The kingdom of Aragon started from small beginnings. The original county of Aragon evolved in the early 9th century in a small area, covering about 600 square kilometres, in the valley of the river Aragon around Jaca, in the extreme north of what later became the Aragonese kingdom. The religious centre was the Benedictine monastery of San Pedro de Siresa, founded in the early ninth century, although the monastery of San Juan de la Peña became the most important Aragonese religious institution in the tenth century[1]. The see of the bishop of Aragon was established in 922 in the valley of Borau. The early counts of Aragon are recorded in the Codex de Roda[2], a series of texts probably written shortly before 992 almost certainly in Navarre. Their origin is not known, but it is supposed that they were local chiefs who managed to impose their authority over their rivals. It appears unlikely that they had any family relationship with the either the neighbouring kings of Navarre or the kings of León and Asturias. Their names bear no resemblance to the names of the earlier Visigothic kings and nobles, so it is assumed that they were not descended from the Visigothic nobility which was driven north after the Muslim invasion of Spain in the early 8th century.

Autonomous counts are recorded in Aragon, power alternating between two different families, between the early 9th and the early 10th centuries. No reference has been found in primary source documentation which indicates who was their suzerain, but the number of marriages with the Navarrese royal family suggest that it may have been the king of Navarre. In about [930], the Aragonese heiress Andregoto married García III King of Navarre. Their descendants ruled both as kings of Navarre and counts of Aragon until the death of Sancho III "el Mayor" King of Navarre in 1035. When King Sancho's territories were divided between his sons after he died, Aragon was elevated into a kingdom and awarded to Sancho's illegitimate son Ramiro, while the neighbouring territories of Ribargorza and Sobrarbe to the west formed the fleeting kingdom which was granted to Ramiro's half-brother Gonzalo. It is not clear at that time whether the Aragonese kingdom was territorially more significant than the county which it superseded. However, Ramiro I King of Aragon defeated his half-brother in 1045 and annexed his territories to Aragon, representing the first significant increase in its territorial area. Ramiro's son and successor, Sancho I King of Aragon, conquered land from the Moors and exacted tribute from the Moorish leaders of Huesca, Tudela and Zaragoza. He also acquired land to the south of his kingdom which was formerly under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of Navarre. In 1076, Sancho also succeeded as king of Navarre, after the murder of his cousin Sancho IV King of Navarre.

King Sancho's sons Kings Pedro I and Alfonso I made substantial further territorial conquests from the Moors, and by the 1120s the kingdom of Aragon was established as a major political force in the Iberian peninsula. The succession of King Alfonso's younger brother, Ramiro II, as king of Aragon in 1134 marked a reversal. Navarre refused to accept his authority, and a descendant of the previous dynasty was installed as king of Navarre. Alfonso VII King of Castile claimed sovereignty over many recent Aragonese conquests and obliged King Ramiro to accept Castilian suzerainty. In an attempt to safeguard his position, Ramiro arranged the betrothal of his infant daughter Petronila to Ramón Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona, agreeing that the latter should inherit the Aragonese throne even if his daughter should die. Count Ramón Berenguer became effective ruler of Aragon from 1137, initiating a period of nearly four centuries during which the kingdom of Aragon and the Catalonian counties to the west were united in a loose federal state which became a major political force throughout the Mediterranean basin whose history is well known.

Chapter 1. CONDES de ARAGÓN [809]-1035

1. GARCÍA, son of ---. m ---. The name of García's wife is not known. García & his wife had one child:

a) GALINDO García . Conde [de Aragón]. "Galindo comes, filius Garsiani…et coniux mea Guldreguth" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 25 Nov "regnante domno nostro Lodovico imperatore"[3]. This document is dated to [828/33] by the editor of the collection[4], which if correct indicates that it is chronologically impossible for Galindo to have been the son of conde García Galíndez "el Malo", as shown in many secondary sources. It is possible that he was the father of Conde Aznar Galíndez, although this is not without all doubt. m GULDREGUT, daughter of ---. "Galindo comes, filius Garsiani…et coniux mea Guldreguth" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 25 Nov "regnante domno nostro Lodovico imperatore"[5]. Galindo & his wife had [one possible child]:

i) [AZNAR Galíndez (-[839]). Conde [de Aragón]. The Codex de Roda records that "Asnari Galindones" was expelled from his county by his son-in-law García "el Malo" and went to France, stating that "Carli Magni" (presumably a mistake for Emperor Louis I) granted him "Cerretania et Oriello", where he was buried[6]. m ---. The name of Aznar Galindez's wife is not known. Conde Aznar Galindez & his wife had four children:

(a) CENTULIO Aznar (-murdered [838]). The Codex de Roda names "Centolle Asnari et Galindo Asnari et domna Matrona" as the children of "Asnari Galindones", recording that Centulio was murdered by his brother-in-law García "el Malo"[7].

(b) GALINDO [I] Aznar (-867). The Codex de Roda names "Centolle Asnari et Galindo Asnari et domna Matrona" as the children of "Asnari Galindones"[8]. He succeeded his father in [839] as Conde de Cerdaña y Urgel. He succeeded his brother-in-law in 858 as Conde de Aragón, Urgel, Conflent, Cerdaña, Pallars, Ribagorza 858, with support from García I Iñíguez King of Pamplona, confirmed by the marriage of his son to the king's daughter.

- see below.

(c) MATRONA Aznar . The Codex de Roda names "Centolle Asnari et Galindo Asnari et domna Matrona" as the children of "Asnari Galindones", stating that Matrona married "Garsie Malo filium Galindi Belascotenes et domne Fakilo" who repudiated her after he killed her brother[9]. m (repudiated [838]) as his wife, GARCÍA Galíndez "el Malo", son of GALINDO Velázquez & his wife Faquilo --- (-858). He deposed his father-in-law and succeeded in 838 as Conde de Aragón .

(d) EILONA [Aylo] Aznar . She is named in a charter dated 863[10].

VELASCO ---, son of ---. His name is known only from the patronymic of his son Galindo. Settipani speculates that he may have been the brother of Galindo, father of Aznar Galíndez Conde de Aragón[11].

m ---. The name of Velasco's wife is not known.

Velasco & his wife had one child:

1. GALINDO Velázquez . m FAQUILO, daughter of ---. The Codex de Roda names "Garsie Malo filium Galindi Belascotenes et domne Fakilo"[12]. Galindo & his wife had two children:

a) GARCÍA Galíndez "el Malo" (-858). The Codex de Roda names "Garsie Malo filium Galindi Belascotenes et domne Fakilo" when recording his first marriage and that he killed his wife's brother[13]. He deposed his first wife's father in 838, murdered his brother-in-law, and succeeded as Conde de Aragón. m firstly (repudiated [838]) MATRONA de Aragón, daughter of AZNAR [I] Galíndez Conde de Aragón & his wife ---. The Codex de Roda names "Centolle Asnari et Galindo Asnari et domna Matrona" as the children of "Asnari Galindones", stating that Matrona married "Garsie Malo filium Galindi Belascotenes et domne Fakilo" who repudiated her after he killed her brother[14]. m secondly (after [838]) --- de Pamplona, daughter of ÍÑIGO "Arista" King of Pamplona & his wife [Oneca ---]. The Codex de Roda names "Garsea Enneconis et domna Assona…et domna ---" as the children of "Enneco cognomento Aresta", stating that the unnamed daughter married "Garsea Malo" as his second wife[15]. García & his [first/second] wife had one child:

i) VELASCO García . He was defeated at Pamplona by Abd al-Rahman II in 843[16].

b) VELASCO . A lord in Pamplona in 816[17].

GALINDO [I] Aznar, son of AZNAR Galíndez Conde de Aragón & his wife --- (-867). The Codex de Roda names "Centolle Asnari et Galindo Asnari et domna Matrona" as the children of "Asnari Galindones"[18]. "Dato Donati comite, Garsia vice comite, Galindo Azenarii" subscribed the charter dated Oct 833 under which "Azenario Sancius comes" instructed two priests to restore "la terre de Cazaux" to the abbey of Pessan[19]. He succeeded his father in [839] as Conde de Cerdaña y Urgel. He succeeded as Conde de Aragón, Urgel, Conflent, Cerdaña, Pallars, Ribagorza before 867, with support from García I Iñíguez King of Pamplona, confirmed by the marriage of his son to the King's daughter. "Galindo…comes" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated to [840/67], which states that he founded the monastery[20]. "Galindo Isinari comes" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated to [before 867], witnessed by "Scemeno Scemenonis…Alaricus Isinari, Mancio Galindonis, Fortunio Galindonis, Isinari Salomonis, Isinari Dacconis, Galindo Isinari…"[21]. "Galindo Asinarii comes" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 867[22]. The dating clause of this charter states "regnante Karlo rege in Franza, Aldefoso filio Ardonis in Gallia Comata, Garsia Enneconis in Pampilona", which is consistent with this date. However, the text includes "ego Galindo Asinari comes deprecor Sancium regem generum meum…", which casts doubt on the authenticity of the document. The likely kings named Sancho to whom this could relate are the kings of Navarre, although none is known to have been the son-in-law of a count named Galindo Aznar.

m ---. The name of Galindo Azn ar's wife is not known.

Galindo Aznar & his wife had one child:

1. AZNAR Galíndez (-893). The Codex de Roda names "Asnari Galindones" as the son of "Galindo Asnari" and his unnamed wife[23]. He succeeded his father as Conde de Aragón. m ONECA García de Pamplona, daughter of GARCÍA I Iñíguez King of Pamplona & his first wife Urraca ---. The Codex de Roda names "Fortunio Garseanis et Sanzio Garseanis et domna Onneca" as the children of "Garsea Enneconis " and his unnamed wife, stating that Oneca married "Asnari Galindones de Aragone"[24]. Aznar Galindez & his wife had three children:

a) GALINDO [II] Aznar (-923). The Codex de Roda names "Galindo Asnari et Garsea Asnari et domna Sanzia" as the children of "Asnari Galindones" and his wife[25]. He succeeded his father in 893 as Conde de Aragón. m firstly ACIBELLA de Gascogne, daughter of GARCÍA I "el Curvo" Duke of Gascony & his wife [Aimena de Périgord]. The Codex de Roda names "domna Acibella, Garsea Sanzionis comitis Guasconie filia" as the first wife of "Galindo Asnari"[26]. m secondly (after 905) as her second husband, SANCHA García de Pamplona, widow of ÍÑIGO Fortún de Pamplona, daughter of GARCÍA II Jimenez King of Pamplona & his first wife Oneca ---. The Codex de Roda names "domna Sanzia, filia de Garsea Scemenonis" as the wife of "Enneco Furtuniones", specifying that she later married "domno Galindo comes de Aragone"[27]. Galindo Aznar & his first wife had three children:

i) TOTA . The Codex de Roda names "domna Tota…domnus Redemtus episcopus et domno Miro" as the children of "Galindo Asnari" and his first wife Acibella, stating that Toda married "Uernardi comitis"[28]. A Fragmentum historicum in the cartulary of Alaon names “Totam filiam Galindonis comitis Aragonensis” as wife of “Bernardus comes Ripacurcie”, adding that they built the monastery of Ovarra where they were both buried[29]. m BERNARDO [I] Conde de Ribagorza, son of RAIMUNDO [I] Conde de Ribagorza & his wife Guiniguentes --- (-[950/56]).

ii) REDEMPTUS . The Codex de Roda names "domna Tota…domnus Redemtus episcopus et domno Miro" as the children of "Galindo Asnari" and his first wife Acibella, stating that Toda married "Uernardi comitis"[30]. Bishop.

iii) MIRÓN . The Codex de Roda names "domna Tota…domnus Redemtus episcopus et domno Miro" as the children of "Galindo Asnari" and his first wife Acibella, stating that Toda married "Uernardi comitis"[31].

Galindo Aznar & his second wife had three children:

iv) AZNAR Galindez . One manuscript of the Codex de Roda names "Aznarium Galindonis et domna Andregoto regina et domna Belasquita" as the children of "domno Galindo comes de Aragone" and his wife "domna Sanzia"[32].

v) ANDREGOTO Galíndez (-972). One manuscript of the Codex de Roda names "Aznarium Galindonis et domna Andregoto regina et domna Belasquita" as the children of "domno Galindo comes de Aragone" and his wife "domna Sanzia"[33]. She succeeded her father in 922 as Condesa de Aragon. As Andregoto is not named in her husband's charter dated 9 Mar 933[34], it is assumed that they married after that date. However, this charter, confirming donations to San Pedro de Siresa by Andregoto's ancestors, suggests that the marriage may have been planned already at that time. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III imposed the repudiation by King García III of his wife under the peace terms negotiated with Sunyer Conde de Barcelona in 940, as part of his strategy of dividing the alliances between the various Christian kingdoms and counties in the peninsula[35]. "Endregoto Galindonis et prole eius Sancio Garseanis rex et uxor eius Urraca Fredenandizi" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 29 Jun 971[36]. m (repudiated 940) as his first wife, her first cousin, GARCÍA III Sánchez King of Navarre, son of SANCHO I García King of Navarre & his second wife Toda Aznárez de Larraún ([919]-[25 May/13 Oct] 970). He became Conde de Aragón by right of his wife, thus uniting Aragon with Navarre.

- see below.

vi) VELASQUITA . One manuscript of the Codex de Roda names "Aznarium Galindonis et domna Andregoto regina et domna Belasquita" as the children of "domno Galindo comes de Aragone" and his wife "domna Sanzia", recording that Velasquita was the wife of "Enneco Lopiz de Estigi et de Zillegita"[37]. m ÍÑIGO López, de Estigi y Zillegita, son of ---.

Galindo Aznar had five illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

vii) GUNTISLO. The Codex de Roda names "domno Guntislo ac domno Sanzio vel domno Belasco atque domno Banzo, seu domno Asnario" as the children of "Galindo Asnari…de aliis anzillis"[38]. Conde de Aragón [923-933]. m AUREA, daughter of QUINTILO & his wife ---. The Codex de Roda names "domna Oria, Scemeno Galindonis de Berale seu domne Comitisse soror, domni Quintile filia" as the wife of "domno Guntislo"[39]. Guntislo & his wife had two children:

(a) JIMENO Galíndez . The Codex de Roda names "Xemeno Galindones de Perale et domnam --- Comitissa sororem eius" as the children of "domno Guntislo" and his wife[40].

(b) COMITISA . The Codex de Roda names "Xemeno Galindones de Perale et domnam --- Comitissa sororem eius" as the children of "domno Guntislo" and his wife[41].

viii) SANCHO. The Codex de Roda names "domno Guntislo ac domno Sanzio vel domno Belasco atque domno Banzo, seu domno Asnario" as the children of "Galindo Asnari…de aliis anzillis"[42].

ix) VELASCO. The Codex de Roda names "domno Guntislo ac domno Sanzio vel domno Belasco atque domno Banzo, seu domno Asnario" as the children of "Galindo Asnari…de aliis anzillis"[43].

x) BANCIO. The Codex de Roda names "domno Guntislo ac domno Sanzio vel domno Belasco atque domno Banzo, seu domno Asnario" as the children of "Galindo Asnari…de aliis anzillis"[44]. m ---. The name of Bancio's wife is not known. Bancio & his wife had one child:

(a) GALINDO (-after 958).

xi) AZNAR. The Codex de Roda names "domno Guntislo ac domno Sanzio vel domno Belasco atque domno Banzo, seu domno Asnario" as the children of "Galindo Asnari…de aliis anzillis"[45].

b) GARCÍA Aznar. The Codex de Roda names "Galindo Asnari et Garsea Asnari et domna Sanzia" as the children of "Asnari Galindones" and his wife[46].

c) SANCHA Aznar. The Codex de Roda names "Galindo Asnari et Garsea Asnari et domna Sanzia" as the children of "Asnari Galindones" and his wife, stating that Sancha married "regis Atoele mauro"[47]. m MUHAMMAD Ali Tawill Wali of Huesca, son of ---.

On his marriage to Andregoto Condesa de Aragón, García III King of Navarre also became Conde de Aragón by right of his wife, thus uniting Aragon with Navarre for about a century. The succeeding Condes de Aragón, also Kings of Navarre, are shown in outline form below to demonstrate how Aragon eventually regained its autonomy from Navarre. For full details see NAVARRE.

ANDREGOTO Galíndez, daughter of GALINDO II Aznar Conde de Aragón & his second wife Sancha de Pamplona (-972). One manuscript of the Codex de Roda names "Aznarium Galindonis et domna Andregoto regina et domna Belasquita" as the children of "domno Galindo comes de Aragone" and his wife "domna Sanzia"[48]. She succeeded her father in 922 as Condesa de Aragon. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III obliged her husband to repudiate her under the peace terms negotiated with Sunyer Conde de Barcelona in 940, as part of his strategy of dividing the alliances between the various Christian kingdoms and counties in the peninsula[49].

m (repudiated) as his first wife, GARCÍA III Sánchez King of Navarre, son of SANCHO I Garces King of Navarre & his second wife Toda Aznárez de Larraún ([919]-[25 May/13 Oct] 970).

1. SANCHO Garces Abarca de Navarra ([after 935]-Dec 994). He succeeded his father in 970 as SANCHO II Garcés Abarca King of Navarre, and his mother in 972 as SANCHO Garcés Conde de Aragón.

a) GARCÍA Sánchez de Navarra ([964]-after 8 Dec 999). He succeeded his father in 994 as GARCÍA IV Sánchez King of Navarre, GARCÍA Sánchez Conde de Aragón.

i) SANCHO de Navarra ([990/92]-murdered 18 Oct 1035). He succeeded his father in 999 as SANCHO III "el Mayor" King of Navarre, SANCHO Conde de Aragón. On his death, he divided his territories between his sons.

(a) GARCÍA Sánchez Infante de Navarra ([after 1020]-killed in battle Atapuerca 1 Sep 1054). Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Navarre, succeeding in 1035 as GARCÍA V "él de Nájera” King of Navarre.

- KINGS of NAVARRE.

(b) FERNANDO Infante de Navarra ([1016/18]-27 Dec 1065). Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Castile, succeeding in 1035 as FERNANDO I "el Magno" King of Castile.

- KINGS of CASTILE.

(c) RAMIRO Sánchez (Aibar [1008]-killed in battle Graus 8 May 1063, bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Aragon, succeeding in 1035 as RAMIRO I King of Aragon.

- see Chapter 2. KINGS of ARAGON.

Chapter 2. KINGS of ARAGON 1035-1137

RAMIRO I 1035-1063

RAMIRO Sánchez, illegitimate son of SANCHO III King of Navarre & his mistress Sancha de Aibar (Aibar [1008]-killed in battle Graus 8 May 1063, bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). “Ranimirus proles regis, Garseanes frater eius, Gundisaluus frater eius, Ferdinandus frater eius” confirmed the charter dated 17 Apr 1014 under which “Sancius…rex…cum coniuge mea regina domina Maiora” donated property to the monastery of Leire, although the absence of the brother Bernardo suggests that this charter should be redated to approximately ten years later[50]. "Sancius…rex" recommended the rule of St Benedict to the monastery of Leire by charter dated 21 Oct 1022, subscribed by "Eximina regina mater regis, Regina domna Muma, Garsia et Ranimirus, Gundesalbus et Fernandus"[51]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Raimirus filius Sancii Regis Navarrorum…ex…nobilissima domina de castro…Ayunarum" when specifying that he inherited Aragon on the death of his father[52]. The charter of "Sancius Hispaniarum rex" dated 26 Jun 1033 relating to concessions to the monastery of Oriense was confirmed by his sons (in order) "Ranimirus…Garsea…Fredinandus"[53]. Under the division of territories organised by his father prior to his death, Ramiro received Aragon, succeeding in 1035 as RAMIRO I King of Aragon. The Historia Silense records that King Sancho granted "Haragon" to "Raymiro quem ex concubina habuerat"[54]. Although considered "king" by contemporaries, he was named in documentation "Ranimirus Sancioni regis filius"[55]. He expanded his authority southwards to include territories formerly controlled by the kingdom of Navarre, in return for conceding Navarrese supremacy[56]. He defeated his half-brother Gonzalo and expanded Aragon eastwards by annexing Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in 1044. With this expansion, Ramiro I had assumed leadership in the struggle against the Moors on his frontiers[57]. In 1054, he is alleged to have fled the battle of Atapuerca, in which his half-brother García V King of Navarre was killed by his other half-brother Fernando I King of Castile, "having lost his boots, on a horse guided only by a halter"[58]. He died in battle against the Moors near Barbastro. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that King Ramiro was killed aged 63 in 1062 and was buried in "el monasterio de Sant Iohan de Peña" after reigning for thirty eight years[59]. The "Corónicas" Navarras record that "el rey don Romiro" died "en Grados", in 1107[60].

m firstly (Jaca 22 Aug 1036) GERBERGE de Foix, daughter of BERNARD ROGER Comte de Cousserans, de Foix et de Bigorre & his wife Gersende Ctss de Bigorre ([1015]-1 Dec 1049, bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Ramiro married "la filla del Comte de Bigorra nombrada Hermissenda et por baptismo Gelberda"[61]. The marriage contract between "Ranimirus…prolis Sanctioni regis" and "Gilberga filiam comitis Bernardi-Rodegari et comitissæ matris eius…Garsinde" is dated 22 Aug 1036 and lists her dowry as "castellum…Atheres", judged spurious by the Histoire Générale de Languedoc[62]. She adopted the name ERMESENDA as Queen of Aragon[63]. This is confirmed by the charter dated Oct 1076 under which her daughter "Sancia comitissa Ranimiri regis filia et Armissende regina" donated property to the monastery of Santa Cruz de la Serós[64].

m secondly ([1054]) AGNES d’Aquitaine, daughter of [GUILLAUME VI "le Gros" Duke of Aquitaine, GUILLAUME IV Comte de Poitou & his wife Eustachie de Montreuil-Berlay]. Agnes was the daughter of Duke Guillaume VI according to Szabolcs de Vajay, although he cites no source for this[65]. According to Richard, Duke Guillaume VI died childless[66]. Agnes is shown as the possible daughter of Duke Guillaume VII "l'Aigret" in Europäische Stammtafeln[67], marrying Pierre I Comte de Savoie as her second husband although she would have been only about six years at the time of her supposed first marriage. From an onomastic point of view, it is surprising that a daughter of Duke Guillaume VI would have been named Agnes, a name which appears to have been introduced into the family of the Comtes de Poitou only after the third marriage of Duke Guillaume V with Agnes de Mâcon.

Mistress (1): MUNIA, daughter of ---. Her name is confirmed by the charter dated 1067 under which “Sancio Ranimiri, Ranimirus regis filio et domna Amunna” donated property to San Andrés de Fanlo[68].

King Ramiro I & his first wife had five children:

1. Infanta doña TERESA de Aragón (1037-). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Sancha…et…Teresa" as the two daughters of King Ramiro and his wife "la filla del Comte de Bigorra nombrada Hermissenda et por baptismo Gelberda", stating that Teresa married "el Comte de Provença clamado Guillen Bertran"[69]. m as his first wife, GUILLAUME [VI] BERTRAND Comte de Provence, son of FOULQUES BERTRAND [I] Marquis et Comte de Provence & his wife Hildegarde --- (-after 1067). Marquis 1065.

2. Infante don SANCHO Ramírez de Aragón ([1042/43]-Huesca 4 Jun 1094 bur Montearagón, transferred to Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Sancium" as son of "Raimirus filius Sancii Regis Navarrorum…ex…nobilissima domina de castro…Ayunarum"[70]. He succeeded his father in 1063 as SANCHO I King of Aragon.

- see below.

3. Infante don GARCÍA de Aragón (-Anzanigo 17 Jul 1086). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Sancho et…García" as the two sons of King Ramiro and his wife "la filla del Comte de Bigorra nombrada Hermissenda et por baptismo Gelberda", stating that García was bishop of Jaca[71]. "Garsias…Aragonensium episcopus" introduced the rule of St Augustine to the cathedral of San Pedro de Jaca by charter dated to [1076/79], confirmed by "Sancius Aragonensium rex…per fratrem meum Garsiam episcopum"[72]. Bishop of Jaca 1076/1086. Bishop of Pamplona 1078/1083. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "regnante rege Sancio…in Aragone…domno Garsia fratre regis episcopo in Iaca…"[73].

4. Infante doña URRACA de Aragón (-[1077/78] or alter). "Sancia commitissa, Ranimiri regis filia" donated property to the monastery of San Juan de la Peña, for the souls of "…regis Sancii fratris mei…et Urrachæ sororis meæ", by charter dated 4 Apr 1096[74]. Nun at Santa Cruz de la Serós. "Ranimirus rex Sancius regis prolis" commended "filiam meam Urracam" to the monastery of Santa Cruz de la Serós by charter dated 15 Mar 1061[75]. The testament of "Urracha ancilla Dei filia Ranimiri regis" is dated to [1077/78][76].

5. Infanta doña SANCHA de Aragón (-[5 Apr/16 Aug] 1097, bur Monastery of Santa Cruz, transferred 1622 to Benedictine convent of Jaca[77]). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Sancha…et…Teresa" as the two daughters of King Ramiro and his wife "la filla del Comte de Bigorra nombrada Hermissenda et por baptismo Gelberda", stating that Sancha married "al Comte de Tolosa"[78]. This marriage has not been confirmed by other primary sources. The Crónica is an unreliable source regarding many genealogical details and it is suggested the marriage be treated with caution until it can be corroborated elsewhere. "Sancius Ranimiri…rex Aragonensium et Pampilonensium" granted property to "dompna Sancia comitissa soror mea" by charter dated 15 Aug 1058[79]. The fact that Sancha is named "comitissa" in this document does suggest that she must have married a "comes" before the date of the document. Her [second] marriage is confirmed by the charter dated 27 Jul [1067/68] under which "Sanctia comitissa" donated "castrum de Pilzano" to "domno Raymundo comiti Barchinonensi et domne Almodi comitisse", specifying that the property came to her from "viri mei Ermengaudi comitis Urgelensis"[80], read together with a charter dated 23 Apr [1072/73] under which (her stepson) "Ermengaudus comes Urgelensis et Luciana comitissa uxor eius" confirmed that "castro de Pilzano" had been given by "pater meus Ermengaudus comes" to "Sanctiæ comitissæ filiæ Ranimiri regis"[81]. "Dona Sancha, filla del Rey do Ramiro et de dona Ermessende regina" donated property which she was given by "frater meus rex Sancius" to the monastery of Santa Cruz by charter dated Oct 1065[82]. Her paternal grandmother "domina Sancia, mater Ranimiri regis" granted the monastery of Santa Cecilia de Aibar "quam dedit michi illa regine domna Eximina mater Sancionis regis" to "nepte mea domna Sancia", in the presence of "abbatissa domne Mennose soror episcopi domni Sancii Aragonensium", by charter dated 27 Oct 1070[83]. "Sancia comitissa Ranimiri regis filia et Armissende regina" donated property to the monastery of Santa Cruz de la Serós by charter dated Oct 1076[84]. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "regnante rege Sancio…in Aragone…domna Sancia comitissa atque sorore regis presidente in Siresia…"[85]. "Sancia comitissa" granted property to "Acenar Garces" by charter dated 1083[86]. "Sancia, filia regis Ranimiri et Ermesendis regine" donated property to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated Oct 1095[87]. The testament of "Sancia filia regis Ranimiri et Ermesendis regina" is dated Oct 1095[88]. "Sancia commitissa, Ranimiri regis filia" donated property to the monastery of San Juan de la Peña, for the souls of "…regis Sancii fratris mei…et Urrachæ sororis meæ", by charter dated 4 Apr 1096[89]. If Sancha's marriage to Armengol [III] Conde de Urgel is correct, it is surprising that she is not referred to as his widow in any of these charters, even the one dated shortly after his death in 1065. The only hint that she married, and that her husband had comital status, is the reference to her as "comitissa" in the charters dated 1076 and 1096. [m firstly as his [third] wife, PONS Comte de Toulouse, son of GUILLAUME III "Taillefer" Comte de Toulouse & his second wife Emma de Provence ([991]-1060, bur Toulouse, Saint-Sernin).] m [secondly] (before [Feb/Mar] 1065) as his third wife, ARMENGOL [III] "él de Barbastro" Conde de Urgel, son of ARMENGOL [II] "el Pelegrino" Conde de Urgel & his second wife Constanza --- ([1031/33]-killed in battle [Feb/Mar] 1065, bur San Pedro de Ager).

King Ramiro I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

6. SANCHO Ramírez (-after 1117). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Sancho" as "un fillo bort" of King Ramiro, stating that his father gave him "Ayuar et Xauierre Alatre" and the title count[90]. Señor de Aibar. The dating clause of a charter dated 1 Nov 1066 under which “domna Tota” donated property to Leire monastery names “rege domino Sancio in Aragone et Suprarve, et suo germano Sancio in Aibare”[91]. “Sancio Ranimiri, Ranimirus regis filio et domna Amunna” donated property to San Andrés de Fanlo by charter dated 1067[92]. A charter dated Jan 1078, under which "Sancius…Aragonensium rex" granted property, names "…Infante Sancio Ranimiriz in Banabar" in the dating clause[93]. "Sancius Raymiro regis filio" granted property to "Gonbal Exmentz" by charter dated May 1081, the dating clause naming "…Dompnus Sancius germanus regis in Benauarre…"[94]. Conde. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "regnante rege Sancio…in Aragone et in Pamplona et in Superarbi sive in Ripacorza…domno Sancio Ranimiri comite in Ripacorza…"[95]. Señor de Aybar. A charter dated Sep 1091, under which "Sancius…Aragonensium rex" granted property, names "…Comite Sancio Ranimiriz in Exabarre et in Aibar…" in the dating clause[96]. m [firstly] doña BEATRIZ, daughter of --- (-after 24 Nov 1110). "Sancho Ranimirez et uxor mea Beatriz" confirmed a donation of property, "que fuerunt de senior domno Iohannes et postea venit Petrus filius noster", to Santa María de Uncastillo by charter dated 1100[97]. At first sight the dating of this charter would seem suspect, in light of the marriage date attributable to the daughter of Sancho Ramírez by his reported second marriage. However, the dating clause of the document refers to "regnante Pedro…in Aragon", which is consistent with the date. This date therefore appears to cast doubt on the order of the marriages of Sancho Ramírez, or whether in fact his two supposed wives were one person. This suggestion is supported by the charter dated 24 Nov 1110 under which “Beatrix…comitissa” donated property to the monastery of Roda, for the soul of “senioris mei domni Sancii comitis”, which states that “Grasias Sanz” supported the donation of “matris meæ”[98]. [m secondly --- de Montaner, daughter of ARNAUD Vicomte de Montaner & his wife ---. Her marriage is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[99] and by Jaurgain[100]. The latter quotes the charter dated to [1085] under which "Ar. de Mont Aner" provided guarantors to Centule de Béarn Comte de Bigorre for the marriage of his granddaughter to Centule´s son Gaston[101], but the extract does not provide a clue about the parentage of the bride´s mother. No more precise primary source has yet been identified which confirms her parentage and marriage. In addition, the charters quoted above suggest that Sancho´s known wife Beatriz survived well into the 12th century. The conclusion must be that this reported second marriage of Sancho is incorrect, or that at least the parentage of his supposed second wife is reported inaccurately.] Sancho Ramirez & his [first] wife had two children:

a) PEDRO Sánchez . "Sancho Ranimirez et uxor mea Beatriz" confirmed a donation of property, "que fuerunt de senior domno Iohannes et postea venit Petrus filius noster", to Santa María de Uncastillo by charter dated 1100[102].

b) GARCÍA Sánchez . “Beatrix…comitissa” donated property to the monastery of Roda, for the soul of “senioris mei domni Sancii comitis”, by charter dated 24 Nov 1110 which states that “Grasias Sanz” supported the donation of “matris meæ”[103]. Señor de Aybar, Atarés y Javierre. m TERESA Fortúnez, daughter of FORTÚN García Cajal & his wife ---. García Sanchez & his wife had two children:

i) PEDRO García (-21 Mar 1151). Señor de Atarés, Borja y Javierre.

ii) LOPE García. Señor de Estella y Aybar.

Sancho Ramirez & his [second] wife had [two] children:

c) TALESA Sánchez (-after Nov 1155). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by a charter dated early 1134 under which "Talesa vicecomitissa Bearnensis cum filio suo Centullo" donated "hereditatem suam quam habebat in Aierb ex patre suo…Sancius comes" to the abbey of Sauvelade, the document also naming "frater eius [= Sancho] Ranimirus rex"[104]. A charter dated to [1119/1136] records a donation of property to the abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde "coram vicecomitissa Bearnensi…Atelesa"[105]. "Talesa vicecomitissa" donated property to her servant by charter dated Nov 1155[106]. m ([1085]) GASTON [IV] Vicomte de Béarn, son of CENTULE [IV] Vicomte de Béarn & his first wife Gisla --- (-killed in battle near Valencia 1130).

d) BEATRIZ Sánchez.

SANCHO I 1063-1094, PEDRO I 1094-1104, ALFONSO I 1104-1134, RAMIRO II 1134-1157, PETRONILA 1157-1164

Infante don SANCHO Ramírez de Aragón, son of don RAMIRO I King of Aragon & his first wife Gilberga [Hermesenda] de Cousserans ([1042/43]-Huesca 4 Jun 1094, bur Montearagón, transferred to Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Sancium" as son of "Raimirus filius Sancii Regis Navarrorum…ex…nobilissima domina de castro…Ayunarum"[107]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Sancho et…García" as the two sons of King Ramiro and his wife "la filla del Comte de Bigorra nombrada Hermissenda et por baptismo Gelberda", stating in a later passage that Sancho was eighteen years old when he succeeded his father[108]. He succeeded his father in 1063 as don SANCHO I King of Aragon. Like his father, in the early years of his reign he did not use the title "king" but was referred to in documentation as "Sancius Ranimiro regis filius". From Jan 1072, he appears as "Sanctius gratia Dei Aragonense"[109]. He gained Barbastro from the Moors in 1064, although lost it the following year, and Alquezar in 1065[110]. He was able to impose tribute on the Moors of Huesca, Tudela and Zaragoza, thereby greatly expanding Aragon's wealth[111]. After the murder of Sancho IV King of Navarre, he succeeded in 1076 as don SANCHO V King of Navarre. Aragon became the crossing point for pilgrims and merchants from France into Spain, Jaca in particular expanding into a city which was granted a charter of liberties in 1077 and became the Episcopal see. The death of al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza in 1081 was followed by a new wave of Aragonese conquests led by Sancho's eldest son Pedro[112]. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "regnante rege Sancio cum uxore sua Felicia et filio suo Petro in Aragone et in Pamplona et in Superarbi sive in Ripacorza…domno Garsia fratre regis episcopo in Iaca…domno Sancio Ranimiri comite in Ripacorza, domna Sancia comitissa atque sorore regis presidente in Siresia…Raimundo Beringerii et Beringerii Raimundi fratribus comitibus in Barcelona"[113]. "Sancius rex Pampilonensium et Aragonensium…cum filio meo Petro" confirmed the rights of the bishop of Pamplona to the town of Pamplona by charter dated 28 Oct [1087][114]. Sancho I became the vassal of the Pope in 1088[115]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that King Sancho died at Huesca in 1094 and was buried in the "monasterio de San Iohan de la Peña"[116]. The "Corónicas" Navarras record that King Sancho was buried "en Mont aragón" but transferred to "Sant Johan de la Peyna por miedo de los moros"[117]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “pridie Non Jul” in 1094 of “Sancius Rex”[118].

m firstly ([1065], separated on grounds of consanguinity [1070]) as her first husband, ISABEL de Urgell, daughter of ARMENGOL [III] Comte de Urgell [Barcelona] & his [first wife Adelaida de Besalú] ([1052]-1071 before 20 Dec, bur Monastery of San Miguel de Cuxà). Her parentage and first marriage are confirmed by a first testament of Armengol [IV] Comte de Urgell, cited by Monfar, under which the testator bequeathes his county "al infante don Pedro su sobrino hijo del rey d´Aragon" if his own son and brothers died[119]. She married secondly ([1071]) as his third wife, Guillem Ramón [I] Conde de Cerdanya. Her second marriage is indicated by a document addressed by "comes Ermengaudus" to the comte de Cerdanya under which he promises that if he dies childless his property would be inherited by "germanam meam Elisabet coniugem tuam"[120].

m secondly (1076[121] or before) FELICIE de Ramerupt, daughter of HILDUIN [IV] Comte de Montdidier et de Roucy Seigneur de Ramerupt & his wife Adela de Roucy ([1060]-3 May 1123[122], bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the first of the seven daughters of Count Ebles as, inaccurately, wife of "regi Galicie Sanctio" but does not name her[123]. The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis is somewhat more accurate in referring to, but still not naming, "septima filia…Hilduini" as wife of "Sanctio regi Hispanie" by whom she had "Hildefonsum regem et fratrem eius, qui ei successit in regnum. Cuius filiam cum regni gubernaculis comes inclitus Barcinonensis, qui paganos impugnare non desinit, duxit uxorem"[124]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that King Sancho married "muller Doña Felicia"[125]. The Monumenta Historiæ Tornacensis names "Feliciæ materteræ vestræ filium" as wife of "in Hispaniam regem Hildefonsum"[126]. "Sancius…rex Aragonensium" granted privileges to the monastery of San Pedro de Siresa by charter dated 4 Sep 1082, the dating clause of which refers to "regnante rege Sancio cum uxore sua Felicia et filio suo Petro in Aragone et in Pamplona et in Superarbi sive in Ripacorza…"[127]. "Sancius rex Aragonensium…cum filio meo Petro et uxore mea regina…Felicia" granted the monastery of Sauve-Majeure, Gironde to the church of Pamplona by charter dated to [1086/94][128].

King Sancho I & his first wife had one child:

1. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón ([Siresa] [1068/69]-Valle de Aran 27 Sep 1104, bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Petrum et Ildefonsum…Raimirum" as the sons of "Sancium", recording that Pedro succeeded his father[129]. His mother´s identity is confirmed by a first testament of Armengol [IV] Comte de Urgell, cited by Monfar, under which the testator bequeathes his county "al infante don Pedro su sobrino hijo del rey d´Aragon" if his own son and brothers died[130]. His birth date is estimated from the Crónica de San Juan de la Peña recording that he died aged 35[131]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines, in a curious mixture of information about the contemporary kings of Castile and Aragon, names "Sanctium qui aliam matrem habuit, Petrum cognomento Alfunsem sive Hildefonsum et Fernandum" as the three sons of "rex…in Galicia Sanctus sive Fernandus"[132]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Alfonso et Remiro" as the three sons of King Sancho and his wife "muller Doña Felicia"[133], although if Pedro's birth date is correct as shown above he must have been the son of his father's first marriage. His father installed him as associate king in Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in 1085, and in Monzón in 1089[134]. "Sancius rex Pampilonensium et Aragonensium…cum filio meo Petro" confirmed the rights of the bishop of Pamplona to the town of Pamplona by charter dated 28 Oct [1087][135]. He captured Estada (1087), Montearagón (1088), Monzón (1089), and Almenar (1093). He succeeded his father in 1094 as PEDRO I King of Aragon and King of Navarre. He captured Huesca (27 Nov 1096), and Barbastro (1100). He allied himself with Don Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar "El Cid Campeador" against the Almoravides in 1097. "Petrus Sangiz…Aragonensium et Pampilonensium rex" granted property "villa de Arguiñáriz" to "Senior Didaco Albarez" by charter dated Dec 1099[136]. The Chronicle of Saint-Maxence records the death in 1104 of "rex Petrus Aragundiæ" and the succession of "Ildefonsus frater eius"[137]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records that Pedro ruled in Aragon for eleven years and died childless in 1104[138]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death "III Kal Oct" of King Pedro aged 35 and his burial in the monastery of San Juan de la Peña[139]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “IV Kal Oct” in 1104 of “Petrus Rex”[140]. The "Corónicas" Navarras record the death "V Kal Oct" of "Petrus, filius eius [regis Sancii]", in 1104[141]. m firstly (betrothed 1081, Jaca Jan 1086) AGNES d’Aquitaine, daughter of GUILLAUME VIII Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VI Comte de Poitou] & his third wife Hildegarde de Bourgogne [Capet] (end 1072-6 Jun 1097[142] or 1098, bur Monastery of San Juan de la Peña). The Chronicle of Saint-Maxence records that "filia Goffredo duci" & his third wife, born after her brother Guillaume, was betrothed to "Petrus filius Sancii regis Aragundiæ"[143]. The Annales Compostellani record the death “VIII Id Jun” in 1098 of “Regina Agnes”[144]. m secondly (Huesca 16 Aug 1097) BERTA, daughter of --- ([1075]-before 1111). The origin of Berta is unknown. Berta is named in charters in Aragon from 16 Aug 1097 to 1105[145]. Szabolcs de Vajay[146] suggests that she was Berthe de Savoie, daughter of Pierre Comte de Savoie & his wife Agnès d’Aquitaine, although there appears to be no direct proof that this is correct. He further suggests that, when Emperor Heinrich IV captured Tuscany in 1092, Berthe could have taken refuge at her mother's court at Poitiers from where her marriage was arranged, her future husband's first wife having been her mother's first cousin. After her husband died, she governed the "kingdom" of Los Mallos, composed of the fiefs of Agüero, Murillo, Riglos, Marcuello, Ayerbe, Sangarren and Callén, with a certain autonomy. The unit ceased to exist before 1111, assumed to be when she died[147]. King Pedro I & his first wife had two children:

a) Infante don PEDRO de Aragón y Navarra (-1 Feb 1104, bur 18 Aug 1104 Monastery of San Juan de la Peña [148]). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that "los hijos del Rey" died "XV Kal Sep 1025"[149]. [m (1098) as her first husband, doña MARÍA Rodríguez, daughter of don RODRIGO Díaz de Vivar "El Cid Campeador" & his wife doña Jimena Díaz (-[4 Aug 1104/before 1 Nov 1106]). The "Corónicas" Navarras name "dona Cristiana…dona Maria" as the two daughters of "este meo Çid" and his wife, stating that María married "el conte de Barçalona"[150]. The primary source which confirms her supposed first marriage has not yet been identified, but the date of death of her supposed first husband appears incompatible with the date of the first charter in which she appears with her [second] husband. Unless further primary source information comes to light, María´s supposed first marriage should be treated with caution. She married [secondly] as his first wife, Ramón Berenguer III Conde de Barcelona. Ramon Berenguer and his wife Maria granted property to a vassal by charter dated 1103[151]. Ramon Berenguer and his wife Maria donated property to the church of San Adrian "inmediata al rio Besós" by charter dated 4 Aug 1104[152].

b) Infanta doña ISABEL de Aragón (-1104, bur 18 Aug 1104 Monastery of San Juan de la Peña[153]). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that "los hijos del Rey" died "XV Kal Sep 1025"[154].

King Sancho I & his second wife had three children:

2. Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón (-1086 or after). He is last named in a document dated 1086[155].

3. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón (Jaca [1082/83]-Almuniente 7 Sep 1134, bur Montearagón, Monastery of Jesus de Nazareth, transferred 1845 to San Pedro el Viejo, Huesca). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Petrum et Ildefonsum…Raimirum" as the sons of "Sancium", recording that Alfonso succeeded his brother[156]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Alfonso et Remiro" as the three sons of King Sancho and his wife "muller Doña Felicia"[157]. His birth date is estimated from the Crónica de San Juan de la Peña recording his death aged 61[158]. He succeeded his half-brother in 1104 as ALFONSO I “el Batallador” King of Aragon and King of Navarre. Far from achieving union with Castile by marrying doña Urraca Queen of Castile and León, the country experienced a period of anarchy during their marriage due to their constant marital disputes. Alfonso I reconquered large parts of the territories held by the Almoravides in northeast Spain, capturing Zaragoza (which surrendered in Dec 1118 after a long siege), Tudela and Tarragona (1119), Soria (1120), Calatayud (1121) and Daroca (1122), and established Aragon as a major political force in Spain. Almoravid rule was by this time considerably weakened in Spain, King Alfonso I being able to launch raids as far south as Motríl and into Valencia. He settled lands south of the River Ebro, in what was known as the "new Extremadura". He lost the battle of Fraga 1134, dying a few weeks later. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records the death of King Alfonso at the monastery of San Juan de la Peña in Aragon 25 Aug 1134, after the battle of Fraga[159]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records that "Ildefonsum" reigned for 31 years and died childless in 1135 "apud Fragam", where he was wounded in battle "cum Arabibus", and was buried "apud Montem Aragonem"[160]. The Chronicon Burgense records the death in 1134 of “Alfonsus Rex Aragoniæ”[161]. The "Corónicas" Navarras record the death "VI Id Sep" in 1134 of "Aldefonsus frater eius [regis Petri] rex Pampilonensis et Aragonensis"[162]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death of King Alfonso aged 61[163]. Under his 1131 testament (confirmed in 1134), he bequeathed the kingdom of Aragon to the three military orders of the Sepulchre of Christ, the Hospital of the Poor and the Temple of the Lord, but this was set aside by the lords of Aragon who supported the accession of his brother Ramiro as king. m (Monzón early Oct 1109, separated 1114, annulled 1115) as her second husband, doña URRACA Queen of Castile and León, widow of RAIMOND de Bourgogne [Comté], daughter of ALFONSO VI King of Castile and León & his third wife Constance de Bourgogne [Capet] (1081-Saldaña 8 Mar 1126, bur León, Monastery of San Isidoro). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the marriage of "Ildefonsum" and "filiam Alfonsi Regis Castellæ…Urracam"[164]. Intermittent warfare between Castile and Aragon resulted from the deep enmity between Queen Urraca and her second husband. The marriage was annulled on the grounds of consanguinity.

4. Infante don RAMIRO de Aragón (1086-Huesca 16 Aug 1157, bur Monastery of San Pedro el Viejo, Huesca). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Petrum et Ildefonsum…Raimirum" as the sons of "Sancium", recording that Ramiro was "in Monasterio sancti Pontii de Tomeriis…Monachus et Sacerdos"[165]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Alfonso et Remiro" as the three sons of King Sancho and his wife "muller Doña Felicia", stating that Ramiro was monk at "Sant Ponz de Torneras"[166]. He was installed as Abbot of Sahagún by his brother in 1112, but was obliged to flee the abbey when it was captured by the forces of Queen Urraca[167]. He was elected Bishop of Burgos in 1114. He was resident at the monastery of San Pedro el Viejo in Huesca in 1130, and elected Bishop of Roda and Barbastro in Aug 1134[168]. He succeeded in 1134 as RAMIRO II “el Monje” King of Aragon, proclaimed king at Jaca. Alfonso VII King of Castile claimed sovereignty over many of the recent conquests of Ramiro II's predecessor, seized Zaragoza end-1134 and forced Ramiro II to seek refuge in the Pyrenees. Although Alfonso VII was forced to retreat, he required Ramiro to recognise Castilian suzerainty. King Ramiro was also obliged to accept the separation of the crown of Navarre, agreeing the succession of King García Ramírez and the boundaries of the two kingdoms under the Pact of Vadoluongo in Jan 1135[169]. Ramiro arranged the betrothal of his infant daughter to Ramón Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona to save Aragon from domination by Castile. Under the terms of the arrangement, the count of Barcelona would inherit the crown of Aragon even if Petronilla died before the marriage could be consummated[170]. Within Aragon itself, Ramiro II was also obliged to recognise the right of seigneurial domain for the landed aristocracy[171]. He conceded the government of Aragon 13 Nov 1137 to Ramón Berenguer IV Conde de Barcelona, betrothed to his infant daughter, but retained the title king[172]. Although he resided at the monastery of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca from 1137 until his death in 1157 he does not appear to have resumed the monacal habit[173]. The year of his death is fixed by the charter dated Dec 1157 under which Fortún Aznar Señor de Trazona and his wife Teresa Ortiz sold property to the monastery of Santa María de Fitero and which is dated "in anno illo quando finivit Adefonsus imperator Hispanie et rex Raimirus regis Aragonie"[174]. m (Jaca [Nov/Dec] 1135, separated [Oct 1136/Jan 1137]) as her second husband, AGNES [Mathilde], widow of AIMERY [VI] Vicomte de Thouars, daughter of --- ([late 1103]-8 Mar [1160 or before]). Robert of Torigny records the marriage of "Remelium monachum [filim Santii regis Arragonem]" and "Mathildem matrem Willermi vicecomitis Toarci"[175], although charters refer to her as Agnes. A fragmentary chronicle of the dukes of Aquitaine records the second marriage of "Mahauda…Agnes dicta" and "Ramelino cum successisset Regibus Aragoniæ"[176]. "Ranimirus…rex…cum coniuge mea regina Angnes" donated property to San Pedro de Antefruenzo by charter dated Oct 1136[177]. Primary sources assign two different parentages to the widow of Vicomte Aimery [VI] who married King Ramiro. The first possible origin is suggested by the Chronicle of Saint-Maxence, which records that "Willelmo comiti…" (indicating Guillaume VII Comte de Poitou) & his wife had five daughters, one of whom married "vicecomiti Toarcensi"[178]. Although this source does not name the Vicomte de Thouars in question, it suggests that the wife of Aimery [VI] was AGNES de Poitou, daughter of GUILLAUME IX Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VII Comte de Poitou] & his second wife Philippa de Toulouse. However, as there were several individuals in the Thouars family who bore the title "Vicomte de Thouars" at the same time, it is possible that this marriage refers to a different Vicomte from Aimery [VI]. Nevertheless, the Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium apparently corroborates this Aquitainian origin when it records that "Raimirus" (referring to Ramiro II King of Aragon) married "sororem comitis Pictaviensis" after leaving his monastery following his accession[179]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña states that "Don Ramiro el monje" married "la filla del conde de Piteus"[180]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris also records the marriage of Ramiro and "the sister of the count of Poitou"[181]. It should be noted that Europäische Stammtafeln[182] refers to Agnes as the illegitimate daughter of Duke Guillaume IX by his mistress Amauberge, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. The second possible origin is provided by a fragmentary chronicle of the dukes of Aquitaine which specifically records the marriage of "Aimericus de Theofagiis vicecomes…de Thoarcio" and "Mahaudam [Agnes dicta] ex prosapia sua [=Willelmus Pictaviensis comes]…filia Willelmi de Podio-Fagi qui Franciæ camerarius erat in vita Regis Philippi"[183]. If correct, this would mean that she was AGNES [Mathilde] du Puy-du-Fou, daughter of GUILLAUME du Puy-du-Fou & his wife Adela ---. Another possible explanation for this confusion is that Aimery [VI] married twice, although if this is correct, it would not be clear which of the above named individuals was his widow who married King Ramiro. Whatever her correct parentage, Agnès appears with her first husband for the first time in a document dated 9 Jan 1117[184]. "Aimericus vicecomes Toarcii Agnesque uxor illius" donated property to the abbey of Sainte-Trinité de Tiron by charter dated to [1130] in this compilation but this is incorrect considering the known date of death of Vicomte Aimery[185]. Her son Guillaume de Thouars ceded rights to her before leaving on crusade in 1147[186]. Her son Geoffroi de Thouars made a donation in 1160 stipulating prayers for his deceased mother[187]. King Ramiro II & his wife had one child:

a) Infanta doña PETRONILA de Aragón ([Jul] 1136-Barcelona 17 Oct 1174, bur Barcelona, Church of the Holy Cross and Santa Eulalia). The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ records the marriage of "Berengarius primogenitus filius…" of "Raymundus-Berengarii vulgo Cap-De stoupes…dictus, Comes Barcinonæ in Catalonia" & his wife and "Petronillæ filiæ Ranemiri primo monachi…Aragonum regis"[188]. She succeeded her father in 1157 as PETRONILA Queen of Aragon. She abdicated in 1164 in favour of her son. m (Barbastro 11 Aug 1137, consummated early 1151) RAMON BERENGUER IV Conde de Barcelona, son of RAMÓN BERENGUER III "el Grande" Conde de Barcelona & his third wife Dulce de Gevaudan Ctss de Provence (1113-San Dalmacio near Turin 6 Aug 1162, bur Monastery of Santa María de Ripoll).

- see Chapter 3. KINGS of ARAGON (CONDES de BARCELONA).

King Sancho I had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

5. GARCÍA Sánchez. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Bishop of Jaca.

1. don BELTRÁN de Riseñoral [Risnel] (-1138). Nephew of Alfonso I King of Aragon, according to Szabolcs de Vajay[189] and Reilly[190]. The precise relationship has not been traced, unless the reference is intended to indicate the tenuous family relations between King Alfonso and the husband of his wife's illegitimate daughter. Señor de Carrión. Conde from 1113. His jurisdiction in Carrión de los Condes was recognised by the Council of Burgos in 1117[191]. The Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris records that Alfonso VII King of Castile captured "Count Pedro de Lara and his son-in-law Count Bertran" at Palencia and imprisoned them at León until they surrendered all their castles[192]. m firstly (after 1110) as her second husband, doña URRACA Muñoz, widow of conde don GÓMEZ González "de Candespina", daughter of conde MUÑO González & his wife condesa doña Mayor. According to Torres[193], the widow of Gómez González "de Candaspina" married secondly, as his first wife, don Beltrán de Risnel. m secondly (before Jan 1130) as her second husband, doña ELVIRA Pérez de Lara, illegitimate daughter of don PEDRO González Conde de Lara & his mistress doña Urraca Queen of Castile and León (before Sep 1117[194]-after 1174). “Comes Malricus…cum fratribus et sororibus nostris Albar Petriz et Nun Petriz, comitissa domna Elvira, Mari Petriz, Milia Petriz” conferred rights on San Juan de Tardajos by charter dated 31 Jan 1147[195]. "Gelvira comitissa" donated the villas of Nogal and Olmillos, as they were in the time of "avi mei regis domini Adefonsi", to Sahagún monastery by charter dated 1168, confirmed by charter dated 1174 which names her "Gelvira Urrace regine filia et bone memorie Adefonsi imperatoris soror"[196]. Beltrán & his [second] wife had one child:

a) doña SANCHA Beltrán .

Chapter 3. KINGS of ARAGON (CONDES de BARCELONA)

A. KINGS of ARAGON 1137-1410

The dynastic union achieved by the marriage of Ramón Berenguer IV Conde de Barcelona to the heiress of Aragon created a federal state in which the two parts each continued to enjoy a largely separate existence, with their own systems of government and laws. The ruler continued to use both titles 'King of Aragon' and 'Conde de Barcelona'.

PETRONILA 1137-1164

Infanta doña PETRONILA de Aragón, daughter of RAMIRO II “el Monje” King of Aragon and Navarre & his wife Agnès d’Aquitaine ([Jul] 1136-Barcelona 17 Oct 1174, bur Barcelona, Church of the Holy Cross and Santa Eulalia). The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ records the marriage of "Berengarius primogenitus filius…" of "Raymundus-Berengarii vulgo Cap-De stoupes…dictus, Comes Barcinonæ in Catalonia" & his wife and "Petronillæ filiæ Ranemiri primo monachi…Aragonum regis"[197]. She succeeded her father in 1157 as PETRONILA Queen of Aragon. She made a donation of the kingdom of Aragon to her son Alfonso I in 1164[198].

m (Barbastro 11 Aug 1137, consummated early 1151) RAMON BERENGUER IV Comte de Barcelona, son of RAMON BERENGUER III "el Grande" Comte de Barcelona & his third wife Dulce Ctss de Provence (1113-San Dalmacio near Turin 6 Aug 1162, bur Monastery of Santa María de Ripoll). "Raymondi comes Barchinonensis, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius, Raimundi et Berengarii filiorum suorum…" subscribed the charter dated [4/12] Feb 1114 under which "Bernardus Wilelmi…comes Ceritaniensis" donated property to the abbey of la Grasse[199]. “Raymundus Berengarii…comes Barchinonæ” donated “monasterium…sancti Petri de Gallicant” in Girona to “monasterio Crassensi” by charter dated 20 Jan 1117, subscribed by “Raimundi comitis Barchinonensis, Raimundi Berengerii, Berengerii et Bernardi filiorum eius, Dulciæ comitissæ uxoris eius…”[200]. The testament of "Raimundus Berengarii…Barchinonensis comes et marchio" dated [8 Jul] 1130 names "Raimundo Berengarii filio meo…"[201]. He succeeded his father in 1131 as Comte de Barcelona, Cerdanya, Besalú, Girona i Ausona. Barcelona's territorial stability was threatened by Aragonese advances on Lérida and Tortosa, cut short by the death of Alfonso I King of Aragon in 1134. After his betrothal to the heiress of Aragon, he successfully negotiated settlements with the military orders of the Holy Land to whom Alfonso I had bequeathed his kingdom. The Orders of the Hospital and the Holy Sepulchre renounced their claims in Sep 1140. By a charter Nov 1143 (agreement confirmed by the Pope), the Templars accepted compensation (six Aragonese castles, a tenth of royal revenues plus 1000 sous a year from those from Zaragoza, a fifth of all lands conquered from the Moors, and exemption from land tolls). His father-in-law conceded the government of Aragon to him 13 Nov 1137[202]. He accepted the suzerainty of the Pope over Aragon and Barcelona. He allied himself with his brother-in-law Alfonso VII King of Castile, conducting a joint expedition against the Moors of Murcia in 1144 and conquering Almería in 1147. He conquered Tortosa in Dec 1148, and Lérida and Fraga 24 Oct 1149. He styled himself Marques de Tortosa y Lérida. In 1154, Pope Anastasius IV revived the supremacy of the archbishopric of Tarragona over the sees of Girona, Barcelona, Urgel, Osona, Lérida, Tortosa, Zaragoza, Huesca, Pamplona, Tarragona and Calahorra. Ramon Berenguer established the monastery of Poblet in 1150-53. He regained the tribute of Valencia, and by the treaty of Tudillén (1151) confirmed Castile’s recognition of a sphere of prospective influence over Valencia and Murcia. He was elected lord and tutor of the infant Gaston V Vicomte de Béarn in 1154. He died while travelling to meet Emperor Friedrich "Barbarossa" at Turin. The Annales Sancti Victoris Massilienses record the death in 1162 of "Raimundus comes Barchinonensis princeps Aragonensis et marchio Provincie seu Tortuose"[203]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records his death "apud Burgum S Dalmatii iuxta Januensem urbem in Italia…1162 VIII Id Aug" and his burial "in Rivipullensi Monasterio"[204]. An epitaph records the death "1162 VIII Id Aug" of "Marchio…Dominus Raymundus Berengarii Comes Barchinonensis Princeps et Rex Aragonensis et Dux Provinciæ…in Italia apud Vicum Sancti Dalmatii" and his burial in "Monasterium Rivipullense"[205].

Queen Petronila & conde Ramón Berenguer IV had five children:

1. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (Barcelona 4 May 1152-young Huesca). The "Corónicas" Navarras name (in order) "don Pedro…el rey don Alfonso, que ovo nombre Remón Belenguer et el conte don Pedro de Provença et el conte don Sancho et a la muller del rey don Sancho de Portugal" as the children of the "conte de Barçalona…en esta su muller [dona Peyronela]", stating that the first named Pedro died in Huesca[206]. His year of birth is confirmed by the testament of his mother Petronilla, dated 4 Apr 1152, in which she names as heir to Aragon her child to be born, assuming it was a son[207].

2. Infante don RAMÓN de Aragón (Villamayor del Valle, Huesca 1/25 Mar 1157-Perpignan 25 Apr 1195, bur Poblet, monastery of Nuestra Señora). The "Corónicas" Navarras name (in order) "don Pedro…el rey don Alfonso, que ovo nombre Remón Belenguer et el conte don Pedro de Provença et el conte don Sancho et a la muller del rey don Sancho de Portugal" as the children of the "conte de Barçalona…en esta su muller [dona Peyronela]", stating that the first named Pedro died in Huesca[208]. The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ names "Ildefonsum primogenitum" as son of "Berengarius comes Barchinonæ et Provinciæ, maritus Petronillæ"[209]. He succeeded his father in 1162 as RAMÓN Conde de Barcelona, Girona, Osona, Besalú, Cerdagne/Cerdaña and Roussillon. He founded Teruel 1169-72. He secured the vassalage of Marie Ctss de Béarn 1170. Comte de Roussillon (including the see of Elne) in 1172 on the death of Guinard II Comte de Roussillon without heirs. He succeeded his mother in 1174 as ALFONSO II “el Casto” King of Aragon.

- see below.

3. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón ([1158]-murdered Montpellier 5 Apr 1181, bur Melgueil). The "Corónicas" Navarras name (in order) "don Pedro…el rey don Alfonso, que ovo nombre Remón Belenguer et el conte don Pedro de Provença et el conte don Sancho et a la muller del rey don Sancho de Portugal" as the children of the "conte de Barçalona…en esta su muller [dona Peyronela]", stating that the first named Pedro died in Huesca[210]. The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ names "Raymundum filium…secundo-genitum" as son of "Berengarius comes Barchinonæ et Provinciæ, maritus Petronillæ", recording that he succeeded as Comte de Provence[211]. Conde de Cerdagne/Cerdaña. He succeeded his cousin in 1166 as RAYMOND BERENGER III Comte de Provence. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the death in 1181 of "Raimundo-Berengarii fratri suo [=Ildefonsi]" and his burial "in Magalonensi sede"[212].

4. Infanta doña DULCIA de Aragón ([1160]-Coimbra 1 Sep 1198, bur Church of the Cross Coimbra). The "Corónicas" Navarras name (in order) "don Pedro…el rey don Alfonso, que ovo nombre Remón Belenguer et el conte don Pedro de Provença et el conte don Sancho et a la muller del rey don Sancho de Portugal" as the children of the "conte de Barçalona…en esta su muller [dona Peyronela]", stating that the first named Pedro died in Huesca[213]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the marriage of "unam filiam…Dulciam [=Raimundi Berengarii quarti]" and "Regi Sancio Portugallensi"[214]. The De Rebus Hispaniæ of Rodericus Ximenes records the marriage of "Sancius" and "Dulcem filiam Raimundi Comitis Barcinonæ et Urracæ [error for Petronillæ] Aragonensis"[215]. The Chronicon Lusitanum records the marriage in 1212 (1174) of “Rex Sancius” and “filia D. Raymundi, Comitis de Barcinona Donna Dulcia, sorore Regis Aragonensium D. Alfonsi”[216]. m (1175) Infante dom SANCHO Martino de Portugal, son of dom AFONSO I King of Portugal & his wife Mathilde de Savoie (Coimbra 11 Nov 1154-Coimbra 26 Mar 1212, bur Church of the Cross Coimbra). He succeeded his father 1185 as dom SANCHO I “o Pobledor” King of Portugal.

5. Infante don SANCHO de Aragón ([1161]-1226). The "Corónicas" Navarras name (in order) "don Pedro…el rey don Alfonso, que ovo nombre Remón Belenguer et el conte don Pedro de Provença et el conte don Sancho et a la muller del rey don Sancho de Portugal" as the children of the "conte de Barçalona…en esta su muller [dona Peyronela]", stating that the first named Pedro died in Huesca[217]. The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ names "Sanxium…filium tertio-genitum" as son of "Berengarius comes Barchinonæ et Provinciæ, maritus Petronillæ", recording that he succeeded his brother as Comte de Provence[218]. He succeeded in 1167 as Comte de Roussillon et de Cerdagne/Cerdaña. He succeeded his brother in 1181 as SANCHO Comte de Provence, but was deprived of this in 1185. "Ildefos…rex Aragonensis, comes Barchinonensis et marchio Provincie…et Sancius eadem…comes Provincie" confirmed a donation to Foulques Bishop of Marseille by charter dated Feb 1183[219], Sancho presumably being the king's brother although this is not specified in the act. He was Regent and Procurator General of Aragon 1214 until 1218, when he resigned. m firstly ERMESINDA [Garsenda] de Rocaberti, daughter of JOFRE [I] Vizconde de Rocaberti & his wife Ermesinda de Vilademuls (-before [1185]). m secondly doña SANCHA Núñez de Lara, daughter of don NUÑO Pérez Conde de Lara & his wife doña Teresa Fernández de Traba (-1210). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the marriage of "filium [=Raimundi Berengarii quarti]…Sancium" and "Sanciam filiam Nunii comitis ex Castella"[220]. Infante Sancho & his second wife had two children:

a) don NUÑO Sánchez ([1185]-1242). The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ names "Vinione filio…Sanxii"[221]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Nunius" as son of "filium [=Raimundi Berengarii quarti]…Sancium" and "Sanciam filiam Nunii comitis ex Castella", stating that he died childless[222]. His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated 13 Aug 1214 under which "Hunon Sanche" promised the agreement of "le comte Sanche son père et son neveu Raymond-Bérenger" to "Hugues de Baux" concerning help in the war of Arles[223]. "Nuno Sancii dominus Rossilionis, Confluentis, Cerritaniæ et Vallispirii" issued a charter dated 2 Oct 1217[224]. He succeeded his father in 1226 as Comte de Roussillon et de Cerdagne/Cerdaña. He fought a war with Guillem de Moncada 1223-25, allegedly following a dispute over a goshawk. m firstly (1215, annulled before 6 Nov 1216) as her second husband, PETRONILLE de Comminges Ctss de Bigorre, widow of GASTON VI de Moncada Vicomte de Béarn, daughter of BERNARD IV Comte de Comminges et de Bigorre & his wife Béatrice de Marsan Vicomtesse de Marsan, Ctss de Bigorre (-1251). She married thirdly (Tarbes 6 Nov 1216) Guy de Montfort (-killed in battle Castelnaudary 1220), fourthly Aimar de Rançon, and fifthly (1228) Boson de Mastas Seigneur de Cognac (-before 1251). m secondly ([1220]) as her first husband, doña TERESA López de Haro, daughter of don LOPE Díaz “Cabeza bravo” Señor Soberano de Vizcaya, Señor de Haro & his doña Urraca Alfonso de León. She married secondly ([31 Mar 1243]) as his second wife, don Rodrigo González Girón.

b) doña SANCHA Sánchez. m GUERAU d'Aniort.

Ramón Berenguer IV had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

6. RAMÓN BERENGUER de Aragón (-[1212]). "Berengario abate Montis Aragonis fratre meo" is named in a charter dated 1171 among those present when Alfonso II King of Aragon reached agreement at Girona with Guillaume de Montpellier[225]. Assuming that Ramón Berenguer was adult at the date of this charter, he must have been born before his brothers and must therefore have been illegitimate. He is not named in the testament of his father dated 4 Aug 1162[226]. Abbot at Montearagón. Bishop of Lérida 1176-1191. Archbishop of Narbonne.

ALFONSO II 1164-1195, PEDRO II 1195-1213

Infante don RAMÓN de Aragón, son of RAMÓN BERENGUER IV Conde de Barcelona & his wife doña Petronilla Queen of Aragon (Villamayor del Valle, Huesca 1/25 Mar 1157-Perpignan 25 Apr 1195, bur Poblet, monastery of Nuestra Señora). The "Corónicas" Navarras name (in order) "don Pedro…el rey don Alfonso, que ovo nombre Remón Belenguer et el conte don Pedro de Provença et el conte don Sancho et a la muller del rey don Sancho de Portugal" as the children of the "conte de Barçalona…en esta su muller [dona Peyronela]", stating that the first named Pedro died in Huesca[227]. The Brevi Historia Comitum Provinciæ names "Ildefonsum primogenitum" as son of "Berengarius comes Barchinonæ et Provinciæ, maritus Petronillæ"[228]. He succeeded his father in 1162 as RAMÓN Conde de Barcelona, Girona, Osona, Besalú, Cerdagne/Cerdaña and Roussillon. "Ildefonsus…rex Aragonensis, comes Barchinonensis, duc Provinciæ" granted "vicecomitatu de Carlades", held by "avus patris mei Guilbertus…comes", to "Hugonem comitem Rutenensem" by charter dated 1167[229]. He founded Teruel 1169-72. He secured the vassalage of Marie Ctss de Béarn 1170. Comte de Roussillon (including the see of Elne) in 1172 on the death of Guinard II Comte de Roussillon without heirs. He succeeded his mother in 1174 as ALFONSO II “el Casto” King of Aragon. He secured the vassalage of Centule Comte de Bigorre 1175, by granting him the Val d’Aran. He conceded Murcia to Castile under the treaty of Cazola Mar 1179, retaining Valencia within the Aragonese sphere of influence. Roger II Vicomte de Béziers-Carcassonne confirmed his vassalage Nov 1179. He succeeded his brother in 1185 as ALFONSO I Comte de Provence (declaring himself Marquis de Provence), appointing Roger Bernard Comte de Foix as procurator. He acquired Pallars Jussà 1192 by cession of Dolça de So. He ordered the compilation (completed 1194) of the Great Book of Fiefs (liber feudorum maior), an administrative register of property, under the direction of Ramón de Caldes, dean of Barcelona cathedral. Betrothed to Matilda or Teresa, daughter of Afonso I King of Portugal (-1218). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death of "Hildefonsum rex Arragonum" and his burial "in abbatio de Populato"[230]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the death in 1196 of "Ildefonsus" and his burial "in Monasterio Populeti" which he had founded[231]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death of King Alfonso in 1196 aged 42 and his burial "al monasterio de Poblet"[232]. The "Corónicas" Navarras record that "el rey don Alfonso de Aragón, fijo de conte de Barçalona" died "al yssient de abril", in 1234[233]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in Apr 1195 of “el Rey D. Alfonso de Aragon”[234]. The Thalamus de Montpellier records the death in Apr 1196 of "Namfos rei dAragon a Perpinhan"[235].

Betrothed ([30 Jan 1160]) to Infanta dona MAFALDA de Portugal, daughter of dom AFONSO I King of Portugal & his wife Mathilde de Savoie ([1149]-1173/4). The primary source which confirms her parentage and betrothal has not yet been identified.

m (Zaragoza 18 Jan 1174) Infanta doña SANCHA de Castilla, daughter of don ALFONSO VII "el Emperador" King of Castile and León & his second wife Ryksa of Poland (1155-Monastery of Sijena 9 Nov 1208). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium records the marriage of "Ildefonsus" and "Sanciam…filiam Imperatoris Magni Ildefonsi de Castellæ"[236]. The "Corónicas" Navarras name "la filla del Emperador dona Sancha" as the wife of "el rey don Alfonso d'Aragón"[237]. She founded the Hospitaller priory of nuns of Nuestra Señora at San Juan de Sijena in 1188, and became a nun there herself in 1197. Her name is confirmed in the charter dated 24 Feb 1212 under which Pedro II King of Aragon "filio Sanctiæ…Reginæ Aragonum" granted property to "Guillelmo de Montepessulano…filius Agnetis feminæ"[238]. The Anales Toledanos record the death in 1208 of “la Reyna Doña Sancha Daragon, filla del Emperador” and her burial “en Sixena”[239].

King Alfonso II & his wife had nine children:

1. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón ([1174/76]-killed in battle Muret 14 Sep 1213, bur priory of San Juan de Sijena). The "Corónicas" Navarras name "al yfant don Pedro, rey d'Aragón, et al marqués de Provença don Alfonso, et a don Ferrando, abbat de Mont aragón, et una filla que casaron en Ongría" as the children of "el rey don Alfonso d'Aragón" and his wife[240]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Petrus…Alfonsus" as the oldest two of the three sons of "Ildefonsi", specifying that Pedro succeeded his father in "regnum Aragoniæ et Comitatus Barchinonæ, Bisuldini, Cerritaniæ et Rossilionis, ac Palearensem"[241]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro…Alfonso…y Fernando" as the three sons of King Alfonso II[242]. He succeeded his father in 1195 as PEDRO II "el Católico" King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona, Gerona, Osona, Besalú, Comte de Cerdagne/Cerdaña et de Roussillon. He was crowned at Rome by Pope Innocent III [1205]. He received possession of the County of Urgel 1209 on the death of Armengol VIII without male heirs, in return for guaranteeing the rights of his daughter (to whom King Pedro’s son Don Jaime was betrothed). He vanquished the Almohades at Las Navas de Tolosa 1212. He was defeated in battle by Simon de Montfort. The Annales Compostellani record that “Petrus Rex Aragoniæ” was killed “a Gallis apud Castrum…Muret II Id Sep” in 1213[243]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death in 1214 of Pedro II King of Aragon aged 40 years and his burial "en el monasterio de Sijena"[244]. m (Montpellier 15 Jun 1204) as her third husband, MARIE de Montpellier Dame de Montpellier, widow (firstly) of RAYMOND GEOFFROY "Barral" Vicomte de Marseille and divorced wife (secondly) of BERNARD [IV] Comte de Comminges, daughter of GUILLAUME [VIII] Seigneur de Montpellier & his wife Eudoxia Komnene (-Rome 21 Jan 1213). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Maria Guilelmi Montepessulano filia" as wife of "rege Petro Arragonum"[245]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Pedro II King of Aragon married "la filla del noble princep Don Guillem de Montpeller…Maria, nieta del Emperador de Costantin noble"[246]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. "Guillelmus…Montispessulani, filius quondam Mathildis ducisse" agreed the marriage of "filiam meam Mariam" and "Bernardo, comitis Convenarum" by charter dated Dec 1197, under which Marie also agreed to renounce her rights to Montpellier in favour of "Guillelmo Montispessulani patri meo, et tibi Guillelmo filio ejus et domine Agnetis, fratri meo"[247]. However, after a revolt of the citizens of Montpellier against young Guillaume [IX], Marie recovered her inheritance 15 Jun 1204[248]. In his testament dated 4 Nov 1202, her father bequeathed money to "filiæ meæ Mariæ…et comes Convenarum maritus eius"[249]. The marriage contract between "Maria filia quondam domini Montispessulani" and "Petro Regi Aragoniæ, et comiti Barchinonis" is dated 1204, and names "comes Santius…Ildefunsus comes Provinciæ frater domini regis, Guillelmus de Balcio, Hugo de Balcio frater eius, Rocelinus vicecomes et dominus Massiliæ, Guido de Cabilione…"[250]. "Maria filia quondam domini Montispessulani…Regina Aragoniæ, comitissa Barchinonis" granted Montpellier to "Petro…Regi Aragoniæ, comiti Barchinonis marito meo" by charter dated Sep 1205, witnessed by "…Domina Clementia…"[251]. Under her first testament of 1209, she designated the Templars as guardians of her son. Under her last testament of 1213, she designated the Pope as his guardian. The Thalamus de Montpellier records the death "xviii jorns dins abril" in 1213 at Rome of "madona Maria de Montpellier molher del rei dAragon"[252]. King Pedro II & his wife had two children:

a) Infanta doña SANCHA de Aragón (1205-[1206]). "Petrus…Rex Aragoniæ et comes Barchinoniæ et dominus Montispessulani" and "Raimundo…Duci Narbonæ, Comiti Tolosæ et Marchioni Provinciæ" arranged the marriage of "filiam meam…et dominæ Mariæ uxoris…Sanciæ" and "Raimundo filio tuo et Reginæ Joannæ", by charter dated Oct 1205[253]. Betrothed (1205) to RAYMOND de Toulouse, son of RAYMOND Comte de Toulouse & his third wife Joan of England (Beaucaire, Gard Jul 1197-Millau, Aveyron 27 Sep 1249, bur Fontevraud). He succeeded his father in 1222 as RAYMOND VII Comte de Toulouse.

b) Infante don JAIME de Aragón (Montpellier 1 Feb 1208-Valencia 27 Jul 1276). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Jaime" as son of Pedro II King of Aragon and his wife "la filla del noble princep Don Guillem de Montpeller…Maria, nieta del Emperador de Costantin noble"[254]. He succeeded his father in 1213 as don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona, Gerona, Osona, Besalú, Comte de Cerdagne/Cerdaña et de Roussillon. His year of birth is confirmed by the testament of his mother Petronilla, dated 4 Apr 1152, in which she names as heir to Aragon her child to be born, assuming it was a son[255].

- see below.

King Pedro II had [three] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

c) don PEDRO del Rey (-1 Sep 1254). A priest at Lérida.

d) doña CONSTANZA de Aragón (-shortly after 1250). m (Pratella, near Taúst 7 Nov 1212[256]) as his second wife, GUILLEM RAMON [III] de Montcada, son of RAMON [I] de Montcada Señor de Tortosa i Lérida & his wife Ramona de Tornemira ([1175]-1228). Seneschal of Catalonia. A strong supporter of don Pedro II King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona, he fought against the Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. King Pedro granted him rights to the castles and towns of Serós, Aitona and Soses, in the Segrià at the time of his marriage[257].

e) [doña MARÍA de Aragón. m HUG JOFRE I de Rocaberti Vizconde de Rocaberti Barón de Vilademuls, son of DALMAU II Vizconde de Rocaberti & his first wife Ermesende de Montpellier (-[1250]).]

2. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón ([1179]-Catania 23 Jun 1222, bur Palermo Cathedral). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Constantia" as oldest of the three daughters of "Ildefonsi", specifying that she married "Regi Ungariæ" but returned childless to Aragon after his death[258]. The Chronicon Dubnicense records that "Emericus" married "Constancia filia regis Aragonie Cesari Friderico"[259]. The "Corónicas" Navarras name "al yfant don Pedro, rey d'Aragón, et al marqués de Provença don Alfonso, et a don Ferrando, abbat de Mont aragón, et una filla que casaron en Ongría" as the children of "el rey don Alfonso d'Aragón" and his wife[260]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Constantia regina" as wife of "Hemericus filius [regis Hungarie Bela]", specifying that she later married "Frederico imperatori"[261]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Constancia soror…Iacobi regis Aragonum" as the first wife of "dominus Fridericus secundus…Romanorum…imperator"[262]. The Continuatio Admuntensis records that she took her son to Vienna and, after his death, Leopold Duke of Austria arranged her repatriation to "fratri suo Hyspaniarum regi"[263]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Pedro II King of Aragon arranged the marriage of his sister Constanza to "Fredrico Rey de Sicilia"[264]. The Ryccardus de Sancti Germano Annales record the marriage in 1209 of "Fredericus rex Sicilie" and "Constantiam sororem regis Arragonum"[265]. The Continuatio Claustroneoburgensis records the marriage of "Fridericus rex Apulie" and "filiam regis Arragonis, relictam regis Ungarie"[266]. Named Regent of Sicily by her husband in 1212, during his absence in Germany until 1220. She was crowned Empress at Rome with her husband 22 Nov 1220[267]. The monk Conrad´s Brevis Chronica records the death "apud Cataniam" in 1222 of "domina Constantia imperatrix…prima uxor Frederici imperatoris"[268]. m firstly (1198) IMRE King of Hungary, son of BÉLA III King of Hungary & his first wife Agnès [Anna] de Châtillon-sur-Loing (1174-30 Nov 1204, Eger Cathedral). m secondly (Feb 1210) as his first wife, FRIEDRICH von Hohenstaufen King of Sicily, son of Emperor HEINRICH VI King of Germany [Hohenstaufen] & his wife Constanza of Sicily (Iesi, Ancona 26 Dec 1194-Castel Fiorentino near Lucera, Foggia, of dysentery 13 Dec 1250, bur 25 Feb 1251 Palermo Cathedral). He was elected FRIEDRICH II King of Germany 5 Dec 1212 at Frankfurt-am-Main, crowned at Mainz 9 Dec 1212 and at Aachen 25 Jul 1215. Crowned Emperor in Rome 22 Nov 1220.

3. Infante don ALFONSO BERENGUER de Aragón ([1180]-Palermo Feb 1209). The "Corónicas" Navarras name "al yfant don Pedro, rey d'Aragón, et al marqués de Provença don Alfonso, et a don Ferrando, abbat de Mont aragón, et una filla que casaron en Ongría" as the children of "el rey don Alfonso d'Aragón" and his wife[269]. The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Petrus…Alfonsus" as the oldest two of the three sons of "Ildefonsi", specifying that Alfonso succeeded his father in "Ducatum Provinciæ"[270]. "…Ildefunsus comes Provinciæ frater domini regis…" witnessed the marriage contract dated 1204 between "Maria filia quondam domini Montispessulani" and "Petro Regi Aragoniæ, et comiti Barchinonis"[271]. He succeeded his father in 1195 as ALFONSO II Comte de Provence, Millau & Razès.

- COMTES de PROVENCE.

4. Infanta doña LEONOR de Aragón ([1182]-Feb 1226). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Helienor" as second of the three daughters of "Ildefonsi"[272]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Pedro II King of Aragon arranged the marriage of his "segunda hermana Elionor" to "Remon conte de Tolosa", stating that their marriage was childless[273]. William of Tyre (Continuator) records that "li cuens de Saint Gile" married the sister of the king of Aragon after repudiating the "fille de l'empereor de Chypre"[274]. m (Jan 1203) as his fifth wife, RAYMOND VI Comte de Toulouse, son of RAYMOND V Comte de Toulouse & his wife Constance de France (27 Oct 1156-Toulouse 2 Aug 1222). No issue.

5. Infante don RAMÓN BERENGUER de Aragón (-young). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

6. Infante doña SANCHA de Aragón ([1186]-shortly after 1241). The Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium names "Sanxa" as third of the three daughters of "Ildefonsi"[275]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Pedro II King of Aragon arranged the marriage of his "tercera hermana Sancha" to "al hijo del conde de Tolosa", by whom she was mother of "una hija que fué mujer de Alfonso conde de Poitiers, hermano de Luis rey de Francia"[276]. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Puylaurens records that "Raymond-le-Jeune" married "dona Sancha sœur du roi Pierre d´Aragon", dated to 1211 from the context[277]. A "Chronique en Languedocien, tirée du cartulaire de Raymond le Jeune comte de Toulouse" records the marriage in Jan 1203 (although the year must be incorrect) of "Raymundum comes Tholosanus filius regine Constancie" and "sororem regis Aragonum"[278]. "Sancia soror quondam...regis Aragoniæ, et uxor Raymundi filii domini Raymundi...ducis Narbonæ, comitis Tolosæ, marchionis Provinciæ" confirmed the privileges of Nîmes by charter dated 13 Nov 1218[279]. m (Jan [1211], divorced 1241) as his first wife, RAYMOND de Toulouse, son of RAYMOND VI Comte de Toulouse & his third wife Joan of England (Beaucaire, Gard Jul 1197-Millau, Aveyron 27 Sep 1249, bur Fontevraud). He succeeded his father in 1222 as RAYMOND VII Comte de Toulouse.

7. Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón ([1190]-1249). The "Corónicas" Navarras name "al yfant don Pedro, rey d'Aragón, et al marqués de Provença don Alfonso, et a don Ferrando, abbat de Mont aragón, et una filla que casaron en Ongría" as the children of "el rey don Alfonso d'Aragón" and his wife[280]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro…Alfonso…y Fernando" as the three sons of King Alfonso II[281]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Fernandus [frater rege Petro de Arragonum"[282]. Cistercian monk. Abbot of Montearagón. He resented being excluded from the Regency in 1214 on the succession of his nephew King Jaime I. He was a member of the league of magnates which organised opposition to King Jaime in Aragon, and was finally defeated in 1227.

8. Infanta doña DULCIA de Aragón ([1192]-). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. A nun at Sijena.

JAIME I 1213-1276

Infante don JAIME de Aragón, son of don PEDRO II King of Aragon & his wife Marie de Montpellier (Montpellier 1 Feb 1208-Valencia 27 Jul 1276, bur Poblet, monastery of Nuestra Señora). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Jaime" as son of Pedro II King of Aragon and his wife "la filla del noble princep Don Guillem de Montpeller…Maria, nieta del Emperador de Costantin noble"[283]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Jacques…roi d´Arragon…fils [de] Pierre roi d´Arragon et de…madame Marie de Montpellier"[284]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "rex Iacobus Arragonensis" as son of "rege Petro Arragonum" & his wife[285]. The Thalamus de Montpellier records the birth 1 Feb 1207 (probably O.S.) of "Jacme rei dAragon lo fill de la regina dona de Montpellier"[286]. A "Chronique en Languedocien, tirée du cartulaire de Raymond le Jeune comte de Toulouse" records the birth in 1208 of "Jacmes Peire reis d´Arago"[287]. His father gave him into the custody of Simon de Montfort, who governed Béziers and Carcassonne in the King of Aragon’s name after their conquest in 1209, at Carcassonne. He succeeded his father in 1213 as don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona, Gerona, Osona, Besalú, Comte de Cerdagne/Cerdaña et de Roussillon. After his release from Carcassonne and return to Catalonia was negotiated, the Templars of Monzón took charge of him, with his great uncle Sancho acting as Regent. He conquered Mallorca from the Moors, the city of Mallorca falling 31 Dec 1229 after a prolonged siege. The Chronicle of Narbonne Saint-Paul records that "insula Majoricarum" was captured in 1230 by "dominum Jacobum"[288]. He proclaimed himself King of Mallorca 1230, deposing the wali Abu Yahya Hiqem. He launched the conquest of Valencia from Monzón Oct 1236, the city finally surrendering to a siege 28 Sep 1238. Proclaimed King of Valencia 1238. The Moors of Alicante offered to submit to him 1240, but Jaime refused on the grounds of his agreements with the King of Castile. He renounced all his rights in Occitania (except Montpellier and the Carladès) by the treaty of Corbeil May 1258 with Louis IX King of France. He besieged and captured Murcia Jan 1266, before turning the city over to Castile. He recorded the events of his life in his Book of Deeds (“Llibre dels feyts”). The testament of "Jac. Reg. Arag. et Maioric. et Valentiæ…Comitis Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Domini Montpessulani" was published at Perpignan 28 Sep 1299 on behalf of "Jacobo…Rege Majorie, comite Rossilionis et Ceritanuæ ac domino Montispessulani" at the request of "Henrici…Comitis Rutenensis", with the seals of "domini Petri bonæ memoriæ et…domini Jacobi fratris sui"[289]. Under this testament, the king bequeathed the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, the county of Barcelona to "Infanti Petro filio nostro", the kingdom of Mallorca and Menorca, the lordship of Montpellier, "Comitatum Rossilionis et Cauquoliberum et…Conflent et comitatum Ceritaniæ et Vallem Aspirii" to "Infanti Jacobo filio nostro". Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "filius noster Infans Jacobus…filium nostrum primogenitum Infantem P…filiam nostram Domnam Yolant…filios…Philippi…Regis Franciæ et Domnæ Elizabet bonæ memoriæ Regina Franciæ filiæ nostræ, nepotes nostras…filios nostros Jacobum et Petrum quos legitime…ex Domna Teresia Ægidii de Bidaure…filios Infantis Domnæ Constantiæ quondam filiæ nostræ et Infantis domini Emanuelis fratris…Regis Castellæ, nepotes nostros"[290]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death 3 Jul 1276 of King Jaime aged 72 and his burial "cerca el altar de Senyora Santa Maria en la Seu de Valencia"[291]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the death "6 Jul 1276" of "le roi Jacques" and his burial at Poblet[292].

Betrothed (1209) to AUREMBIAIX Ctss de Urgel, daughter and heiress of ARMENGOL VIII Conde de Urgel & his wife doña Elvira Núñez de Luna ([1196][293]-Balaguer Aug 1231, bur San Hilario de Lérida). On the death of her father she was betrothed to Jaime, infant son of Pedro II King of Aragon, but the contract was cancelled. She concluded a secret protocol of concubinage with Jaime I King of Aragon 23 Oct 1228, under which he confirmed her rights to Urgel and the succession to the county of any son born from their union, nullified shortly afterwards by her second marriage.

m firstly (Agreda 6 Feb 1221, separated end Apr 1229 on grounds of consanguinity) Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla, daughter of don ALFONSO VIII “el Noble” King of Castile & his wife Eleanor of England ([1202]-Burgos 1244, bur monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of Jaime I King of Aragon and "la filia del Rey de Castiella…Elionor", stating that the couple was separated on grounds of consanguinity and that Leonor was buried "en el monasterio de Beruela"[294]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricum qui iuvenis obiit et quinque sorores, prima Berengaria…secunda Urraca, tertia regina Francie, quarta Alienor, quinta Constantia monialis" as children of "sorore regis Anglie Richardi…Alienor…soror ex alio patre comitisse Marie Campaniensis", specifying that Leonor was "Arragonum regina"[295]. She became a nun at Las Huelgas after her separation from her husband.

m secondly (Barcelona 8 Sep 1235) IOLANDA of Hungary, daughter of ANDRÁS II King of Hungary & his second wife Yolande de Courtenay ([1215]-Huesca 12 Oct 1251). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the second marriage of Jaime I King of Aragon and "la filla del Rey de Vngria…Ardeura la qual depues huuo nombre Violant nieta del Emperador de Constantin noble"[296]. She was known as VIOLANT in Catalonia. The Anales Toledanos record the death “IV Non Oct” in 1251 of “Dña Yoles, Regina Aragonum”[297]. The Chronicle of the Hôtel de Ville de Montpellier records the death in 1251 "D. Yoles regina Aragoniæ"[298]. The Thalamus de Montpellier records the death in Sep 1251 at Lérida of "la dona Yoles regina dAragon molher del rei Jacme"[299].

m thirdly (in secret) TERESA Gil de Vidaure, daughter of JUAN de Vidaure & his wife ---. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Jayme de Xérica et…Pedro de Ayerue" as the children of King Jaime and "Doña Teresa Gil de Bidaure"[300]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filios nostros Jacobum et Petrum quos legitime…ex Domna Teresia Ægidii de Bidaure…"[301].

Mistress (1): doña BLANCA de Antillón, daughter of barón don SANCHO de Antillón.

Mistress (2): doña BERENGUELA Fernández, daughter of ---.

Mistress (3): ---. The name of King Jaime's third mistress is not known.

Mistress (4): ---. The name of King Jaime's fourth mistress is not known.

Mistress (5): ([1260]-1270]) doña BERENGUELA Alfonso, Señora de Melgoso and Caldelas, widow of don GONZALO Ramírez Froilaz, illegitimate daughter of Infante don ALFONSO de León Señor de Molina y Mesa & his mistress doña Teresa Pires de Bragança ([1230/35]-Narbonne 17 Jul 1272, bur Narbonne, convent of Saint-François). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Teresa Perez" as the mother of "D. Berenguela, amiga del Rey D. Jaime de Aragon…algunos dizen fue su muger", the daughter of "El Infante don Alonso"[302].

King Jaime I & his first wife had one child:

1. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón (before Feb 1228-Calatayud 26 Mar 1260). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Alfonso" as the son of King Jaime and his first wife[303]. The Aragonese swore allegiance to him Feb 1228 at a general court at Daroca. Under the projected partition of 1244, Alfonso would receive only Aragon on the death of his father. "Don Alfonso, yffante primero fijo del rey d´Aragon" consented to any alliance between "mio padre don Jagme…rey d´Aragon" and "dona Margarita…reyna de Navarra, de Campayna et de Bria condessa palatina, et con vuestro fijo don Thibalt rey de Navarra", by charter dated 1 Aug 1253[304]. Infante Alfonso sided with Castile against his father. m (Calatayud 23 Mar 1260) as her first husband, CONSTANCE de Béarn, daughter of GASTON VII Vicomte de Béarn & his first wife Mathe [Amata] de Marsan [Mastas] Ctss de Bigorre ([1245/50]-25 Apr 1310). She succeeded her mother as Comtesse de Bigorre, Vicomtesse de Marsan. She married secondly (Windsor Castle 5 or 15 May 1269) Henry of Cornwall, son of Richard Earl of Cornwall King of Germany, and thirdly (Jun/Aug 1279) Aimon II Comte de Genève.

King Jaime I & his second wife had ten children:

2. Infanta doña VIOLANTE de Aragón ([1236]-Roncevalles 1301, bur Seville). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Violant…la otra Costancia…et Isabel…la quarta…Maria" as the four daughters of King Jaime and his second wife, stating that Violante married "Don Alfonso filio primogenitor del Rey de Castiella"[305]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filiam nostram Domnam Yolant…"[306]. After her eldest son died, she fled with his infant children to Aragon. She died returning from a pilgrimage to Rome. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "la Reina D. Violante" was buried "en Sevilla" with her husband[307]. m (Valladolid 26 Nov 1248) Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla, son of don FERNANDO III "el Santo" King of Castile & his first wife Elisabeth von Hohenstaufen (Toledo 23 Nov 1221-Seville 4 Apr 1284, bur Seville, Cathedral Santa María). He succeeded his father in 1252 as don ALFONSO X “el Sabio” King of Castile and León.

3. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (1239-Villafranca del Penedés 2 or 11 Nov 1285, bur Monasterio de Santa Cruz). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Jayme et Sancho" as the three sons of King Jaime and his second wife[308]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filium nostrum primogenitum Infantem P…"[309]. He succeeded his father in 1276 as PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon.

- see below.

4. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón ([1240]-before 1266, bur Uclés). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Violant…la otra Costancia…et Isabel…la quarta…Maria" as the four daughters of King Jaime and his second wife, stating that Constanza married "Don Manuel hermano del…Alfonso rey de Castiella"[310]. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "El Infante D. Manuel" married "D. Costança de Aragon"[311]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filios Infantis Domnæ Constantiæ quondam filiæ nostræ et Infantis domini Emanuelis fratris…Regis Castellæ, nepotes nostros"[312]. m (Calatayud 1260) as his first wife, Infante don MANUEL de Castilla, Señor de Escalona, Peñafiel y Villena, son of don FERNANDO III "el Santo" King of Castile & his first wife Elisabeth von Hohenstaufen (Carrión de los Condes 1234-Peñafiel 25 Dec 1283, bur Uclés, Santiago convent).

5. Infante don JAIME de Aragón (Montpellier 31 May 1243-Palma de Mallorca 29 May 1311). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Jayme et Sancho" as the three sons of King Jaime and his second wife[313]. The Chronicle of the Hôtel de Ville de Montpellier records the birth in 1243 "in vigilia Pentecosti" of "D. rex Jacobus et regina eius uxor...Jacobus filius" in Montpellier[314]. Under the projected partition of 1244, Jaime [Jaume] would receive the Balearic Islands, Valencia, and Montpellier. Under the further projected partition of 1262, Jaume would receive the Balearic Islands, Montpellier, Roussillon and Cerdaña. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "filius noster Infans Jacobus…"[315]. He succeeded his father in 1276 as don JAIME II King of Mallorca, Comte de Roussillon et de Cerdagne/Cerdaña, Sire de Montpellier Barón de Ompelas.

- see below, Part B. KINGS of MALLORCA 1276-1343.

6. Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón ([1245]-1250).

7. Infante don SANCHO de Aragón ([1246]-the Holy Land 1251).

8. Infanta doña ISABEL de Aragón (1243-Cosenza, Calabria 28 Jan 1271, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Violant…la otra Costancia…et Isabel…la quarta…Maria" as the four daughters of King Jaime and his second wife, stating that Isabel married "Phelip filio primogenito del Rey de Francia"[316]. The marriage contract between "Ludovicus…Francorum Rex…filium nostrum Philippum" and "Isabellam filiam…Jacobi…Regis Aragonum, Maioricarum et Valentiæ, comitem Barchinonensem et Urgelli et dominum Montispessulani" is dated 11 May 1258[317]. The Flores historiarum of Adam of Clermont records the marriage "in civitate Claromontensi" in 1262 of "Philippus regis Franciæ filius" and "filiam regis Aragonum...Ysabellam neptem beatæ Helizabeth Teutonicæ", adding that his father-in-law granted Philippe his property "in civitate Bituricensi, Carcassona et in diœcesi Mimatensi" in exchange for property "in comitatibus de Besaudu et Rossilionis et Cataloniæ"[318]. She died, 6 months pregnant, after a fall from a horse on returning from the crusade in Tunis. The necrology of Sainte-Chapelle records the death "V Kal Feb" of "dominis Ysabellis de Aragonis quondam Francie regine"[319]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filios…Philippi…Regis Franciæ et Domnæ Elizabet bonæ memoriæ Regina Franciæ filiæ nostræ, nepotes nostras…"[320]. m (by contract Corbès near Montpellier 11 May 1258, Clermont-en-Auvergne 28 May 1262) as his first wife, PHILIPPE de France, son of LOUIS IX King of France & his wife Marguerite de Provence (Poissy, Yvelines 1 May 1245-Perpignan 5 Oct 1285, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). Heir to the throne in 1260 on the death of his older brother. He succeeded his father in 1270 as PHILIPPE III "le Hardi" King of France.

9. Infanta doña MARÍA de Aragón ([1248]-Zaragoza 1267). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Violant…la otra Costancia…et Isabel…la quarta…Maria" as the four daughters of King Jaime and his second wife, stating that María was unmarried[321]. Nun at Sijena.

10. Infante don SANCHO de Aragón ([1250]-killed in battle Martos 21 Oct 1275). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Jayme et Sancho" as the three sons of King Jaime and his second wife, stating that Sancho was archbishop of Toledo[322]. Archdeacon at Belchite 1263. Abbot at Valladolid 1263. "Infante don Sancho, fijo del…Rey de Aragon, et Abbad de Valladolit" granted rights to the council of Tovilla by charter dated 28 Feb 1265[323]. Archbishop of Toledo 21 Aug 1266. The Anales Toledanos record the death “XII Kal Nov” in 1275 of “Dñs Sanctius filius Regis Aragonum et Archiepiscopus Toletanus”[324]. He was killed in battle against the Moors.

11. Infanta doña LEONOR de Aragón ([1251]-young).

King Jaime I & his third wife had two children:

12. don JAIME Fernández de Aragón ([1255/60]-1285). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Jayme de Xérica et…Pedro de Ayerue" as the children of King Jaime and "Doña Teresa Gil de Bidaure"[325]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filios nostros Jacobum et Petrum quos legitime…ex Domna Teresia Ægidii de Bidaure…"[326]. Barón de Ejérica.

- BARONES de EJÉRICA.

13. don PEDRO de Aragón ([1259]-1318). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Jayme de Xérica et…Pedro de Ayerue" as the children of King Jaime and "Doña Teresa Gil de Bidaure"[327]. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filios nostros Jacobum et Petrum quos legitime…ex Domna Teresia Ægidii de Bidaure…"[328]. Señor de Ayerbe.

- BARONES de AYERBE, BARONI di PATERNOY.

King Jaime I had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

14. don FERNÁN Sánchez (before 1241-murdered Rio Cinca 1275). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Ferrant Sanchez de Castro et…Pedro Ferrandez de Ixar" as the children of King Jaime by "otras dueñas"[329]. Señor de Castro y Pomar. He and his half-brother don Pedro Fernández sailed with their father from Barcelona for Palestine 1 Sep 1269. Although King Jaime and a large part of the fleet was obliged to turn back by storms, the brothers arrived at Acre end Dec 1269, but soon after returned to Aragon having achieved nothing[330]. m ---. The name of Fernán´s wife is not known. Fernán & his wife had one child:

a) don FELIPE Fernández (-before 1304). Señor de Castro. m as her first husband, doña MARÍA Alfonso de Haro, daughter of don JUAN Alfonso de Haro, Señor de Los Cameros & his wife doña Constanza Alfonso de Meneses. She married secondly don Ramón Folch Cardona Vizconde de Cardona (-1320). Felipe & his wife had two children:

i) don FELIPE Fernández (-[1328/30]). Señor de Castro. m ELEONORA di Saluzzo, daughter of FILIPPO di Saluzzo, Governor of Sardinia & his first wife Sibilla di Peralta (-1330). Felipe & his wife had two children:

(a) daughter. m don RAMÓN Vizconde de Canet.

(b) don FELIPE de Castro (-1354). Señor de Castro y Peralta. m doña FRANCISCA Alemany Señora de Guimerá. Felipe & his wife had three children:

(1) don FELIPE de Castro (-hanged 1371). Barón de Castro, Peralta y Guimerá. A supporter of don Enrique de Trastámara in his rebellion against don Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile, the former created him Señor de Paredes de Nava, Medina de Rioseco y Tordehumos in April 1366, ratified on don Enrique's accession in 1369. He was killed by the townspeople of Paredes de Nava who revolted against the fiscal burden he imposed on them. m (1366) as her third husband, doña JUANA Alfonso de Castilla, divorced wife firstly of don FERNANDO Ruiz de Castro Señor de Lemos y Sarría, widow secondly of TAMARIT de Listera, illegitimate daughter of don ALFONSO XI King of Castile & his mistress doña Leonor de Guzmán. Felipe & his wife had one child:

a. doña LEONOR de Castro y Castilla. Señora de Tordehumos y Medina de Rioseco

(2) don RAMÓN de Castro (-1355).

(3) doña ALDONZA de Castro (-before 1379). Baronesa de Castro, Peralta y Guimerá. m don BERNARDO Galcerán de Pinós Barón de Pinós.

ii) doña ALDONZA Fernández de Castro.

King Jaime I had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

15. don PEDRO Fernández ([1245/49]-[1297]). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Ferrant Sanchez de Castro et…Pedro Ferrandez de Ixar" as the children of King Jaime by "otras dueñas"[331]. Barón de Hijar. He accompanied his brother don Fernán Sánchez to Palestine in 1269, returning the following year[332].

- FERNÁNDEZ de HIJAR, BARONES de HIJAR.

King Jaime I had one illegitimate child by Mistress (3):

16. don PEDRO del Rey (-after 1307). Bishop of Lérida.

King Jaime I had one illegitimate child by Mistress (4):

17. don JAIME Sarroca (-after 1289). Bishop of Huesca.

PEDRO III 1276-1285, ALFONSO III 1285-1291

Infante don PEDRO de Aragón, son of don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon & his second wife Iolanda of Hungary (1239-Villafranca del Penedés 2 or 11 Nov 1285, bur Monasterio de Santa Cruz). Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "…filium nostrum primogenitum Infantem P…"[333]. He was promised the succession of the Balearic Islands, Valencia and Montpellier 1241, and received Roussillon and Cerdaña after the death of don Nuño Sancho de Aragón in 1242. A new projected partition was agreed 1244, under which Pedro would receive Catalonia on the death of his father. Appointed procurator of Catalonia 1257. Under a further projected partition 1262, Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia were destined for Pedro. He succeeded his father in 1276 as don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon, Conde de Barcelona and King of Valencia, crowned at Zaragoza Nov 1276. He suppressed the revolt in Valencia, ending with the capture of Montesa in 1277. He confirmed his protectorate over Tunis. He landed at Trapani in Sicily 31 Aug 1282, after the Sicilian revolt against the Angevins, and declared himself PIETRO I King of Sicily. He was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV, who supported the Angevins, in Nov 1282. In the course of the escalating dispute, Philippe III King of France was persuaded to accept the Kingdom of Aragon for his second son Charles in Feb 1284. He invaded Aragon in early 1285 and briefly captured Girona 7 Sep 1285. The French retreated to Perpignan (where King Philippe III died 5 Oct) after their fleet was destroyed in the Bay of Roses 3-4 Sep by admiral Ruggiero di Loria. In Sep 1284, Pedro crushed the rebellion of Juan Núñez de Lara who attempted to establish an independent lordship of Albarracín. On his deathbed, Pedro renounced Sicily as the price of his peace with the church. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death "III Id Nov" in 1285 of King Pedro and his burial "en el monasterio de Santas Cruçs del Orden de Cistells"[334]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the death "le jour de Saint-Martin" in 1285 of "le roi Pierre" and his burial "au monastère de Sainte-Croix"[335]. A manuscript chronicle records the death "circa festum S. Martini" in 1285 of "Petrus rex Aragonum" and his burial "in ecclesia beatæ Mariæ sanctarum Crucum ordinis Cisterciensis"[336].

m (Montpellier 15 Jul 1262) CONSTANZA of Sicily, daughter of MANFREDO [von Hohenstaufen] King of Sicily & his first wife Béatrice de Savoie (1249-Barcelona 1302). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Constancia" as the daughter of "Manfredus" and his wife "dominam Beatricem", adding that she married "Petro regi Aragonum"[337]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the marriage of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance", adding that the bride was aged 14[338]. "Infans Petrus filius…Jacobi…Regis Aragonum, Majoricarum et Valentiæ, Comitis Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et domini Montispessulani" granted dowry to "dominæ Constantiæ filiæ…Manfredi Regis Siciliæ…uxori nostræ" by charter dated 13 Jun 1262, which names "domino Bonifacio de Anglano…Comite Montisalbani…avunculo dicti domini Regis Siciliæ", countersigned 13 Nov 1264[339].

Mistress (1): doña MARÍA Nicolau.

Mistress (2): doña INÉS Zapata, daughter of ---. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Ines Zapata" as the mother of "D. Pedro de Aragon", son of "el Rey D. Pedro"[340].

King Pedro III & his wife had six children:

1. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón (Valencia 4 Nov 1265-Barcelona 18 Jun 1291, bur Barcelona Franciscan Monastery). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero Alfonso et el otro Jayme et el otro Frederico" as the sons of King Pedro and his wife Constanza[341]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[342]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[343]. He succeeded his father in 1285 as ALFONSO III "el Liberal" King of Aragon and Valencia, Count of Barcelona. After he succeeded, he continued his father’s campaign against the Balearic Islands to punish his uncle Jaime II King of Mallorca, for the latter’s support of the French during the dispute over Sicily. He recaptured Mallorca city and Ibiza 1286, and captured Minorca from the Moors Jan 1287. However, diplomatic tensions with France and the Papacy worsened, and eventually Alfonso was forced to withdraw his support for his brother at Tarascon Feb 1291 as the price for lifting sanctions. He was forced to grant further privileges to the Aragonese Union 1287 (“el privilegio de la unión”), after the latter invaded Valencia and placed an embargo on royal revenues. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death in 1292 of King Alfonso agred 27 and his burial "en el monasterio de los frayres menores de Barchinona"[344]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the death of King Alfonso, dated to 1291, his burial "à l´ordre des frères mineurs à Barcelona", and adds that "il était parfaitement vierge, n´ayant jamais approché de femme"[345]. m (Betrothed [1286], by proxy Westminster Abbey 15 Aug 1290, not consummated) as her first husband, ELEANOR of England, daughter of EDWARD I King of England & his first wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Windsor Castle [17 Jun] 1264 or 1269-Ghent 12 Oct 1297, bur Westminster Abbey). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that Edward I King of England sent "Jean d´Agrilli" to Barcelona to negotiate the marriage of his daughter to Alfonso III King of Aragon, dated to 1286, and records the betrothal later the same year[346]. She married secondly (20 Sep 1393) Henri III Comte de Bar.

2. Infante don JAIME de Aragón (Valencia 10 Aug 1267-Barcelona 5 Nov 1327, bur Barcelona church of San Francisco, transferred to Monastery of Santa Cruz, prov Tarragona). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero Alfonso et el otro Jayme et el otro Frederico" as the sons of King Pedro and his wife Constanza[347]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[348]. He succeeded his father in 1285 as GIACOPO King of Sicily. He succeeded his brother in 1291 as JAIME II King of Aragon and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona.

- see below.

3. Infanta doña ISABEL de Aragón (Zaragoza 4 Jan 1271-Estremos 4 Jul 1336, bur Coimbra). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[349]. Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the Chronicon Conimbricensi which names “Rex Aragoniæ…Dñs Joannes filius Regis Domni Petri” as “frater…Dñæ Elizabeth Reginæ Portugaliæ”[350]. Her husband banished her to a fortress when she supported her son in his revolt against his father. After her husband died she retired to a house at Coimbra near a Poor Clare convent which she had founded and devoted her life to good works. Canonised 25 May 1625, feast day 8 July[351]. m (by proxy Barcelona 2 Feb 1282, in person Trancosa 24 Jun 1282) dom DINIZ King of Portugal, son of dom AFONSO III "o Restaurador" King of Portugal & his second wife doña Beatriz de Castilla (Lisbon 9 Oct 1261-Santarem 7 Jan 1325, bur Odivelas).

4. Infante don FADRIQUE de Aragón (1272-near Pamplona 25 Jun 1337). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero Alfonso et el otro Jayme et el otro Frederico" as the sons of King Pedro and his wife Constanza[352]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[353]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[354]. His brother appointed him Viceroy in Sicily when the former succeeded to the crown of Aragon 1291. Ignoring the peace signed between his father and Carlo II King of Naples, Infante don Fadrique occupied Sicily. As a condition of his betrothal to Catherine de Courtenay, he promised to renounce his rights to Sicily and give help to reconquer the Latin Empire of Constantinople, but this proposal was opposed by Philippe IV King of France and the betrothal was terminated[355]. Don Fadrique was proclaimed Lord at Palermo 12 Dec 1295, and recognised as FEDERIGO I King of Sicily by the Parliament-General at Catania 15 Jan 1296, crowned at Palermo 25 Mar 1296. He was confirmed King of Trinacria [Sicily] for life by the Treaty of Caltabellotta Aug 1302, under which Carlo II King of Naples confirmed Sicily as the dowry of his daughter Eleonora for the life of her husband, to return to Carlo’s heirs after Federigo’s death. War broke out again with the Angevins of Naples 1313. Federigo had the Sicilian parliament recognise his son Pietro as his successor 12 Jun 1314. He retook the title King of Sicily 9 Aug 1314. Sicily reswore allegiance to Federigo’s son Pietro in 1322. Betrothed ([Jun] 1295) to CATHERINE de Courtenay, daughter of PHILIPPE de Courtenay titular Emperor of Constantinople & his wife Beatrice of Sicily (1274-Paris 11 Oct 1307 or 2 Jan 1308, bur Paris). She later married Charles de France Comte de Valois. m (Messina May 1303) as her second husband, ELEONORE of Sicily, former wife of PHILIPPE de Toucy titular Prince of Antioch, daughter of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary (1289-Monastery of San Nicolo di Arena 9 Aug 1341, bur Catania, Franciscan monastery). Her second marriage was arranged by the Treaty of Caltabellotta 31 Aug 1302, under which her father gave her Sicily as dowry during her husband’s life, after which the Kingdom would return to her father King Charles II and his heirs[356].

- KINGS of SICILY.

5. Infanta doña VIOLANTE de Aragon (1273-Termini 19 Aug 1302, bur Marseille église des Frères mineurs). The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[357]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Jaime II King of Aragon arranged the marriage of "su hermana Doña Violant" and "Rubert fillo del rey Carlos"[358]. m (Rome Mar 1297) as his first wife, ROBERT of Sicily, son of CHARLES II King of Naples & Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary (Royal Palace of the Torre de San Erasmo, near Capua 1278-Château-Neuf, Naples 16/20 Jan 1343/4, bur Naples Santa Chiara). Named in 1297 as heir to Sicily by Pope Boniface VIII. Appointed perpetual Vicar-General in the island of Sicily by his father 24 Jun 1299. Principe di Salerno 5 May 1304. Comte de Piémont 17 Feb 1309. He succeeded his father in 1309 as ROBERT I "le Bon" King of Sicily.

6. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón ([1275]-Tordehumos 30 Aug 1296). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[359]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[360]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the death of "l´infant Pierre…ainsi que Raimond d´Anglesola" at the siege of León and their burial in adjacent graves in Aragon[361]. m (28 Aug 1291) GUILLELMA de Béarn, daughter of GASTON [VII] de Moncada Vicomte de Béarn & his first wife Mathe [Amata] de Marsan [Mastas] Ctss de Bigorre ([1245/55]-1309). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the marriage of "l´infant Pierre" and "madame Guillelmine de Muncada, fille de Gaston de Béarn", dated to 1295[362]. She had previously been betrothed to don Alfonso Manuel, and later to the latter's first cousin the future don Sancho IV King of Castile.

King Pedro III had three illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

7. don JAIME de Aragón (-after 22 May 1285). Señor de Segorbe. m doña SANCHA Fernández, daughter of don FERNANDO Díaz & his wife ---. Jaime & his wife had one child:

a) doña CONSTANZA de Aragón. Señora de Segorbe. m (1299) as his first wife, don ARTAL de Luna Señor de Luna, son of --- (-Sardinia 1323).

8. don JUAN de Aragón.

9. doña BEATRIZ de Aragón. m don RAMÓN de Cardona Señor de Torá, son of --- (-after 1340).

King Pedro III had four illegitimate children by Mistress (2):

10. don FERNANDO de Aragón. Señor de Albarracín.

11. don PEDRO de Aragón. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Pedro de Aragon" as the son of "el Rey D. Pedro" and "D. Ines Zapata"[363]. m (Portugal) dona CONSTANZA Mendez Pelita de Silva, daughter of dom SUERO Mendez de Silva & his wife dona María Annes Brochardo. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos records that "D. Pedro de Aragon", son of "el Rey D. Pedro" and "D. Ines Zapata", married "D. Constança Mendez Petite"[364]. Pedro & his wife had four children:

a) don PEDRO de Aragón. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Pedro de Aragon, D. Fernando que fue asaz bueno, i casó" as the sons of "D. Pedro de Aragon" and his wife "D. Constança Mendez Petite"[365].

b) don FERNANDO de Aragón. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Pedro de Aragon, D. Fernando que fue asaz bueno, i casó" as the sons of "D. Pedro de Aragon" and his wife "D. Constança Mendez Petite"[366]. m doña MARÍA Núñez, daughter of don NUÑO Fernández Cogominho & his wife Margarita de Albarnaz.

c) doña CONSTANZA de Aragón. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Constança. D. Teresa Alonso" as the daughters of "D. Pedro de Aragon" and his wife "D. Constança Mendez Petite"[367]. m don GONZALO Annes Pimentel, son of ---.

d) doña TERESA Alfonso de Aragón. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Constança. D. Teresa Alonso" as the daughters of "D. Pedro de Aragon" and his wife "D. Constança Mendez Petite"[368]. m don GONZALO Mendez Vasconcellos Señor de Penela.

12. don SANCHO de Aragón (-1341). Castellán de Amposta.

13. doña TERESA de Aragón. m firstly don GARCÍA Romeu [III], son of don GARCÍA Romeu [II] & his first wife ---. Ricohombre de Aragón. m secondly don ARTAL de Alagón Señor de Sástago y Pina. m thirdly don PEDRO López de Oteiza.

JAIME II 1291-1327

Infante don JAIME de Aragón, son of don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon & his wife Constanza of Sicily [Hohenstaufen] (Valencia 10 Aug 1267-Barcelona 5 Nov 1327, bur Barcelona church of San Francisco, transferred to Monastery of Santa Cruz, prov Tarragona). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero Alfonso et el otro Jayme et el otro Frederico" as the sons of King Pedro and his wife Constanza[369]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[370]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[371]. He succeeded his father in 1285 as GIACOPO King of Sicily. He succeeded his brother in 1291 as don JAIME II King of Aragon and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona. The agreement reached at Tarascon to lift the sanctions immediately broke down, and Jaime was obliged to renegotiate with the Papacy. Under the Treaty of Anagni 20 Jun 1295, he agreed to transfer Sicily to the Pope for onward transfer back to the Angevins in return for Sardinia and Corsica (which were invested in him at Rome 1297), and to marry the daughter of Charles II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet]. He also agreed to restore his uncle as King of Mallorca, but as vassal to the crown of Aragon. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records that “Rex Aragonum” captured “Regnum Murciæ” and invaded Castile in 1297[372]. After the Sicilians elected his younger brother Fadrique King of Sicily contrary to the terms of the 1295 treaty, Jaime II campaigned against his brother. A compromise was eventually reached at Caltabellotta Aug 1302, under which Sicily would remain with Fadrique for life but thereafter revert to Charles II King of Sicily. He signed a treaty of protection with Tunis 1301. He conquered Murcia from Castile, but retained only Alicante and other places north of the river Segura under the peace of Agreda 1304. Jaime unsuccessfully invaded Granada in 1308, negotiating peace with the emir Ismail 1323. He annexed the counties of Urgel (1314) and Ampurias (1322). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death "en la ciudad de Barchinona la vigilia de Todos Santos" in 1327 of King Jaime aged 66 and his burial "en el monasterio de Santas Cruzes"[373]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the death in Nov 1327 of “Dns Jacobus Rex Aragonum”[374].

m firstly (Soria 1 Dec 1291 or Dec 1293, unconsummated, annulled Aug 1295) as her first husband, Infanta doña ISABEL de Castilla, daughter of don SANCHO IV "el Bravo" King of Castile & his wife doña María Alfonso de Molina [Castilla] (Toro 1283-24 Jul 1328). The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the marriage in Dec 1293 of “Regem Aragonum” and “Infantissam Dnam Elisabeth, filiam Regis Dni Sancii, in Soria”[375]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of King Jaime and "el Rey de Castiella…su filla…Maria" (presumably an error for Isabel) despite their consanguinity, commenting that the marriage was never consummated and was annulled[376]. Señora de Guadalajara 1312-1314. Vicomtesse de Limoges by grant of her second husband 1317. She married secondly (Burgos 1310) Jean de Bretagne, who succeeded his father in 1312 as Jean III "le Bon" Duke of Brittany. .

m secondly (Villabertrán 29 Oct 1295) BLANCHE of Sicily, daughter of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary ([1280]-Barcelona 14 Oct 1310, bur Santa Croce). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of King Jaime and "Doña Blanca filia del…rey Carlos" at "Villabeltran en el dia Todos-Santos" in 1295[377]. She was crowned Queen of Aragon at Zaragoza in 1296. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death in 1309 of "la reyna Doña Blanca"[378].

m thirdly (Gerona 27 Nov 1315) MARIE of Cyprus, daughter of HUGUES III King of Cyprus & his wife Isabelle d’Ibelin (1273-Tortosa [10/22] Apr 1319). The Lignages d'Outremer name (in order) "Marie, Marguerite, Aalis et Helvis" as the four daughters of Hugues III King of Cyprus & his wife[379]. Another manuscript of the Lignages records that Marie married "nel re di Aragona"[380]. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of Jaime II King of Aragon and "la hermana del Rey de Chipre…Doña Maria", specifying that the marriage was childless[381]. The Chronicle of Amadi records the betrothal in 15 Jun, in 1315 from the context, of "la sorella del re Henrico, damisela Maria de Lusignan" and "il re de Aragona"[382]. "Martinus Petri de Ros, castellanus Emposte" wrote to Jaime King of Aragon relating to his betrothal "XV junii" to "domina Maria" dated 8 Nov [1315][383]. King Jaime agreed to this marriage on the understanding that Marie would be the heir to Cyprus after the death of her brother King Henry II as his closest living relative[384]. After her death, he complained that she had been too old and had not proved companionable[385].

m fourthly (Tarragona 25 Dec 1322) doña ELISENDA de Moncada, daughter of don PEDRO de Moncada, Señor de Aitona y Soses & his wife doña Elisenda de Pinós (-Clarisas de Pedralbes 1364).

Mistress (1): doña LUCRECIA, daughter of ---.

Mistress (2): GEROLDA, daughter of ---.

King Jaime II & his second wife had ten children:

1. Infante don JAIME de Aragón (1296-Tarragona 20 May 1334). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el secundo Don Alfonso…el tercero Don Johan…el quarto Don Pedro…el quinto Don Ramon Berenguer" as the five sons of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Jaime renounced the throne during the lifetime of his father and did not wish to consummate his marriage[386]. Procurator General of Catalonia until 1319 when he fled from his wife on their wedding day, and renounced his rights to the throne. He became a Knight, later Grand Master, of the Order of St John of Jerusalem. m (Gandesa 18 Oct 1319, unconsummated) as her first husband, Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla, daughter of don FERNANDO IV “el Ajurno” King of Castile & his wife Infanta dona Costança de Portugal (1307-murdered Castillo de Castrojeriz [Mar/Apr] 1359). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of "infant Don Jayme filio primogénito del rey Don Jayme" and "el Rey de Castiella…su filla", in a later passage naming her "Alienor" and recording that her husband refused to consummate their marriage[387]. She married secondly (Tarragona 5 Feb 1329) as his second wife, Alfonso IV King of Aragon, her first husband’s brother.

2. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón (Naples [Jan/Feb] 1299-Barcelona 24 Jan 1336, bur Barcelona Franciscan Monastery, transferred to Lérida Franciscan Monastery). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the birth in Naples of Alfonso, son of Jaime II King of Aragon and his wife Blanca[388]. He succeeded his father in 1327 as ALFONSO IV "el Benigne" King of Aragon and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona.

- see below.

3. Infanta doña MARÍA de Aragón (1299-Sijena 1327). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Doña Maria…la segunda Doña Costança…la tercera…Doña Isabel…la quarta…Doña Blancha…la quinta…Doña Violante" as the five daughters of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that María was the wife "del infant Don P^o de Castiella"[389]. Nun at Sijena. Alfonso XI King of Castile defended the monastery of Las Huelgas de Burgos against claims relating to the debts of "Inffante Donna Maria Sennora de las Huelgas, mugier que fue del Inffante don Pedro mio tio" by charter dated Oct 1331[390]. m (Calatayud 1311) Infante don PEDRO de Castilla, Señor de los Cameros, son of don SANCHO IV "el Bravo" King of Castile & his wife doña María Alfonso de Molina [Castilla] (Valladolid 1290-killed in battle Vega de Granada 25 Jun 1319, bur Burgos Las Huelgas). Mayordomo mayor of his brother King Fernando IV 25 Feb 1310-29 Jan 1311. Tutor of his nephew Alfonso XI. He was killed fighting the Moors.

4. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón (Valencia 1 Apr 1300-Castillo de Garci-Múñoz 19 Aug 1327). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Doña Maria…la segunda Doña Costança…la tercera…Doña Isabel…la quarta…Doña Blancha…la quinta…Doña Violante" as the five daughters of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Constanza was the wife "Don Juan fillo del infant Don Manuel"[391]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the marriage in Apr 1312 of “Dns Joannes cum Infantissa Dna Constantia in Xativa”[392]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the death in Aug 1327 of “Infantissa Dna Constantia in Castella”[393]. m (Játiva 2 Apr 1312) as his second wife, don JUAN Manuel "el Scritor", Señor de Villena y Escalona, son of Infante don MANUEL de Castilla y León Señor de Villena y Escalona & his second wife Béatrice de Savoie (Escalona 5 May 1282-Córdoba 13 Jun 1348, bur Peñafiel, monastery of San Pablo).

5. Infante don JUAN de Aragón (1304-Pobo, Zaragoza 19 Aug 1334). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el secundo Don Alfonso…el tercero Don Johan…el quarto Don Pedro…el quinto Don Ramon Berenguer" as the five sons of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Juan was Archbishop of Toledo, and later Patriarch of Jerusalem and Archbishop of Tarragona[394]. Pope John XXII records that "Johanni olim archiepiscopo Toletano" was elected "in patriarcham Alexandrinum…administratori ecclesie Tarraconensis" in a document dated 22 Aug 1328 at Avignon, and another document records that he died 19 Aug 1334 aged 33[395].

6. Infanta doña ISABEL de Aragón (Barcelona 1300-12 Jul 1330, bur Vienna Minoritenkirche, St Ludwigskapelle). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Doña Maria…la segunda Doña Costança…la tercera…Doña Isabel…la quarta…Doña Blancha…la quinta…Doña Violante" as the five daughters of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Isabel was the wife "del Duch Daustria"[396]. Her father planned her betrothal to the King of Armenia in exchange for religious relics of St Thecla, located at Sis in Armenia, which he was anxious to acquire for the cathedral of Tarragona. Negotiations for the marriage broke down in the face of Armenian opposition to increased close ties with the Catholic western powers. After her marriage, Infanta Isabel was known as ELISABETH in Austria. Crowned Queen of the Romans at Basel in 1315. Betrothed ([1312/13]) to OSHIN King of Armenia, son of LEO II King of Armenia & his wife Kyr Anna [Theophano] of Lampron (1282-murdered 20 Jul 1320, bur Trazarg). m (by proxy Barcelona 1313 in person Judenburg Jan 1315) FRIEDRICH I Duke of Austria King of the Romans, son of ALBRECHT I Duke of Austria King of Germany & his wife Elisabeth von Görz-Tirol (1289-Gutenstein, Lower Austria 13 Jan 1330, bur Carthusian Mauerbach, near Vienna, transferred 1783/1789 Vienna St Stefan).

7. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (1305-Pisa 4 Nov 1381). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el secundo Don Alfonso…el tercero Don Johan…el quarto Don Pedro…el quinto Don Ramon Berenguer" as the five sons of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Pedro was "conte de Ribagorça et de Ampurias" but later exchanged Ampurias for Prades with his brother Ramón Berenguer[397]. Conde de Ribagorza y Ampurias 1323-1341. Conde de Prades, Señor de Denia y Gandía 1341-1381. Seneschal of Catalonia.

- see below, Part C. CONDES de PRADES 1341-[1441], MARQUESES de VILLENA 1366-1434, DUQUES de GANDÍA 1399-1425.

8. Infanta doña BLANCA de Aragón ([1307]-Barcelona 1348). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Doña Maria…la segunda Doña Costança…la tercera…Doña Isabel…la quarta…Doña Blancha…la quinta…Doña Violante" as the five daughters of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Blanca was "prioresa de Xixena"[398]. A nun at Sijena.

9. Infante don RAMÓN BERENGUER de Aragón ([1308]-Barcelona 1364). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el secundo Don Alfonso…el tercero Don Johan…el quarto Don Pedro…el quinto Don Ramon Berenguer" as the five sons of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Ramón Berenguer was "Conte de Pradas" but later exchanged Prades for Ampurias with his brother Pedro[399]. Conde de Prades 1324-1341. Conde de Ampurias 1341-1364.

- CONDES de AMPURIAS.

10. Infanta doña VIOLANTE de Aragón (Barcelona Oct 1310-Pedrola, Aragon after 19 Jul 1353). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Doña Maria…la segunda Doña Costança…la tercera…Doña Isabel…la quarta…Doña Blancha…la quinta…Doña Violante" as the five daughters of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Violante was the wife "del fillo del Princep de la Morera et de Taranto"[400]. m firstly (Feb 1328) her first cousin, PHILIPPE di Tarento, Despot of Romania, son of PHILIPPE of Sicily Principe di Tarento [Anjou] & his first wife Thamar [Caterina] Angela Comnena Despota of Epirus (1297-17 May 1330). m secondly (Lérida Jul 1339) don LOPE de Luna Señor de Segorbe, son of --- (-Pedrola 19 Jun 1360).

King Jaime II had two illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

11. don SANCHO de Aragón.

12. don JAIME de Aragón (Mazzara 1291-1350/1). m firstly JAUMETTA Guerau, from Mallorca. m secondly RUCCIA ---, from Sardinia.

King Jaime II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

13. don NAPOLEÓN (Sicily 1288-). Señor de Joyosa Guarda. m (1332) ----, daughter of GUILLERMO Robert, from Mallorca.

ALFONSO IV 1327-1336

Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón, son of don JAIME II King of Aragon & his second wife Blanche of Sicily (Naples [Jan/Feb] 1299-Barcelona 24 Jan 1336, bur Barcelona Franciscan Monastery, transferred to Lérida Franciscan Monastery). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the birth in Naples of Alfonso, son of Jaime II King of Aragon and his wife Blanca[401]. He invaded Sardinia in 1323 to enforce Aragon’s rights. Cagliari fell 12 Jul 1324, but new uprisings organised by the Genoese and the Pisans postponed final settlement until Jun 1326 when Pisa renounced all rights to Sardinia. He succeeded his father in 1327 as ALFONSO IV "el Benigno" King of Aragon and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the death "en la ciudat de Barçalona…vigilia de la conversion de San Paulo…XX Kal Feb" in 1335 of King Alfonso aged 37 and his burial "en el monasterio de los freyres Menores de la dita ciudat" and subsequent transfer "en el monesterio de los freyres Menores de la ciudad de Lérida"[402].

m firstly (Lérida 10 Nov 1314) doña TERESA de Entenza Condesa de Urgel, Vizcondesa de Ager Baronesa de Entenza y Antillón, daughter of don GOMBALDO Barón de Entenza Señor de Alcolea & his wife doña Constanza de Antillón Señora de Antillón[403] ([1300]-Zaragoza 20 Oct 1327, bur Zaragoza Franciscan Church). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of Alfonso and "la filla del noble Don Gombalt Datença et nieta de Don Armengon conte de Urgel"[404]. She succeeded her great uncle, Armengol X de Cabrera Conde de Urgel, in 1314 as Condesa de Urgel de iure[405]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the death "dans la ville de Sarragosse le dernier mardi d´octobre" in 1327 of the wife of "Infant Anfos", who was "la fille du très noble Gonbaud d´Entença", and her burial "dans l´église des frères mineurs de Sarragosse"[406].

m secondly (Betrothed Agreda Jan 1329, Tarragona 5 Feb 1329) as her second husband, Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla, formerly wife of Infante don JAIME de Aragón, daughter of don FERNANDO IV “el Ajurno” King of Castile & his wife Infanta dona Costança de Portugal (1307-murdered Castellón de Castrojeriz [Mar/Apr] 1359). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records the marriage of Alfonso IV King of Aragon and "la filla de Don Ferrando rey de Castiella…Alionor", stating that she had previously been married to "su hermano el infant Don Jayme"[407]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the contract in Jan 1329 for the marriage of “Rex Dns Alfonsus Aragonum cum Infantissa Dna Heleonora filia Regis Castellæ Dni Fernandi, in Agreda”[408]. Her marriage was arranged as part of Aragon's renewed alliance with Castile, formed with the aim of reconquering Granada. She became a disruptive influence in Aragon, plotting to advance the interests of her own sons over those of her stepson Infante don Pedro. After her second husband's death, don Pedro IV King of Aragon at first moved to confiscate her revenues and prosecute her protector don Pedro de Ejérica, but in 1338 he confirmed her and her sons in possession of their domains, not wishing to antagonise Castile at a time when Spain was threatened by a new Moorish invasion. She continued to plot against her stepson, eventually returning to Castile where she was also a disruptive influence. Her nephew don Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile imprisoned her with doña Juana de Lara and ordered her murder. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Fernando, D. Juan" as the sons of "D. Alonso Rey de Aragon" and his wife "D. Leonor", adding that Juan was "vassallo del Rey D. Pedro de Castilla, que le mato juntamente con la Reina D. Leonor su madre"[409].

King Alfonso IV & his first wife had seven children:

1. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón ([1315]-Balaguer [1317]).

2. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón ([1318]-Montpellier 1346). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Costancia" as the daughter of Alfonso IV King of Aragon and his wife Teresa, stating that she was the wife "del rey Don Jayme de Mallorquas"[410]. m (Perpignan 24 Sep [1336]) as his first wife, don JAIME III King of Mallorca Infante de Aragón, son of FERNANDO Infante de Mallorca & his first wife Isabelle de Sabran Dame de Matagriphon (Catania 15 Apr 1315-killed in battle Lluchmayor 25 Oct 1349).

3. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (Balaguer 5 Sep 1319-Barcelona 5 Jan 1387, bur Nuestra Señora de Poblet). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Pedro…el otro Don Jayme" as the two sons of Alfonso IV King of Aragon and his wife Teresa[411]. He succeeded his father in 1336 as PEDRO IV "el Ceremonioso" King of Aragon and Valencia, PERE III Conde de Barcelona.

- see below.

4. Infante don JAIME de Aragón (1321-Barcelona 15 Nov 1347). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Pedro…el otro Don Jayme" as the two sons of Alfonso IV King of Aragon and his wife Teresa, stating that Jaime was "Comte de Urgel et viaconte de Ager"[412]. He succeeded his mother in 1328 as Conde de Urgel, Vizconde de Ager, Barón de Entenza y Antillón.

- CONDES de URGEL.

5. Infanta doña ISABEL de Aragón (Zaragoza 1323-1327).

6. Infante don FADRIQUE de Aragón ([1325]-young).

7. Infante don SANCHO de Aragón (Zaragoza 28 Oct 1327-Nov/Dec 1327).

King Alfonso IV & his second wife had two children:

8. Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón (11 Dec 1329-murdered Burriana 16 Jul 1363). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Ferrando…et el otro Don Joan" as the two sons of King Alfonso and his second wife, stating that Fernando was "Marques de Tortosa"[413]. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Fernando…[Marques de Tortosa], D. Juan" as the sons of "D. Alonso Rey de Aragon" and his wife "D. Leonor"[414]. He was created Marqués de Tortosa by his father, at the instigation of his mother, the creation being revoked shortly afterwards following pressure from his step-brother Infante Pedro. Señor de Albarracín y Fraga. After the death of his half-brother Infante don Jaime's in 1347, Fernando assumed leadership of the opposition movement, encouraged by his maternal uncle Alfonso XI King of Castile. He inflicted a military defeat on Pedro IV's Valencian supporters and obliged Pedro IV to recognise him as his heir and appoint him Governor of Valencia. In July 1348, Pedro IV defeated don Fernando, who was wounded and taken to Castile. Pedro IV tempted him back to Aragon and appointed him Procurator-General in 1357. Fernando proved a troublesome ally throughout Pedro IV's war with Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile, whose throne Fernando claimed. Eventually he was murdered on the orders of the King of Aragon. m (Evora 3 Feb 1354) Infanta dona MARIA de Portugal, daughter of dom PEDRO I King of Portugal & his second wife doña Constanza Manuel de Castilla (Evora 6 Apr 1343-Aveiro after 1367, bur Santarem São Francisco). The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Fernando, D. Maria" as the children of "D. Pedro Rey de Portugal" and his wife "D. Constança", an earlier passage recording that "D. Fernando…Marques de Tortosa", son of "D. Alonso Rey de Aragon" and his wife "D. Leonor", married "la Infanta D. Maria"[415]. Senhora de Aveiro 1363. She became a nun at Santorem after her husband died.

9. Infante don JUAN de Aragón (1334-murdered Bilbao Jun 1358). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Ferrando…et el otro Don Joan" as the two sons of King Alfonso and his second wife[416]. The Nobiliario of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Fernando, D. Juan" as the sons of "D. Alonso Rey de Aragon" and his wife "D. Leonor", adding that Juan was "vassallo del Rey D. Pedro de Castilla, que le mato juntamente con la Reina D. Leonor su madre"[417]. Señor de Elche, Biel y Bolsa. Alférez mayor of Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile 25 Feb 1355 to Jun 1358. m (Castojeriz Jul 1354[418]) doña ISABEL Díaz de Haro, daughter of don JUAN Núñez de Lara [Castilla] Señor Soberano de Vizcaya & his wife doña María Díaz de Haro ([1335]-murdered Castillo de Jérez 1361). She succeeded her sister in 1359 as Señora de Lara, Señora Soberana de Vizcaya. Imprisoned by Pedro I King of Castile, first at Castrojeriz, subsequently at Jérez where she shared a cell with Queen Blanca. She was poisoned. Infante don Juan had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

a) FLORENCIA de Aragón ([1358]-). m (separated[419]) PIERRE bâtard de Foix dit de Béarn, illegitimate son of GASTON [II] Comte de Foix Vicomte de Béarn & his mistress ---.

PEDRO IV 1336-1387, JUAN I 1387-1396, MARTÍN I 1396-1410

Infante don PEDRO de Aragón, son of don ALFONSO IV "el Benigne" King of Aragon & his first wife doña Teresa de Entenza Condesa de Urgel (Balaguer 5 Sep 1319-Barcelona 5 Jan 1387, bur Nuestra Señora de Poblet). He succeeded his father in 1336 as PEDRO IV "el Ceremonioso" King of Aragon, PERE III Conde de Barcelona, PEDRO II King of Valencia, crowned at Zaragoza 1336. He crowned himself, the first king of Aragon since 1204 not to have been crowned by the Papal representative[420]. After his accession, his stepmother dowager Queen Leonor continued to plot to advance the interests of her own sons. Pedro IV was obliged to confirm his stepbrothers in their possessions in 1338, not wishing to antagonise Castile when Sultan Abu al-Hassan was threatening a new invasion of the peninsular. Following a lengthy dispute with his brother-in-law Jaime III King of Mallorca, Pedro IV annexed Mallorca 29 Mar 1343, declaring himself PEDRO I King of Mallorca, Comte de Roussillon & Cerdanya. He successfully invaded Mallorca in May 1343 and conquered Roussillon and Cerdanya in 1344. His brother Infante don Jaime Conde de Urgel became the leader of an opposition movement in Aragon, was joined by his half-brothers, and forced compromises from Pedro IV at a Cortes in Zaragoza in late summer 1347. After Infante don Jaime's death later in 1347, his half-brother Infante don Fernando assumed leadership of the opposition encouraged by his maternal uncle Alfonso XI King of Castile. Fernando inflicted a military defeat on Pedro IV's Valencian supporters and obliged Pedro IV to recognise him as his heir. In July 1348, Pedro IV defeated don Fernando and reaffirmed his power. Aragonese relations with Castile continued to be tense, with war breaking out in March 1357 when Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile captured Tarragona. Pedro IV supported Enrique de Trastámara in his rebellion in Castile, confirming the alliance at Binéfar in October 1363 when Pedro agreed to transfer the Kingdom of Murcia to Enrique. However, when Enrique succeeded to the throne of Castile, Pedro IV allied himself with Fernando I King of Portugal to oppose him, continuing to retain Murcia. Hostilities were successively suspended by peace treaties signed at Alcañiz in 1371, at Almazán 12 Apr 1374 and at Lérida 10 May 1375, under which Molina and Murcia were transferred to Castile and Pedro IV's daughter Infanta Leonor betrothed to Enrique II's son Juan.

m firstly (contract 6 Jan 1337, Alagón 23 Jul 1338) Infanta doña MARÍA de Navarra, daughter of don FELIPE III King of Navarre Comte d’Evreux [Capet] & his wife doña Juana II Queen of Navarre [Capet] ([1335]-Valencia 29 Apr 1347, bur Valencia San Vicente, transferred to Nuestra Señora de Poblet). A document dated 23 Jul 1338 at Alagón certifies that "Pedro…Rey de Aragon de Valencia de Cerdennya de Corcegua e comte de Barçalona" married "dona Maria filla del…princep e sennyor don Phelip…Rey de Navarra conte de Euroux de Engolesme de Morentayn e de Longauilla et de la…sennyora dona Johannya…Reyna del dicto Reyno"[421]. She died in childbirth.

m secondly (by proxy Santarem 11 Jun 1347 in person Barcelona 15 Nov 1347) Infanta dona LEONOR de Portugal, daughter of dom AFONSO IV King of Portugal & his wife Infanta doña Beatrix de Castilla (1328-Teruel 29 Oct 1348, bur Nuestra Señora de Poblet). She died of plague.

m thirdly (Valencia 13 Jun 1349) LEONOR of Sicily, daughter of PIETRO II King of Sicily [Aragon] & his wife Elisabeth of Carinthia [Görz] ([1325]-Lérida 20 Apr 1375). She became a powerful influence at court, replacing Bernat de Cabrera as King Pedro IV's chief adviser. In 1357, faced with mounting opposition in Sicily, her brother King Federigo proposed that Athens and Neopatras be transferred to Queen Leonor in return for military help from her husband in Sicily, a proposal which was refused[422].

m fourthly (Barcelona 11 Oct 1377) as her second husband, SIBILLA de Fortià, widow of ARTAL de Foces, daughter of BERNAT de Fortià & his wife --- (-Barcelona 4 or 24 Nov 1406). Daughter of a minor baron in the Empordà, she became King Pedro IV's mistress before marrying him. She established her family in positions of power at court, her brother Bernat de Fortià becoming Pedro IV's chamberlain. Crowned Queen at Zaragoza Jan 1381. After fleeing to Sant Martí Sarroca after her husband died, she was captured but allowed a pension in return for giving up her endowments.

King Pedro IV & his first wife had four children:

1. Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón (Poblet 1340-Catania Jul 1363). Her father unsuccessfully proposed her as heir to the throne in early 1347, in the absence of a male heir. Betrothed (Perpignan 8 Feb 1351) to LOUIS de France Comte d'Anjou et du Maine, son of JEAN II "le Bon" King of France & his first wife Bonne de Luxembourg (Château du Bois de Vincennes 23 Jul 1339-Biseglia Castle near Bari 20 Sep 1384, bur Angers Cathédrale Saint-Maurice). m (Catania 11 Apr 1361) as his first wife, FEDERIGO II "il Simplo" King of Sicily, son of PIETRO II King of Sicily [Aragon] & his wife Elisabeth of Carinthia [Görz] (1 Sep 1341-Messina 27 Jul 1377).

2. Infanta doña JUANA de Aragón (Barcelona 7 Nov 1344-Castellón de Ampurias 1385, bur Monastery of Poblet). The testament of "Infantissa Johanna…Petri…Regis Aragonum filia, consorsque…domini Johannis comitis Impuriarum" is dated 12 Aug 1384, appoints as her executors "Dominum Regem patrem nostrum…infantem Johannem ducem Gerunde et comitem Cervarie fratrem nostrum et…infantem Martinum fratrem nostrum…", elects her burial "in Monasterio Poupuleti", and names "Petrum filium nostrum…Johanni filio nostro"[423]. m (19 Jun 1373) don JUAN de Aragón Conde de Ampurias, son of Infante don RAMÓN BERENGUER de Aragón Conde de Ampurias & his second wife doña María Álvarez de Ejérica (1338-Castellví de Rosanes 1398).

3. Infanta doña MARÍA de Aragón (1345/6-Montblanc 3 Jun 1348).

4. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (b and d Valencia 28 Apr 1347).

King Pedro IV & his third wife had four children:

5. Infante don JUAN de Aragón (Perpignan 27 Dec 1350-Foixa 19 May 1396). The testament of "Infantissa Johanna…Petri…Regis Aragonum filia, consorsque…domini Johannis comitis Impuriarum", dated 12 Aug 1384, appoints as her executors "Dominum Regem patrem nostrum…infantem Johannem ducem Gerunde et comitem Cervarie fratrem nostrum et…infantem Martinum fratrem nostrum…"[424]. Duque de Gerona 1351. Appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom 1364. He refused to marry his niece Maria I Queen of Sicily after the death of his first wife, proposed by his father as part of the latter's plan to conquer Sicily. He succeeded his father in 1387 as JUAN I "el Cazador" King of Aragon and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona. A passionate huntsman all his life, he suffered from constant ill health maybe due to epilepsy. He died after falling from his horse while hunting[425]. Betrothed (contract 16 Jul 1370) to JEANNE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE VI King of France & his second wife Blanca Infanta de Navarra (May 1351-Béziers 16 Sep 1371, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). She died on the way to meet her future husband. m firstly ([Barcelona[426]] 24 Jun 1373) MATHE d’Armagnac, daughter of JEAN [I] Comte d'Armagnac & his second wife Beatrix de Clermont (after 18 Feb 1347-Zaragoza 23 Oct 1378). She is not named in the testament of "domini Johannis comitis Armaniaci", dated 18 Feb 1347, so must have been born subsequently[427]. A second testament of "Johannes…comes Armaignaci, Fesensiaci et Ruthene, vicecomesque Leomaniæ et Altivillaris ac dominus terre Ripparie", dated 5 Apr 1373, names "…Mathe filie nostre…ducisse Gerunde, uxorique…principis domini Johannis, ducis Gerunde, primogeniti domini regis Aragonie"[428]. m secondly (Montpellier [Perpignan[429]] 2 Feb 1380) YOLANDE de Bar, daughter of ROBERT I Duc de Bar & his wife Marie de France ([1364[430]]-Barcelona 13 Jul 1431). She played an active political role at court after her marriage, which brought her into conflict with her father-in-law's fourth wife Sibilla de Fortià before her husband's accession. In the face of her husband's unwillingness or inability to act in the face of demands for reorganisation of the royal household and other administrative reforms from urban deputies in the Cortes which met at Monzón in Nov 1388, she made compromise proposals which averted the crisis. King Juan I & his first wife had five children:

a) Infante don JAIME de Aragón (Valencia 24 Jun 1374-Valencia 1374).

b) Infanta doña JUANA de Aragón (Daroca Oct 1375-Valencia Sep 1407). The 15th century Chronicle of Esquerrier records that "Mossen Mathieu" married "Madona Johana infanta de Arago, filha del rey En Johan"[431]. m (Barcelona 4 Jun 1392) MATHIEU Comte de Foix, Vicomte de Béarn et de Castelbon, son of ROGER BERNARD II Vicomte de Castelbon & his wife Gérarde Dame de Navailles (-Aug 1398). On the death of his father-in-law, he organised an invasion of Aragon to enforce his wife's claim to the throne but was repelled by Pere Conde de Urgel. No issue.

c) Infante don JUAN de Aragón (b and d Barcelona Jul 1376).

d) Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón (b and d 1377).

e) Infanta doña LEONOR de Aragón (b and d 1378).

King Juan I & his second wife had six children:

f) Infante don JAIME de Aragón (1382-1388). Duque de Gerona, Conde de Cervera 1387.

g) Infanta doña VIOLANTE de Aragón (1384[432]-Château de Tucé, Saumur 14 Nov 1443, bur Angers Cathédrale Saint-Maurice). Her marriage was part of the arrangements to settle Aragon's dispute with the house of Anjou over Sicily. She claimed to succeed her father 1396 as Queen of Aragon, supported by her mother, but the Cortes offered the crown to her uncle King Martin I. Lieutenant General in Provence 1410 during her husband's absence in Italy, she suppressed a rebellion there. She claimed the throne of Aragon again in 1410 on the death of her uncle in the name of her son Louis d'Anjou "Monsieur de Guise" titular Duca di Calabria. She bought the baronies of Lunel, Berre, Martigues and Istre from Louis de Poitiers Comte de Valentinois at Avignon 19 Sep 1419. At the French court 1424-1427/28, she actively supported the Dauphin, rallying support from the nobility. m (Arles-en-Provence 2 Dec 1400) LOUIS II Duc d'Anjou titular King of Sicily and Jerusalem, son of LOUIS I Duc d'Anjou King of Sicily & his wife Marie de Châtillon-Blois (Château d'Angers 5 Oct 1377-Château d'Angers 29 Apr 1417, bur Angers Cathédrale Saint-Maurice).

h) Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón ([1389]-Monzón Oct 1389). Duque de Gerona, Conde de Cervera.

i) Infanta doña JUANA de Aragón ([1392-Barcelona 4 Aug 1396).

j) Infanta doña ANTONIA de Aragón (b and d 1392).

k) Infante don PEDRO de Aragón ([1394]-1394). Duque de Gerona, Conde de Cervera.

6. Infante don MARTÍN de Aragón (Gerona 1356-Barcelona 31 May 1410). The testament of "Infantissa Johanna…Petri…Regis Aragonum filia, consorsque…domini Johannis comitis Impuriarum", dated 12 Aug 1384, appoints as her executors "Dominum Regem patrem nostrum…infantem Johannem ducem Gerunde et comitem Cervarie fratrem nostrum et…infantem Martinum fratrem nostrum…"[433]. Conde de Besalú. Seneschal of Catalonia 1368. His father installed him as Viceroy of Sicily in 1378, after unsuccessfully attempting to seize power from Queen Maria I. Created Duque de Montblanc by his brother. He led a Catalan fleet to Sicily in 1392 capturing Trapani and Palermo but failed to break the resistance until 1398 when he secured the island for his son and daughter-in-law. He succeeded his brother in 1396 as MARTÍN I "el Humano" King of Aragon, Valencia and Mallorca, MARTÍ I Conde de Barcelona, Gerona, Osona, Besalú, y Urgel, Comte de Roussillon & Cerdanya. After his absence in Sicily, he returned to Barcelona in May 1397. He annexed the county of Ampurias 1401 on the death of Juan II [de Aragón] Conde de Ampurias. He succeeded his son 1409 as King of Sicily. He failed to designate a successor after the death of his son. A two-year interregnum followed his death until a successor was chosen from among the five candidates[434]. m firstly (Barcelona 13 Jun 1372) doña MARÍA de Luna, daughter of don LOPE de Luna Señor de Luna & his wife Brianda d’Agoult (-Villareal 29 Dec 1406). On her husband's accession, she assumed power in Barcelona as Regent because of his absence in Sicily. Even after her husband's return, she continued politically active. m secondly (Bellreguart 17 Sep 1409) doña MARGARITA de Prades, daughter of don PEDRO de Prades [Aragón] Barón de Entenza & his wife doña Juana de Cabrera ([1395]-1422). King Martín & his first wife had four children:

a) Infante don MARTÍN de Aragón (25 Jul 1374-Cagliari 25 Jul 1409, bur Cagliari). Conde de Luna, Señor de Segorbe y Ejérica. Duke of Athens and Neopatrai 1391-1394. He succeeded in 1392 as MARTIN I "el Joven" King of Sicily, under the Regency of his father. After the death of his first wife, the legitimate heir to Sicily, there was no movement to replace Martin as King of Sicily. He led a major campaign in Sardinia in 1409, beating the rebels at Sanduri 30 Jun 1409, but died from malaria within a month. The testament of "Martinus…rex Sicilie Athenarum et Neopatrie dux…domini regis Aragonum primogenitus", dated 25 Jul 1409, names "filium nostrum don Fredericum natum ex…Tarsie muliere…Blanca consors nostra…filiam nostrum naturalem…Violanti… Agatuciam matrem dicte Violantis"[435]. m firstly (24 Jun 1389) his first cousin, MARIA I Queen of Sicily, daughter of FEDERIGO II “il Simplo” King of Sicily [Aragon] & his first wife Infanta doña Constanza de Aragón ([1362/63]-25 Mar 1401). Betrothed (1401) to Infanta doña JUANA de Navarra, daughter of don CARLOS III "el Noble" King of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (1382-Béarn Jul 1413). m secondly (by proxy Catania 21 May 1402) as her first husband, Infanta doña BLANCA de Navarra, daughter of don CARLOS III "el Noble" King of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Pamplona 1385-Santa María de Nieva 3 Apr 1441, bur Tudela, église des Cordeliers). The testament of "Martinus…rex Sicilie Athenarum et Neopatrie dux…domini regis Aragonum primogenitus", dated 25 Jul 1409, names "…Blanca consors nostra…"[436]. Declared Regent of Sicily by her father-in-law, after the death of her first husband. She was recognised as heiress to the throne of Navarre at Olite 28 Oct 1416. She succeeded her father in 1425 as BLANCA I Queen of Navarre, crowned with her second husband at Pamplona 15 May 1429. Charles VII King of France created her Dss de Nemours 15 Feb 1437. She married secondly (by treaty 5 Nov 1419, contract Olite 5 Dec 1419, Pamplona 18 Jun 1420) as his first wife, Infante don Juan de Aragón, who later proclaimed himself Juan II King of Navarre, by right of his wife, and succeeded in 1458 as Juan II King of Aragon. Mistress (1): AGATHE de Pesce, daughter of ---. The testament of "Martinus…rex Sicilie Athenarum et Neopatrie dux…domini regis Aragonum primogenitus", dated 25 Jul 1409, names "…filiam nostrum naturalem…Violanti… Agatuciam matrem dicte Violantis"[437]. Mistress (2): TARSIA Rizzari, daughter of ---. The testament of "Martinus…rex Sicilie Athenarum et Neopatrie dux…domini regis Aragonum primogenitus", dated 25 Jul 1409, names "filium nostrum don Fredericum natum ex…Tarsie muliere…"[438]. Martín & his first wife had one child:

i) Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (17 Nov 1394-1400).

Martín & his second wife had one child:

ii) Infante don MARTÍN de Aragón (1403-Valencia Aug 1407).

Martín had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

iii) doña VIOLANTE de Aragon (-before 1428). The testament of "Martinus…rex Sicilie Athenarum et Neopatrie dux…domini regis Aragonum primogenitus", dated 25 Jul 1409, names "…filiam nostrum naturalem…Violanti… Agatuciam matrem dicte Violantis"[439]. m firstly (1405) don ENRIQUE Pérez de Guzmán Conde de Niebla Señor de Sanlúcar de Barrameda, son of don JUAN Alfonso de Guzmán Conde de Niebla & his wife doña Beatriz de Castilla Señora de Niebla (-1436). m secondly don MARTÍN de Guzmán, son of don ÁLVARO de Guzmán 6^th Señor de Orgáz & his wife doña Beatriz de Silva.

Martín had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

iv) don FADRIQUE de Aragón ([1400/03]-Urena 29 May 1438). The testament of "Martinus…rex Sicilie Athenarum et Neopatrie dux…domini regis Aragonum primogenitus", dated 25 Jul 1409, names "filium nostrum don Fredericum natum ex…Tarsie muliere…"[440]. Conde de Luna y Ejérica, Señor de Segorbe. He was one of the five candidates for the throne of Aragon in 1410 on the death of King don Martín I "el Humano". m doña VIOLANTE LUISA de Mur, daughter of ---.

b) Infante don JAIME de Aragón ([1378]-young).

c) Infante don JUAN de Aragón ([1380]-young).

d) Infanta doña MARGARITA de Aragón (1384/8-young).

7. Infanta doña LEONOR de Aragón (Santa María del Puig 20 Feb 1358-Cuellar 13 Sep 1382, bur Toledo Cathedral). Her marriage was arranged as part of the arrangements for peace with Castile agreed at Almazán 12 Apr 1374 and at Lérida 10 May 1375. She died in childbirth. m (Soria 18 Jun 1375) as his first wife, Infante don JUAN de Castilla, son of don ENRIQUE II "él de las Mercedes" King of Castile & his wife doña Juana Manuel de Castilla Señora de Villena, Peñafiel y Escalona (Epila 24 Aug 1358-Alcalá de Henares 9 Oct 1390, bur Toledo Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1379 as don JUAN I King of Castile and León. King Juan & his wife had three children:

a) Infante don ENRIQUE de Castilla y León (Burgos 4 Oct 1379-Toledo 25 Dec 1406, bur Toledo Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1390 as ENRIQUE III "el Doliente" King of Castile and León.

- KINGS of CASTILE.

b) Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla y León (Medina del Campo 27 Nov 1380-Igualada, near Barcelona 22 Apr 1416). Duque de Peñafiel, Señor de Lara. Regent of Castile for his nephew Juan II King of Castile in 1406. Following the death in 1410 of Martin I "el Humano", last King of Aragon of the House of the counts of Barcelona, Infante don Fernando was one of the five candidates for the throne of Aragon. He became the preferred successor, and under the Compromise of Caspe 25 Jun 1412 was chosen as FERNANDO I "él de Antequera" King of Aragon, Sicily, Mallorca and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona, Urgel, Cerdanya and Roussillon, and crowned at Zaragoza Jan 1414.

- see below, Chapter 5. KINGS of ARAGON (House of Trastámara).

c) Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla y León (Cuellar 13 Sep 1382-young).

8. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón (Barcelona [May/Jun] 1362-Montblanc 1364).

King Pedro IV & his fourth wife had three children:

9. Infante don ALFONSO de Aragón ([1376]-young). Legitimated 1377. Conde de Morella.

10. Infante don PEDRO de Aragón (b and d Apr 1379).

11. Infanta doña ISABEL de Aragón ([1380]-1424). m (Valencia 29 Jul 1407) don JAIME de Urgel, son of don PEDRO de Aragón Conde de Urgel & his second wife Margherita di Monferrato (Balaguer, Lérida 1380-Játiva 1 Jun 1433). He succeeded his father in 1408 as don JAIME II Conde de Urgel. He was one of the five candidates for the throne of Aragon in 1410 on the death of King Martín I "el Humano", being the most senior legitimate male heir, and was supported by the Vilaragut family of Valencia and by the Luna family.

B. KINGS of MALLORCA 1276-1343

JAIME II 1276-1311, SANCHO 1311-1324

Infante don JAIME de Aragón, son of don JAIME I "el Conquistador" King of Aragon & his second wife Iolanda of Hungary (Montpellier 31 May 1243-Palma de Mallorca 29 May 1311). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Pedro, Jayme et Sancho" as the three sons of King Jaime and his second wife[441]. The Chronicle of the Hôtel de Ville de Montpellier records the birth in 1243 "in vigilia Pentecosti" of "D. rex Jacobus et regina eius uxor...Jacobus filius" in Montpellier[442]. Under the projected partition of 1244, don Jaime [Jaume] would receive the Balearic Islands, Valencia, and Montpellier. Under the further projected partition of 1262, Jaume would receive the Balearic Islands, Montpellier, Roussillon and Cerdaña. Under the testament of "Jacobus…Rex Aragoniæ, Majoricarum et Valenciæ, Comes Barchinonæ et Urgelli, et Dominus Montispessulani", dated 26 Aug 1272, the king made bequests to "filius noster Infans Jacobus…"[443]. He succeeded his father in 1276 as don JAIME II King of Mallorca, Comte de Roussillon, Conde de Cerdanya, Sire de Montpellier, Barón de Ompelas, but his older brother don Pedro III King of Aragon reopened the issue, with don Jaime being obliged to pay homage to him 20 Jan 1279. In order to strengthen his position, King Jaime supported the French in their war against his brother Pedro, following the latter’s invasion of Sicily. He was deposed in Mallorca in 1286 by his nephew don Alfonso III King of Aragon, but restored by the Treaty of Anagni 20 Jun 1295, although as a vassal of the King of Aragon.

Betrothed (contract broken before 11 Aug 1266) to BEATRIX de Savoie, daughter of AMEDEE IV Comte de Savoie & his second wife Cécile des Baux ([1245]-23 Feb 1292). Pope Clement IV wrote 11 Aug 1266 to "Jacobo…filii…Regis Aragonum" requiring him to comply with the marriage contract with "filiam B. natam bonæ memoriæ Comitis Sabaudiæ"[444]. Although this document does not name the Comte de Savoie in question, Comte Amé dée IV was the only one who was recently deceased ("bonæ memoriæ") at the date of the letter. If this is correct, the betrothed must have been his daughter Beatrix, the only one whose name began with the letter b.

m (contract 1 Sep 1275, 12 Oct 1275) ESCLARMONDE de Foix, daughter of ROGER IV Comte de Foix Vicomte de Castelbon & his wife doña Brunisenda Folch de Cardona (-after 22 Nov 1299). The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records the marriage of "l´ infant Jacques" and "la fille du comte de Foix", adding that the bride was aged 14[445]. "Gaufridus Vicecomes de Rocabertino" signed a contract dated 1 Sep 1275, in the presence of "domini Rogerii Bernardi…Comitis Fuxensis et Vicecomitis Castriboni et dominæ Brunissendis…Comitissæ Fuxensis matris eiusdem domini Comitis, necnon et dominæ Esclarmundæ sororis dicti domini Comitis et filiæ dictæ dominæ Comitissæ", as proxy for "domini Infantis Jacobi filii…domini Regis Arag." for the latter's marriage with Esclarmonde, the document naming her father "Rogerii quondam Comitis Fuxensis"[446]. A charter dated 15 Oct 1275 notes the marriage between "domina Sclarmunda filia quondam domini Rogerii…Comitis Fuxensis et Vicecomitis Castri-boni" and "dominum infantem Jacobum…Regis Aragonum filium, heredem Majoricarum, Montispessulani, Rossilionis, Ceritaniæ et Confluentis", also naming "fratis nostri domini Rogerii Bernardi…Comitis Fuxensis et Vicecomitis Castri-boni et dominiæ Brunissendis matris nostræ Comitissæ Fuxensis et Vicecomitissæ Castri-boni"[447]. The testament of "Sclarmunda…regina Majoricæ" dated 24 Mar 1312 provides bequests to "Infanti Ferrando…nostro…filio…fratri Jacobo de Ordine Fratrum Minorum…nostro…filio…Dominum Sancium Regem Majoricæ filium nostrum…Sanciæ…Reginæ Siciliæ…filiæ nostræ…Philippo Thesaurario sancti Martini Turonensis…nostro…filio"[448].

Mistress (1): ---. Rüdt-Collenberg suggests that the mother of doña Saura de Mallorca may have been Saura de Monreal[449].

King Jaime & his wife had six children:

1. Infante don JAIME de Mallorca ([1274]-[1330]). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el otro…Don Sancho…et el otro Don Ferrando et el quarto…Don Phelip" as the four sons of Jaime King of Mallorca, stating that Jaime renounced the throne during the lifetime of his father to enter "la Orden de los frayres Menores"[450]. He renounced his rights of succession to the kingdom of Mallorca in 1299 and became a Franciscan monk. The testament of "Sclarmunda…regina Majoricæ" dated 24 Mar 1312 provides bequests to "…fratri Jacobo de Ordine Fratrum Minorum…nostro…filio…"[451]. Betrothed to CATHERINE de Courtenay, daughter of PHILIPPE de Courtenay titular Emperor of Constantinople & his wife Beatrice of Sicily (1274-Paris 11 Oct 1307 or 2 Jan 1308, bur Paris). She later married Charles de France Comte de Valois.

2. Infante don SANCHO de Mallorca ([1276]-Formigueras 4 Sep 1324). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el otro…Don Sancho…et el otro Don Ferrando et el quarto…Don Phelip" as the four sons of Jaime King of Mallorca, stating that Sancho succeeded his father[452]. The testament of "Sclarmunda…regina Majoricæ" dated 24 Mar 1312 provides bequests to "…Dominum Sancium Regem Majoricæ filium nostrum…"[453]. He succeeded his father in 1311 as SANCHO I King of Mallorca, Comte de Roussillon et de Cerdagne/Cerdaña. He did homage to his cousin don Jaime II King of Aragon in 1321, confirming Aragon’s suzerainty over Mallorca. m (by proxy 9 Feb 1304 in person 1309) as her first husband, MARIE of Sicily, daughter of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary (1290-[end Apr 1346/Jan 1347]). She married secondly (1326) don Jaime III de Ejérica [Aragón] Barón de Ejérica (-1335). Mistress (1): doña BLANCA de Montreal, daughter of ---. Mistress (2): doña SANCHA de Puigbach, daughter of don GUILLEM de Puigbach de San Felíu de Torelló & his wife ---. King Sancho had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

a) doña NICOLESA. m don BERENGUER Burguet, son of ---.

King Sancho had two illegitimate children by Mistress (2):

b) daughter. Rüdt-Collenberg states that don Sancho King of Mallorca had three illegitimate daughters, married respectively to Galcerán de Pinos, Gilabert de Cruïlles and Pierre de Talarn[454]. m firstly don GALCERÁN de Pinos, son of [GALCERAN de Pinos & his wife Berengaria de Moncada]. m secondly (before 1322) [as his first wife[455]], GILABERT de Cruïlles Barón de Peratalada, son of --- (-1348).

c) daughter. Rüdt-Collenberg states that don Sancho King of Mallorca had three illegitimate daughters, married respectively to Galcerán de Pinos, Gilabert de Cruïlles and Pierre de Talarn[456]. m PIERRE de Talarn, son of ---. Chevalier.

3. Infante don FERNANDO de Mallorca (Perpignan 1278-beheaded Manolada, Peloponnesos [Jul/19 Oct] 1316). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el otro…Don Sancho…et el otro Don Ferrando et el quarto…Don Phelip" as the four sons of Jaime King of Mallorca[457]. The testament of "Sclarmunda…regina Majoricæ" dated 24 Mar 1312 provides bequests to "Infanti Ferrando…nostro…filio…"[458]. He was appointed leader of the Catalan Grand Company[459]. In [1306], he was captured at Halmyros, Thessaly by Thibaut de Cepoy, and imprisoned in the castle of St Omer by Guy II Duke of Athens, later sent to Naples and after another year in prison was released and returned to Mallorca[460]. He claimed the Principality of Achaia, on behalf of his infant son by his first marriage, and landed near Glarentza in Morea in summer 1315. He captured the castle of Beauvoir [Pontikokastro] and the plain of Elis, adopting the title "Lord of the Morea" in Jul 1315[461]. He was defeated by his rival Louis de Bourgogne at Manolada 5 Jul 1316, and beheaded after the battle[462]. m firstly (Messina Feb 1314) ISABELLE de Sabran, daughter of ISNARD de Sabran & his wife Marguerite de Villehardouin of Achaia (1297-Catania 7 May 1315). The charter dated Feb 1313 between "Ferrandi Infantis, filii…quondam domini Regis Jacobi Regis Majoricarum bonæ memoriæ" and "dominæ Margaritæ filiæ quondam domini Guillelmi Ackay Principis dominæ Matagriffoni" provides for the marriage of the former with "dominam Isabellam eiusdem dominæ Margaritæ et dicti quondam domini Guillelmi filiam"[463]. Her marriage was arranged by her mother to obtain the support of the Catalans for her claim to the principality of Achaia and encouraged by Federigo I King of Sicily [Aragon] in order to increase his influence in Greece. Her dowry was the barony of Akova [Matagrifon] and her mother's "fifth part" of the principality of Achaia[464]. Isabelle died from the after-effects of childbirth, after bequeathing her rights to Achaia to her new-born son[465]. m secondly (contract Nicosia 15 Oct 1315, by proxy 15 Oct 1315, in person in Morea 7 Jun 1316[466]) as her first husband, ISABELLE Ibelin, daughter of PHILIPPE Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus & his second wife Marie de Giblet (1300-after 1342). The Chronicle of Amadi records the betrothal 5 Oct, in 1315 from the context, of "la figlia del sinescardo de Cypro, messer Philippo de Iblim" and "il don Ferante, l'infante de Maiorca", and their marriage the following 7 Jun[467]. The contract of marriage between "infantis Ferrandi…domini Jacobi…regis Majoricarum filii, Moree, baronie Montispessulani et civitatis Cathanie domini" and "domincellam Isabellam filiam…domini Philippi de Ibelino, senescali regni Cypri" was dated 5 Oct 1315[468]. She returned to Cyprus after the death of her husband[469]. She was accused of sorcery by Hugues IV King of Cyprus during his bitter row with his son-in-law don Fernando de Mallorca. She married secondly Hugues Ibelin titular Count of Jaffa. Fernando & his first wife had one child:

a) Infante don JAIME de Mallorca (Catania 15 Apr 1315-killed in battle Lluchmayor 25 Oct 1349). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Sancho King of Mallorca left his kingdom to "Don Jayme fillo de su hermano Don Ferrando qui murió en Grecia"[470]. He succeeded his uncle in 1324 as don JAIME III King of Mallorca.

- see below.

Fernando & his second wife had one child:

b) Infante don FERNANDO de Mallorca (posthumously Cyprus 5 May 1317-Omélas [1343/47]). Vicomte d'Omélas. A bitter dispute erupted between him and his father-in-law, who accused the mother of Infante don Fernando of sorcery. Fernando was expelled from Cyprus in 1341, seeking refuge in Omélas near Montpellier, while his wife was forcibly detained in Cyprus[471]. m ([5 Mar 1337/15 Mar 1338], separated 1341) ESCHIVA of Cyprus, daughter of HUGUES IV King of Cyprus [Lusignan-Poitou] & his second wife Alice d'Ibelin (-in Cyprus [Mar] 1363). The Lignages d'Outremer name (in order) "Civa, Isabella e Marietta" as the three daughters of "Hugo, figliolo de Guido de Lusignan…re de Gerusalem e Cypro" and his second wife, stating that "Civa" married "Ferrando de Maiorca"[472]. "Sancie reine de Hierusalem et de Sicile" donated 50,000 gold florins to "Fernand de Majorques Vicomte d'Omelas, frère du roy de Majorque" by a document dated 15 Mar 1338, which states that he had recently married "Ecive, fille du roi de Cipre" whom she had brought up in her house[473]. She was imprisoned by her father in 1341, during the latter's dispute with her husband. The Chronicle of Amadi records the arrival of plague in Cyprus in early March, in 1363 from the context, and the death of "madama Eschiva, figliola del re Hugo"[474]. Fernando & his wife had one child:

i) doña ALICIA de Mallorca ([1341]-after 1376). The Lignages d'Outremer name "Alisia" as the daughter of "Ferrando de Maiorca" & his wife[475]. She was obliged to remain in Cyprus in 1358 when her husband was banished[476]. She became the mistress of Jean de Moustry, Grand Admiral of Cyprus, in 1370[477]. m (Papal dispensation 26 Jul 1355) as his second wife, PHILIPPE Ibelin, son of BALIAN Ibelin titular Lord of Arsur & his wife Marguerite d'Ibelin (-in prison Genoa [Apr 1374/Mar 1376]). He murdered Pierre I King of Cyprus in 1369, after which he became Seneschal of Cyprus. He was imprisoned in 1373 and sent to Genoa.

Fernando had four illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

c) don SANCHO de Mallorca. m LAURA de Rosellón, daughter of FERRER de Rosellón & his wife ---. Sancho & his wife had two children:

i) doña CONSTANZA (-after 1407). m don BERENGUER de Vilaragut, Vizconde de Subirata.

ii) doña ESCLARAMUNDA (-1371). m don ARTAL de Foces, châtelain de Cabrera.

d) don FERNANDO de Mallorca.

e) don PAGANO de Mallorca (-killed in battle Lluchmayor 25 Oct 1349). m doña BLANCA de Salellas, daughter of ---.

f) doña ESCLARAMUNDA de Mallorca. Nun at St Clara, Perpignan.

4. Infanta doña ISABEL de Mallorca ([1280]-Alicante after 10 Oct 1301 or Escalona Dec 1301). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Isabel…la otra Sancha" as the two daughters of Jaime King of Mallorca, stating that Isabel was the wife of "Don Johan Manuel"[478]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the marriage in Jan 1300 of “Dns Joannes” and “Infantissa Dna Elisabeth filia Regis Majoricarum, in Requena”[479]. The Chronicon Domini Joannis Emmanuelis records the death in Dec 1301 of “Dna Infantissa in Escalona”[480]. m (contract Perpignan 21 Nov 1299, Requena Jan 1300) as his first wife, don JUAN Manuel de Castilla "el Scritor" Señor de Villena, Escalona y Peñafiel, son of Infante don MANUEL de Castilla Señor de Villena y Escalona & his second wife Béatrice de Savoie (Escalona 5 May 1282-Córdoba 13 Jun 1348, bur Peñafiel, monastery of San Pablo).

5. Infanta doña SANCHA de Mallorca ([1285]-convent of Santa Maria della Croce, Naples 28 Jul 1345, bur convent of Santa Maria della Croce, transferred to Santa Chiara, Naples). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "la primera…Isabel…la otra Sancha" as the two daughters of Jaime King of Mallorca, stating that Sancha was the wife "del rey Rubert"[481]. The testament of "Sclarmunda…regina Majoricæ" dated 24 Mar 1312 provides bequests to "…Sanciæ…Reginæ Siciliæ…filiæ nostræ…"[482]. Her husband gave her the Lordships of Potenza, Venosa, Lanciano, Alessa and San Angelo 2 Aug 1311. She was named regent for her husband’s granddaughter Queen Jeanne I, under the will of her husband, but forced to flee the court and became a nun at the convent of Santa Maria della Croce, Naples. m (by proxy Perpignan 17 Jun 1304 in person Chapelle des Hospitaliers, Palais royal de Collioure, Pyrénées-Orientales 20 Sep 1304) as his second wife, ROBERT of Sicily Duca di Calabria, Principe di Salerno, son of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary (Royal Palace of the Torre de San Erasmo, near Capua 1278-Château-Neuf, Naples 16/20 Jan 1344, bur Naples Santa Chiara). He succeeded his father in 1309 as ROBERT I "le Bon" King of Sicily.

6. Infante don FELIPE de Mallorca ([1288]-Naples [1340/43]). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el otro…Don Sancho…et el otro Don Ferrando et el quarto…Don Phelip" as the four sons of Jaime King of Mallorca, stating that Felipe "fué santo hombre et murió deuotamente estando freyre Menor"[483]. The testament of "Sclarmunda…regina Majoricæ" dated 24 Mar 1312 provides bequests to "…Philippo Thesaurario sancti Martini Turonensis…nostro…filio"[484]. Canon at Elna. Archdeacon at Conflent. Abbot of St Paul, Narbonne. Regent of Mallorca 1324-1329.

King Jaime had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

7. doña SAURA de Mallorca (-1333). The contract of marriage between "Saura", with the consent of "Jacobi…Regis Majoricarum, Comitis Rossilionis et Ceritaniæ et domini Montispessulani patris mei", and "nobilem virum Petrum Gaucerandi de Pinosio, filium et heredem nobilis viri Gaucerandi de Pinosio quondam", with the consent of "dominæ Berengeriæ matris meæ uxoris dicti patris mei quondam, et Domini fratris Guillelmi…Urgellitani Episcopi avunculi mei" is dated 10 Oct 1299[485]. m firstly (contract 10 Oct 1299) PERE [I] de Pinos, son of GALCERÁN de Pinos & his wife Berengaria de Moncada (-before 2 Feb 1312). m secondly (betrothed Jun 1313, [1315/16], papal dispensation 4^o 11 Nov 1319) as his second wife, don BERENGUER de Vilaragut Señor de Sanmartí y Subirats, son of --- (-after 1358).

JAIME III 1324-1343

Infante don JAIME de Mallorca, son of Infante don FERNANDO de Mallorca, Prince of Achaia & his first wife Isabelle de Sabran (Catania 15 Apr 1315-killed in battle Lluchmayor 25 Oct 1349). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña records that Sancho King of Mallorca left his kingdom to "Don Jayme fillo de su hermano Don Ferrando qui murió en Grecia"[486]. He succeeded his uncle in 1324 as don JAIME III King of Mallorca, Comte de Roussillon, Conde de Cerdanya, Sire de Montpellier, Barón de Ompelas. His succession was at first not recognised by don Jaime II King of Aragon. He claimed the principality of Achaia, based on the dubious rights inherited from his mother, called himself Prince of Achaia but did nothing to press his claim[487]. After reluctantly swearing allegiance to his brother-in-law Pedro IV King of Aragon in 1339, King Jaime III allied himself with Abu al-Hassan Sultan of Morocco during the latter's invasion 1340. King Jaime III also disputed French suzerainty over Montpellier, antagonising Philippe VI King of France, who threatened to attack. Calling on Pedro IV's help, Jaime III refused Pedro's summons to attend a Cort in Barcelona. Declaring Mallorca, Roussillon and Cerdanya confiscated in Feb 1343, Pedro IV King of Aragon annexed these territories 29 Mar 1343 and invaded Mallorca in May. King Jaime III surrendered to King Pedro in 1344, was imprisoned but subsequently escaped. Having retained Montpellier (for which he was still vassal of the King of France), he sold the town to France in 1349 for 12,000 gold talaris. With the proceeds of sale, he financed an attack on Mallorca but was killed in battle and his wife and children captured by the Aragonese[488].

m firstly (Perpignan 24 Sep 1336) Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Aragón, daughter of don ALFONSO IV King of Aragon & his first wife doña Teresa de Entenza Condesa de Urgel ([1318]-Montpellier 1346). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "Costancia" as the daughter of Alfonso IV King of Aragon and his wife Teresa, stating that she was the wife "del rey Don Jayme de Mallorquas"[489].

m secondly (contract 10 Nov 1347) as her first husband, VIOLANTE de Vilaragut, daughter of BERENGUER de Vilaragut & his second wife doña Saura de Mallorca (-before 1372). She was captured by don Pedro IV King of Aragon after the battle in which her husband was killed, and confined to the convent of the Clarissans at Valencia with her stepdaughter[490]. She was released, or escaped, in 1352. She married secondly (1352) as his first wife, Otto Herzog von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, the marriage being arranged by Jean II King of France, her new husband's friend, who also gave her the town of Omélas as her dowry[491]. She lived at Casale with her second husband, at the court of Giovanni II Paleologo Marchese di Monferrato, who married her stepdaughter. She lost Omélas in 1362.

King Jaime III & his first wife had two children:

1. Infante don JAIME de Mallorca (24 Aug 1336-Soria Feb 1375, bur Soria Monastery of San Francisco). He succeeded his father in 1349 as don JAIME IV titular King of Mallorca. He was captured with his sister and stepmother after the battle in which his father was killed, and imprisoned for 14 years by his uncle don Pedro IV King of Aragon in an iron cage, an experience which left him mentally deranged[492]. He escaped in May 1362 and fled to Pope Urban V at Avignon, where his marriage was arranged. Excluded from any role in the Government of Naples by his marriage contract, he left Naples for Spain end-Jan 1366 and made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Mallorca. He was captured by don Enrique II King of Castile, who transferred him to Du Guesclin who held him captive in Montpellier, from where he was ransomed by his wife in 1370. He failed in an attempt to recapture Roussillon and Cerdanya in 1375, and fled to Castile where he died shortly after. m (by proxy Naples 14 Dec 1362 in person Château-Neuf May 1363) as her third husband, JEANNE I Queen of Sicily, daughter of CHARLES of Sicily Duca di Calabria [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Marie de Valois (Naples [1328]-strangled Castello San Fele/Muro, Basilicate 22 May 1382, bur Naples Santa Chiara).

2. Infanta doña ISABEL de Mallorca (1337-Château de Gallargues after 1403). The Chronicon of Pietro Azario records that "Johannes Marchio Montis-ferrati" married secondly "nepta…Regis Aragonum, filiæ…Regis Majoricarum"[493]. She was "una donna de statura gigantesca"[494]. She was captured with her brother and stepmother by don Pedro IV King of Aragon after the battle in which her father was killed, and confined to the convent of the Clarissans at Valencia with her stepmother. She was freed in 1358/59, thanks to the efforts of her stepmother[495], on condition of renouncing her rights to Mallorca[496]. Her marriage was arranged by her stepmother, who was then living at the court of Monferrato. After the death of her husband, she supported her brother in his military enterprises, succeeding him in 1375 as doña ISABEL titular Queen of Mallorca[497]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio quotes a charter dated 27 Jan 1376 under which "Princeps D. Otto Dux Brunsvicensis Gubernator et administrator ac tutor…D. Secundiottonis Marchionis Montis ferrati necnon Joannis, Theodori et Guilielmi fratrum ipsius D. Marchionis" settled matters relating to the testament of Marchese Giovanni II, naming "D. Elisabeth filia quondam D. Jacobis Regis Majoricarum uxor ipsius D. Marchionis"[498]. She sold her rights to Mallorca, Cerdanya, the principality of Achaia and the lordship of Klarentza to Louis Duc d'Anjou in 1378/79, in exchange for the Châtellenie de Gaillargues and an annual pension[499]. m firstly (Montpellier 1358) as his second wife, GIOVANNI II Marchese di Monferrato, son of TEODORO I Paleologo Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Argentina Spinola (-20 Mar 1372). m secondly (in secret [1375/76], separated) KONRAD von Reischach zu Jungnau, son of --- (-[1417/before 16 Jan 1418]).

King Jaime III & his second wife had one child:

3. Infanta doña ESCLARAMUNDA de Mallorca (1348-1349).

King Jaime III had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

4. don JUAN de Mallorca ([1335]-after 1374). m doña CONSTANZA de Eslava, daughter of ---.

5. doña CONSTANZA de Mallorca ([1337]-). m don JUAN ALFONSO de Lloria [Lauria], illegitimate son of don ALFONSO de Lauria Señor de Cocentaina [Ejérica-Aragón] & his wife doña Teresa del Puerto ([1330]-after 1369).

C. CONDES de PRADES 1341-[1441], MARQUESES de VILLENA 1366-1434, DUQUES de GANDÍA1399-1425

Infante don PEDRO de Aragón, son of don JAIME II King of Aragon & his second wife Blanche of Sicily (1305-Pisa 4 Nov 1381). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero…Don Jayme…el secundo Don Alfonso…el tercero Don Johan…el quarto Don Pedro…el quinto Don Ramon Berenguer" as the five sons of King Jaime II and his wife Blanca, stating that Pedro was "conte de Ribagorça et de Ampurias" but later exchanged Ampurias for Prades with his brother Ramón Berenguer[500]. Conde de Ribagorza y Ampurias 1323-1341. Conde de Prades, Señor de Denia y Gandía 1341-1381. Seneschal of Catalonia.

Betrothed to BEATRIZ de la Cerda, daughter of don JUAN Alfonso de la Cerda, Señor de Gibraleón & his first wife dona Maria de Portugal (in Portugal [1311]-early 1325).

m (Castellón de Ampurias May 1331) JEANNE de Foix, daughter of GASTON I Comte de Foix & his wife Jeanne d'Artois [Capet] (-1357/58). Pedro & his wife had three children:

1. don ALFONSO de Aragón "el Viejo" ([1332]-Gandía 5 Mar 1412, bur Gandía). Conde de Denia 1355. Created 1^st Marqués de Villena [in Castile] 1366, confirmed 1382. Created 1^st Duque de Gandía 1399. He was one of the five candidates for the throne of Aragon in 1410 on the death of King Martín I "el Humano".

- see below, Part D. MARQUESES de VILLENA 1366-1434, DUQUES de GANDÍA 1399-1425.

2. doña LEONOR de Aragón ([1333]-Barcelona 26 Dec 1417). The Chronicle of Amadi records that "re Piero…et…la regina Alis de Catalognia sua moglie" were crowned king and queen of Jerusalem at Famagusta after the death of his father[501]. According to the Chronicle of Amadi, the was in love with "messer Joan de Morpho conte de Rochas"[502]. The Chronicle of Amadi records that "la regina Lionora" wrote many letters to the Pope complaining of the conduct of the Cypriot nobles[503]. Her parentage is confirmed by a later passage in the Chronicle of Amadi which records that the father of the queen "fra Piero di Aragona" presented letters to the Pope at Avignon from his daughter which complained of the part played by Cypriot nobles in the murder of her husband[504]. Co-regent of Cyprus 1369-1379 during the minority of her son Pierre II King of Cyprus, with her two brothers-in-law Jean and Jacques de Lusignan. Motivated by hatred of her co-regents, in 1373 she conspired with the Genoese to capture the fortress of Satalia, the base of her brothers-in-law, but the latter abandoned the fortress to the Turks. The Genoese destroyed the Cypriot fleet in revenge, captured Famagusta and Nicosia, and imprisoned Jacques de Lusignan. She ordered the murder of her other co-regent, and acted as sole regent from 1375. The Chronicle of Amadi records that "la regina Lionora" was expelled by her daughter-in-law and sent back to Aragon, dated to after 1378 from the context[505]. m (Sep 1353) as his second wife, PIERRE of Cyprus Titular Count of Tripoli, son of HUGUES IV King of Cyprus & his second wife Alice d'Ibelin (9 Oct 1328-murdered 16 Jan 1369). He succeeded his father in 1359 as PIERRE I King of Cyprus.

3. don JUAN de Aragón ([1335]-1414). He succeeded his father in 1381 as Conde de Prades, Barón de Entenza. Seneschal of Catalonia.

- see below.

don JUAN de Aragón, son of Infante don PEDRO de Aragón Conde de Prades & his wife Jeanne de Foix ([1335]-1414). He succeeded his father in 1381 as Conde de Prades, Barón de Entenza. Seneschal of Catalonia.

m doña SANCHA Ximénez de Arenós, daughter of don GONZALO Ximénez & his wife doña Timbor de Bellpuig.

Juan & his wife had five children:

1. don PEDRO de Prades (1352-Sicily 1395). Barón de Entenza. m (1385) doña JUANA de Cabrera, daughter of don BERNARDO [III] de Cabrera Vizconde de Cabrera y Bas & his wife Marguerite de Foix (-18 Sep 1419). Pedro & his wife had five children:

a) doña LEONOR de Prades (-after 1422). m don FRANCISCO de Villanova.

b) doña ISABEL de Prades (-1403).

c) doña JUANA de Prades ([1392]-[1441/45]). She succeeded her father in 1414 as Condesa de Prades, Baronesa de Entenza, Señora de Arenós. Vizcondesa de Villamur. m ([1414]) don JUAN RAMÓN Folch de Cardona y Aragón, son of don JUAN RAMÓN Folch de Cardona y Luna 2^nd Conde de Cardona & his wife doña Juana de Aragón (1400-1471). He succeeded his father in 1442 as 3^rd Conde de Cardona.

d) doña MARGARITA de Prades ([1395]-1422). m (Bellreguart 17 Sep 1409) as his second wife, don MARTÍN I "el Humano" King of Aragon, son of don PEDRO IV "el Ceremonioso" King of Aragon & his third wife Eleonora of Sicily [Aragón] (Gerona 1356-Barcelona 31 May 1410). No issue.

e) doña TIMBOR de Prades (-after 1408).

2. doña CONSTANZA de Prades (-young).

3. doña LEONOR de Prades (-after 1424).

4. doña TIMBOR de Prades ([1370]-before 1425). m (1385) as his first wife, don BERNARDO [IV] de Cabrera Vizconde de Cabrera y Bas 2^nd Conde de Módica, son of don BERNARDO [III] de Cabrera Vizconde de Cabrera y Bas 1^st Conde de Módica & his wife Marguerite de Foix (10 Aug 1352-Sep 1423).

5. don JAIME de Prades ([1375]-25 Aug 1408). Barón de Cáccamo y Esclafani, Señor de Jurtino. Constable of Sicily. m firstly doña JUANA de Moncada, daughter of don MATEO de Moncada Conte d'Aderno ed Agosta [Viceroy of Sicily] & his wife doña Juana de Peralta Saluzzo (-after 1391). m secondly ([1393]) his first cousin, doña LEONOR [Violante] de Aragón, daughter of don ALFONSO de Aragón 1^st Marqués de Villena & his wife doña Violante Jiménez de Arenós. Jaime & his first wife had two children:

a) doña ISABEL de Prades. m don FRANCISCO di Ventimiglia Comte di Collesano.

b) doña AGATA de Prades. m don GIOVANNI de Ventimiglia Marchese di Gerace.

Jaime & his second wife had one child:

c) doña VIOLANTE de Prades ([1395]-Barcelona 18 Feb 1471). She succeeded her father in 1408 as Baronesa de Cáccamo, Accamo y Esclafani, Señora de Jurtino. m (Blanes [1409/19]) don BERNARDO [V] de Cabrera Vizconde de Cabrera y Bas Conde de Módica y Osona, son of don BERNARDO [IV] de Cabrera Vizconde de Cabrera y Bas Conde de Módica y Osona & his first wife doña Timbor de Prades [Aragón] (-14 May 1466).

6. don LUIS de Prades (-1429). Bishop of Mallorca and Tortosa.

D. MARQUESES de VILLENA 1366-1434, DUQUES de GANDÍA1399-1425

don ALFONSO de Aragón "el Viejo", son of Infante don PEDRO de Aragón Conde de Prades & his wife Jeanne de Foix ([1332]-Gandía 5 Mar 1412, bur Gandía). Conde de Denia 1355. Conde de Ribagorza 1358. Don Enrique de Trastámara granted him the lands previously held by Don Juan Manuel "el Scritor" de Castilla in April 1366, in return for his support, creating him Señor de Villena. This was ratified in 1369 on don Enrique's accession as King of Castile. He succeeded his father 1381 as Señor de Denia. Created 1^st Marqués de Villena [in Castile] 1366, confirmed 1382, although he presumably resigned this title in favour of his son Pedro before 1385. Condestable of Castile 6 Jul 1382 to 1391. Created 1^st Duque de Gandía 1399. One of the five candidates for the throne of Aragon in 1410 on the death of King Martín I "el Humano".

m (1355) doña VIOLANTE Jiménez Señora de la baronía de Arenós, daughter of don GONZALO Díaz Señor de la baronía de Arenós & his wife doña María Cornel.

Alfonso & his wife had five children:

1. don JUAN de Aragón (-young).

2. don JAIME de Aragón. Señor de la baronía de Arenós.

3. don ALFONSO de Aragón "el Joven" (after 1358-29 Nov 1425). He succeeded his father in 1412 as 2^nd Duque de Gandía, Conde de Denia y Ribagorza, Barón de Arenós, and also as one of the candidates for the throne of Aragon. m firstly (Tudela 20 Jan 1393) Infanta doña MARÍA de Navarra, daughter of don CARLOS II "el Malo" King of Navarre & his wife Jeanne de France (Puente la Reina [1355]-after 1420). Carlos II King of Navarre committed a dowry of "30.000 florines de oro" to his daughter María for her marriage by contract dated 25 Nov 1396[506]. The date of the marriage is not known. m secondly (after 1420) doña ALDONZA March y Vilarig, daughter of mosén don JUAN March & his wife doña Violante Vilarig. Alfonso had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

a) don JAIME de Aragón (-in jail in Játiva 1465). m ---, daughter of don BERNAT de Vilaragut. Jaime & his wife had four children:

i) don JAIME de Aragón (-executed Barcelona 1477).

ii) don JUAN de Aragón.

iii) don PEDRO de Aragón.

iv) doña --- de Aragón. m ANTONIO Navarra.

4. doña BLANCA de Aragón (-young).

5. don PEDRO de Aragón ([1362]-killed in battle Aljubarrota 15 Aug 1385). He succeeded his father [before 1385] as 2^nd Marqués de Villena. m (1378) doña JUANA de Castilla, illegitimate daughter of don ENRIQUE II "él de las Mercedes" King of Castile & his mistress doña Elvira Iñíguez de la Vega ([1357]-). Pedro & his wife had two children:

a) don ENRIQUE de Villena "el Astrólogo" (1378-Madrid 15 Dec 1434). He succeeded his father in 1385 as 3^rd Marqués de Villena. He was the last legitimate male descendant of the Kings of Aragon, House of Counts of Barcelona. m (before 1403) doña MARÍA de Albórnoz Señora de Albórnoz Torralba y Moya, daughter of don JUAN de Albórnoz Señor de Albórnoz Torralba y Moya & his wife doña Constanza de Castilla. Enrique & his wife had two children:

i) doña BEATRIZ de Villena.

ii) doña ISABEL [Leonor] de Villena (-1490). Abbess at la Trinidad de Valencia.

b) don ALFONSO de Villena (-young).

Pedro had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

c) don GALVAN de Villena (-[1424]). Señor de Ayora y Cortes. m doña CATALINA de Vilarasa. Galván & his wife had two children:

i) don PEDRO de Villena.

ii) doña CATALINA de Villena (-[1489]). She succeeded her father as Señora de Ayora. m don JUAN Ruiz de Corella Conde de Cocentaina.

6. doña JUANA de Aragón . m ([1392]) don JUAN RAMÓN Folch de Cardona y Luna, son of don HUGO II Folch de Cardona 1^st Conde de Cardona & his second wife doña Beatriz de Luna y Aragón (1375-1442). He succeeded his father in 1400 as 2^nd Conde de Cardona.

7. doña LEONOR [Violante] de Aragón. m ([1393]) as his second wife, her first cousin, don JAIME de Prades, Barón de Caccamo y Esclafani, Señor de Jurtino, son of don JUAN de Aragón Conde de Prades & his wife doña Sancha Ximénez de Arenós ([1375]-25 Aug 1408). Constable of Sicily.

Chapter 5. KINGS of ARAGON 1412-1516 (TRASTÁMARA)

FERNANDO I 1412-1416, ALFONSO V 1416-1458

Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla y León, son of don JUAN I King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Aragón (Medina del Campo 27 Nov 1380-Igualada, near Barcelona 22 Apr 1416). Duque de Peñafiel, Señor de Lara. Regent of Castile for his nephew Juan II King of Castile in 1406. Following the death in 1410 of don Martin I "el Humano", last King of Aragon of the House of the counts of Barcelona, Infante don Fernando was one of the five candidates for the throne of Aragon. He recaptured Antequera from the Moorish Kingdom of Granada. Fernando became the preferred successor, with the support of Pope Benedict XIII, and under the Compromise of Caspe 25 Jun 1412 was chosen as don FERNANDO I "él de Antequera" King of Aragon, Mallorca and Valencia, Conde de Barcelona, Cerdanya and Roussillon. He was invested as FERRANTE I King of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica by Pope Benedict XIII 21 Nov 1412. In October 1413, he crushed the rebellion of Jaime de Urgel. Crowned at Zaragoza Jan 1414. He declared the perpetual union of Aragon and Sicily end-January 1414. Sardinia, under Guillaume II Vicomte de Narbonne (judge of Arborea), rebelled against him in 1412 and 1415. Fernando's withdrawal of Aragonese support for the anti-pope Benedict XIII in December 1415 signalled the end of the schism in the Catholic church.

Betrothed (Aug 1382) to Infanta dona BRITES de Portugal, daughter of dom FERNANDO I King of Portugal & his wife doña Leonor Téllez de Meneses (Coimbra end 1372-Madrigal after 1406 maybe [1409], bur Toledo Cathedral). This betrothal was arranged under the Peace of Elvas. She subsequently married don Juan I King of Castile and León, the father of Infante don Fernando. She succeeded her father in 1383 as dona BRITES Queen of Portugal. Deposed 1383.

m (1393) doña LEONOR URRACA de Castilla "la Ricahembra", Condesa de Alburquerque, daughter of don SANCHO Alfonso de Castilla Conde de Alburquerque & his wife Infanta dona Brites de Portugal (1374-Medina del Campo 16 Dec 1435).

King Fernando I & his wife had seven children:

1. Infante don ALFONSO de Castilla y León (Villaverde, near Medina del Campo 1394-Naples 26 Jun 1458). Created Infante de Aragón on his father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. Created Duque de Girona by his father at his coronation Jan 1414. He succeeded his father in 1416 as don ALFONSO V "el Magnánimo" King of Aragon, ALFONS IV Conde de Barcelona, ALFONSO I King of Sicily. Leaving his Queen as Regent, he left Spain for Italy in May 1420, first landing at Alghero in June 1420 to crush the Sardinian revolt. In Sep 1420, he captured Calvi and besieged Bonifaci, but was obliged to withdraw from Corsica by the Genoese. Offered the succession of Naples in return for military help in August 1420, he sailed for Naples in July 1421 and was received as son and heir of Giovanna II Queen of Sicily [Naples] 8 Jul 1421, although the appointment was revoked in June 1423. Returning to Spain, Alfonso V found himself embroiled in the conflicts between his brothers and their cousin Juan II King of Castile. He returned to Sicily in May 1432, was reappointed heir to Naples in 1433, but when Queen Giovanna II died in 1435 she left her kingdom to René d'Anjou. Alfonso V's military intervention to capture was Naples was thwarted by the Genoese 5 Aug 1435 at Ponza, where he and his brothers were captured. He was released after making an alliance with Filippo Maria Visconti in Oct 1435, and fought from 1436 to 1442 to impose himself as King of Naples against Angevin opposition, finally occupying the town of Naples 2 Jun 1442. In 1442, he declared Sicily and Naples united to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and was recognised as ruler of Naples in June 1443 by Pope Eugene IV. On his death, Sicily reverted to the crown of Aragon, while his illegitimate son Ferrante succeeded in Naples. The mid-16th century Chronicle of Gaspare Fuscolillo records the death 26 Jun 1458 in Naples of "Re Alfonso primo" and that he was body was taken "ad sancto Dominicho de Napoli"[507]. m (Valencia Jun 1415) his first cousin, Infanta doña MARÍA de Castilla y León, daughter of ENRIQUE III King of Castile and León & his wife Katherine of Lancaster (Segovia 14 Sep 1401-Valencia 7 Sep 1458). Regent during her husband's absences in Italy 1420-1423, and from May 1432 until he died, although her area of government was reduced to Catalonia in 1436 when King Alfonso appointed his brother Juan as regent in Aragon and Valencia. Mistress (1): doña MARGARITA de Hijar, daughter of don JUAN Fernández de Hijar Barón de Hijar, Señor de Belchite & his second wife doña Timbor de Cabrera. Mistress (2): GIRALDONA Carlino, daughter of ---. King Alfonso V had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1) or by Mistress (2):

a) don FERRANTE de Aragón (1423 or [1424/31]-Naples 25 Jan 1494). His father designated him as successor in Naples immediately after entering the city 26 Feb 1443. He succeeded his father 1458 as FERRANTE I King of Naples.

- KINGS of NAPLES & SICILY.

King Alfonso V had two illegitimate children by Mistress (2):

b) doña MARÍA de Aragón (-9 Dec 1449, bur Ferrara Santa Maria degli Angeli). The Annales Ludovici di Raimo record the marriage 13 Apr 1444 of "Madama Maria figliola del Re d´Aragona" and "al Marchese di Ferrara"[508]. m (20 May 1444) as his second wife, LEONELLO d'Este Signor di Ferrara, Modena e Reggio, illegitimate son of NICCOLÓ d'Este Signor di Ferrara e Modena & his mistress Stella dei Tolomei dell'Assassino (Ferrara 21 Sep 1407-Palazzo di Belriguardo 1 Oct 1450, bur Ferrara Santa Maria degli Angeli). No issue.

c) doña LEONORA de Aragón. m ([1443] or May 1444) MARIANO Marzano 1^st Principe di Rossano, 3^rd Duca di Sessa e Squillace, Conte di Montalto, son of GIOVANNI ANTONIO Marzano 2^nd Duca di Sessa & his wife Cobella Ruffo Dss di Sessa Signora di Montalto (-murdered Ischia 1494).

2. Infanta doña MARÍA de Castilla y León (1396-Villacastin 18 Feb 1445). Created Infanta de Aragón on her father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. m (Avila 4 Aug 1420) as his first wife, her first cousin, don JUAN II King of Castile, son of ENRIQUE III King of Castile and León & his wife Katherine of Lancaster (Toro 6 Mar 1405-Valladolid 20 Jul 1454, bur Burgos).

3. Infante don JUAN de Castilla y León (Medina del Campo 29 Jun 1398-Barcelona 19 Jan 1479, bur Nuestra Señora de Poblet). Created Infante de Aragón on his father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. Created Duque de Peñafiel by his father at his coronation Jan 1414. Conde de Mayorga, Señor de Lara. His father appointed him Viceroy of Sicily and Sardinia in March 1415. Joint regent of Castile, with his brother Infante don Enrique, from the death in 1418 of the Queen Mother Katharine, until King don Juan II was declared of age 7 March 1419. Regent of Aragon, alternately with his sister-in-law doña María Queen of Aragon, during his brother's frequent absences in Italy. On the death of his father-in-law, he proclaimed himself don JUAN King of Navarre, by right of his wife, crowned 18 May 1425. His Castilian titles and assets were confiscated by the Treaty of Majano July 1430, which ended Aragon's invasion of Castile. He seized power in Navarre, setting aside the rights of his son, on his first wife's death in 1441. He succeeded his brother in 1458 as don JUAN II King of Aragon.

- see below.

4. Infante don ENRIQUE de Castilla y León (1400-Calatayud 15 Jun 1445). Elected Grand Master of the Order of Santiago 1409. Created Infante de Aragón on his father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. Conde de Alburquerque, ceded to him by his mother 18 May 1418. Joint regent of Castile, with his brother Juan, from the death in 1418 of the Queen Mother Katharine, until King don Juan II was declared of age 7 March 1419. Even after this, he exerted a powerful influence over his first cousin the King of Castile, going so far as to sequestrate him by taking over the royal palace of Tordesillas in 1419. He reinforced his power by marrying the King's sister in 1420, when he was created Duque de Villena by Juan II. As a result of the machinations of don Álvaro de Luna, working with Enrique's brother Infante don Juan, he was arrested in Madrid in June 1422 and forfeited his possessions in Castile. He was imprisoned for 2 years firstly in the Alcazar in Madrid, later in the fortress of Mora. King Alfonso V threatened to invade Castile to release his brother, who was eventually released in 1427 and compensated. His Castilian titles and assets were confiscated by the Treaty of Majano July 1430, which ended Aragon's invasion of Castile, and he was expelled from the Kingdom. In the course of his campaigns in Italy, he was captured at the battle of the Isle of Ponza 25 Aug 1435, but released through the influence of Francesco Sforza Duke of Milan. His brother King don Alfonso V created him Conde de Ampurias 13 Jan 1436, with land to compensate him for the loss of his Castilian territories. He had a passionate disposition and rebellious nature. Returning to Castile, more disputes followed culminating in his imprisoning the King again. He was imprisoned and expelled for a second time. He fought and lost to Castilian troops 19 May 1445 at Olmedo, where he was mortally wounded. m firstly (Torre de Alamin 12 Jul 1420) his first cousin, Infanta doña CATALINA de Castilla y León, Duquesa de Villena, daughter of don ENRIQUE III King of Castile & his wife Katharine of Lancaster (1403-Zaragoza 19 Oct 1439). She died in childbirth. m secondly (Medina del Campo 7 Apr 1443) doña BEATRIZ Pimentel, daughter of don RODRIGO Pimentel Conde de Benavente & his wife doña Leonor Enríquez ([1416]-1490). Enrique & his first wife had one child:

a) son stillborn (Zaragoza before 19 Oct 1439).

Enrique & his second wife had one child:

b) Infante don ENRIQUE "Fortuna" de Aragón (posthumously Calatayud 11 Nov 1445-Castellón de Ampurias after 2 Jul 1522). He succeeded his father in 1445 as Conde de Ampurias. Created Duque de Segorbe 1476. Took part in military campaigns in Catalonia and Valencia, in particular suppressing revolts in Segorbe and Valencia 1478. m (1488) dona GUYOMAR de Portugal-Noronha, daughter of dom AFONSO de Portugal [Bragança] Conde de Faro & his wife doña María de Castilla-Noroña 2^nd Condesa de Odemira ([1468]-Castillo de Segorbe 1 Aug 1516, bur Poblet). Enrique & his wife had three children:

i) don JUAN de Aragón (1488-Mora 1 Sep 1490).

ii) don ALFONSO de Aragón (Segorbe 1489-Puig shortly before 16 Oct 1562). He joined the court of Aragon, taking part in the conquest of Navarre 1512. He succeeded his father 1522 as 2^nd Duque de Segorbe, Conde de Ampurias. Captain-General of Valencia. m (Castillo de Segorbe 30 Apr 1516) doña JUANA Folch de Cardona 3^rd Duquesa de Cardona, daughter of don FERNANDO Folch de Cardona 2^nd Duque de Cardona & his wife doña Francisca Manrique de Lara ([1500]-Castillo de Segorbe 16 Feb 1564). Alfonso & his wife had thirteen children:

(a) don FERNANDO de Aragón (1533-young).

(b) don ALFONSO de Aragón ([1536]-Arbeca 23 Jan 1550).

(d) don FRANCISCO de Aragón (Segorbe 1539-12 May 1575). He succeeded his father in 1562 as 3^rd Duque de Segorbe. He succeeded his mother in 1564 as 4^th Duque de Cardona. m doña ANGELICA de Cárdenas, daughter of don BERNARDO de Cárdenas 2^nd Duque de Maqueda & his wife doña Isabel de Velasco (-Cardona 1576).

(e) doña GUIOMAR de Aragón ([1540]-Mora 27 Jan 1557). m as his first wife, don FADRIQUE de Toledo Marqués de Coria (-3 Sep 1585). He succeeded as 4^th Duque de Alba de Tormes.

(f) doña JUANA de Aragón (Segorbe 1542-Barcelona 16 Aug 1608). She succeeded her brother 1575 as 4^th Duquesa de Segorbe, 5^th Duquesa de Cardona, Marquesa de Pallars, Condesa de Ampurias y Prades, Vizcondesa de Villamur, Gran Condestable de Aragón, Señora de Solsona, Baronesa de Entenza, Arbeca y Juneda. m as his second wife, don DIEGO "de Africa" Fernández de Córdoba 3^rd Marqués de Comares 9^th Alcalde de los Donceles 8^th Señor de Lucena, Espejo y Chillón, son of don LUIS Fernández de Cordoba & his wife doña Francisca Fernández de Córdoba [de los Condes de Cabra] (-Arbeca 26/27 Sep 1601).

(g) doña ANA de Aragón (-1637). m as his second wife, VESPASIANO Gonzaga Duca di Sabionetta, son of LUIGI Gonzaga Conte di Sabionetta Principe di Bozol & his wife Isabella Colonna Dss di Trajeto Ctss di Fundi (1522-1 May 1593). Viceroy of Navarre and Valencia.

(h) doña FRANCISCA de Aragón (-young).

(i) doña BEATRIZ de Aragón (-young).

(j) doña ISABEL de Aragón. m don JUAN Ximénez de Urrea 3^rd Conde de Aranda, son of don HERNANDO Ximénez de Urrea & his wife doña Juana de Toledo (-1576).

(k) doña MAGDALENA de Aragón (-1623). m don DIEGO Hurtado de Mendoza 1^st Principe de Melito Duque de Francavilla, son of don DIEGO Hurtado de Mendoza Conde de Melito & his wife doña Ana de la Cerda Señora de Miedes y Mandayona (-19 Mar 1578).

(l) doña MARÍA de Aragón (-young).

(m) doña JERÓNIMA de Aragón (-young).

Alfonso had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

(n) don PEDRO de Aragón (-Lérida 12 Jan 1597). Bishop of Jaca 1584. Bishop of Lérida 1592.

iii) doña ISABEL de Aragón (1491-). m (contract Guadalajara 10 Oct 1513) don ÍÑIGO López de Mendoza de la Vega y Luna 4^th Duque de El Infantado, son of don DIEGO de Mendoza de la Vega Duque de El Infantado & his wife doña María Pimentel (-18 Sep 1566).

5. Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla y León ([1400]-Toledo 19 Feb 1445, bur 1456 Batalla). Created Infanta de Aragón on her father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. Joint Regent of Portugal for her son 1438-1445. m (Coimbra 4 Nov 1420) Infante dom DUARTE de Portugal, son of JOÃO I King of Portugal & his wife Philippa of Lancaster (Viseu 31 Oct 1391-Thomar 9 Sep 1438, bur Batalla). He succeeded his father in 1433 as dom DUARTE King of Portugal.

6. Infante don PEDRO de Castilla y León ([1406]-killed in battle Naples 17 Oct 1438). Created Infante de Aragón on his father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. Duca di Noto.

7. Infante don SANCHO de Castilla y León ([1410]-Medina del Campo Mar 1416). Created Infante de Aragón on his father's assumption of power in Aragon in 1412. Grand Master of the Orders of Calatrava and Alcántara.

JUAN II 1458-1479

Infante don JUAN de Castilla y León, son of Infante don FERNANDO de Castilla [later don FERNANDO I "él de Antequera" King of Aragon] & his wife doña Leonor Urraca de Castilla "la Ricahembra" Condesa de Alburquerque (Medina del Campo 29 Jun 1398-Barcelona 19 Jan 1479, bur Nuestra Señora de Poblet). Created Infante de Aragón on his father's assumption of power in Aragon 1412. Created Duque de Peñafiel by his father at his coronation Jan 1414. Conde de Mayorga, Señor de Lara. His father appointed him Viceroy of Sicily and Sardinia in March 1415. Joint regent of Castile, with his brother Infante don Enrique, from the death in 1418 of the Queen Mother Katharine, until Juan II was declared of age 7 March 1419. Regent of Aragon, alternately with his sister-in-law doña María Queen of Aragon, during his brother's frequent absences in Italy. On the death of his father-in-law, he proclaimed himself don JUAN King of Navarre, by right of his wife, and was crowned 18 May 1425. His Castilian titles and assets were confiscated by the Treaty of Majano July 1430, which ended Aragon's invasion of Castile. He seized power in Navarre, setting aside the rights of his son, on his first wife's death in 1441. He succeeded his brother in 1458 as don JUAN II King of Aragon, and immediately excluded his older son from the succession. He was forced to release his son and restore his rights in 1461. After the death of his son in 1461, a general civil war broke out triggered by the revolt of the remença peasants in Feb 1462. Juan II sought help from Louis XI King of France, agreeing to pay 200,000 écus and cede Roussillon and Cerdanya to France under the treaties of Sauveterre and Bayonne in May 1462. This worsened the situation, fighting intensified, and the Catalans proclaimed don Enrique IV King of Castile Count of Barcelona in Aug 1462. Other Catalan factions summoned Pedro de Portugal Constable of Portugal as rightful heir to the throne, as grandson and heir of Jaime [II] Conde de Urgel one of the unsuccessful claimants in 1410, but Juan II defeated him near Prats de Rei in Feb 1465. René d'Anjou Duc de Provence was summoned as a third claimant, as the son of Violante daughter of Juan I King of Aragon, 30 Jun 1466, captured Girona in Jun 1469 but died the following year before he could press his claim further. Juan II recaptured Girona in Oct 1471 and Barcelona in Oct 1472, the Capitulation of Pedralbes 10 Oct 1472 marking the end of the civil war. After recovering Cerdanya and Roussillon from France in early 1473, the French recaptured the territories in 1474/75, and extended their raids into Catalonia as far as Girona. Ever ambitious to gain control of Castile, Juan II successfully negotiated the marriage of his son Fernando to Isabel heiress of Castile in 1469, but was obliged to fight another Castilian war in 1475/76 to guarantee his daughter-in-law's succession.

Betrothed (1403) to Infanta doña ISABEL de Navarra, daughter of don CARLOS III "el Noble" King of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla y León (1396-after 31 Aug 1435 or [1450]). Under her testament dated 27 Jul 1414, Leonor Queen of Navarre bequeathed money to "su hija Doña Isabel" for her marriage to "el infante D. Juan, hijo secundo del rey D. Fernando de Aragon"[509].

Betrothed (Valencia 4 Jan 1415) to JEANNE di Durazzo, widow of WILHELM Duke of Styria and Inner Austria, daughter of CHARLES III King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Marguerite di Durazzo [Anjou-Capet] (Zara 25 Jun 1373-Naples 2 Feb 1435, bur Naples, Santa Annunziata). She succeeded her brother in 1414 as JEANNE II Queen of Sicily.

m firstly (by treaty 5 Nov 1419, contract Olite 5 Dec 1419, Pamplona 18 Jun 1420) as her second husband, Infanta doña BLANCA de Navarra, widow of MARTIN I King of Sicily [Aragón], daughter of don CARLOS III "el Noble" King of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Pamplona 1385-Santa María de Nieva 3 Apr 1441, bur Tudela, église des Cordeliers). She succeeded her father in 1425 as BLANCA I Queen of Navarre, crowned with her second husband at Pamplona 15 May 1429.

m secondly (Torrelobatón 1 Apr 1444) doña JUANA Enríquez, Señora de Casarrubios del Monte y Arroyojolinos, daughter of don FADRIQUE Enríquez Conde de Melba y Rueda [Admiral of Castile] & his wife doña Mariana de Córdoba Señora de Casarrubios del Monte (1425-[Zaragoza/Barcelona] 13 Feb 1468). She took an active part in negotiations with the remença to end the civil war in 1462, but was besieged in Girona with her son Fernando by the forces of the Generalitat led by the count of Pallars. Rescued by French forces led by Gaston de Foix 23 Jul 1462.

Mistress (1): doña LEONOR de Escobar, daughter of don ALFONSO Rodríguez de Escobar.

Mistress (2): doña --- de Ansa, daughter of ---.

Mistresses (3) to (5): ---. The names of the other mistresses of King Juan II are unknown.

King Juan II & his first wife had four children:

1. Infante don CARLOS de Aragón y Navarra (Peñafiel 29 May 1421-Barcelona 23 Sep 1461). "Carlos…rey de Navarra duque de Nemoux" granted "al infante D. Cárlos", son of "el infante D. Juan de Aragon y la reina Doña Blanca", "nuestra villa y castillo de Viana…" and the title "Principe de Viana", by charter dated 20 Jan 1423[510]. Principe de Viana. Although designated heir to Navarre from birth by the Cortes, his father was already trying in 1427 to change the order of succession in favour of his youngest daughter Infanta doña Leonor. Yanguas records that Queen Blanca, under her testament dated 17 Feb 1439, appointed "su hijo el principe D. Carlos" as her universal heir, asking that he abstain from adopting the title king of Navarre after her death in favour of her husband[511]. Carlos left Navarre in 1451 for Guipúzcoa, supported by the Beaumont clan [family of Navarra-Evreux]. He was imprisoned 1453-1455. After a brief reconciliation in 1460, Carlos was incarcerated at Lérida. This crystallised opposition to the king in Aragon, where a special council was formed which secured Infante don Carlos's release 25 Feb 1461 and imposed a capitulation on the king enacted at Vilafranca del Penedès 21 Jun 1461 requiring him to recognise his older son's right to succeed. Carlos died soon after, maybe from tuberculosis, though there were rumours of poisoning. m (Olite 30 Sep 1439) AGNES von Kleve, daughter of ADOLF I Herzog von Kleve, Graf von la Marck und Ravenstein & his second wife Marie de Bourgogne [Valois-Capet] (24 Mar 1422-Olite 6 Apr 1448). Betrothed to Infanta dona CATARINA de Portugal, daughter of dom DUARTE I King of Portugal & his wife Infanta doña Leonor de Aragón (Lisbon 26 Nov 1436-Lisbon 17 Jun 1463, bur Lisbon São Eloy). Mistress (1): doña MARÍA de Armendáriz, daughter of ---. By charter dated 27 May 1457, Carlos Principe de Viana granted "los lugares de Pueyo y Berbinzana" to "la bien amada nuestra Doña María de Armendariz…et bien amada fija nuestra Doña Ana de Navarra" for her marriage to "el secretario del Principe D. Francisco Balbastro" to whom he granted "la alcaidía del castillo del Pueyo"[512]. She married (alter 27 May 1457) don Francisco Balbastro. Mistress (2): doña BRIANDA Vaca, daughter of ---. Mistress (3): doña MARGARITA Cappa, daughter of ---. Carlos had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

a) doña ANA de Navarra (-after 3 Mar 1477). By charter dated 27 May 1457, Carlos Principe de Viana granted "los lugares de Pueyo y Berbinzana" to "la bien amada nuestra Doña María de Armendariz…et bien amada fija nuestra Doña Ana de Navarra" for her marriage to "el secretario del Principe D. Francisco Balbastro" to whom he granted "la alcaidía del castillo del Pueyo"[513]. Legitimated 26 Oct 1477. m (after 3 Aug 1470) don LUIS de la Cerda y Mendoza Conde de Medinaceli, son of don GASTON II de la Cerda Conde de Medinaceli [Foix] & his wife doña Leonor de Mendoza Señora de Cogolludo (-Écija 25 Nov 1501). Created 1^st Duque de Medinaceli 1479.

Carlos had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

b) don FELIPE de Navarra (1456-killed in battle Baeza 1488). Conde de Beaufort. Archbishop of Palermo.

Carlos had one illegitimate child Mistress (3):

c) don JUAN ALONSO de Navarra (Palermo 1459-Huesca 13 Dec 1526). Abbot of San Juan de La Pena 1460. Bishop of Huesca 1482. Juan had one illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:

i) don CARLOS d'Aragona. Knight of the Order of Santiago 1523.

2. Infanta doña JUANA de Aragón y Navarra (1423-Olite 22 Aug 1425).

3. Infanta doña BLANCA de Aragón y Navarra (Olite 1424-poisoned Orthez 2 Dec 1464). She succeeded her brother in 1461 as Pss de Viana, but was disinherited by her father in favour of her younger sister. m (Valladolid 15 Sep 1440, annulled 1453) as his first wife, her first cousin, Infante don ENRIQUE de Castilla y León, son of don JUAN II King of Castile and León & his first wife Infanta doña María de Aragón (Valladolid 4 Jan 1425-Madrid 11 Dec 1474, bur Madrid). He succeeded his father in 1454 as don ENRIQUE IV "el Impotente" King of Castile and León. No issue.

4. Infanta doña LEONOR de Aragón y Navarra (2 Feb 1425-Tudela 12 Feb 1479). Her father named her Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Navarre 1464. She succeeded her father in 1479 as LEONOR I Queen of Navarre. m (30 Jul 1436) GASTON [IV] de Grailly Comte de Foix et de Bigorre Vicomte de Béarn, son of JEAN [III] de Grailly Comte de Foix et de Bigorre Vicomte de Béarn & his wife Jeanne d'Albret (1423-Roncevalles 25 Jul 1472).

- KINGS of NAVARRE.

King Juan II & his second wife had four children:

5. Infanta doña LEONOR de Aragón ([1446/48]-young).

6. Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón (Soa 10 Mar 1452-Madrigalejo 25 Jan 1516). King of Sicily 1468. He succeeded his father in 1479 as don FERNANDO II “el Católico” King of Aragon.

- see below.

7. Infanta doña JUANA de Aragón (Barcelona [1454]-Naples 9 Jan 1517). The mid-16th century Chronicle of Gaspare Fuscolillo records the arrival in Naples 1 Sep 1477 of "la Regina Joanna Maria de Aragona" to marry "Re Ferrante primo"[514]. Faced with the French capture of Naples 22 Feb 1494, she encouraged her son King Alfonso II not to abdicate. When he finally left the country, he appointed her Lieutenant General of the kingdom of Naples. The mid-16th century Chronicle of Gaspare Fuscolillo records that "la regina Joanna vedua mogliera di re Ferrante primo" left Naples 1 Sep 1499 for Spain to "el suo fratello…re Ferrante de Aragona et de Spagnia"[515]. m (14 Sep 1476) as his second wife, FERRANTE I King of Naples, illegitimate son of don ALFONSO V King of Aragon, Naples and Sicily & his mistress [doña Margarita de Hijar or Giraldona Carlino] ([1424/31]-Naples 25 Jan 1494).

8. Infanta doña MARÍA de Aragón ([1455]-young).

King Juan II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

9. don ALFONSO de Aragón (1417-1495). 1^st Duque de Villahermosa 1476.

- DUQUES de VILLAHERMOSA, DUQUES de LUNA.

King Juan II had four illegitimate children by Mistress (2):

10. don JUAN de Aragón (1429-Albalate de Cinca 19 Nov 1475). Archbishop of Zaragoza 1460.

11. doña LEONOR de Aragón. m (Tarragona 22 Jan 1468) don LUIS [II] de Beaumont 2^nd Conde de Lerín [Constable of Navarre], son of don LUIS [I] de Beaumont Conde de Lerín [Navarra] & his wife doña Juana de Navarra (1430- Aranda 6 Nov 1508, bur Lerín).

12. don FERNANDO de Aragón (-Oct 1452).

13. doña MARÍA de Aragón (-young).

King Juan II had three illegitimate children by Mistresses (3) to (5):

14. don FERNANDO de Aragón. Grand Master of the Order of St John in Spain.

15. don ALFONSO de Aragón (-young).

16. don ENRIQUE de Aragón. Legitimated. Bishop of Cefalù.

FERNANDO II 1479-1516

Infante don FERNANDO de Aragón, son of don JUAN II King of Aragon & his second wife doña Juana Enríquez Señora de Casarrubios del Monte y Arroyojolinos (Soa 10 Mar 1452-Madrigalejo 25 Jan 1516). King of Sicily 1468. He succeeded his father in 1479 as don FERNANDO II “el Católico” King of Aragon. Rarely visiting Aragon during his reign, his centre of activity was transferred to Castile. After initial military setbacks in his campaign against the Moors, his reforms of the army contributed to his success, with the towns of Ronda, Loja, Malaga, Baza and finally Granada falling in turn. Pushing the advantage, he went on to capture Melilla and the Canary Islands. While reforming the nobility, the orders of chivalry and the church, he reinforced the powers of the monarchy by centralising administration. The power of the Cortes declined, meeting only once between 1488 and 1497. Under the Treaty of Barcelona 1493 France returned Roussillon and Cerdanya to Aragon, in return for Aragonese/Castilian neutrality in France's war in Italy. However, with France's expulsion of his cousins from Naples, Fernando allied himself with the Habsburgs to reverse the situation. After agreeing a partition of Naples 1502 with Louis XII King of France, Fernando taking the southern part of the Kingdom, he conducted a surprise attack culminating in the French expulsion from Naples 16 May 1503, and from Gaeta 1 Jan 1504. After the death of his first wife in 1504, Fernando was obliged to leave Castile to his son-in-law Philipp of Austria, and retire to Naples. However, Philipp's death immediately afterwards prompted Fernando to return to Spain. In the course of his political manoeuvres against France, he was able to use English troops to conquer Navarre, declaring himself King of Navarre 1512.

m firstly (Valladolid 19 Oct 1469) Infanta doña ISABEL de Castilla y León, daughter of don JUAN II King of Castile and León & his second wife Infanta dona Isabel de Portugal (Madrigal de las Altas Torres 22 Apr 1451-Castillo de la Mota, Medina del Campo 26 Nov 1504). She succeeded her father in 1474 as doña ISABEL I Queen of Castile.

m secondly (