Muire daughter of Cinaed son of Ailpin”[61].

AEDH 877-878, CONSTANTINE II 900-942, INDULF 954-962, COLIN 967-971, CONSTANTINE III 995-997

AEDH, son of [KENNETH I King of Scotland & his wife ---] (-killed in battle Strathallan [878], bur [Isle of Iona] or [Maiden Stone, Aberdeenshire]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Edus" succeeded King Constantine I and for 1 year and was killed "in civitate Nrurim", but does not state the family relationship between the two kings[62]. As noted in the Introduction to this document, the relationship between Aedh and his predecessors is only mentioned from the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach which name (in order) "Cinaet mac Ailpin…Domnall mac Ailpin, Custantin mac Cinaeta, (Aedh mac Cinaedha), Girg mac Dungaile, Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin)" as Scottish kings, dated to the 9th and 10th centuries[63]. The suspicion is that his family relationship may have been fabricated by later chroniclers who were concerned with reinforcing the continuity in the male line of the Scottish succession. He succeeded as AEDH King of Scotland. The sources suggest that his succession was challenged by Greg and maybe also by Eochaid. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Hed filius Kinet i anno, Grig filius Dunegal xii…" as king, dated to the 9th century[64]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "his brother Heth the Wing-footed…also a son of Kenneth the Great" succeeded King Constantine and reigned one year, although "according to the rule of the kingship Gregory son of Dungallus should have come before him"[65]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 878 of "Aed son of Cinaed king of the Picts…killed by his own associates"[66]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Edh mac Kynnath" reigned for one year, was killed "in bello de in Strathalun a Girg filio Dungal" and was buried "in Iona insula"[67]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records the same information[68]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, "the chiefs of the kingdom being divided amongst themselves", Aedh was mortally wounded in battle "at Strathallam", died two months later, and was buried "in the island of Iona beside his father"[69].

m ---. The name of Aedh's wife is not known.

Aedh & his wife had [two] children:

1. CONSTANTINE (-St Andrews [947/952], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Constantinus filius Edii" reigned for forty years, after King Donald II[70]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[71]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Constantinus filius Hed xxv…" as king[72]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine son of Heth the Wing-footed" succeeded in 903 after the death of Donald and reigned for forty years[73]. He succeeded his cousin in 900 as CONSTANTINE II King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Normanni" (presumably indicating the Danes) ravaged "Dincalden, omnemque Albaniam" in the third and sixth years of Constantine´s reign[74]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Constantine defeated "Regnall" (presumably referring to Rægnald I King of York, see ANGLO-SAXON KINGS) in "bellum Tinemore" in the 17th year of his reign[75]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 923 "the king of Scots and the whole Scottish nation accepted [King Edward the Elder] as father and lord", although the name of the king is not specified nor the circumstances of the subjugation[76]. This subjection to England evidently did not last as the Chronicle records King Athelstan bringing "into submission all the kings in this island [including] Constantine king of Scots" in 926 and invading Scotland in 934 "both with a land and naval force"[77]. Florence of Worcester records King Constantine's invasion of England and defeat, with his son-in-law Olaf King of York, at Brunanburgh in 937 by Athelstan King of Wessex[78]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, according to "William", King Constantine was killed at Brunanburgh, but that "various truthful chronicles" say that he reigned for four more years, "he resigned the crown and, serving God in the monastic garb at St Andrews, was made abbot of the Culdees and lived there five years, where he also died and was buried" but was reburied in Iona "in the chapel of the blessed Oran in 947"[79]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 952 of "Constantine son of Aedh king of Scotland"[80]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Constantinus" in the tenth year of the reign of King Malcolm I[81]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Constantine mak Edha" reigned for 40 years, abdicated to become a monk, was made abbot "in Keldeorum Sancte Andree", where he served five years and was buried[82]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[83]. m ---. The name of Constantine's wife is not known. Constantine II & his wife had [three] children:

a) son (-killed in battle [936/37]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "filius Constantini" was killed in "bellum Duinbrunde" in the 33rd year of Constantine´s reign[84]. This date appears to coincide with the battle of Brunanburh in which Æthelstan King of Wessex defeated the invasion of England in which King Constantine participated (see above), although it is not certain that "Duinbrunde" refers to the same battle.

b) [INDULF [Ildulb] (-killed at the battle of the Bauds, Muir of Findochty, Banffshire [962], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Indulfus" was king after King Malcolm I and reigned for eight years[85]. As noted in the Introduction to this document, the relationship between Indulf and King Constantine II is only mentioned from the 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach which name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[86]. The suspicion is that his family relationship may have been fabricated by later chroniclers who were concerned with reinforcing the continuity in the male line of the Scottish succession. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Indolf filius Constantin ix…" as king[87]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Indulf son of Constantine son of Heth the Wing-footed" succeeded in 952 after King Malcolm was killed[88]. He succeeded his second cousin in 954 as INDULF King of Scotland. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Indolf mac Constantin" reigned for 9 years, was killed "a Noruagensibus in Innercolan" and was buried "in Iona insula"[89]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[90]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Indulf was killed was killed by the Danes and was buried in "Columba´s island"[91]. m ---. The name of Indulf's wife is not known. Indulf & his wife had three children:

i) CULEN [Cuilean or Colin] (-killed in battle Amdarch [971]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Culenring" was king after "Caniculus" and reigned for five years[92]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[93]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Culen filius Indulf iv annis et vi mensibus…" as king[94]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Culen the son of King Indulf" succeeded as king in 965 after Dubh was killed and reigned four years and six months[95]. He succeeded in [967] as COLIN King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Marcan filius Breodelaig" was killed during the reign of Colin and that "Leot et Sluagadach" went to Rome[96]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 971 of "Cuilén son of Illulb king of Scotland…killed by the Welsh in a battle-rout"[97]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Cellach filius Ferdalaig" reigned (implying, but not stating directly, that he had deposed Colin) and that "Culen et frater eius Eochodius" were killed "a Britonibus"[98]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Culen mac Indolf" reigned for 4 years and 6 months and was killed "ab Amdarch filio Donvald propter filiam suam in Ybandonia"[99]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[100]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Culen was killed by "a certain chief named Radhard" whose daughter the king had wanted to seduce[101]. m ---. The name of Culen's wife is not known. Culen & his wife had one child:

(a) CONSTANTINE (-killed in battle Rathinveramon [997]). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[102]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Custantin filius Culen i anno et iv mensibus…" as king[103]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen" succeeded in 994 after King Kenneth II was killed, but that he was "continually harassed by Malcolm [son of King Kenneth] and his illegitimate uncle…Kenneth" and killed in battle "in Laudonia by the banks of the river Almond" after reigning for one and a half years[104]. He succeeded in [995] as CONSTANTINE III King of Scotland. He was killed by King Kenneth III. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Constantine son of Culannan king of Scotland” was killed in battle in [995/96][105]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Constantin mac Culen" reigned for 1 year and 6 months, was killed "a Kynnet filio Malcolmi in Rathinueramon" and was buried "in Yona insula"[106]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[107].

ii) EOCHAID (-killed in battle 971). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Culen et frater eius Eochodius" were killed "a Britonibus"[108]. He was killed by the King of Strathclyde.

iii) [OLAF [Amlaib] (-killed in battle [977]). The Annals of Ulster record the death in 977 of "Amlaíb son of Ollulb i.e. King of Scotland…killed by Cinaed son of Domnall"[109]. It is assumed that "Ollulb" is intended to refer to King Indulf/Ildulb.]

c) daughter. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Florence of Worcester who states that King Constantine was Olaf's father-in-law[110]. m (937) OLAF Guthfrithsson King of Dublin, son of GUTHFRITH King of Dublin & his first wife --- (-end 940). He installed himself as King of York in 939.

2. [DONALD . The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Doneualdus rex Britannorum", during the its record of the early part of the reign of Constantine II King of Scotland, and the choice of "Duuenaldus filius Ede" to succeed him, "et Flann filius Maelsethnaill et Niall filius Ede"[111]. Some secondary sources show Donald as the son of Aedh King of Scotland. However, the subsequent references to the two Irish kings in the same passage suggest that the Chronicle is referring to the son of Aedh King of Ireland (who is named in the Annals of Inisfallen which record that "Domnall son of Aed king of Ailech assumed the pilgrim´s staff” in 911 and that “Niall son of Aed took the kingship after him”[112]).]

It is possible that the following individuals were related to the main line of Scottish kings but the exact connection, if any, cannot be proved:

1. CAIRILL . m ---. The name of Cairill´s wife is not known. Cairill & his wife had one child:

a) DOMNAL (-[967]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records the death of "Domnal filius Cairill", dated from the context to around the time of the accession of Colin as king[113].

2. FERDALAIG . m ---. The name of Cairill´s wife is not known. Cairill & his wife had one child:

a) CELLACH (-after 971). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Cellach filius Ferdalaig" reigned, implying but not stating directly that he deposed King Colin[114].

MALCOLM I 942-954, DUFF 962-967, KENNETH II 971-995, MALCOLM II 1005-1034, MACBETH 1040-1057

MALCOLM, son of DONALD II "Dasachtach" King of Scotland & his wife --- (-killed Vlurn [954], bur [Isle of Iona]). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Mael filio Domnail" succeeded King Constantine II and reigned eleven years[115]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[116]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Malcolin filius Duneuald ix…" as king[117]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Constantine "made room for Malcolm, son of Donald, to reign" in 943 and that he reigned for nine years[118]. He succeeded in 942 as MALCOLM I King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Malcolm travelled to "Moreb" and killed "Cellach"[119]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 945 Edmund King of England "ravaged all Strathclyde and ceded it to Malcolm king of Scots" in return for an alliance, which was renewed by Edmund's brother and successor King Eadred to whom "the Scots gave oaths and promised to do his will in all things"[120]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 954 of "Mael Coluim son of Domnall king of Scotland…killed"[121]. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that King Malcolm was killed "in Fodresach id est in Claideom"[122]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Malcom mac Donald" reigned for 9 years, was killed "a Morauiensibus" and was buried "in Yona insula"[123]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Malcolm mack Dovenal" reigned for 9 years, was killed "in Vlurn a Moraviensibus" and was buried at Iona[124]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm "was killed at Ulrim" after reigning for nine years and three months[125].

m ---. The name of Malcolm's wife is not known.

Malcolm I & his wife had two children:

1. DUBH [Duff] (-killed in battle Forres [19/20 Jul 966], bur Isle of Iona). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Niger filius Maelcolaim" was king after King Indulf and reigned for five years[126]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Domnall Dasachtach (mac Custantin), Custantin mac Aeda, Maelcolaim mac Domnall, Illolb mac Custantin, Dub mac Maelcolaim, Cuillen mac Illiulb…" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th century[127]. It is assumed that "Niger" and "Dub" in these two sources refer to the same person, although this is not beyond all doubt. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Duf filius Malcolin iv annis et vi mensibus…" as king[128]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duff the son of King Malcolm" succeeded in 961 after Indulf was killed and reigned for four years and six months[129]. He succeeded in 962 as DUFF King of Scotland. The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Niger filius Maelcolaim" defeated "Caniculum super Dorsum Crup", in which battle "Duchad abbas Duncalden et Dubdon satrapas Athochlach" were killed, after which Niger was expelled and "Caniculus" reigned for a short time[130]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 967 of "Dub son of Mael Coluim king of Scotland…killed by the Scots themselves"[131]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Duf mac Malcolm" reigned for 4 years and 6 months, was killed "in Fores…absconditus…sub ponte de Kynloss", when the sun did not shine, and was buried "in Iona insula"[132]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[133]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Duff was killed by robbers who hid his body, that "no ray of sunlight gleamed within the whole kingdom" until it was found, and that he was buried at Iona[134]. According to Duncan, this eclipse of the sun has been dated to 20 Jul 966[135]. Duncan says that, according to other sources, he was killed "by the men of Moray", in 967[136]. m ---. The name of Dubh's wife is not known. Dubh & his wife had one child:

a) KENNETH (-killed in battle Monzievaird [25 Mar 1005]). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[137]. He succeeded in 997 as KENNETH III King of Scotland.

- see below.

2. KENNETH (-maybe murdered Finella's Castle, Fettercairn [995], bur Isle of Iona). The 10th century Pictish Chronicle Cronica de Origine Antiquorum Pictorum records that "Cinadius filius Maelcolaim" succeeded after the death of Colin, adding that after one year he invaded Saxony and brought back "filium regis Saxonum"[138]. The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[139]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Kinet filius Malcolin xxii annis et ii mensibus…" as king[140]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Kenneth the son of Malcolm and brother of King Duff" succeeded as king in 970 after Culen was killed and reigned for twenty-four years and nine months[141]. He succeeded in 971 as KENNETH II King of Scotland. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Kenneth II decreed a change to the Scottish royal succession to enable "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed", in opposition to "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen, and Gryme son of Kenneth son of King Duff"[142]. The same source adds that the king´s opponents persuaded "the daughter of Cruchne, Earl of Angus…Finele" to murder the king in revenge for the death of her son which he had ordered[143]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Cinaed son of Mael Coluim king of Scotland was deceitfully killed" in 995[144]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Kynnath mac Malcolm" reigned for 24 years and 2 months, was killed "a suis hominibus in Fetherkern" through the treachery of "Finuele filie filie Cunthar comitis de Anguss" whose only son had been killed by the king[145]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[146]. m ---. The name of Kenneth's wife is not known. Kenneth II & his wife had one child:

a) MALCOLM ([954]-Glamis Castle, Angus 25 Nov 1034, bur Isle of Iona). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[147]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Malcolin filius Kinet xxx…" as king[148]. He is named "Malcolmum filium Cyneth regem Scottorum" in the Historia Regem[149]. It is tempting to suggest that either he, or his first cousin with the same name, spent time at the court of Edgar King of England during his youth, as "Malcolm dux" subscribed a charter of King Edgar relating to land in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk dated 970[150], but there is no proof of the co-identity of these persons. He succeeded in 1005 as MALCOLM II King of Scotland. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Grime was killed by Malcolm, son of King Kenneth II, who succeeded as king[151]. He attacked northern England in 1006. King of Lothian from [1016], becoming effective ruler of the whole of Scotland. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Malcolm submitted to Canute King of England in 1031, along with "two other kings, Mælbeth and Iehmarc"[152]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun defended Cumbria against King Canute, who agreed that it should be ruled by Malcolm´s grandson Duncan[153]. The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1034 of "Mael Coluim son of Cinaed, king of Scotland"[154]. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 1034 of “Mael-Coluímb son of Cinaed king of Scotland”[155]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Malcolm mac Kynnat Rex" reigned for 30 years, died "in Glammes" and was buried "in Yona"[156]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 includes the same information[157]. m ---. The name of Malcolm's wife is not known. King Malcolm III & his wife had [four] children:

i) BETHOC . The "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani"[158]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan[159]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm II had "an only daughter…Beatrice who married Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles…in some annals, by a blunder of the writer…abbot of Dul"[160]. Lady of Atholl. m ([1000]) CRINAN "the Thane" Mormaer of Atholl, son of DUNCAN Mormaer of Atholl & his wife --- (-killed in battle 1045). Abthane of Dule. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. Steward of the Western Isles. He was killed fighting King Macbeth.

ii) [DONADA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1007. m as his second wife, FINDLAECH MacRory Thane of Angus Mormaer of Moray, son of RUAIDHRI Mormaer of Moray & his wife --- (-1020). The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1020 of "Finnlaech son of Ruadrí king of Alba…killed by his own people"[161].] Donada & her husband had one child:

(a) MACBETH ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Macheth filius Findleg xvii…" as king[162]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Machabeus son of Finele" killed King Duncan and succeeded as king in 1040[163]. Mormaer of Moray [1029/32]. He may have been one of the "two other kings, Mælbeth and Iehmarc" recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has having submitted to Canute King of England in 1031 with King Malcolm II[164]. He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Donnchal rex Scotiæ" was killed "1040 XIX Kal Sep" by "duce suo Macbethad mac Finnloech" who succeeded as king for 17 years[165]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "comes Siward" invaded Scotland with a large army in 1046 and briefly expelled "rege Macbeod", the king recovering his realm when Siward withdrew[166]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that he was defeated in battle 27 Jul 1054 by the army of Siward Earl of Northumbria which had invaded Scotland[167]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[168]. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Macfinlaeg" was killed "1057…in Augusto"[169]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Mac bethadh son of Findlaech overking of Scotland” was killed by “Malcolm, son of Donnchad” in 1058[170]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Maket mac Fyngal" reigned 17 years, was killed "in Lufanan a Malcolm mac Dunkat" and was buried "in Iona insula"[171]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[172]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Machabeus" was buried "in the island of Iona"[173]. m (after 1032) as her second husband, GRUOCH, widow of GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray, daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] of Scotland & his wife --- ([1015]-). "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity[174].

iii) [son . Rodulfus Glaber refers to Canute King of England seeking "the friendship of the king of the Scots, receiving his son at the font of baptism"[175]. This passage follows a description of "the Scots whose king was called Malcolm" resisting King Canute's invasion, undated but from the context apparently occurring at the start of Canute's reign. If it is correct that King Malcolm had a son baptised at this time, he would have been considerably younger than the king's daughters, presumably therefore born to a different mother. No corroborative evidence for the existence of this son has been found in other contemporary sources.]

iv) [daughter . Orkneyinga Saga records that “Earl Sigurd” married “the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots”[176]. Snorre records the marriage of "Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm"[177]. It appears unlikely that Sigurd´s wife could have been King Malcolm´s daughter Donada (as shown in many secondary sources, including the Complete Peerage[178]) if it is correct that Donada´s recorded husband Findlaech was killed in 1020 and also that their son was born in [1005][179]. m SIGURD "Digri" Hlodverson Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, son of HLODVIR [Lodver] Torfinnsson & his wife Audna --- (-killed in battle Clontarf 23 Apr 1014).]

Malcolm I had [one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress]:

3. [KENNETH . The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen" succeeded in 994 after King Kenneth II was killed, but that he was "continually harassed by Malcolm [son of King Kenneth] and his illegitimate uncle…Kenneth" and killed in battle "in Laudonia by the banks of the river Almond" after reigning for one and a half years[180]. He is not mentioned in any of the earlier sources so far consulted. His existence should be treated with caution.]

KENNETH III 997-1005, LULACH 1057-1058

KENNETH, son of DUFF King of Scotland & his wife --- (-killed in battle Monzievaird [25 Mar 1005]). The 11th century Synchronisms of Flann Mainistreach name (in order) "…Cuillen mac Illiulb, Cinaet mac Maelcolaim, Custantin mac Cuilen, Cinaet mac Duib, Maelcolaim mac Cinaeta" as Scottish kings, dated to the 10th and 11th centuries[181]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Chinet filius Duf i anno et dimidium…" as king[182]. He succeeded in 997 as KENNETH III King of Scotland. The Annals of Ulster record that "the king of the Albu Cinaed son of Dub" was killed in battle "between the men of Albu themselves" in 1005[183].

m ---. The name of Kenneth's wife is not known.

Kenneth III & his wife had [three] children:

1. [GREG [Giric] (-killed in battle Monzievaird [25 Mar 1005], bur Isle of Iona). The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Girus mac Kinath mac Duff" reigned for 8 years, was killed "a filio Kinet in Moeghauard" and was buried at Iona[184]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1317 includes the same information[185]. His existence is not recorded in any of the earlier chronicles and should be treated with caution. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Kenneth II decreed a change to the Scottish royal succession to enable "the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed", in opposition to "Constantine the Bald, son of King Culen, and Gryme son of Kenneth son of King Duff"[186]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Gryme the son of Kenneth son of Duff" succeeded in 996 after King Constantine III was killed and reigned for eight years and three months[187]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Grime was killed by Malcolm, son of King Kenneth II, adding that the latter arranged his burial at Iona[188].]

2. GILLACOMGAIN (-killed in battle 999). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record that "Cathal son of Amalgaid, king of Western Laigin, and his wife, the daughter of the son of Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed, and his hound were killed at the same time by the son of Cellach son of Dúnchad"[189]. m ---. The name of Gillacomgain's wife is not known. Gillacomgain & his wife had one child:

a) son . His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record that "Cathal son of Amalgaid, king of Western Laigin, and his wife, the daughter of the son of Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed, and his hound were killed at the same time by the son of Cellach son of Dúnchad"[190]. m ---. The name of this son's wife is not known. He & his wife had one child:

i) daughter (-murdered 1035). The Annals of Ulster record that "Cathal son of Amalgaid, king of Western Laigin, and his wife, the daughter of the son of Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed, and his hound were killed at the same time by the son of Cellach son of Dúnchad"[191]. m CATHAL King of Western Leinster, son of AMALGAID & his wife --- (-murdered 1035).

3. BOITE [Bodhe] (-before 1033). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record that "the grandson of Baete son of Cinead was killed by Mael Coluim son of Cinaed" in 1033[192]. m ---. The name of Boite's wife is not known. Boite & his wife had two children:

a) GILLE . Iinquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concerning land owned by the church of Glasgow refer to donations by "…Gille filius Boed…"[193]. same person as…? son. m ---. m ---. The name of this son's wife is not known. He & his wife had one child:

i) son (-murdered in infancy 1033). The Annals of Ulster record that "the grandson of Baete son of Cinead was killed by Mael Coluim son of Cinaed" in 1033[194].

b) GRUOCH ([1015]-). "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity[195]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. m firstly GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray, son of MAELBRIGTE & his wife --- (-burned alive 1032). The Annals of Ulster record that "Gilla Comgán son of Mael Brigte, earl of Moray was burned together with fifty people" in 1032[196]. m secondly (after 1032) MACBETH, son of FINDLAECH MacRory Thane of Angus, Mormaer of Moray & his wife [Donada] of Scotland ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. Gruoch & her first husband had one child:

i) LULACH ([1032]-killed in battle Essie, Strathbogie 17 Mar 1058, bur Isle of Iona). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "…Macheth filius Findleg xvii, Lulac nepos filii Boide iv mensibus et dimidium…" as kings[197]. The primary source which confirms that he was the son of Gruoch has not yet been identified. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "on the death of Machabeus, some of his kinsfolk" installed "his cousin Lulath…the Simple" as king at Scone but that King Malcolm killed him 3 Apr 1057, adding that he was buried "in the island of Iona"[198]. He succeeded his stepfather 1057 as LULACH "the Simple" King of Scotland, crowned Aug 1057 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Lulag" was killed "[1058]…in Martio"[199]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Lulach son of Gilla Comgain, over-king of Scotland was killed in battle by Mael Coluim son of Donnchad" in 1058[200]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[201]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Lulach fatuus" reigned 4 months, was killed "in Esseg in Strathbolgin" and was buried "in Iona insula"[202]. m FINNGHUALA, daughter of SINILL Mormaer of Angus & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

- MORMAERS of MORAY.

Chapter 2. KINGS of SCOTLAND (DUNKELD)

A. ORIGINS

DUNCAN, son of --- (-killed 965). Abthane of Dule, lay abbot of Dunkeld. From the house of the kings of Ireland. Governor of Strathclyde. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad the abbot of Dún Caillen" was killed in 965 in "a battle between the men of Scotland themselves"[203].

m ---. The name of Duncan's wife is not known.

Duncan & his wife had one child:

1. DUNCAN [Donnchad] . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Mormaer of Atholl. Abthane of Dule. m ---. The name of Duncan's wife is not known. Duncan & his wife had one child:

a) CRINAN "the Thane" (-killed in battle 1045). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Abthane of Dule. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. Steward of the Western Isles. Mormaer of Atholl. He was killed fighting King Macbeth. The Annals of Ulster record that "Crónán abbot of Dún Caillen" was killed in 1045 in "a battle between the Scots themselves"[204]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Crínan abbot of Dunkeld” was killed in 1045 in “a battle between the men of Scotland on one road”[205]. m ([1000]) BETHOC, daughter of MALCOLM II King of Scotland & his wife ---. The "Genealogy of King William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani"[206]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan[207]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that King Malcolm II had "an only daughter…Beatrice who married Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles…in some annals, by a blunder of the writer…abbot of Dul"[208]. Crinan & his wife had two children:

i) DUNCAN ([1001]-killed in battle either Bothganowan/Pitgaveny, near Elgin, or Burghead 14 Aug 1040, bur Isle of Iona). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death of "Donnchad son of Crínán, king of Scotland" in 1040[209]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Duncan" as son of "Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles" and his wife[210]. He succeeded in 1018 as King of Strathclyde. He succeeded his maternal grandfather in 1034 as DUNCAN I King of Scotland.

- see below, Part B. KINGS of SCOTLAND 1034-1290.

ii) MALDRED (-killed in battle [1045]). His parentage is confirmed by Simeon of Durham who records the marriage of "Maldred the son of Crinan"[211]. Lord of Allerdale. Regent of Strathclyde 1034/35.

- EARLS of DUNBAR.

B. KINGS OF SCOTLAND 1034-1290

DUNCAN I 1034-1040, DONALD III 1093-1097

DUNCAN, son of CRINAN "the Thane" Mormaer of Atholl & his wife Bethoc of the Scots ([1001]-killed in battle either Bothganowan/Pitgaveny, near Elgin, or Burghead 14 Aug 1040, bur Isle of Iona). His parentage is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster which record the death of "Donnchad son of Crínán, king of Scotland" in 1040[212]. He is not named as king in the 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum king-list[213]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Duncan" as son of "Crynyne Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles" and his wife[214]. He succeeded in 1018 as King of Strathclyde. He succeeded his maternal grandfather in 1034 as DUNCAN I King of Scotland. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Karl Hundason” succeeded King Malcolm in Scotland and records his battles with Thorfinn Jarl of Orkney[215]. No other record has been identified of this alleged person. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Dumechanus rex Scotorum" besieged Durham in 1039 with a large army but retreated from the siege[216]. He was killed in battle by his first cousin, Macbeth, who succeeded as King of Scotland. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Donnchal rex Scotiæ" was killed "1040 XIX Kal Sep" by "duce suo Macbethad mac Finnloech" who succeeded as king for 17 years[217]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Crínán, king of Scotland, was killed by his own people" in 1040[218]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Donncadh mac Crínan, airdrí Alban” was killed “immaturo etate a suis” in 1040[219]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Duncan was killed by "Machabeus son of Finele…at Bothgofnane" and buried in the island of Iona[220]. The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 records that "Donchath mac Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" reigned for 6 years, was killed "a Maketh mac Fyngel in Bothngouane" and was buried "in Yona insula"[221].

m ([1030]) [SIBYLLA], [cousin of SIWARD Earl of Northumbria, daughter of ---]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that the mother of Malcolm and Donald Bane, Duncan´s sons, was "the cousin of Earl Siward"[222]. In one earlier king list, King Malcolm III's mother is named "Suthen"[223].

King Duncan I & his wife had three children:

1. MALCOLM (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093, bur Tynemouth, later transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, and later still to Escorial, Madrid). The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[224]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland.

- see below.

2. DONALD (-in prison Rescobie, Forfarshire 1099, bur Dunkeld Abbey, later transferred to Isle of Iona). Matthew of Paris names him as brother of King Malcolm, and records that he was elected by the Scots to succeed his brother in 1093 as DONALD III "Bane" King of Scotland[225]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[226]. According to Florence of Worcester, he expelled all the English from the Scottish court[227]. "Douenald filius Conchat Regis" made donations "cum ceteris regibus…Duncano rege Edgaro et Alexandro et David fratribus"[228]. This charter is undated and the reference to the four brothers all as kings indicates that it is probably spurious. Florence of Worcester records that King Donald was deposed in 1094 by his nephew Duncan, with help from the English and Normans[229]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[230]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "his uncle Donald…again usurped the kingship" after the death of "Duncan, King Malcolm´s illegitimate son" and reigned for three years[231]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitorem Eadgarum" led an army to Scotland in [1097] to place "consobrinum suum Eadgarum Malcolmi regis filium" on the Scottish throne after expelling "patruo suo Dufenaldo"[232]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan II "was murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald" and that the latter was "dispatched by the contrivance of David, the youngest brother and the power of [King] William [II]"[233]. He was imprisoned. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donald mac Donchat" was captured "a Edgar mac Malcolm", blinded, died in "Rosolpin" and was buried "in Dunkelden", transferred to Iona[234]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. King Donald III & his wife had one child:

a) BETHOC (-[1150/70][235]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. m firstly (1085) UHTRED Lord of Tynedale, son of [236]WALTHEOF ---. [237]m secondly RADULF, son of DUNEGALL Lord of Nithsdale (-[1185]). Bethoc & her first husband had one child:

i) HEXTILDA of Tynedale . The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. “R. Cumin” donated property to Hexham Priory, with the consent of “uxoris meæ Hextildis”, by undated charter which names “fratrem meum Walterum”[238]. “Hextildis comitissa de Eththetela” donated property to Rievall Abbey, for the soul of “domini mei Richardi Cumin”, by undated charter[239]. m firstly ([1144/50]) RICHARD Comyn, son of --- Cumin [Comyn] (-[1179]). m secondly (after 1179) as his second wife, her second cousin, MALCOLM Earl of Atholl, son of MADDAD Earl of Atholl & his first wife --- (-[1186/Aug 1198]).

3. MAELMUIRE [Melmare] . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m ---. The name of Maelmuire's wife is not known. Maelmuire & his wife had one child:

a) MADDAD [Madach] (-[1142/52]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Mormaer of Atholl. He witnessed the charter of Scone dated [1114/15] as "Madach comes"[240], known as 1^st Earl of Atholl.

- EARLS of ATHOLL.

MALCOLM III 1058-1093, DUNCAN II 1094, EDMUND 1094-1097, EDGAR 1097-1107, ALEXANDER 1 1107-1124

MALCOLM, son of DUNCAN II King of Scotland & his wife [Sibylla of Northumbria] (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093[241], bur Tynemouth St Albans[242], transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife[243], transferred again to Escorial, Madrid). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum names "Malcolaim filii Donnchada" in one of its lists[244]. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[245]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[246]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[247]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[248]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland, crowned 25 Apr 1058 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. Duncan cites sources which demonstrate that this nickname was first applied to King Malcolm III in the 13th century[249]. He suggests[250] that it was originally applied to King Malcolm IV who, he asserts, suffered from Paget's disease, involving a deformation of the bones particularly observable in the skull, and was later misapplied to King Malcolm III. King Malcolm supported the claim to the English crown of Edgar ætheling, whose sister he had married, and led plundering raids into England. Florence of Worcester records that he did homage to William I King of England at Abernethy in Aug 1072[251]. The same source records that King Malcolm invaded Northumberland in 1091, but did fealty to Willam II King of England after peace was negotiated between the two kings[252]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[253]. William of Malmesbury records that he was killed, with his son Edward, by Morael of Bamborough, steward of Robert Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, while leading a raid into England[254]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[255].

[m] [firstly] ([before 1058]) ---. The identity of the mother of King Malcolm's sons Duncan and Donald is uncertain. The absence of any reference to her in Scottish sources is best explained if her relationship with the king ended before his accession in 1058. However, this is not totally consistent with the estimated birth dates of her sons as shown below. It should be noted that King Duncan II, in his charter dated 1093, makes no reference to his mother, which implies that his father's relationship with her may have been short-lived and informal. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls´-Mother” (Ingibjörg Finnsdatter, widow of Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, daughter of Finn Arnisson [later Jarl of Halland in Denmark]) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[256]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time after the death of her first husband for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained in the document SCOTLAND. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail.

m [secondly] (Dunfermline Abbey 1070) MARGARET of England, daughter of EDWARD ætheling of England & his wife Agatha --- ([in Hungary] [1046/53]-Edinburgh Castle 16 Nov 1093, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, transferred to Escorial, Madrid, her head bur Jesuit College, Douai). Although Margaret's birth is often placed in [1045/46][257], a later birth would be more consistent with the "German" theory of her mother's origin (as discussed in ANGLO-SAXON KINGS). Margaret's birth as late as 1053 would still be consistent with her having given birth to four children before her daughter Edith/Matilda (later wife of Henry I King of England), whose birth is estimated to have taken place in [1079/80]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Margaret left England with her mother in Summer 1067 and found refuge at the court of Malcolm King of Scotland [258]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitone Eadgaro et matre sua Agatha duabusque sororibus suis Margareta et Christina" left England for Scotland, in a passage which deals with events in mid-1068[259]. Florence of Worcester records that "regina Scottorum Margareta" died from grief after learning of the death of her husband and oldest son[260]. The Annals of Ulster record that "his queen Margaret…died of sorrow for him within nine days" after her husband was killed in battle[261]. She was canonised in 1250, her feast day in Scotland is 16 Nov[262].

King Malcolm III & [his first wife] had [two] children:

1. DUNCAN ([1060/65]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). William of Malmesbury names Duncan as illegitimate son of King Malcolm, when recording that he was knighted by William II King of England[263]. There is no indication of the identity of Duncan's mother, as explained above. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a child when given as a hostage in 1072, which precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate, although there is no indication that he was thereby excluded from succession to the throne. "Dunecanus fili regii Malcolum constans hereditarie rex Scotie" donated property to the monks of St Cuthbert for the souls of his father, "fratri mei, uxore mea et infans mei" (all unnamed), by charter dated 1093, witnessed by "Eadgari, [Etheread], Aceard, Ulf, Malcolub[264], Hormer, Heming, Ælfric, Teodbold, Earnulf"[265]. The copy in Early Scottish Charters lists the witnesses in a different order, and adds "Grentonis…Vinget"[266]. He was given as a hostage to William I King of England at Abernethy in 1072 to guarantee his father's good behaviour[267]. The Annals of Ulster record that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" in 1072[268], which presumably refers to Duncan as any of his half-brothers (if then born) would have been infants at the time. He was kept in Normandy. Florence of Worcester records that Robert III "Curthose" Duke of Normandy released "Ulfam Haroldi quondam regis Anglorum filium, Dunechaldumque regis Scottorum Malcolmi filium" from custody after his father's death in Sep 1087, knighted them and allowed them to leave Normandy[269]. He joined William II King of England and remained at his court in England[270]. Florence of Worcester records that Duncan served in the army of King William II, who supported his bid to depose his uncle, and to whom Duncan swore fealty before leaving for Scotland[271]. He deposed his uncle in 1094 and proclaimed himself DUNCAN II King of Scotland[272]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[273]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[274]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond" in 1094[275]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald"[276]. Florence of Worcester records that "Scotti regem…Dunechan" was killed in [1094][277]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donechat mac Malcolm" was killed "a Malpeder Mackcolm comite de Merns in Monacheden" through the treachery of "Donald mac Donehat"[278]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duncan, King Malcolm´s illegitimate son" was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys…Malpetri, in Scottish, Malpedir, through the wiles of his uncle Donald" as was buried "in the island of Iona"[279]. m ([1090]) ETHELREDA of Northumberland, daughter of GOSPATRICK Earl of Northumberland & his wife Ethelreda --- (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[280]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” was succeeded by “Alanus filius Waldevi”[281]. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda´s first husband and Waltheof her second husband. She married secondly Waltheof. King Duncan II & his wife had one child:

a) WILLIAM FitzDuncan ([1091/94]-[1153/54]). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) which records the rebellion of his son "Macwilliam whose real name was Donald Bane…son of William son of Duncan the bastard" against King William[282]. That William was his father's only child is shown by King Duncan's charter dated to 1093 referring to "infans mei". As the actual date of the charter is more likely to be 1094, this leaves little time for the birth of any more children before the king's murder. "…Willelmo nepote comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[283]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” was succeeded by “Alanus filius Waldevi”[284], suggesting that William was created Earl of Moray. Lord of Skipton and Craven, by right of his second wife.

- see below, Part C.

2. DONALD ([1060/65]-killed in battle 1085). There is no indication of the name of Donald's mother. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was an adult when killed, and old enough to have had a son himself at that time, but this precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate. The Annals of Ulster record that "Domnall son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland…ended [his] life unhappily" in 1085[285]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. Donald & his wife had [one possible child]:

a) [LADHMANN (-killed in battle 1116). The Annals of Ulster record that "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray"[286]. It is not known with certainty to whom this refers, but a son of Donald, son of King Malcolm, is the most likely possibility.]

King Malcolm III & his second wife had eight children[287]:

3. EDWARD (-Edwardsisle, near Jedburgh 16 Nov 1093, bur Tynemouth St Albans). Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[288]. He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him first of the sons[289]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[290]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, according to "William", "Edmund…was privy to his brother Duncan´s death, having…bargained with his uncle [Donald] for half the kingdom" but was captured and "kept in fetters for ever"[291]. He died from wounds received at the battle of Alnwick during a raid on England led by his father. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[292]. Matthew of Paris reports that the remains of "regis Scotorum Malcolmi et Edwardi filii sui" were found at Tynemouth, commenting that both had been killed fighting "Robertus de Mumbrai"[293].

4. EDMUND (-after 1097, bur [Montacute]). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him second of the sons[294]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife, adding in a later passage that Edmund "was buried at Montacute in England"[295]. He succeeded in 1094 as EDMUND joint King of Scotland, jointly with his uncle King Donald III "Bane", ruling south of the Forth/Clyde. He was deposed in 1097 by his brother Edgar, and became a monk at Montacute Abbey. Edmund is not mentioned either by Orderic Vitalis in his brief account of the usurpation of King Donald "Bane"[296], or by Florence of Worcester in his account of the deposition of King Donald in 1097[297]. If Edmund was older than his brother Edgar, it is not clear why their uncle Edgar Ætheling, who led the English army which deposed their uncle, would have supported the accession of Edgar in place of Edmund. The Annals of Ulster record that he was involved in the killing of his half-brother King Duncan[298]. William of Malmesbury records that "Edmund was the only degenerate son of Margaret", that he "[partook] in his uncle Donald's crime and…had been accessory to his brother's death", was "doomed to perpetual imprisonment", and "on his near approach of death, ordered himself to be buried in his chains"[299]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum records that "Edmundus" was buried "apud Montem Acutum in…cella Cluniacensi"[300].

5. EDGAR ([1074]-[Dundee or Edinburgh Castle] 6 Jan 1107, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him third of the sons[301]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[302]. He succeeded in 1097 as EDGAR King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "clitorem Eadgarum" led an army to Scotland in [1097] to place "consobrinum suum Eadgarum Malcolmi regis filium" on the Scottish throne after expelling "patruo suo Dufenaldo"[303]. The reign of Edgar is ignored by Orderic Vitalis, who says that Alexander succeeded when King Donald was deposed[304]. "Edgarus filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" made grants for the souls of "fratrum meorum Doncani et Edwardi" by charter dated 30 Aug 1095, subscribed by "Egeri regis, Alexandri fratri eius, Manyanium, Agulfi, filii Doncani, Eyluerti, filii Eghe Omani, Uhtredi, filii Magdufe, Constantini, Rodberti de humet, Ætele, A. gulfi, Alimoldi filii sui, David"[305]. The precise dating of this charter and the unusual list of subscribers suggest that it may be spurious. "Edgarus…Rex Scottorum" made grants for the souls of "Malcolmi patris nostri et Margaretæ matris nostræ…ac Edwardi et Duncani fratrum nostrorum" by charter dated 1095[306]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1107 of "Edgarus rex Scotiæ"[307]. Florence of Worcester records the death "VIII Id Jan" in [1107] of "Eadgarus rex Scottorum"[308]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Edgar mac Malcolm" reigned for 9 years, died "in Dunedin", and was buried "in Dumferline"[309].

6. ALEXANDER ([1077/78]-Stirling Castle 23, 25 or 27 Apr 1124, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him fourth of the sons[310]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[311]. Robert of Torigny records that "Alexander frater eius" succeeded in 1107 on the death of "Edgarus rex Scotiæ"[312]. He succeeded his brother in 1107 as ALEXANDER I "the Fierce" King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "Alexander frater eius" succeeded his brother King Edgar in [1107][313]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "VII Kal Mai" [1124] of "Alexander rex Scottorum"[314]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Alexander" reigned for 17 years and 3 months, died "in Crasleth", and was buried "in Dumferline"[315]. m ([1107]) SIBYL, illegitimate daughter of HENRY I King of England & his mistress --- ([1090/95]-Island of the Women, Loch Tay, Perthshire 12/13 Jul 1122, bur Island of the Women, Loch Tay). William of Malmesbury records the marriage of Alexander to the unnamed illegitimate daughter of King Henry, but adds "there was…some defect about the lady either in correctness of manners or elegance of person"[316], which appears to imply mental retardation. Her name is confirmed by various charters, including the charter dated to [1120] under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum filius Regis Malcolmi et Reginæ Margaretæ et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Angliæ" made grants[317]. Considering the date of her marriage, it is unlikely that she was born much later than [1095]. The Complete Peerage[318] suggests that she was the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, both because of her name and also because of the possible co-identity between "…Willelmo fratre reginæ…", who witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[319], and "…Willielmo fratre meo…" who witnessed the charter dated to [1163/75] under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ"[320]. However, this co-identity is not ideal from a chronological point of view. William, brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall, died after 1187. If he was the same person as the brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland, he could only have been a child when he subscribed the Scottish charters in which he is named. The documents give no indication of his youth, and in any case it is probable that the queen´s [full] brother would have been born in the same timeframe as she was. In addition, as noted in the document ENGLAND KINGS, it is possible that William, brother of Earl Renaud, may have been his uterine brother, in which case it is unlikely that he would have been chosen to accompany the queen to Scotland. Another factor is that the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY), which is clearly inconsistent with his having been the half-sister of the Scottish queen. In conclusion, it is preferable therefore to show the queen´s mother as unknown. King Alexander I had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

a) MALCOLM ([1105/15]-after 1158). Orderic Vitalis names Malcolm as bastard son of King Alexander[321]. Robert of Torigny records that "Aragois comes Morefie cum Melcolmo notho filio Alexandri fratri regis David" invaded Scotland in 1130[322]. Malcolm fought two battles challenging his uncle David for the crown of Scotland. He was captured in 1134, imprisoned in Roxburgh castle until 1158[323]. same person as …? MALCOLM MacHeth (-23 Oct 1168[324]). Duncan suggests that Malcolm, son of King Alexander I, and Malcolm MacHeth were two different persons, the latter being the son of "Aed" or "Heth" who witnessed two charters in the early years of the reign of King David I[325]. He was reconciled with King Malcolm IV in 1157. Malcolm MacHeth was created Earl of Ross in 1162 or before[326].

- EARLS of ROSS.

7. ETHELRED (-before [1107], bur [St Andrew´s Church, Kilremont]). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him fifth of the sons[327]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife, adding in a later passage that Ethelred "as some assert…lies buried in St Andrew´s church at Kilremont"[328]. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. "Edelradus…filius Malcolmi Regis Scotiæ Abbas de Dunkeldense et insuper Comes de Fyf" made donations to the Keledei of Loch Leven by undated charter, witnessed by "duo fratres Hedelradi…David et Alexander…Constantini comitis de Fyf et Nesse et Cormac filii Macbeath et Malnethte filii Beollani sacerdotum de Abyrnethyn et Mallebride alterius sacerdotis"[329].

8. EADGYTH (1079-1 Jun 1118). Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Eadgyth and her sister Mary to be brought up by their maternal aunt Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[330]. Florence of Worcester records the marriage of King Henry and "regis Scottorum Malcolmi et Margaretæ reginæ filiam Mahtildem" and her coronation as queen in a passage dealing with events in late 1100[331]. She adopted the name MATILDA on her marriage. Crowned Queen Consort of England 11 or 14 Nov 1100. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "Kal Mai" of "Matildis Anglorum regina"[332]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "Kal Mai " at Westminster of "Mahthildis regina Anglorum", and her burial at Westminster Abbey[333]. m (11 Nov 1100) as his first wife, HENRY I "Beauclerc" King of England, son of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Saint-Denis le Ferment, Forêt d’Angers near Rouen 1/2 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire).

9. DAVID ([1080]-Carlisle 24 May 1153, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him sixth of the sons[334]. He succeeded his brother in 1124 as DAVID I King of Scotland.

- see below.

10. MARY (-31 May 1116 or 18 Apr 1118, bur Bermondsey Priory). Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Mary and her sister Eadgyth to be brought up by their maternal aunt Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[335]. Florence of Worcester records that Henry I King of England arranged the marriage of "Mariam reginæ sororem" and "Eustatio Bononensium comiti" in [1102][336]. Her marriage is also recorded by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her daughter[337]. The Genealogica comitum Buloniensium records that "Eustachius, frater Balduini regis Iheruslame" married "Mariam filiam regis Scotiæ"[338]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum records the death "II Kal Jun" in 1116 of "Maria…comitissa" and her burial "apud Bermundseiam"[339]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Mary countess of Bouillon" died in "the third year before her sister´s death"[340]. m (1102) EUSTACHE [III] Comte de Boulogne, son of EUSTACHE [II] "Gernobadatus" Comte de Boulogne and Lens & his second wife Ida of Lotharingia (-after 1125).

DAVID I 1124-1153

DAVID, son of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his wife Margaret of England ([1080]-Carlisle 24 May 1153, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him sixth of the sons[341]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[342]. He was designated Prince of Cumbria in [1107][343]. "David comes" made donations to the monks of Durham by undated charter which names "frater meus Eadgarus rex", witnessed by "Mathildis Reginæ et Willelmi filii sui"[344], presumably referring to his sister Matilda Queen of England which dates the document to before Jun 1118. Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon, de iure uxoris. "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk by charter dated to [1120], witnessed by "Matilde comitisse, Henrico filio comitis…"[345]. Inquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concern land owned by the church of Glasgow[346]. He succeeded his brother in 1124 as DAVID I King of Scotland. Having at first supported Empress Matilda's right to succeed her father Henry I King of England, he made peace with King Stephen, agreeing in 1136 to resign his English earldoms to his son Henry[347]. The peace was short-lived, King David being defeated by King Stephen at the battle of the Standard 22 Aug 1138. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1153 of "David rex Scotiæ"[348]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "David" reigned for 29 years and 3 months, died "in Carlelle", and was buried "in Dumfermline"[349].

m (1113) as her second husband, MATILDA [Maud] of Huntingdon, widow of SIMON de St Lis Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, daughter of WALTHEOF Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton & his wife Judith de Lens [Boulogne] ([1071/76]-[23 Apr 1130/22 Apr 1131], bur Scone Abbey, Perthshire). Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland records the marriage of Matilda eldest daughter of Judith and "Earl Simon[350]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that the eldest of the three daughters of Waltheof & his wife married "Simon de Senlis" and later "David frère de la seconde Mathilde reine des Anglais"[351]. Her parents are named by Orderic Vitalis[352]. Robert of Torigny records that the wife of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" was "filiam Gallevi comitis et Judith consobrini regis", naming "Symon Silvanectensis comes" as her first husband[353]. "Matilde comitisse, Henrico filio comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[354]. "Matildis comitissa…" witnessed inquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concerning land owned by the church of Glasgow[355].

King David & his wife had four children:

1. MALCOLM ([1114]-[1116/17]). His parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis, who specifies that he was the first-born child but does not name him, and says that he was "cruelly murdered by the iron fingers of a certain wretched clerk" when aged two[356]. The primary source which confirms his name has not yet been identified.

2. HENRY ([1115]-12 Jun 1152, bur Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire). Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[357]. He succeeded as Earl of Huntingdon in [Feb 1136], on his father's resignation of the earldom. He was created Earl of Northumberland in 1139.

- see below.

3. CLARICIA (-young). Her parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis [358]. Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[359].

4. HODIERNA (-young). Her parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis358. Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[360].

MALCOLM IV 1153-1165

HENRY of Scotland, son of DAVID I King of Scotland & his wife Matilda [Maud] of Huntingdon ([1115]-12 Jun 1152, bur Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire). His parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis[361]. Robert of Torigny names "filium Henricum duasque filias Clariciam et Hodiernam" as children of "David [rex Scotiæ] frater [Alexandri]" & his wife[362]. "Matilde comitisse, Henrico filio comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[363]. He succeeded as Earl of Huntingdon in [Feb 1136], on his father's resignation of the earldom. He was created Earl of Northumberland in 1139 by King Stephen as part of the peace settlement which followed the battle of the Standard. He remained at the court of King Stephen for some time[364]. Robert of Torigny records that "Henricus filius eius" died the year before "David rex Scotiæ"[365].

m (1139[366]) ADA de Warenne, daughter of WILLIAM de Warenne 2^nd Earl of Surrey & his wife Isabelle de Vermandois (-1178[367]). She is named by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her father[368]. Robert of Torigny refers to the wife of "Henricus filius eius [David rex Scotiæ]" as "filia Willermi comitis de Warenna, sorore uterine Gualeranni comitis Mellenti"[369].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Henry's mistress is not known.

Earl Henry & his wife had seven children:

1. ADA ([1140]-11 Jan after 1205, bur Middleburg Monastery). The Annales Egmundani record the marriage in 1162 of "Florentius comes Hollandiæ" and "sororem Regis Scottorum…Ada"[370]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the marriage of Count Floris III and "Adam filiam Henrici prepotentis regis Scottorum"[371]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the death "III Id Ian" of "Ada quidam Hollandie comitissa regie stirpis" and her burial in Middleburg monastery[372]. Beke's Egmondsch Necrologium records the death "Id Jan" of "Ada comitissa filia Heynrici regis Scothorum"[373]. m (1162[374]) FLORIS III Count of Holland, son of DIRK VI Count of Holland & his wife Sophie von Rheineck ([1140]-Tyre 1 Aug 1190). He was created Earl of Ross in 1162 by his brother-in-law Malcolm IV King of Scotland but the earldom was withdrawn from him[375].

2. MALCOLM (20 Mar 1142[376]-Jedburgh Castle 9 Dec 1165, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife[377]). William of Newburgh names "Malcolmum filii primogenitum" of Earl Henry[378]. Robert of Torigny names "nepotes quos Henricus filius eius" Malcolm and William as successors of "David rex Scotiæ"[379]. He succeeded his grandfather in 1153 as MALCOLM IV “the Maiden” King of Scotland, crowned soon after at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. He resigned his right to the earldoms of Northumberland and Cumberland in 1157, and was confirmed as Earl of Huntingdon by Henry II King of England[380]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Malcolm filius Henrici filii David" reigned for 12 years, 6 months and 20 days, died "apud Jedwarth", and was buried "Dumfermline"[381].

3. WILLIAM (1143-Stirling 4 Dec 1214, bur Arbroath Abbey). Robert of Torigny names "nepotes quos Henricus filius eius" Malcolm and William as successors of "David rex Scotiæ"[382]. He succeeded his brother in 1165 as WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland.

- see below.

4. MARGARET ([1144/45]-1201, bur Sawtrey Abbey, Herts). Her origin and first marriage are deduced from Benedict of Peterborough who records that "filia sororis regis Scotiæ Willelmi comitissa Brittaniæ" gave birth in 1186 to "filium…Arturum"[383]. Her birth date is estimated from the Rotuli de Dominabus of 1185 which records property “villam de Wissinton” held by “Margareta comitissa…xl annorum”, adding that “comes Britannie habet filiam suam” and that she has “i filium de Humfrido de Buun qui est infra etatem”[384]. The Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ records that "Conanus filius Alani" married "Margaretam sororem Willielmi Regis Scotie"[385]. A manuscript which narrates the descents of the founders of Lanthony Abbey records that “dominus Humfridus quartus de Bohun, comes Herefordiæ et constabularius Angliæ” married “Margaretam comitissam Britanniæ”[386]. The Annals of Burton record the death in 1201 of “Margareta mater…Constantiæ, soror Willelmi regis Scotiæ, mater Henrici de Boum comitis Herefordiæ”[387]. m firstly (1160[388]) CONAN IV "le Petit" Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, son of ALAIN Earl of Richmond & his wife Berthe heiress of Brittany ([1138]-20 Feb 1171). m secondly (1171 before Easter) HUMPHREY de Bohun, son of HUMPHREY de Bohun & his wife Margaret of Hereford (-[1181]). Hereditary Constable of England.

5. DAVID ([1144]-Yardley, Northants 17 Jun 1219, bur Sawtrey Abbey, Hunts). William of Newburgh names "Hunteduniensem comitem David fratrem regis Scottorum" when recording that he became the leader of a rebellion in England [in 1174][389]. He received Garioch in Aberdeenshire from his brother in 1174, possibly becoming Earl of Garrioch, although there is no evidence of this creation[390]. Earl of Huntingdon in 1185, on the resignation of his brother King William. He was deprived of all his English honours in [1215/16], but restored 13 Mar 1218[391]. The Annals of Waverley record the death in 1219 of “comes David, frater Willelmi regis Scotiæ”[392]. m (26 Aug 1190[393]) MATILDA [Maud] of Chester, daughter of HUGH de Kevilloc Earl of Chester & his wife Bertrade de Montfort (1171-6 Jan 1233). The Annales Londonienses record that "Ranulphus comes Cestriæ" had four sisters, of whom "primogenita…Matilda" married "comiti David"[394]. Benedict of Peterborough records the marriage in 1190 of "David frater Willelmi regis Scotiæ" and "sororem Ranulfi comitem Cestriæ"[395]. Mistresses (1) - (4): ---. The names of David's mistresses are not known. Earl David & his wife had seven children:

a) ROBERT (-young, bur Lindores Abbey, Fife). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) MARGARET (-[6 Jan 1233]). The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1209 of "Alan FitzRoland" and "the daughter of earl David, the brother of the king of Scotland"[396]. The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la primere fille Davi" and "Aleyn de Gavei"[397]. m (1209) as his second wife, ALAN Lord of Galloway, son of ROLAND Lord of Galloway & his wife Elena de Moreville (-1234). Constable of Scotland.

i) other children: LORDS of GALLOWAY.

ii) DEVORGUILLA of Galloway ([1218]-28 Jan 1290, bur Sweetheart Abbey, Kirkland). The Annales Londonienses name "Devorgoille de Baillol" as second of the three daughters of "la primere fille Davi" and "Aleyn de Gavei"[398]. According to the Chronicle of Melrose[399], Devorguilla was second daughter of Alan of Galloway, when recording her marriage in 1233 to "John de Baylol". m ([1233]) Sir JOHN de Balliol of Barnard Castle, co Durham, son of HUGH Balliol [Bailleul] of Barnard Castle & his wife Cecilia de Fontaines (-before 24 Oct 1268 or 1269).

- see below, Chapter 3. KINGS OF SCOTLAND, HOUSE of BALLIOL.

c) HENRY (-after 1215, bur Lindores Abbey, Fife). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His father offered 1,000 marks for Henry's marriage with Maud de Cauz in 1203, but the marriage did not take place[400].

d) ISABEL (1206-1251, bur Saltre Abbey, near Stilton, Gloucs). The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la secounde fille Davi" and "sire Robert de Brus"[401]. She was granted the manors of Writtle and Hatfield, Essex, 16 Oct 1241 in return for her share of the inheritance of her brother John Earl of Chester. m Sir ROBERT de Brus “the Noble” Lord of Annandale, son of WILLIAM Brus & his wife --- (-1245).

- see below, Chapter 4. KINGS OF SCOTLAND, HOUSE of BRUCE.

e) JOHN "the Scot" ([1207]-Darnhall, Cheshire shortly before 6 Jun 1237, bur Chester, Abbey of St Werburg[402]). The Annales Londonienses name "Johannem" as the son of "comiti David" & his wife[403]. He succeeded his father in 1219 as Earl of Huntingdon and Garioch. He was created Earl of Chester 21 Nov 1232, in succession to his maternal uncle. Matthew of Paris records that it was suspected that his wife "filia Leolini" poisoned John “the Scot”[404]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "Johannes comes Cestriæ gener suus [dominæ Johannæ filiæ regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ]"[405]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “V Id Jan” in 1237 of “Johannes de Scotia comes Cestriæ”[406]. m ([1220/22]) as her first wife, HELEN of Wales, daughter of LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of Wales & his second wife Joan [illegitimate daughter of John King of England] (-1253 before 24 Oct). The Annals of Dunstable record that “Johannes comes Cestriæ” died in 1237 and “eius uxor…filia Lewelini” married “Roberto [de Quinci]” against her father´s wishes[407]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. She married secondly (1237 before 5 Dec) Robert de Quincy.

f) MATILDA [Maud] . The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David"[408]. 1239.

g) ADA (-after 1241). The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la tierce fille Davi" and "sire Henri de Hastinges"[409]. m (before 7 Jun 1237) Sir HENRY de Hastings, of Ashill in Norfolk, son of WILLIAM de Hastings & his first wife Margery Bigod of Norfolk (-before 9 Aug 1250).

Earl David had [four] illegitimate children by Mistresses (1) - (4):

h) HENRY of Stirling . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

i) HENRY of Brechin (-[1244/Aug 1245]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He swore to aid King Alexander II to keep the 1237 truce with England in 1244[410]. m JULIANA de Cornhill, daughter of RALPH de Cornhill & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. This couple were ancestors of Scottish families including BARCLAY, FLEMMING, FORBES, GORDON, KEITH, MAULE AND SETON.

j) ADA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m MALISE, son of FERTETH [Ferquhard] 2^nd Earl of Strathearn & his wife Ethen --- ([after 1150]-).

k) [DAVID .]

6. MATILDA (-1152). The death of Matilda, daughter of Henry Earl of Northumberland, is recorded in the Chronicle of Melrose and by Roger of Hoveden, in the same year that her father died[411].

Earl Henry had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

7. MARJORY . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m JOHN[412] de Lindsay, son of ---. Marjory & her husband had one child:

a) ALICE de Lindsay (-[1252/54]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m Sir HENRY de Pinkeney Lord of Wedon-Pinkeney (-shortly before 16 May 1254). Alice & her husband had one child:

i) Sir HENRY de Pinkeney (before 1228-before 25 Aug 1275). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m MARY, daughter of --- (-after her husband). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Sir Henry & his wife had one child:

(a) Sir ROBERT de Pinkeney (-shortly before 2 Sep 1296). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 5^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland.

WILLIAM I 1165-1214

WILLIAM, son of HENRY of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland & his wife Ada de Warenne (1143-Stirling 4 Dec 1214, bur Arbroath Abbey). Robert of Torigny names "nepotes quos Henricus filius eius" Malcolm and William as successors of "David rex Scotiæ"[413]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth of "William king of Scotland" in 1143[414]. William of Newburgh names "fratri eius [Malcolmum filii primogenitum] Wilelmo" when recording his succession as Earl of Northumberland on the death of his father[415]. He succeeded his father in 1152 as Earl of Northumberland, his older brother surrendering the earldom in 1157 on his behalf. He succeeded his brother in 1165 as WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland, and as Earl of Huntingdon. Although Henry II King of England recognised his succession to the earldom of Huntingdon, he refused to grant William the earldom of Northumberland. King William made unsuccessful attempts to regain Northumberland, including joining forces with King Henry's son Henry for an unsuccessful invasion which ended with his defeat and capture at Alnwick 12 Jul 1174, and the confiscation of the earldom of Huntingdon. King Henry re-granted Huntingdon to him in 1185, but King William immediately resigned it in favour of his brother David[416]. In 1189, he contributed £10,000 to Richard I King of England in answer to an appeal for funds to finance the crusade to relieve Jerusalem, in return for release from his allegiance to the English crown and the restoration of the towns of Berwick and Roxburgh[417]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Willielmus" died aged 52 "in Stirlin", and was buried "in Aberbrothock"[418].

Betrothed (1184) to MATHILDE [née Richenza] von Sachsen, daughter of HEINRICH "der Löwe" ex-Duke of Saxony and Bavaria & his second wife Matilda of England (1172-13 Jan [1209/10]). Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal of "Willelmus rex Scotiæ" and "Matildem filiam Matildis ducissa Saxoniæ"[419]. This betrothal was not pursued as the Pope refused a dispensation for the marriage on grounds of consanguinity[420].

m (Woodstock Palace, Oxford 5 Sep 1186) ERMENGARDE de Beaumont, daughter of RICHARD [I] Vicomte de Beaumont-sur-Sarthe et du Maine & his wife Lucie de Laigle (-11 Feb 1233, bur Balmerino Abbey, Fife[421]). Benedict of Peterborough records that "Ricardus vicecomes de Bellomonte et uxor sua…filiam" brought their daughter to be married to "Willelmo regis Scotiæ" at "Wdestoke Non Sep…1186"[422]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1186 of "William king of the Scots" and "a relation of Henry king of England…Ermengarda …daughter of the count of Beaumont who was the son of the daughter of the elder son of William the Bastard"[423]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the death of "Queen Ermengarde" in 1233 and her burial at "the abbey of St Edward of Balmurinath"[424].

Mistress (1): --- Avenal, daughter of ROBERT Avenal & his wife ---. The Chronicle of Melrose refers to "the daughter of Robert Avenal" as the mother of King William's daughter Isabel[425].

Mistress (2): ---. The name of William's second mistress is not known.

Mistress (3): --- de Hythus, daughter of ADAM de Hythus & his wife ---. The Chronicle of Melrose refers to "the daughter of Adam de Hythusum" as the mother of King William's daughter Margaret[426].

Mistresses (4) - (9): ---. The names of William's other mistresses are not known.

King William & his wife had four children:

1. MARGARET (1193-1259, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). The Annales Londonienses record the marriage in 1221 of "Hubertus de Burgo, justiciarius Angliæ" and "sororem regis Scotiæ apud Sanctum Trinitatum Londoniis"[427]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Hubertus de Burgo justiciarius Angliæ” divorced his third wife in 1232, because she was “consanguinea” of his second wife “comitissæ Gloverniæ”, in a prolonged and difficult lawsuit[428]. [429]Betrothed (1219) THIBAUT IV Comte de Champagne, son of THIBAUT III Comte de Champagne & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra (Pamplona 3 May 1201-Pamplona 8 Jul 1253, bur Pamplona). m (York Jun 1221, divorced 1232) as his third wife, HUBERT de Burgh, son of --- & his wife Alice --- (-Banstead, Surrey 12 May 1243, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). He was created Earl of Kent in 1227.

2. ALEXANDER (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Ohan 8 Jul 1249, bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire). The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth "the day of St Bartholomew the Apostle" in 1198 of "Alexander the son of William king of the Scots"[430]. He succeeded his father in 1214 as ALEXANDER II King of Scotland.

- see below.

3. ISABEL (-after 1253, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She appears to have been living in Gloucestershire in Oct 1263. m (Alnwick May 1225, repudiated 1245 on grounds of consanguinity, but compelled by ecclesiastical sentence to take her back 1253[431]) ROGER Bigod Earl of Norfolk, son of HUGH Bigod Earl of Norfolk & his wife Maud Marshal of Pembroke ([1212/13]-3/4 Jul 1270, bur 10 Jul Thetford). No issue.

4. MARJORY (-17 Nov 1244, bur London, Church of the Preaching Friars435). The Annales Cambriæ record that "Gilbertus Marescallus" married "sororem regis Scotiæ" in 1235[432]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “circa Assumptionis beatæ Virginis” in 1235 of “Margata soror regis Scotiæ” and “G. Marscallo”[433]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Gilebertus Marscallus” married “Margaretam, sororem regis Scotiæ” in 1235, her dowry being 10,000 marcs[434]. Matthew of Paris records her death, when he names her "Margareta soror regis Scotiæ…relicta Gileberti comitis Marescalli"[435]. m (Berwick 1 Aug 1235[436]) GILBERT Marshall Earl of Pembroke, son of WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke & his wife Isabel Ctss of Pembroke (-Hertford Priory 27 Jun 1241, bur New Temple Church, London). He died after falling from his horse during a tournament[437]. No children.

King William had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

5. ISABEL . The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1183 of "William king of the Scots…his daughter Isabella" and "Robert de Brus"[438]. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1191 of "the king of Scots…his daughter Ysembel (the widow of Robert de Brus)" and "Robert de Ross" at Haddington[439]. A manuscript narrating the foundation of Rievall Abbey records that “Robertum de Roos dictum Fursan” married “Isabellam filiam regis Scotiæ”, by whom he was father of “Willielmum de Roos et Robertum”, and also lists their descendants[440]. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "dominus Willelmus de Ross" claimed the Scottish throne "de legittimacione Ysabellæ antecedentis suæ"[441]. m firstly (1183) ROBERT de Brus Lord of Annandale, son of ROBERT de Brus Lord of Annandale & his wife Euphemia --- (-1191). m secondly (Haddington early 1191) ROBERT de Ros "Furson", son of EVERARD de Ros & his wife Roese Trussebut ([1172]-[before 23 Dec 1226]). Bailiff of the royal castellany of Bonneville sur Toques in Normandy. Sheriff of Cumberland 1213-1215. He was one of the barons appointed to enforce Magna Carta. He became a Templar, and retired from secular life in 1226[442].

King William had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

6. ADA (-1200). The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1184 of "William king of Scotland…his daughter Ada" and "earl Patrick"[443]. m (1184) as his first wife, PATRICK Dunbar, son of WALTHEOF of Dunbar, Earl & his wife Aline --- (1152-31 Dec 1232, bur Eccles, Berwick). He assumed the style Earl of Dunbar from his castle at Dunbar.

King William had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (3):

7. MARGARET . The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1193 of "William king of the Scots…his daughter Margaret" and "Eustace de Vesci" at "Rokesburch"[444]. Living 13 Nov 1218, probably living 1226. m (Roxburgh 1193) EUSTACE de Vescy, son of WILLIAM de Vescy & his wife Burga de Stuteville ([1169/71]-killed Barnard Castle Aug 1216).

King William had [five] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

8. HENRY Galithly . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m ---. The name of Henry's wife is not known. Henry & his wife had one child:

a) PATRICK Galithly . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 7^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland.

9. AUFRICA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m WILLIAM de Say, son of GEOFFREY de Say & his first wife Alix Maminot (-before 1 Jan 1199). Aufrica & her husband had one child:

a) AUFRICA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ROBERT Wardone, son of ---. Aufrica & her husband had one child:

i) AGATHA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m --- de Mandeville, son of ---. Agatha & her husband had one child:

(a) ROGER de Mandeville . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 8^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland.

10. 3 others. The primary source which confirms their parentage has not yet been identified.

King William had two further possible illegitimate children by an unknown mistress:

11. [ALEXANDER (-1229). Monk at Fusny. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1229 "apud Fusniacum" of "frater Alexander…filius…regis Scotie et frater Mathildis qui requiescit in villa Lapion"[445]. No other reference has been found to Alexander and his sister Matilda. If they were really children of the king of Scotland, King William "the Lion" is chronologically the only possible father. If this paternity is correct, it is unlikely that they were legitimate.]

12. [MATILDA (-1220, bur Lappion). Nun at Lappion. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1220 of "religiosa et sancta Mathildis de Lapion regis Scotie filia", specifying that she had gone into hiding to escape[446].]

ALEXANDER II 1214-1249, ALEXANDER III 1249-1286, MARGARET 1286-1290

ALEXANDER of Scotland, son of WILLIAM I "the Lion" King of Scotland & his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Ohan, near the Sound of Mull 8 Jul 1249[447], bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire[448]). The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth "the day of St Bartholomew the Apostle" in 1198 of "Alexander the son of William king of the Scots"[449]. He succeeded his father in 1214 as ALEXANDER II King of Scotland, crowned 6 Dec 1214 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death in 1250 of “Alexander rex Scotiæ”[450]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1280 records that "Alexandre" reigned for 37 years, died "a Kenbray en Orkany", and was buried "a Melros"[451].

Betrothed (1200) to MARIE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE II "Auguste" King of France & his third wife Agnes von Andechs-Merano (after 1197-15 Aug 1238, bur Louvain, église collégiale de Saint Pierre). The primary source which confirms her betrothal has not yet been identified.

m firstly (York Minster 19 Jun 1221) JOAN of England, daughter of JOHN King of England & his wife Isabelle Ctss d'Angoulême (22 Jul 1210-Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 4 Mar 1238, bur Tarrant Crawford Abbey, Dorset[452]). Matthew of Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III[453]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “regi Scotiæ” married “rege…sororem suam” in 1221, specifying that she was eleven years old at the time and had previously been betrothed to “Hugoni Brun”[454]. The Annales Londonienses record the death in 1238 of "Johanna regina regis Scotiæ, soror regis Anglorum" while on a visit to her brother in England and her burial "IV Non Mar"[455]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Haveringes III Non Mar” of “regina Scotiæ soror regis Angliæ” and her burial “apud Tarentune monialium”[456].

m secondly (Roxburgh 15 May 1239[457]) as her first husband, MARIE de Coucy, daughter of ENGUERRAND [III] Seigneur de Coucy & third his wife Marie de Montmirail (bur Newbottle, Scotland). She is named by Matthew of Paris, who also names her father when he records her marriage[458]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the marriage in 1239 of "Ingelrannus de Coci…filiam suam" and "regi Scotie Alexandro"[459]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage at Roxburgh in 1239 of "rex Alexander Scociæ" and "filiam domini de Coussy Mariam"[460]. She returned to France 29 Sep 1251 after her husband's death[461], and married secondly ([1251/52]) as his first wife, Jean de Brienne "d'Acre". The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified.

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Alexander's mistress is not known.

King Alexander II & his second wife had one child:

1. ALEXANDER (Roxburgh 4 Sep 1241-between Burntisland and Kinghorn, Fife 19 Mar 1286). The Chronicle of Melrose records the birth "on the day of the translation of St Cuthbert the day before Non Sep" in 1241 of "the eldest child of…Alexander king of Scotland…Alexander" at Roxburgh[462]. He succeeded his father in 1249 as ALEXANDER III "the Glorious" King of Scotland, crowned 13 Jul 1249 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. A description of his inauguration ceremony is contained in the chronicle of Fordun[463]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XIV Kal Apr" [1286] of "Alexander rex Scotiæ"[464]. He died after his horse plunged over a cliff. m firstly (York Minster 26 Dec 1251) MARGARET of England, daughter of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (Windsor Castle 5 Oct 1240-Cupar Castle, Fife 26 Feb 1275, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). Her birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris [465]. Matthew of Paris also records her marriage, as well as the splendour and extravagance of the marriage banquets [466]. The Annals of Burton record the marriage “die Natalis Domini apud Eboracum” in 1251 of “rex Scotiæ, filius regis Alexandri, puer parvulus ix annorum” and “Margaretam filiam regis Henrici Angliæ…eiusdem ætatis”[467]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “apud Eboracum…circa festum beati Stephani” in 1251 of “dominus rex…filiam suam primogenitam” and “regi Scotiæ”[468]. The Annales Londonienses record the marriage "apud Eboracum" in 1252 of "Henricus rex Margaretam filiam suam" and "regi Scotiæ"[469]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in 1275 of "Margareta regina Scotie et Beatrix comitissa Britanniæ, filiæ Henrici"[470]. m secondly (Jedburgh Abbey 1 Nov 1285) as her first husband, YOLANDE de Dreux, daughter of ROBERT IV Comte de Dreux & his wife Beatrix Ctss de Montfort ([1269]-2 Aug 1322). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in [1285] of "Alexander rex Scotorum" and "filiam comitis de Drues"[471]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the betrothal in 1284 of "Alexander III King of England" and "Yolande, daughter of the count of Dreux"[472]. She married secondly (1292) Arthur de Bretagne, who succeeded in 1305 as Arthur II Duke of Brittany. The necrology of Port-Royal records the death "IV Non Aug" of "dame Yoland, royne d'Escosse, duchesse de Bretaigne et contesse de Montfort"[473]. King Alexander III & his first wife had three children:

a) MARGARET (Windsor Castle 28 Feb 1261-Tönsberg 9 Apr 1283, bur Christ Kirk, Bergen). The Annals of Dunstable record the birth in 1260 of “rex Scotiæ…filiam apud Wyndlesores”, noted as the last event in that year[474]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names " Margaretæ filiæ Alexandri regis Scotiæ et Margaretæ reginæ filiæ Henrici regis Anglorum" as wife of "Irici regis Norwegiæ"[475]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the death "9 Apr…the same year her brother Alexander died" of "Margaret…the king´s only daughter…queen of the Norwegians"[476]. She died in childbirth. m (Bergen 31 Aug 1281) as his first wife, ERIK II King of Norway, son of MAGNUS IV "Lagabøte/Lagabæter/the Law-reformer" King of Norway & his wife Ingeborg of Denmark (1268-Bergen 13 Jul 1299, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). He was a claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 13^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "regis Norouwegiæ" claimed the Scottish throne "ascendens…ad successionem filiæ suæ Margaretæ"[477]. King Erik & his first wife had one daughter:

i) MARGARET "the Maid of Norway" (Tönsberg before 9 Apr 1283-on board ship off Orkney [26 Sep] 1290, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Margaret" as the only daughter of "Margaret…the king´s only daughter…queen of the Norwegians"[478]. Acknowledged as heir to the throne by the magnates of Scotland in Feb 1284, she succeeded her grandfather in 1286 as MARGARET Queen of Scotland, although her succession was considered provisional depending whether her grandfather's widow was pregnant. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "domino episcopo Sanctiandreæ, domino Willelmo Frasier, domino comite de Fife Duncano cum domino Duncano de Cumyn comite de Buchan…ex parte boriali aquæ de Forth" and "ex parte…australi…Robertus episcopus Glasquensis cum domino Johanne Cumyn et Jacobo senescallo Scociæ" were appointed guardians of the realm after the death of King Alexander[479]. Negotiations for her return from Norway were preceded by the Treaty of Salisbury 9 Nov 1289 under which Edward I King of England confirmed that the government of the guardians in Scotland should be obeyed. This was followed by the Treaty of Birgham in Jul 1290 which confirmed the Queen's betrothal and that Scotland would retain its independence after the marriage took place[480]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the betrothal between "Edward I king of England…Edward his son and heir" and "Margaret the daughter of the king of Norway…the true heiress of Scotland" in 1290[481]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in Orkney of "Margareta filia Irici regis Norwegiæ et Margaretæ filiæ Alexandri regis Scotiæ et Margaretæ reginæ filiæ Henrici regis Anglorum", adding that she was betrothed to "Eadwardo regis Eadwardi filio"[482]. Queen Margaret's premature death plunged Scotland into a succession crisis, during which thirteen rival claimants to the throne emerged. King Edward I intervened more forcibly in Scottish affairs, acquiring the right to reappoint the guardians 11 Jun 1291 after which he became effective direct ruler of Scotland[483]. The choice of the new ruler was submitted in Aug 1291 to a specially appointed court, Robert Bruce and John Balliol emerging as leading candidates, the final judgment 17 Nov 1292 favouring the latter. Betrothed (Birgham Jul 1290) to EDWARD Prince of Wales, son of EDWARD I King of England & his first wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Caernarvon Castle 25 Apr 1284-murdered Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 21 Sep 1327, bur Gloucester Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1307 as EDWARD II King of England.

b) ALEXANDER (Jedburgh, Roxburghshire 21 Jun 1264-Lindores Abbey, Fife 28 Jan 1283, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "her brother Alexander" when recording that he died in the same year as "Margaret…the king´s only daughter"[484]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death "apud Lundoris" in 1283 of "Alexander filius Alexandri tercii et…Margaretæ sororis Edwardi Langschankiæ regis Angliæ" aged 20 and his burial "apud Dunfermlyng cum fratre"[485]. m (Roxburgh 15 Nov 1282) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de Flandre, daughter of GUY de Dampierre Count of Flanders & his second wife Isabelle de Luxembourg (-1331). The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage at Roxburgh in 1279 of "Alexander filius Alexandri tercii et…Margaretæ sororis Edwardi Langschankiæ regis Angliæ" and "filiam comitis Flandreæ"[486]. The primary source which confirms her name and second marriage has not yet been identified. She married secondly (3 Jul 1286) Reinald I Graf von Geldern (-9 Oct 1326).

c) DAVID (20 Mar 1273-Stirling Castle 1278 or end Jun 1281, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Alexander and David" as the two sons of "Alexander III"[487]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death at Stirling in 1278 of "filius regis Alexandri…David" and his burial "apud Dunfermling"[488].

King Alexander III had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

2. MARJORY . The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) which records that "Robert abbot of Dunfermline…the king´s chancellor" was accused of "intending to legitimate…the king´s illegitimate sister…the wife of Alan the Hostiary" to enable her to become the king´s heiress[489]. m ([1244]) ALAN Durward, son of ---. He was appointed Justiciar of Scotia in [1244][490]. The Chronicle of Melrose reports that he plotted in 1251 to have his illegitimate daughter "by the sister of the king" legitimated and declared heir to the throne, the plot being revealed by Henry III King of England[491]. Alan Durward rebelled again in 1254, defeated a Scottish army, and plotted to capture King Alexander at Edinburgh in 1255 under the pretext of arranging a peace conference[492]. Marjory & her husband had one child:

a) ERMENGARDE . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. The Chronicle of Melrose[493] reports that her father plotted in 1251 to have his illegitimate daughter "by the sister of the king" legitimated and declared heir to the throne, the plot being revealed by Henry III King of England. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. m NICHOLAS de Soulis . Ermengarde & her husband had one child:

i) NICHOLAS de Soulis . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 6^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland.

C. DESCENDANTS of WILLIAM FitzDuncan

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

WILLIAM FitzDuncan, son of DUNCAN II King of Scotland & his wife Ethelreda of Northumberland ([1091/94]-[1153/54]). His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) which records the rebellion of his son "Macwilliam whose real name was Donald Bane…son of William son of Duncan the bastard" against King William[494]. That William was his father's only child is shown by King Duncan's charter dated to 1093 referring to "infans mei". As the actual date of the charter is more likely to be 1094, this leaves little time for the birth of any more children before the king's murder. "…Willelmo nepote comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[495]. "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri…" subscribed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[496]. No other reference to Alexander nephew of King Alexander has been found. Duncan suggests the entry is an error for William and that his position in the witness list indicates that he may then have been intended by the king as his successor[497]. William acquired rights in Allerdale, Cumberland, held by his maternal uncle Waltheof[498]. "…Willelmus nepos ipsius principis…" witnessed inquisitions by "David…Cumbrensis regionis princeps", dated 1124, concerning land owned by the church of Glasgow[499]. "…Willelmo filio Duncani…" witnessed a charter dated to [1128] by which "David…Rex Scottorum" made grants to the church of St John in the castle of Roxburgh[500]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” was succeeded by “Alanus filius Waldevi”[501], suggesting that William was created Earl of Moray. He may have claimed the mormaership of Moray in 1130 after the defeat of his brother-in-law Angus Mormaer of Moray, by right of his first wife. "Willelmo nepote Regis…" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[502]. Lord of Skipton and Craven de iure uxoris. “Willielmus filius Dunecani nepos regis Scotiæ…et Aeliz de Rumeili uxor mea” confirmed donations of property to Bolton Priory by undated charter[503]. "Willelmo filio Duncani, Gospatrico filio eius…" witnessed a charter dated to before 1138 under which "Gospatricus comes frater Dolfini" made grants to the monks of St Cuthbert[504]. He fought at the battle of the Standard in Aug 1138[505].

m firstly GRUALDH of Moray, daughter of AEDH [Heth] Mormaer of Moray & his wife --- [daughter of Lulach King of Scotland]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.

m secondly (1138) as her first husband, ALICE de Rumilly Lady of Skipton, daughter of WILLIAM "le Meschin" Lord of Copeland [younger son of Ranulf Vicomte du Bessin] & his wife Cecily de Rumilly Lady of Skipton. A manuscript genealogy of William de Forz Comte d´Aumâle names “Aliciam de Rumeleya” as daughter of “Willielmus de Mechines primus hæres de Sciptun in Craven”, adding that she married “Willielmo filio Duncan” and was buried “apud Fontes”[506]. A different version of her parentage is provided by the Cronicon Cumbriæ which records that “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, married “Aliciam filiam Roberti de Romeney, domini de Skipton in Craven” and his wife “filiam Willielmi de Meschinis domini de Coupland”[507]. Lady of Skipton. “Willielmus filius Dunecani nepos regis Scotiæ…et Aeliz de Rumeili uxor mea” confirmed donations of property to Bolton Priory by undated charter[508]. “Aaliz de Rumelli” donated property to Pontefract Priory, with the consent of “Willielmi filii mei”, for the soul of “domini mei Willielmi filii Dunecani”, by undated charter[509]. She married secondly (before 1156[510]) Alexander FitzGerold.

Mistress (1): ---. The name of William's mistress is not known.

William FitzDuncan & his first wife had two children:

1. GOSPATRICK . "Willelmo filio Duncani, Gospatrico filio eius…" witnessed a charter dated to before 1138 under which "Gospatricus comes frater Dolfini" made grants to the monks of St Cuthbert[511].

2. DONALD MacWilliam (-killed in battle Mamgarvey [Mngarnia] Moor, Speyside 31 Jul 1187). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Macwilliam" rebelled against William "the Lion" King of Scotland, but was killed by Scottish forces on Mount Mamgarvey, near Moray[512]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the rebellion of "Macwilliam whose real name was Donald Bane…son of William son of Duncan the bastard" against King William in 1179[513]. m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known. Donald & his wife had four children:

a) GODFREY MacWilliam (-beheaded Kincardine 1213). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Guthred son of Macwilliam" rebelled against William "the Lion" King of Scotland in 1211[514].

b) DONALD MacWilliam (-killed in battle Morayshire 15 Jun 1215). The Chronicle of Melrose records that "Donald Ban the son of Macwilliam" invaded Moray in 1215 with Kenneth MacAht and "the son of a certain king of Ireland at the head of a large troop of wicked ones", but he was beheaded by Ferquhard MacTaggart (later created Earl of Ross) who presented his head to Alexander II King of Scotland 15 Jun 1215[515].

c) daughter. m --- MacEwen, son of ---. --- MacEwen & his wife had one child:

i) GILLESPIE MacEwen (-beheaded 1228). m ---. The name of Gillespie's wife is not known. Gillespie & his wife had three children:

(a) 2 sons and 1 daughter (-beheaded 1228).

d) GOSPATRICK MacWilliam (-before 1208). Lord of Airton in Yorkshire. His descendants are extant[516].

William FitzDuncan & his second wife had four children:

3. WILLIAM "the Boy of Egremont" (-drowned Bolton Wharf after 1155). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “Willielmum puerum de Egremund” as the son “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that he died young[517]. “Aaliz de Rumelli” donated property to Pontefract Priory, with the consent of “Willielmi filii mei”, for the soul of “domini mei Willielmi filii Dunecani”, by undated charter[518]. Lord of Egremont.

4. CICELY (-before 1190). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Cicely received the honor of Skipton and married “Willielmo le Grossus comiti Albemarliæ”[519]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Skipton. m GUILLAUME Comte d'Aumâle Lord of Holderness, son of ETIENNE de Troyes Comte d'Aumâle [Blois] & his wife Hawise de Mortimer (-20 Aug 1179, bur Abbey of Thornton, Lincolnshire).

5. AMABEL (-before 1201). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Amabel received the honor of Egremont and married “Reginaldo de Lucy”, by whom he fathered “Amabillam et Aliciam, et successit Amabillæ Lambertus de Multon”, the latter being succeeded by “Thomas de Multon de Egremond”[520]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Egremont and Copeland. m (before 1162) REYNOLD de Lucy, [521][relative of RICHARD de Lucy, Justiciar of England] (-[1199/1200]). Keeper of Nottingham castle when it was burnt by Earl Ferrers in the rebellion of 1174[522].

6. ALICE (before [1153/54][523]-[1212/18 Mar 1215]). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Alice received “Aspatrike, et baronia de Allerdale et libertate de Cokermouth” and married “Gilberto Pipard” and secondly “Roberto de Courtenay”, but died childless and was succeeded by “Thomas de Lucy, cui successit Thomas filius eius, cui successit Antonius frater eius”[524]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Allerdale and Cockermouth. “Ælicia de Rumely, filia Willielmi filii Duncani” confirmed donations of property to Gysburn Priory by “antecessorum meorum…Waldevi filii Cospatrici comitis, et Alani filii Waldevi”, by undated charter[525]. “Alicia de Rumelli filia Willielmi filii Dunecani” donated property to Fountains Abbey by undated charter[526]. “Alicia de Rumely, filia Willielmi filii Duncani” donated property to Gysburn Priory, for the souls of “maritorum meorum Gilberti Pypard et Roberti de Curtenay”, by undated charter[527]. No children by either marriage. m firstly GILBERT Pipard, Sheriff of Gloucester and Hereford, son of --- (-[Sep 1191/Sep 1192]). m secondly (before 8 Dec 1195) as his second wife, ROBERT de Courtenay Lord of Sutton, Berkshire, Sheriff of Cumberland, son of RENAUD Sire de Courtenay & his first wife Helvis de Donjon (-[1207/09]).

William FitzDuncan had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

7. WILLIAM . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m (1138) ---.

Chapter 3. KINGS of SCOTLAND (BALLIOL)

According to the Complete Peerage, this family came from Bailleul-en-Vimeu in Picardie[528].

A. ORIGINS

Two brothers, parents not known.

1. GUY de Baliol (-[1112/30]). William II King of England granted him the lordship of Biwell, co. Northumberland[529]. “Guido de Baill” donated property to the abbey of St Mary, York, for the souls of “…Dionisie uxoris mee et Bernardi de Ball nepotis mei”, by charter dated to [1112/22][530]. m DIONISIA, daughter of ---. “Guido de Baill” donated property to the abbey of St Mary, York, for the souls of “…Dionisie uxoris mee et Bernardi de Ball nepotis mei”, by charter dated to [1112/22][531]. Guy & his wife had one child:

a) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated to [1149/52] under which “Rogerus Bertram” confirmed donations to the church of St Mary, York by “pater meus Willelmus et avus meus Wido de Balliolo”[532]. m WILLIAM Bertram, son of ---. William & his wife had one child:

i) ROGER Bertram (-after [1149/52]). “Rogerus Bertram” confirmed donations to the church of St Mary, York by “pater meus Willelmus et avus meus Wido de Balliolo”, by charter dated to [1149/52][533].

2. --- de Baliol . m ---. The name of his wife is not known. Four children:

a) BERNARD de Baliol (-[1150]). “Guido de Baill” donated property to the abbey of St Mary, York, for the souls of “…Dionisie uxoris mee et Bernardi de Ball nepotis mei”, by charter dated to [1112/22][534]. “B. de Balliolo” confirmed donations of property to the abbey of St Mary, York, made by “Wido de Balliolo meus avunculus”, for the souls of “ipsius Widonis…et filiorum meorum vivorum et defunctorum”, by charter dated to [1132/53], witnessed by “Ingelranno de Ball…”[535]. He fought against the Scots at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny, in the presence of “fratrum meorum”, by charter dated [1138] which names “fratris mei Radulfi monachis”[536]. He was taken prisoner at Lincoln with King Stephen in 1139. He made a grant of land at Hitchin, Hertfordshire to the Templars dated 27 Apr 1147 at Paris [537]. m MATILDA, daughter of ---. “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][538]. Bernard & his wife had five children:

i) BERNARD de Baliol . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][539]. “Bernardus de Balillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Whitby, for the souls of “…fratrisque mei Wydonis et sororis mee Hawis”, by charter dated to [1155/67][540]. “Bernardus de Balliolo” donated property to the monks of Rievaulx, for the souls of “…Jocelini avunculi mei…et uxoris mee”, by charter dated to [1161/67][541]. He captured William "the Lion" King of Scotland at Alnwick in 1174 after the latter's invasion of Northumberland. He is reputed to have founded Barnard Castle on the banks of the River Tees[542]. m AGNES de Picquigny, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Bernard & his wife had one child:

(a) EUSTACE de Baliol . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

- see below.

ii) INGELRAN . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][543]. m --- de Berkeley, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Ingelran & his wife had [one possible child]:

(a) [ELLEN de Balliol (-shortly before 22 Nov 1281). She is recorded as the daughter of Ingelran de Balliol[544], but it is not certain whether this was Ingelran son of Bernard or his cousin Ingelran son of Joscelin. Heiress of Dalton (Percy) co. Durham. m ([1233/35]) as his second wife, WILLIAM de Percy, son of HENRY de Percy & his wife Isabel de Brus ([1196/98]-shortly before 28 Jul 1245, probably bur Salley Abbey, his heart bur at Sandown Hospital with his first wife).]

iii) GUY . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][545]. “Bernardus de Balillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Whitby, for the souls of “…fratrisque mei Wydonis et sororis mee Hawis”, by charter dated to [1155/67][546].

iv) EUSTACE . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][547].

v) HAWISE . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny by charter dated [1138][548]. “Bernardus de Balillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Whitby, for the souls of “…fratrisque mei Wydonis et sororis mee Hawis”, by charter dated to [1155/67][549].

b) JOCELYN de Baliol . “Bernardus de Balliolo” donated property to the monks of Rievaulx, for the souls of “…Jocelini avunculi mei…et uxoris mee”, by charter dated to [1161/67][550]. m ---. The name of Jocelyn's wife is not known. Jocelyn & his wife had one child:

i) INGELRAN . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

c) RALPH de Baliol . “Bernardus de Bajollio et uxor mea Mathildis et filii mei Ingerannus et Wido, Eustachius et Bernardus, et filia mea Atuidis” donated property to Cluny, in the presence of “fratrum meorum”, by charter dated [1138] which names “fratris mei Radulfi monachis”[551]. Monk.

d) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m [HUGH ---]. [Hugh] & his wife had two children:

i) ROGER FitzHugh .

ii) JOHN FitzHugh .

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

EUSTACE de Baliol, son of BARNARD de Baliol & his wife Agnes de Pincheny . He gave £100 for licence to marry the widow of Robert FitzPiers[552].

m (after [1185/86]) ---, widow of ROBERT FitzPiers of Cherhill, daughter of ---.

Eustace de Baliol & his wife had three children:

1. HUGH de Baliol . Lord of Biwell. Lord of Hiche, Essex. Of Barnard Castle, he helped in the defence of the castle against Alexander II King of Scotland who invaded England in 1216[553]. “Hugo de Baillol” confirmed donations to the monks of Fountains, by charter dated to [1190/1210][554]. m CECILIA de Fontaines, daughter of ---. Hugh de Baliol & his wife had two children:

a) JOHN de Baliol (-before 24 Oct 1268 or 1269). Of Barnard Castle, co Durham.

- see below.

b) ADA de Baliol . [555]m JOHN FitzRobert of Warkworth, co. Northumberland.

i) ROGER FitzJohn . Matthew of Paris records the death in a 1249 tournament of "quidam de nobilioribus baronibus Borealibus Rogerus filius Johannis" and names his mother "Ada de Bailliol"[556].

2. [557]HENRY de Baliol (-[1245/46]). m (before 1233) LORA [Lauretta] de Valoignes, daughter of and co-heiress of [558]WILLIAM de Valoignes, of Panmure co. Forfar, chamberlain of Scotland & his wife Loreta de Quincy of Winchester. Henry & his wife had three children:

a) GUY Balliol (-killed in battle Evesham 1265). Standard-bearer of Simon de Montfort at the battle of Evesham in 1265, where he was killed[559].

b) Sir ALEXANDER Balliol of Cavers, co. Roxburgh (-[19 Apr 1310/Jun 1311]). Lord of Chilham, by right of his wife. Chamberlain of Scotland [1287/94]. He was summoned to Parliament in 1300 as Baron Balliol[560]. Chamberlain of Scotland [1287/94]. m (shortly after 7 Nov 1270) as her second husband, ISABEL of Chilham, widow of DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, daughter of RICHARD Lord of Chilham & his wife Maud Ctss of Angus (after 1245-Feb 1292). She was heiress of her brother at Chilham. Sir Alexander & his wife had two children:

i) Sir THOMAS Balliol (-after 7 Feb 1313). He succeeded his father as Lord of Cavers[561].

ii) ALEXANDER Balliol (-after 1346). He was a prisoner at Berkhamsted 12 Oct 1301, released from the Tower 28 Mar 1310. He was cited in 1316 and 1346[562].

c) LORETA Balliol (-1309). The Stemma fundatoris of Bardney Abbey names “Loram, sororem Alexandri de Baliolf” as wife of ”Gilbertus”, son of Gilbert, adding that they died childless[563]. m (before 1274) Sir GILBERT de Gaunt Lord Gaunt, son of Sir GILBERT de Gaunt of Folkingham & his wife --- ([1249]-1298).

3. EUSTACE de Baliol . Sheriff of Cumberland and governor of Carlisle Castle in 1260/61. He accompanied Edward, son of Henry I King of England, on crusade to Palestine in 1269[564]. m HAWISE de Boyville, daughter and heiress of RALPH de Boyville of Levington & his wife Ada de Furnivall née ---.

JOHN de Balliol, son of HUGH Balliol [Bailleul] of Barnard Castle & his wife Cecilia de Fontaines (-before 24 Oct 1268 or 1269[565]). Of Barnard Castle, co Durham. Lord of Galloway, de iure uxoris. Sheriff of Cumberland and governor of Carlisle Castle. He supported Henry III King of England against the barons, and was captured with the king at the battle of Lewes in 1264 by Simon de Montfort Earl of Leicester[566]. He and his wife founded Balliol College, Oxford in 1263[567].

m (1233[568]) DEVORGUILLA of Galloway, daughter of ALAN Lord of Galloway & his second wife Margaret of Scotland (-28 Jan 1290, bur Sweetheart Abbey, Kirkland). According to the Chronicle of Melrose[569], Devorguilla was second daughter of Alan of Galloway, when recording her marriage in 1233 to "John de Baylol". The Annales Londonienses name "Devorgoille de Baillol" as second of the three daughters of "la primere fille Davi" and "Aleyn de Gavei"[570]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage in 1233 of the second daughter of "Alanus de Galway filius Rotholandi de Galway" and "Johannes de Balliolo"[571].

Sir John & his wife had six children:

1. CECILY Balliol (-1273 or 1289). m Sir JOHN de Burgh of Wakerley, Northants, son of --- (-1280). Cecily & her husband had three children:

a) DEVORGUILLA de Burgh ([1255]-1284, bur Dunmow Priory). m (before 1275) as his first wife, Sir ROBERT FitzWalter, son of Sir WALTER FitzRobert & his wife Ida of Salisbury (Henham 1247-18 Jan 1326). He became 1^st Baron Fitzwalter 1295. Devorguilla & her husband had two children:

i) WALTER FitzRobert (Henham 1275-Dunmow Priory 1293). m (Woodham 1286) as her first husband, JOAN Engaine, daughter of Sir JOHN Engaine of Laxton and Blatherwycke, Northants & his wife Joan de Greinville of Hallaton, Leicestershire (-1 Jun 1315). She married secondly Sir Adam de Welle of Well, Lincolnshire (-1 Sep 1311). Walter & his wife had one child:

(a) ROBERT FitzWalter (1291-young).

ii) CHRISTIAN (-before 6 Dec 1315). m WILLIAM Marshal of Hingham, Norfolk, son of JOHN Marshal & his wife Hawise --- (-killed in battle Bannockburn 24 Jun 1314). He became 1^st Baron Marshal 1309. Christian & her husband had three children:

b) HAWYS de Burgh . m Sir ROBERT de Grelle of Manchester, son of ROBERT Grelle & his wife ---. Hawys & her husband had three children:

i) Sir THOMAS de Grelle of Manchester (Sixhills, Lincolnshire 8 Aug 1279-before 11 Oct 1311). Became 1^st Baron Grelle 1308. m (before 2 Nov 1399) ---, sister of JOHN Wake, daughter of ---.

ii) JOAN de Grelle (-20/21 Mar 1352/₃). m (soon after 19 Nov 1294) JOHN 2^nd Lord La Warre, son of Sir ROGER La Warre of Wickwar, Gloucestershire Lord La Warre & his wife Clarice Tregoz ([1276]-9 May 1347).

iii) ISABEL de Grelle (-before 8 Jul 1322). m JOHN de Gyse . No issue.

c) MARJORY de Burgh . Nun at Chicksands Priory.

2. HUGH Balliol (Barnard Castle [1238]-[Palestine] before 10 Apr 1271 [572]). He succeeded his father in 1268 as Lord of Bywell, co. Northumberland and Barnard's Castle, co. Durham. m as her second husband, AGNES de Valence Dame de Danfalize, widow of MAURICE Fitzgerald Baron of Offaly, daughter of GUILLAUME de Lusignan Seigneur de Valence, Lord of Pembroke & his wife Joan Munchenay of Swansbrooke (-1310). She married thirdly Jean d'Avesnes Seigneur de Beaumont.

3. ALEXANDER Balliol (-before 13 Nov 1278572). He succeeded his brother in [1271] as Lord of Bywell, co. Northumberland and Barnard's Castle, co. Durham. [573]m ELEONORE de Genoure, daughter of --- (-1303).

4. JOHN Balliol ([1240]-in France [either Château Gaillard or Bailleut-en-Gouffern] Normandy [4 Mar 1314/4 Jan 1315],_.bur [Church of St Waast, Normandy]). The Annales Londonienses name "Johan de Baillol" as son of "la secunde fille Aleyne, Devergoille"[574]. He succeeded his brother in [1278] as Lord of Bywell, co. Northumberland and Barnard's Castle, co. Durham. He succeeded in 1292 as JOHN King of Scotland.

- see below, Part B.

5. ADA Balliol . m (1266) WILLIAM de Lindsay of Lamberton, son of WALTER de Lindsay Lord of Lamberton.& his wife --- (1250-1283). Ada & her husband had one child:

a) CHRISTIAN de Lindsay (-1320 or after). An undated manuscript relating to Cokersand Abbey, Lancashire, names “Christiana de Lyndesay” as daughter of “secundo Willielmo”, adding that she married “Ingelranum de Gynes”[575]. 1320. m (before 1285) ENGUERRAND de Guines, son of ARNOUL [III] Comte de Guines & his wife Alix de Coucy (-after 1321). He succeeded in 1311 as Seigneur de Coucy.

6. ALAN Balliol . Of Barnard Castle.

7. ALIANORE [Mary/Marjory] Balliol . The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Marjory" as the daughter of "John of Balliol" and his wife "Davorguilla", adding that she married "John Comyn"[576]. m JOHN Comyn "the Black" of Badenoch, son of JOHN Comyn Lord of Badenoch & his first wife Eva --- (-1302).

B. KINGS OF SCOTLAND 1292-1296, 1332/1336

JOHN 1292-1296, EDWARD 1332/1336

JOHN Balliol, son of Sir JOHN de Balliol of Barnard Castle, co Durham & his wife Devorguilla of Galloway ([1240]-in France [either Château Gaillard or Bailleut-en-Gouffern] Normandy [4 Mar 1314/4 Jan 1315],_.bur [Church of St Waast, Normandy]). The Annales Londonienses name "Johan de Baillol" as son of "la secunde fille Aleyne, Devergoille"[577]. He succeeded his brother in [1278] as Lord of Bywell, co. Northumberland and Barnard's Castle, co. Durham. He was a claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 11^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland. The special court appointed in Aug 1291 to select the new ruler found in favour of John Balliol in its final judgment 17 Nov 1292[578]. He was crowned 30 Nov 1292 as JOHN King of Scotland at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. He forfeited the Barony of Biwell in 1295[579]. In 1295, he was replaced as head of the Scottish government by the Council of Twelve, and 5 Apr 1296 King John formally renounced his homage to Edward I King of England[580]. King Edward marched into Scotland and King John submitted, abdicating his throne 10/11 Jul 1296 at Brechin. He was kept a prisoner in England for about three years, then went to France.

m (before 7 Feb 1281) ISABEL de Warenne, daughter of JOHN de Warenne 7^th Earl of Surrey & his wife Alix de Lusignan (1253-). The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the marriage “infra octavus Purificationis” in 1279 of “Johannes de Balhol” and “adolescentulam Isabellam filiam comitis Warennæ”[581].

King John & his wife had three children:

1. EDWARD Baliol (-[May 1363/Sep 1365]). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Edward" as the son of "John of Balliol…afterwards king of Scotland"[582]. He was a prisoner in the Tower at his father's death[583]. He defeated David II King of Scotland Aug 1332 at the battle of Dupplin Moor, near Perth. He succeeded as EDWARD King of Scotland. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Edward of Balliol" was crowned king at Scone 24 Sep 1332[584]. He was deposed in favour of David II 16 Dec 1332, and fled from Scotland. Restored in Mar 1333, but he was deposed again in 1334 and fled to England. Restored again in 1335, finally deposed in 1336. He became Baron Balliol 1349/63. He surrendered all claims to the Scottish throne 20 Jan 1356. He lived at Wheatley, near Doncaster, on a pension from Edward III King of England. Betrothed (5 Jul or 23 Oct 1295) to ISABELLE de Valois, daughter of CHARLES de France Comte de Valois & his first wife Marguerite of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] (1292-1309). The Liber Pluscardensis records that "Edwardo de Balliolo…regis Scociæ filio" was betrothed to "nepte…regis Franciæ", further identified in a later passage as "Karoli de Valoiz et Andegavensis comitis…filiam germani [sui]", dated to [1295] from the context[585]. [586]m (divorced 1344) as her first husband, MARGUERITE of Sicily-Tarento, daughter of PHILIPPE of Sicily Principe di Tarento [Anjou-Capet] & his second wife Catherine de Valois titular Empress of Constantinople (-Naples in prison 1380, bur Naples San Domenico). She married [secondly] (1352) as his second wife, Francesco del Balzo Conte di Montescaglioso e Avellino. Her first marriage is shown by Kerrebrouck, although the author cites no source[587]. According to the Complete Peerage[588], this marriage is erroneous, although it is not clear whether this means that the couple were betrothed but not married or that there was not even a betrothal. She succeeded her brother in 1373 as Titular empress of Constantinople.

2. HENRY Balliol (-killed in battle Annan 16 Dec 1332).

3. MARGARET Balliol .

Chapter 4. KINGS of SCOTLAND (BRUCE)

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

A. ORIGINS

ROBERT de Brus, son of --- (-11 May 1141, bur Gysburn). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Robertus de Bruse…miles de Normannia” became “domini Castri de Skelton, Merkes, Uplythum, S. Westyby et Brudone, dominus de Danby, Levyngton et Parum, dominus de Kendall, et dominus Vallis Anandiæ”[589]. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “primus Brus de Carleton…Robertus de Brus” came to England with William “the Conqueror”[590], although this is not possible chronologically assuming that this refers to the Robert who died in 1141. He succeeded his brother as Lord of Skelton. "…Roberto de Brus…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk, listed first witness after the members of the royal family[591]. “Robertus de Brus” confirmed donations to the canons of Bridlington by charter dated to [1120/35], witnessed by “…Ernaldus de Perceio…Petrus de Brus…”[592]. "Militum meorum Roberti de Brus…" witnessed the charter dated to [1123] under which "David comes" made grants to the church of Glasgow with the consent of "Matildis uxoris mea"[593]. "David…Rex Scottorum" granted Annandale to "Roberto de Brus" by charter dated to [1124][594]. “Robertus de Brus” donated property to St Mary´s, York by charter dated to [1125/35], witnessed by “Ada filio meo, Petro de Brus…”[595]. “Robertus de Brus…Agnes uxor mea, filiusque noster Adam de Brus” donated property to Middlesburgh priory by undated charter[596]. “Robertus de Brus…et Agnes uxor mea et Adam filius noster” founded Gysburn Priory, Yorkshire by undated charter[597]. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Robertus de Brus pater” died “1141 V Id Mai” and was buried “apud Gysburghe in Cleveland”[598].

m AGNES, daughter of FULK de Payanell & his wife ---. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “primus Brus de Carleton…Robertus de Brus” married “Agnetam filiam Fulconis Paynell” and received “manerium de Carleton” from his father-in-law[599]. “Robertus de Brus…Agnes uxor mea, filiusque noster Adam de Brus” donated property to Middlesburgh priory by undated charter[600]. “Robertus de Brus…et Agnes uxor mea et Adam filius noster” founded Gysburn Priory, Yorkshire by undated charter[601]. The 1155 Pipe Roll records "Agnes de Bruis…p filio suo"[602]. A charter of King Henry II, dated to [1176/86], confirmed donations to the canons of Gysburn, among which a donation by “Agnetis uxoris Roberti de Brus”[603].

Robert de Brus & his wife had [four] children:

1. ADAM de Brus (-20 Mar 1167, bur Gysburn Priory). “Robertus de Brus” donated property to St Mary´s, York by charter dated to [1125/35], witnessed by “Ada filio meo, Petro de Brus…”[604]. “Robertus de Brus…Agnes uxor mea, filiusque noster Adam de Brus” donated property to Middlesburgh priory by undated charter[605]. “Robertus de Brus…et Agnes uxor mea et Adam filius noster” founded Gysburn Priory, Yorkshire by undated charter[606]. He succeeded his father in 1141 as Lord of Skelton. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Adam de Bruse filius et hæres…Roberti patris sui” succeeded his father in 1141, died “1167 XIII Kal Apr” and was buried “apud Gysburghe”[607]. m as her first husband, AGNES d'Aumâle, daughter of ETIENNE de Blois Comte d'Aumâle & his wife Hawise de Mortimer . A manuscript history of the foundation of Melsa Abbey records that “Willielmus” had “sorores quatuor, filias Stephani” who married “una…vicedomino de Pynkeney, altera…vicedomino de Verberay, tertia…Bertanno de Brikebet, quarta Willielmo de Romare et postea Petro de Brus”[608]. She married secondly William de Roumare. Adam de Brus & his wife had three children:

a) --- de Brus (-before 1167). The existence of an older son who predeceased his father is confirmed by the manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory which records that “Adam de Bruse secundus filius et hæres Adæ patris sui” succeeded his father[609].

b) ADAM de Brus (-11 Jul 1180, bur Gysburn Priory). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Adam de Bruse secundus filius et hæres Adæ patris sui” succeeded his father, died “1180 V Id Jul” and was buried “apud Gysburghe”[610]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Skelton.

- see below.

c) WILLIAM de Brus .

2. ROBERT de Brus (-after [1170/90]). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory names “Robertus de Bruse…miles de Normannia” and “Roberto de Bruse filio suo juniori”, adding that the latter was captured during the Anglo-Scottish wars[611]. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “primus Brus de Carleton…Robertus de Brus” granted “villam Anandiæ de regno Scotiæ…et…postea Hert et Hertnesse” to “Robertus filius eius junior”[612]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Annandale. The 1157 Pipe Roll records "Rob de Brus" in Northumberland[613]. “Robertus de Bruis et uxor mea Eufemia” donated property to the canons of Gysburn by charter dated to [1160/75][614]. “Robertus de Brus” donated property to the monks of Durham by charter dated to [1170/90], witnessed by “Roberto, Willelmo et Bernardo filiis meis…Hugone de Brus…”[615]. m EUPHEMIA, daughter of ---. “Robertus de Brus” notified his donation to the hospital of St Peter, York by charter dated to [1150/70], witnessed by “domina Eufemia…”[616]. “Robertus de Bruis et uxor mea Eufemia” donated property to the canons of Gysburn by charter dated to [1160/75][617]. Her origin is indicated by the charter dated to [1150/60] under which “W. comes Albemarle” granted property to “Eufemie nepti mee uxori Roberti de Brus”[618]. Domesday Descendants speculates that she was the daughter of Guillaume´s brother Enguerrand[619], but there must be numerous other possibilities to explain the relationship. In particular there seems no reason to choose one of his brothers over any of the others. Robert de Brus & his wife had three children:

a) ROBERT de Brus (-1191). “Robertus de Brus” donated property to the monks of Durham by charter dated to [1170/90], witnessed by “Roberto, Willelmo et Bernardo filiis meis…Hugone de Brus…”[620]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Annandale. m (1183) as her first husband, ISABEL, illegitimate daughter of WILLIAM I "the Lion" King of Scotland & his mistress --- Avenal. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1183 of "William king of the Scots…his daughter Isabella" and "Robert de Brus"[621]. She married secondly (Haddington early 1191) Robert de Ros. The Chronicle of Melrose records the marriage in 1191 of "the king of Scots…his daughter Ysembel (the widow of Robert de Brus)" and "Robert de Ross" at Haddington[622].

b) WILLIAM de Brus (-before 4 Dec 1214). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Willielmus filius eius” succeeded “Robertus Brus”[623]. “Robertus de Brus” donated property to the monks of Durham by charter dated to [1170/90], witnessed by “Roberto, Willelmo et Bernardo filiis meis…Hugone de Brus…”[624]. He succeeded his brother as Lord of Annandale. [625]m as her first husband, CHRISTINA, daughter of ---. She married secondly (before 4 Dec 1214) as his second wife, Patrick Earl of Dunbar. William de Brus & his wife had two children:

i) ROBERT de Brus “the Noble” (-1245). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus secundus” succeeded “Willielmus Brus”[626]. Lord of Annandale.

- see below.

ii) [627]EUPHEME (-[1267]). m (1213 or before) PATRICK de Dunbar, son of PATRICK Earl of Dunbar & his first wife Ada [illegitimate daughter of William "the Lion" King of Scotland] (-Marseilles [May/Dec] 1248). He succeeded his father in 1232 as Earl of Dunbar.

c) BERNARD de Brus . “Robertus de Brus” donated property to the monks of Durham by charter dated to [1170/90], witnessed by “Roberto, Willelmo et Bernardo filiis meis…Hugone de Brus…”[628].

3. [[629]PETER de Brus . “Robertus de Brus” confirmed donations to the canons of Bridlington by charter dated to [1120/35], witnessed by “…Ernaldus de Perceio…Petrus de Brus…”[630]. “Robertus de Brus” donated property to St Mary´s, York by charter dated to [1125/35], witnessed by “Ada filio meo, Petro de Brus…”[631]. Neither of these charters specifies the family relationship between Robert de Brus and Peter de Brus.]

4. AGATHA de Brus . A charter dated to [1145/54] records the dowry granted by “Robertus de Brus” to “Agathe filie sue” on her marriage to “Radulfo Ribaldi filio”, witnessed by “…Petro de Brus, Ernaldo de Perci…Herveo Ribaldi filio…”[632]. Although this charter is dated to after the death of Robert de Brus (died 1141), the chronology of the family of Agatha´s husband suggests that Agatha must have been his daughter and not the daughter of Robert de Brus his son, the marriage having taken place many years before the charter. [633]m RALPH "Taillebois", son of RIBALD [Penthièvre-Brittany] & his wife Beatrice ---.

1. HUGH de Brus (-after [1170/90]). “Robertus de Brus” donated property to the monks of Durham by charter dated to [1170/90], witnessed by “Roberto, Willelmo et Bernardo filiis meis…Hugone de Brus…”[634].

ADAM de Brus, son of ADAM de Brus Lord of Skelton & his wife Agnes d´Aumâle (-11 Jul 1180, bur Gysburn Priory). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Adam de Bruse secundus filius et hæres Adæ patris sui” succeeded his father, died “1180 V Id Jul” and was buried “apud Gysburghe”[635]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Skelton. He was of age in 1155. “A. de Brus” donated property to the canons of Gysburn, for the souls of “R. de Brus avi mei et A. patris mei”, by charter dated to [1155/65], witnessed by “Petro de Brus…”[636].

[637]m (after 1167[638]) as her second husband, IVETA de Archis, widow of ROGER de Flamville, daughter and heiress of WILLIAM de Archis & his wife --- (-after 1192). “Iveta de Arches, uxor domini Rogeri de Flamevilla” confirmed her husband´s donations to Malton priory by undated charter[639]. “Jueta de Arches” donated property, formerly held by “Willelmus de Archis pater meus”, to the church of St Peter, York by charter dated to [1167/90][640]. “Juetta de Arches” granted property to “Isabelle de Brus filie mee” by charter dated to 1192[641].

Adam de Brus & his wife had two children:

1. ISABEL de Brus ([1168/70]-after 1230). A charter dated to [1190/96] notified that “Adam de Brus” granted property to “Henrico de Perci et Isabelle filie mee uxori sue” on their marriage[642]. This suggests that Isabel must have been only eleven years old at the most at the time of her marriage, assuming that her father´s dates of marriage and death are correctly stated above. “Juetta de Arches” granted property to “Isabelle de Brus filie mee” by charter dated to 1192[643]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. m firstly ([1180]) HENRY de Percy, son of JOSCELIN de Louvain & his wife Agnes de Percy (-before Nov 1198, bur Saint-Lo, Rouen). m secondly ROGER Mauduit, son of ---.

2. PETER de Brus (-17 Jan 1211, bur Gysburn Priory). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Petrus de Bruse primus filius…Adæ” succeeded his father, died “1211 XVI Kal Feb” and was buried “apud Gysburghe”[644]. “A. de Brus” donated property to the canons of Gysburn, for the souls of “R. de Brus avi mei et A. patris mei”, by charter dated to [1155/65], witnessed by “Petro de Brus…”[645]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Skelton. m ---. The name of Peter's wife is not known. Lord Peter & his wife had one child:

a) PETER de Brus (-Marseille 13 Sep 1267). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Petrus de Bruse secundus” succeeded his father, died while returning from “terra sancta…apud Marsiliam 1267 Id Sep” and was buried “apud Gysburghe”[646]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Skelton. m HAWISE, daughter of Sir GILBERT FitzRoger FitzReinfrid Lord of Kendal & his wife Hawise de Lancaster. A manuscript narrating the family of “Willielmi de Lancastra” records that “Petrus le Brus senior” married “Helewisam” sister of “Willielmus de Lancastra tertius”[647]. According to an undated manuscript relating to Cokersand Abbey, Lancashire, the wife of “Petrum de Brus seniorem” was Hawise, daughter of “Willielmus de Lancaster secundus” as her second husband[648]. Lord Peter & his wife had five children:

i) PETER de Brus (-18 Sep 1272). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Petrus de Bruse tertius” succeeded his father, died “1273 XIV Kal Oct” childless, was buried with his wife, and succeeded by his four sisters[649]. A manuscript narrating the family of “Willielmi de Lancastra” names “Petrum juniorem, Agnetem, Luciam, Margaretam et Laderinam” as the children of “Petrus le Brus senior” and his wife “Helewisam”, adding that Peter died childless in 1272[650]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Skelton. m HILARIA de Malolacu, daughter of ---. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “Petrus de Bruse tertius” married “Hillariam de Malolacu” who was sterile[651].

ii) AGNES de Brus (-23 May 1286, bur Gysburn Priory). A manuscript narrating the family of “Willielmi de Lancastra” names “Petrum juniorem, Agnetem, Luciam, Margaretam et Laderinam” as the children of “Petrus le Brus senior” and his wife “Helewisam”, adding that Agnes married “Waltero de Fawkunbergh”[652]. Co-heiress of her brother [653]. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that Agnes married “dominus Walterus Fauconberg, dominus de Ryse in Holdyrnes”, inherited “castrum de Skelton, Hersk, Uplythum, Westyby et Estburne”, predeceased her husband “1286 in vigilia ascensionis Domini”, and was buried at Gysburn Priory, adding the names of their children and descendants[654]. m Sir WALTER de Faucomberge of Rise and Withernwick in Holderness, son of Sir PIERS de Faucomberge & his first wife Margaret de Muntfichet of Stansted, Essex (-Rise 1/2 Nov 1304, bur Priory of Nunkeeling). The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that “dominus Walterus Fauconberg” died “apud Ryse in Holdyrnes 1304” and was buried “apud Kylyng in Holdyrnes”[655].

iii) LUCY de Brus (-after Easter 1282). A manuscript narrating the family of “Willielmi de Lancastra” names “Petrum juniorem, Agnetem, Luciam, Margaretam et Laderinam” as the children of “Petrus le Brus senior” and his wife “Helewisam”, adding that Lucy married “Marmaduco de Thweng”[656]. Co-heiress of her brother[657]. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that Lucy married “dominus Marmaducus de Tweng”, inherited “Danby, Bretton, Parum et Kyrkeburne”, and had nine sons and five daughters[658]. m ([1242]) MARMADUKE de Thweng, son of ROBERT de Thweng & his wife Maud [de Kilton] (-[1282/84]).

iv) MARGARET de Brus (-[28 Feb 1305/30 Jan 1307]). A manuscript narrating the family of “Willielmi de Lancastra” names “Petrum juniorem, Agnetem, Luciam, Margaretam et Laderinam” as the children of “Petrus le Brus senior” and his wife “Helewisam”, adding that Margaret married “domino Roberto de Ros”[659]. Co-heiress of her brother[660]. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that Margaret married “dominus Robertus de Rose, dominus castri de Warke” and inherited “totam Kendale”[661]. [662]m ROBERT de Ros of Wark-on-Tweed, co. Northumberland, son of Sir ROBERT de Ros & his [second] wife Christine Bertram (-before 20 Apr 1274).

v) LADERINA de Brus . A manuscript narrating the family of “Willielmi de Lancastra” names “Petrum juniorem, Agnetem, Luciam, Margaretam et Laderinam” as the children of “Petrus le Brus senior” and his wife “Helewisam”, adding that Laderina married “Johanni de Belew”[663]. Co-heiress of her brother[664]. The manuscript history of the founders of Gysburn Priory records that Laderina married “dominus Johannes de Bellew, id est de Bella aqua”, inherited “Carleton in Balne, Kamlesforth, Thorpe des Arches, Tybthorpe”, and had three named daughters[665]. m JOHN de Belewe, son of ---.

ROBERT de Brus, son of WILLIAM Brus & his wife --- (-1245). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus secundus” succeeded “Willielmus Brus”[666]. He succeeded his father as Lord of Annandale. “Robertus de Brus” confirmed donations to Gysburn Priory by “Robertus de Brus avus meus…Willielmus pater meus” by undated charter witnessed by “Willielmo de Brus, Johanne de Brus…”[667].

m ISABEL of Huntingdon, daughter of DAVID of Scotland Earl of Huntingdon & his wife Matilda of Cheshire (1206-1251, bur Saltre Abbey, near Stilton, Gloucs). The Annales Londonienses name "Margaretam, Isabellam, Matildam, et Aldam" as the four daughters of "comiti David", recording the marriage of "la secounde fille Davi" and "sire Robert de Brus"[668]. She was granted the manors of Writtle and Hatfield, Essex, 16 Oct 1241 in return for her share of the inheritance of her brother John Earl of Chester.

Sir Robert & his wife had two children:

1. ROBERT de Brus (-Lochmaben Castle 31 Mar 1295, bur 17 Apr Gysburn Priory). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus tertius” succeeded “Robertus Brus secundus” and was buried at Gysburn Priory[669]. The Annales Londonienses name "Robert de Brus" as son of "la secounde fille Davi" and "sire Robert de Brus"[670]. He succeeded his father 1245 as Lord of Annandale.

- see below.

2. BERNARD Bruce . Lord of Conington and Exton, co. Rutland. m firstly ALICE de Clare, daughter of ---. m secondly CONSTANCE de Morleyn, daughter of ---. Bernard & his [first/second] wife had two children:

a) BERNARD Bruce (-23 Nov 1300). Lord of Connington and Exton. m AGATHA, daughter of ---. Bernard & his wife had two children:

i) BERNARD Bruce (24 Jul 1311-before 10 Jun 1336). Lord of Connington. m as her first husband, MATILDA Crophill, daughter of Sir RALPH Crophill & his wife --- (-before Dec 1350). She married secondly Benedict of Fulsham.

ii) Sir JOHN Bruce (13 Jun 1317-before 10 May 1346). Lord of Connington and Exton, co. Rutland. m MARGARET Hardreshule, daughter of ---. Sir John & his wife had five children:

(a) AGNES Bruce . m firstly (before 24 Feb 1358) Sir HUGH Wesenham (-Nov 1375). m secondly ROBERT Lovetot (-Sep 1393).

(b) JANE Bruce (-28 Jun 1421). m (before 24 Feb 1358) Sir NICHOLAS Greene .

(d) ELEN Bruce . Nun.

(e) BERNARD (posthumously 2 Feb 1347-[1 Nov 1347]).

b) Sir JOHN Bruce of Exton . m ---. The name of John's wife is not known. Sir John & his wife had one child:

i) BERNARD Bruce of Thrapston (-after 1376/77). m ---. The name of Bernard's wife is not known. Bernard & his wife had one child:

(a) ELEN Bruce . 1376/77.

ROBERT de Brus, son of Sir ROBERT de Brus "the Noble" Lord of Annandale & his wife Isabel of Huntingdon (-Lochmaben Castle 31 Mar 1295, bur 17 Apr Gysburn Priory). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus tertius” succeeded “Robertus Brus secundus” and was buried at Gysburn Priory[671]. The Annales Londonienses name "Robert de Brus" as son of "la secounde fille Davi" and "sire Robert de Brus"[672]. He succeeded his father in 1245 as Lord of Annandale. He was a claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 12^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland. After the court decision in favour of John Balliol, Robert de Brus resigned his claim 7 Nov 1292 in favour of his son Robert[673].

m firstly (May 1240) ISABEL de Clare, daughter of GILBERT de Clare 4^th Earl of Hertford and Gloucester & his wife Isabel Marshal of Pembroke (2 Nov 1226-after 10 Jul 1264). The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records the births of “duas filias, Agnetam et Isabellam” to “Gilberto…Gloucestriæ et Hertfordiæ comes” and his wife “domina Isabella filia Willielmi Marescalli senioris, comitis de Pembroke”, after the birth of their older brothers[674]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the birth “IV Non Nov” in 1226 of “Gileberto de Clare comiti Glocestriæ…filia Ysabel”[675]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage in May 1240 of “Isabella filia G. quondam comitis Gloucestriæ” and “Roberto de Brus”[676].

m secondly (before 10 May 1275) as her third husband, CHRISTIAN de Ireby, widow firstly of Sir THOMAS de Lascelles of Bolton, co. Cumberland and secondly of Sir ADAM de Gesemuth of Cramlington, co. Northumberland, daughter and heiress of Sir WILLIAM de Ireby. of Ireby, co. Cumberland & his wife Christian de Hodeholme (-before 6 Jul 1305).

Sir Robert & his first wife had three children:

1. ROBERT de Brus (Jul 1243-shortly before 4 Apr 1304, bur Abbey of Holm Cultram). The Annals of Tewkesbury record the birth in Jul 1243 of “filium nomine ---” to “Isabel de Clara…[et] R. de Brus”[677]. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus quartus” succeeded “Robertus Brus tertius”[678]. He succeeded his father in 1295 as Lord of Annandale.

- see below.

2. WILLIAM Bruce . m ELIZABETH de Sully, daughter of RAYMOND de Sully & his wife ---.

3. RICHARD Bruce (-before 26 Jan 1287).

ROBERT de Brus, son of Sir ROBERT de Brus Lord of Annandale & his first wife Isabel de Clare (Jul 1243-shortly before 4 Apr 1304, bur Abbey of Holm Cultram). The Annals of Tewkesbury record the birth in Jul 1243 of “filium nomine ---” to “Isabel de Clara…[et] R. de Brus”[679]. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus quartus” succeeded “Robertus Brus tertius” and was buried “apud Holme-Coltram”[680]. Earl of Carrick, de iure uxoris, he resigned this to his son 27 Oct 1292. His father resigned in his favour his claim to the Scottish throne 7 Nov 1292, both father and son refusing to do homage to King John Balliol[681]. He succeeded his father in 1295 as Lord of Annandale. He became Lord Brus [Bruce] by virtue of his summons to attend the English parliament in 1295[682].

m firstly (Turnberry Castle 1271) as her second husband, MARGARET Ctss of Carrick suo iure, widow of ADAM de Kilconquhar, daughter and heiress of NEIL 2^nd Earl of Carrick & his wife Margaret Stewart (-[1292]). The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus quartus” married “filiam et hæredem comitis Karrigg”[683]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Martha" as only daughter and heiress of "Adam Earl of Carrick", and records her clandestine marriage to "Robert the Bruce…lord of Annandale"[684]. The Liber Pluscardensis names "unicam filiam suam Martham…comitissa de Carrick" as heiress of "Adam comite de Carrick" and records her marriage to "Roberto de Bruys…secundo, futurus Vallis Anandiæ dominus in Scocia et Clevland in Anglia" without the king´s permission[685]. These passage confuse the supposed daughter with her mother.

m secondly as her first husband, ALIANORE, daughter of --- (-[13 Apr/8 Sep] or [16 Mar/19 Oct] 1331). She married secondly ([2 Dec 1304/8 Feb 1306]) as his first wife, Sir Richard le Waleys of Burgh Wallis, Yorkshire, Lord Waleys.

Sir Robert & his first wife had eleven children:

1. ISABEL Bruce (1272-1358). m (Bergen before 25 Sep 1293) as his second wife, ERIK II King of Norway, son of MAGNUS IV "Lagabøte/Lagabæter/the Law-reformer" King of Norway & his wife Ingeborg of Denmark (1268-Bergen 13 Jul 1299, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). He was a claimant to the throne of Scotland in 1291, 13^th in order on the Great Roll of Scotland.

2. MARY Bruce ([1273]-before 22 Sep 1323). Her brother granted the forfeited estates of the Earl of Atholl to her and her first husband. m firstly ([1312]) Sir NEIL Campbell of Lochow (-before 1316). m secondly (1316) Sir ALEXANDER Fraser (-killed 1332). Lord Great Chamberlain of Scotland.

3. ROBERT Bruce (Writtle, near Chelmsford, Essex 11 Jul 1274-Cardross Castle, Dumbartonshire 7 Jun 1329, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Liber Pluscardensis records the birth in 1274 of "Robertus de Broys tercius…rex Scociæ futurus"[686]. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus quintus…rex Scotiæ” succeeded “Robertus Brus quartus”[687]. He succeeded his father 27 Oct 1292 as Earl of Carrick. He succeeded in 1306 as ROBERT I King of Scotland.

- see below.

4. EDWARD Bruce (-killed in battle Dundalk 14 Oct 1318). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Edward of Bruce, King Robert´s brother entered Ireland" in 1315 and "set up as king there"[688]. Created Earl of Carrick shortly before 24 Oct 1313 by his brother. He landed at Carrickfergus 25 May 1315, and was crowned King of Ireland 2 May 1316. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "the lord Edward of Bruce" was killed in "the battle of Dundalk in Ireland" 14 Oct 1318[689]. Betrothed (dispensation of marriage) to ISABEL, daughter of WILLIAM 5^th Earl of Ross & his wife Eupheme ---, but the marriage never took place. Mistress (1): ISABEL, daughter of JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his wife Margaret of Mar. Mistress (2): ---. The name of Edward's second mistress is not known. Edward Bruce had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

a) ALEXANDER Bruce (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333). Created Earl of Carrick in [1330] or soon after. The Liber Pluscardensis names "Alexander de Bruys comes de Carrick" among those killed in battle at Halidon Hill in 1333[690]. m as her first husband, ELEANOR Douglas, daughter of Sir ARCHIBALD Douglas Regent of Scotland & his wife Beatrice Lindsay of Crawford. She married secondly (before 1349) James Sandilands of Calder (-before 1358), thirdly (before 1364) William Towers of Dalry, fourthly (before 1368) Sir Duncan Wallace of Sundrum, and fifthly (dispensation 18 Mar 1376) as his second wife, Sir Patrick Hepburn of Hales ([1321]-after 1402).

Edward Bruce had one possible illegitimate son by Mistress (2):

b) [THOMAS de Bruce . Ancestor of the Bruce family of Clackmannan.]

5. THOMAS Bruce (-beheaded Carlisle Castle 9 Feb 1307). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Thomas and Alexander of Bruce, brothers of the…king" were captured "at Loch Ryan and beheaded at Carlisle"[691]. m HELEN Erskine, daughter of Sir JOHN Erskine & his wife ---.

6. ALEXANDER Bruce (-beheaded Carlisle Castle 9 Feb 1307). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "Thomas and Alexander of Bruce, brothers of the…king" were captured "at Loch Ryan and beheaded at Carlisle"[692]. Dean of Glasgow.

7. CHRISTIAN Bruce (-[1356/27 Jan 1357], bur Dunfermline). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that the eldest daughter of "Robert Earl of Carrick" married "Gartnay Earl of Mar"[693]. Heiress of the Lordship of Garioch. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the marriage of "the lady Christina [the] king´s sister" and "Andrew of Moray" at "Cambuskenneth" in 1326[694]. The same source records the death in 1357 of "the Lady Christiana of Bruce, King Robert´s sister" and her burial "at Dunfermline with her parents"[695]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death in 1356 of "domina Christiana de Broys, uxor quondam…domini Andreæ de Moravia, custodies Scociæ" and the burial of both of them "in capella Nostræ Dominæ de Dunfermlyn"[696]. m firstly (1292 or after) GRATNEY of Mar, son of DONALD 6^th Earl of Mar & his wife Helen of North Wales (-before Sep 1305). He succeeded his father [1297] as 7^th Earl of Mar. m secondly Sir CHRISTOPHER Seton (-hanged [Oct] 1306). He was captured by the English in the castle of Kildrummy [May/Oct] 1306, and hanged and drawn for treason. m thirdly (dispensation 20 Sep 1325, Cambuskenneth 1326) Sir ANDREW Moray of Bothwell (1298-Davach 1338, bur Rosmarkin). The Liber Pluscardensis records the death "apud locum de Davach" in 1338 of "dominus Andreas de Moravia, custos Scociæ" and his burial "apud Rosmarkin"[697]. Regent of Scotland.

8. MAUD Bruce (-after Sep 1323, bur Fearn). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "another daughter of Robert Earl of Carrick" married "Hugh Earl of Ross"[698]. m as his first wife, Sir HUGH de Ross, son of WILLIAM de Ross 3^rd Earl of Ross & his wife Eupheme --- (-killed in battle Halidon Hill 19 Jul 1333, bur Fearn). He succeeded his father in 1323 as 4^th Earl of Ross.

9. NIGEL [Neil] Bruce (-beheaded Berwick Sep 1306). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that in 1306 "Nigel of Bruce one of the king´s brothers" was captured and "brought to Berwick" and killed[699].

10. MARGARET Bruce . m Sir WILLIAM de Carlyle (-before 1329).

11. ---. [700]m THOMAS Randolph of Strathdon, son of ---. Chamberlain of Scotland.

B. KINGS OF SCOTLAND 1306-1371

ROBERT I 1306-1329, DAVID II 1329-1371

ROBERT Bruce, son of Sir ROBERT de Brus, Earl of Carrick, Lord of Annandale & his first wife Margaret Ctss of Carrick (Writtle, near Chelmsford, Essex 11 Jul 1274-Cardross Castle, Dumbartonshire 7 Jun 1329, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Liber Pluscardensis records the birth in 1274 of "Robertus de Broys tercius…rex Scociæ futurus"[701]. The manuscript history of the Bruce family of Carleton records that “Robertus Brus quintus…rex Scotiæ” succeeded “Robertus Brus quartus”[702]. He succeeded his father 27 Oct 1292 as Earl of Carrick. He succeeded his father in 1304 as Baron Bruce and Lord of Annandale. Edward I King of England forfeited his English estates 20 Feb 1305/₆. In defiance of Edward I King of England, he assumed the crown 25 or 27 Mar 1306 as ROBERT I King of Scotland, crowned 25 and 27 Mar 1306. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the death 7 Jun 1329 of "Robert of Bruce…king of Scots at Cardross in the twenty-fourth year of his reign"[703].

m firstly ([1295]) ISABEL of Mar, daughter of DONALD 6^th Earl of Mar & his wife Helen of North Wales (-before 1302). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "King Robert when he was Earl of Carrick" married "Isabella sister of…Gartnay Earl of Mar"[704].

m secondly (1302) ELIZABETH de Burgh, daughter of RICHARD de Burgh 2^nd Earl of Ulster and Connaught & his wife Margaret de Burgh of Lavanley (-Cullen Castle, Banffshire 26 Oct 1327, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that "King Robert when he was Earl of Carrick" married secondly "Elizabeth daughter of Haymer de Burc Earl of Ulster" after his first wife died[705]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records that in 1306 "the queen" was captured by William Earl of Ross and "brought to the king of England and…kept a prisoner in close custody until the battle of Bannockburn"[706]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the death in 1327 of "Elizabeth regina Scociæ mater David regis et uxor…Roberti de Broys" and her burial "apud Dunfermlyn"[707].

King Robert I & his first wife had one child:

1. MARJORY Bruce ([1296/97]-Paisley, Renfrewshire 2 Mar 1316, bur Paisley Abbey). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Marjory" as only daughter of "King Robert when he was Earl of Carrick" and his wife "Isabella sister of…Gartnay Earl of Mar", adding that she married "Walter Steward of Scotland"[708]. The Liber Pluscardensis records that "nobilis Walteri Stevart" married "filiam Roberti de Broys"[709]. She died in childbirth triggered by falling from her horse. m (1315) [as his second wife,] WALTER 6^th High Steward of Scotland, son of JAMES 5^th High Steward of Scotland & his wife Cecilia de Dunbar (1292-9 Apr 1326). Marjory & her husband had one child:

a) ROBERT Stewart (Paisley, Renfrewshire 2 Mar 1316-Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire 19 Apr 1390, bur Scone Abbey, Perthshire). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Robert Stewart, afterwards king" as only son of "Walter Steward of Scotland" and his wife Marjory[710]. He succeeded his uncle in 1371 as ROBERT II King of Scotland.

- see below, Chapter 5.B. KINGS of SCOTLAND, House of STEWART.

King Robert I & his second wife had four children:

2. MARGARET Bruce (-in childbirth [30 Mar 1346/9 Nov 1347]). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Matilda and Margaret" as the two daughters of "King Robert" and his second wife "Elizabeth daughter of Haymer de Burc Earl of Ulster", adding that Margaret married "the Earl of Sutherland" by whom she had "an only son, John" who "was with his father a hostage for the release of David II king of Scotland" and died "just after she had given him birth"[711]. m (dispensation 1 Dec 1342, [3 Aug/28 Sep] 1345) as his first wife, WILLIAM Sutherland 5^th Earl of Sutherland, son of KENNETH 4^th Earl of Sutherland & his wife Mary [Marjory] of Mar (-[27 Feb 1370/Jun 1371]). The earldom of Sutherland was erected into a regality 10 Oct 1345, although this lapsed on the 4^th Earl's death without surviving issue from his first marriage.

3. MATILDA Bruce (-Aberdeen 30 Jul 1353, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "Matilda and Margaret" as the two daughters of "King Robert" and his second wife "Elizabeth daughter of Haymer de Burc Earl of Ulster", adding that "Matilda did nothing worth remembering"[712]. The same source in a later passage records the death "on the feast of the blessed virgin Margaret" in 1353 at Aberdeen of "Matilda of Bruce sister of the lord David king of Scotland" and her burial "at Dunfermline", adding that she married "a certain squire named Thomas Isaac" and had two daughters "Joan [wife of] John of Lorn, lord of that ilk, who of her begat sons and daughters, [and] Catherine" who died "at Strivelyn"[713]. m THOMAS Isaac, son of ---.

4. DAVID Bruce (Dunfermline Palace, Fife 5 Mar 1324-Edinburgh Castle 22 Feb 1371, bur Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) names "David who succeeded him on the throne" as the only son of "King Robert" and his second wife and in a later passage his birth 5 Mar 1324 in "the monastery of Dunfermline"[714]. He was created Earl of Carrick [17 Mar/17 Jul] 1328. He succeeded his father in 1329 as DAVID II King of Scotland, crowned 24 Nov 1331 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. He was deposed by Edward Balliol Aug 1332 after the battle of Dupplin Moor, near Perth, but restored Dec 1332. Deposed again 1333, finally restored 1336. Taken prisoner at the battle of Neville's Cross 17 Oct 1346, and imprisoned in the Tower. The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the death in 1370 "on the Feast of St Peter´s Chair…at Edinburgh Castle" of "David Bruce king of Scotland" and his burial "in the monastery of Holyrood"[715]. m firstly (Berwick-upon-Tweed 17 Jul 1328) JOAN of England, daughter of EDWARD II King of England & his wife Isabelle de France (Tower of London 5 Jul 1321-Hertford Castle 7 Sep 1362, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the marriage of "David, King Robert´s son" and "Joan sister of Edward III King of England" at Berwick 17 Jul 1328[716]. Crowned Queen Consort with her husband at Scone Abbey. Mistress (1): KATHERINE de Mortimer, daughter of --- (-1361). The Liber Pluscardensis records the death in 1361 of "concubinæ regis Katerinæ de Mortimar", adding that the king had neglected the queen for her[717]. m secondly (Inchmurdach Manor, Fife or Inchmahone Priory, Perthshire Apr or Dec 1363, divorced 20 Mar 1370) as her second husband, MARGARET Drummond, widow of Sir JOHN Logie of that Ilk, daughter of Sir MALCOLM Drummond & his wife --- de Graham (-[Avignon] soon after 31 Jan 1375). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the second marriage of "lord David king of Scotland" and "Margaret of Logie" at "Inchmurdach" in 1363[718]. The Liber Pluscardensis records the marriage "apud Enchemarthow", dated to [1362/63] from the context, of King David and "Margaretam de Logi, filiam domini Malcolmi de Drummond" and their divorce without her consent "circa festum Carnis Brevii" in 1369[719].

5. JOHN (Oct 1327-young, bur Restennet Priory, Forfarshire).

King Robert I had six illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

6. ROBERT (-killed 1332). Baron of Liddesdale.

7. NEIL [Nigel] of Carrick (-1346).

8. [ WALTER of Odistoun .]

9. CHRISTINA of Carrick .

10. MARGARET (-after 1364). m ROBERT Glen .

11. ELIZABETH . m Sir WALTER Oliphant of Aberdalgie (-after 1378).

Chapter 5. KINGS of SCOTLAND (STEWART)

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

A. HIGH STEWARDS of SCOTLAND

WALTER FitzAlan, son of ALAN FitzFlaald & his wife Aveline d'Hesdin (-1177). "…Waltero filio Alan" witnessed a charter dated to [1135] by which "David Rex Scottorum" granted Swinton to "Arnulfo…mee militi"[720]. "William Fitz Alan" donated the fishery of Upton-upon-Severn to Haughmond abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Walter his brother, Christiana his wife…"[721]. William FitzAlan invested his brother Walter in his Sussex manor of Stoke, dated to [1155/60][722]. He was appointed first High Steward of Scotland. The Melrose Chronicle records the death in 1177 of "Walterus filius Alani, dapifer Regis Scotiæ"[723].

m EOCHYNA de Molle, daughter of THOMAS de Molle of London & his wife ---.

Walter & his wife had one child:

1. ALAN FitzWalter (-1204[724]). He succeeded his father as second High Steward of Scotland. The seal of "Alain L. fi. Watir L. fi. Al. senescall re. Sco." is appended to a charter of Melrose dated to [1170][725]. m EVE, daughter of [SWEYN Thorsson overlord of Crawford & his wife ---]. Alan & his wife had three children:

a) WALTER FitzAlan (-1241). He succeeded his father as 3^rd High Steward of Scotland.

- see below.

b) DAVID .

c) LEONARD .

WALTER FitzAlan, son of ALAN FitzWalter 2^nd High Steward of Scotland & his wife Eve --- (-1241). He succeeded his father as 3^rd High Steward of Scotland. The seal of "Walteri filii Alani" is appended to a charter under which "Walter son of Alan the Stuart" confirmed the donation of land at Edmonstone to Melrose by "Walter the son of Alan his grandfather"[726]. He adopted the name Stewart. The Melrose Chronicle records the death in 1241 of "Walterus filius Alani junioris"[727].

m BEATRICE of Angus, daughter of GILCHRIST 3^rd Earl of Angus & his wife ---.

Walter Stewart & his wife had six children:

1. JOHN Stewart (-killed in battle Damietta, Egypt 1249). The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 records that "Johannes Stuart primogenitus Walt" was killed "apud Massour", adding that "Gualto patre et Patricio Marchie comite" fought under "Lodovico Francor´ Rege"[728].

2. ALEXANDER Stewart (-1283). The Liber Pluscardensis names "dominus Alexander Stevart de Dundonald, pronepos primi Walteri Stewart"[729]. He succeeded his father as 4^th High Steward of Scotland.

- see below.

3. WALTER Stewart "Bailloch/Freckled" (-before 28 Apr 1295). Earl of Menteith [1260], de iure uxoris.

- EARLS of MENTEITH.

4. [ROBERT Stewart . The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 names "Robertus Stuart iunior filius Gualteri" adding that his father granted him "agro de Tourbourton" and that he married "heredem --- Roberti Crux de Cruxton" from whom descended "Barones de Derule et tandem etiam comites a Lennex", naming their son "Johannes de Stuart de Dernle" and his son "Robertus Styward de Dernle" (adding that the latter was a hostage in England for "Rege David Brus" in 1357)[730]. m --- Crux, daughter of ROBERT Crux & his wife ---. The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 records that "Robertus Stuart iunior filius Gualteri" married "heredem --- Roberti Crux de Cruxton" from whom descended "Barones de Derule et tandem etiam comites a Lennex"[731].]

5. ELIZABETH Stewart (-before her husband). m MALDOUEN of Lennox, son of ALWYN Earl of Lennox & his wife Eve of Menteith (-after 12 Mar 1251). He succeeded his father in [1224] as 3^rd Earl of Lennox.

6. MARGARET Stewart . m NEIL Earl of Carrick, son of DUNCAN 1^st Earl of Carrick & his wife --- (-1256).

7. daughter . m DONALD Lord of the Isles, son of REYNOLD Lord of the Isles & his wife --- (-[1250]).

ALEXANDER Stewart, son of WALTER FitzAlan 3^rd High Steward of Scotland & his wife Beatrice of Angus (-1283). The Liber Pluscardensis names "dominus Alexander Stevart de Dundonald, pronepos primi Walteri Stewart"[732]. The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 names "Alexander Stuart secundo genitus Gualt, Senescalli Scotie"[733]. He succeeded his father as 4^th High Steward of Scotland. The seal of "Alexandri filii Walterii senescalli regis Scotie" is appended to a charter under which "Alexander Stuart" donated lands at Machline and Carentabel to Melrose by charter dated to [1226][734].

m JEAN of Bute heiress of the Isles of Bute and Arran, daughter of JAMES Lord of Bute and Arran & his wife ---.

Alexander Stewart & his wife had three children:

1. [JAMES Stewart (-young). The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 names "Jacobus Styward" as eldest son of "Alexander Stuart secundo genitus Gualt, Senescalli Scotie", adding that he died young[735].

2. JAMES Stewart ([1243]-1309). The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 names "Johannes Steward" as second son of "Alexander Stuart secundo genitus Gualt, Senescalli Scotie", adding that he was killed in battle "ad variu´ Sacella"[736]. He succeeded his father as 5^th High Steward of Scotland. He was appointed one of the six guardians of the kingdom on the death of King Alexander III in 1286[737]. m EGIDIA de Burgh, daughter of WALTER de Burgh 1^st Earl of Ulster & his wife Aveline FitzJohn. The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 records that "Johannes Steward", second son of "Alexander Stuart secundo genitus Gualt, Senescalli Scotie", married "heredem de Bouthill"[738]. According to Burke, James Stewart married "Cecilia, daughter of Patrick de Dunbar 7th Earl of Dunbar & March" by whom he fathered Walter Stewart[739]. James Stewart & his wife had five children:

a) WALTER Stewart (1292-9 Apr 1326). The Liber Pluscardensis names "dominus Alexander Stevart de Dundonald, pronepos primi Walteri Stewart" as "proavus…nobilis Walteri Stevart qui filiam Roberti de Broys desponsavit"[740]. He succeeded his father as 6^th High Steward of Scotland.

- see below.

b) JOHN Stewart (-killed in battle Dundalk 1318).

c) ANDREW Stewart (-1309).

d) JAMES Stewart of Durisdeer.

e) GILLE Stewart . m ALEXANDER Menzies of Weem. 1296.

3. ELIZABETH Stewart . m as his first wife, Sir WILLIAM Douglas "the Hardy" of that Ilk, son of Sir WILLIAM Douglas of Douglas & his wife --- (-London in prison 1298).

4. [ANDREW Stewart (-after 1350). m --- Beith, daughter of JAMES Beith & his wife ---. The Visitation of Cambridge 1575 records the marriage of "Andreas Stuard iunior filius" (of Alexander Stuart secundo genitus Gualt, Senescalli Scotie) and "filiam Jacobi Bethe", adding that he was decorated with a military swordbelt by "Johanne Francor´ Rege" and naming "Alexander Styward unicus filius Andree" who was awarded military honours by "Carolus rex Francor" (together with eight generations of Alexander´s alleged descendants in East Anglia)[741]. The chronology of this entry is extremely shaky and it is unlikely that Andrew was the son of Alexander.]